Publications

avian influenza in the western hemisphere including the pacific islands and australia.	between 1997 and 2001, there was one report of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in the western hemisphere and pacific basin. in 1997, in new south wales, australia, an outbreak caused by avian influenza (ai) virus subtype h7n4 involved both chickens and emus. all other reports of infections in poultry and isolations from wild bird species in the region pertained to low pathogenicity (lp) ai virus. animal health officials in canada reported isolations of subtypes h1, h6, h7, and h10 from ...	2003	14575067
reassortment and interspecies transmission of north american h6n2 influenza viruses.	h6n2 influenza viruses were isolated from california chickens in 2000 and 2001. here we report the characterization of these h6n2 viruses, one of the few descriptions of non-h5, non-h7 subtype influenza viruses in this host. the h6n2 viruses were nonpathogenic in experimentally infected chickens and could be divided into three genotypes. all three genotypes of virus had similar surface glycoproteins and all contained an 18 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase, a characteristic of other chick ...	2002	12033764
observations on the relationship in chickens between the virulence of some avian influenza viruses and their pathogenicity for various organs.	comparative histological and immunocytochemical studies were conducted on formalin-fixed tissues from chickens infected with avian influenza viruses of varying virulence. results showed a distinct pattern of disease that depended on the virulence of the virus and the susceptibility of the birds. at 3 days post-intranasal inoculation with a highly virulent h7n7 virus, all 6-to-8-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) birds were affected, and all developed pancreatic necrosis and encephalitis assoc ...	1995	8561728
multiple avian influenza infection: selection of a non-avid virus by a heterologous avian host.	experimental infection of domestic fowl, ducks and geese with an influenza a virus (h7n2) isolated from a domestic duck showed that this virus was apathogenic for these poultry. a second virus (h6n2), also apathogenic and more 'non-avid' than any such isolates previously recognised in surveillance of domestic poultry in hong kong, was isolated from one goose after h7n2 shedding had ceased. this goose, in effect, acted as a selective isolation system for the h6n2 virus whose presence in the field ...	1982	7134641
isolation of influenza a viruses from birds in great britain during 1980 and 1981.	during 1980 and 1981 influenza a viruses of subtypes h3n2, h3n8, h4n1, h4n6, h6n2, h6n8, h7n7, h11n8 and h11n9 were isolated from birds in great britain, usually as a result of investigations of disease or death. however, all viruses were shown to be of low virulence for chickens in pathogenicity index tests. there was one occurrence of influenza virus infection of turkeys (h6n8) but viruses were frequently obtained from domestic ducks. other viruses were isolated from exotic birds in zoos or bi ...	1982	6815876
isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from wild birds in western australia, and the characterization of novel influenza a viruses.	as part of the world health organization's international programme on the ecology of influenza, cloacal swabs were collected from 3,736 birds belonging to 67 species over a 3-year period in western australia for the isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses. a total of 24 influenza a viruses were isolated from various species of ducks, shearwaters , noddies , terns and a coot , and were subtyped as h1n9 , h3n8 , h4n4 , h4n6 , h6n2 , h6n4 , h?n2, h?n6 and h? n9 . the h? haemagglutinins did not reac ...	1984	6430260
isolation of immunogenic neuraminidases of human influenza viruses by a combination of genetic and biochemical procedures.	neuraminidases were purified from reassortant viruses (h6n1 and h6n2) containing the two antigenic subtypes (n1 and n2) found in human influenza viruses. surface glycoproteins were solubilized with octylglucoside, and the neuraminidase was isolated by chromatography on deae-sephadex. neuraminidase isolated by this technique coeluted with viral lipids and spontaneously formed liposomes on dialysis. the purified neuraminidase was immunogenic in rabbits, producing a significant antibody response at ...	1984	6205018
characterization of virulent and avirulent a/chicken/pennsylvania/83 influenza a viruses: potential role of defective interfering rnas in nature.	in april 1983, an influenza virus of low virulence appeared in chickens in pennsylvania. subsequently, in october 1983, the virus became virulent and caused high mortality in poultry. the causative agent has been identified as an influenza virus of the h5n2 serotype. the hemagglutinin is antigenically closely related to tern/south africa/61 (h5n3) and the neuraminidase is similar to that from human h2n2 strains (e.g., a/japan/305/57) and from some avian influenza virus strains (e.g., a/turkey/ma ...	1985	3973976
comparison of hemagglutination-inhibition, agar gel precipitin, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibodies against influenza viruses in chickens.	individual variations in serological response to avian influenza virus infection were demonstrated after experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens with h6n2 influenza virus. homologous antibodies were detected from the 6th to the 157th day after infection using hemagglutination-inhibition or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and from the 11th to the 157th day by agar gel precipitation test.	1987	2960313
antigen-presenting b cells and helper t cells cooperatively mediate intravirionic antigenic competition between influenza a virus surface glycoproteins.	parenteral vaccination of balb/c mice primed by infection with h3n2 variants of influenza a virus results in a reduced production of n2 antibody in response to homologous (h3n2) vaccine compared with the response to an h7n2 vaccine equal in n2 immunologenicity. we now have studied the interaction in vitro of purified splenic b and t lymphocytes from variably immunized mice to ascertain the cellular basis of the hemagglutinin (ha)-influenced antibody response to neuraminidase (na). assay of the p ...	1987	2958849
immunologic response to influenza virus neuraminidase is influenced by prior experience with the associated viral hemagglutinin. iii. reduced generation of neuraminidase-specific helper t cells in hemagglutinin-primed mice.	in balb/c mice primed by influenza virus infection to h3 hemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase, presentation of n2 in association with a heterosubtypic (h7) hemagglutinin results in production of a greater amount of n2 antibody than is found with homologous (h3n2) reimmunization. titration of primed helper t cell (th) activity by adoptive transfer of purified t cells to athymic mice given h6n2 vaccine demonstrates a lesser number of n2-specific th cells in mice subjected to homologous reimmunizatio ...	1987	2957444
effects of ph, temperature, and salinity on persistence of avian influenza viruses in water.	the combined effects of water temperature, salinity, and ph on persistence of avian influenza virus (aiv) were evaluated in a model distilled-water system using three isolates from ducks sampled in cameron parish, louisiana. variables were tested within the ranges normally associated with surface water. differences were detected between temperature (17 c and 28 c), ph (6.2, 7.2, 8.2), and salinity (0 ppt and 20 ppt), with a strong interactive effect observed between ph and salinity. estimated pe ...	1990	2142421
avian cells expressing the murine mx1 protein are resistant to influenza virus infection.	the cdna encoding the murine mx1 protein, a mediator of resistance to influenza virus, was inserted into a replication-competent avian retroviral vector in either the sense (referred to as mx+) or the antisense (referred to as mx-) orientation relative to the viral structural genes. both vectors produced virus retaining the mx insert (mx recombinant viruses referred to as mx+ and mx-) following transfection into chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef). mx protein of the appropriate size and nuclear loc ...	1991	1989389