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effect of supplementation of grazing dairy ewes with a cereal concentrate on animal performance and milk fatty acid profile.this work was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing grazing ewes on pasture with a cereal concentrate on the milk fatty acid (fa) profile. ninety assaf ewes in mid lactation were distributed in 9 lots of 10 animals each and allocated to 3 feeding regimens: 1) pasture--ewes were only allowed to graze pasture (an irrigated sward of lolium perenne, trifolium pratense, and dactylis glomerata); 2) ps--grazing ewes were supplemented with oat grain (700 g/animal and day); and 3) tmr--ewe ...200919620680
characterisation of phenolics in flor-essence--a compound herbal product and its contributing herbs.commercially available herbal mixture fe, a proprietary natural health product manufactured by flora manufacturing and distributing ltd (flora), is a unique north american traditional herbal product. fe is a chemically complex mixture of eight herbs and has not been subjected to phytochemical analysis.200919609882
in vivo metabolic tracking of 14c-radiolabelled isoflavones in kudzu (pueraria lobata) and red clover (trifolium pratense) extracts.absorption, distribution and elimination of 14c-labelled isoflavone-containing extracts from kudzu (pueraria lobata) root culture and red clover (trifolium pratense) cell culture were investigated in an in vivo rat model. the predominant isoflavones in the kudzu extract were the glycosides puerarin, daidzin and malonyl daidzin, while in the red clover extract, the major isoflavones were formononetin and its derivatives, genistein and biochanin a, with radioactivities of 3.770 and 7.256 mbq/g, re ...200919586574
a novel red clover hydroxycinnamoyl transferase has enzymatic activities consistent with a role in phaselic acid biosynthesis.red clover (trifolium pratense) leaves accumulate several mumol g(-1) fresh weight of phaselic acid [2-o-(caffeoyl)-l-malate]. postharvest oxidation of such o-diphenols to o-quinones by endogenous polyphenol oxidases prevents breakdown of forage protein during storage. forage crops like alfalfa (medicago sativa) lack both polyphenol oxidase and o-diphenols, and breakdown of their protein upon harvest and storage results in economic losses and release of excess nitrogen into the environment. unde ...200919525325
influence of red clover (trifolium pratense) isoflavones on gene and protein expression profiles in liver of ovariectomized rats.isoflavones such as genistein, biochanin a, formononetin, and glycetin are fairly abundant in red clover (trifolium pratense, fabaceae) and show estrogenic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. to explore these effects mediated by red clover extract at the gene and protein levels, female ovariectomized rats were treated with an isoflavone rich extract of t. pratense. the experimental rats were divided into 2 groups of five animals each: a) control b) experimental group (red clover extract t ...200919409770
host-driven divergence in the parasitic plant orobanche minor sm. (orobanchaceae).many parasitic angiosperms have a broad host range and are therefore considered to be host generalists. orobanche minor is a nonphotosynthetic root parasite that attacks a range of hosts from taxonomically disparate families. in the present study, we show that o. minor sensu lato may comprise distinct, genetically divergent races isolated by the different ecologies of their hosts. using a three-pronged approach, we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific taxa o. minor var. minor and o. minor ss ...200819378406
pretreatment of clover seeds with nod factors improves growth and nodulation of trifolium pratense.the increase in legume production in sustainable agriculture depends not only on the effectiveness of the selected nitrogen-fixing inoculants but also on their competitiveness in a soil environment containing an indigenous rhizobial population. in this study, we investigated the effect of pretreatment of red clover seeds with specific nod factor (lcos) on germination, growth, and nodulation of clover growing under sterile conditions and in the soil. we demonstrated that, although the symbiotic a ...200919370375
effects of potassium fertilization and pratylenchus penetrans on yield and potassium content of red clover and alfalfa.red clover and alfalfa were inoculated with pratylenchus penetrans and grown in an alberry sandy loam soil to which potassium (k) was added at seeding at 0, 41.5, 83, and 166 microg/g. in one experiment with alfalfa, additional k was added after each forage cut to replace that which was removed. nematode populations were not consistently affected by k fertilization. nematode infection stunted red clover and alfalfa and resulted in lower yields at all k levels, except for alfalfa at the lowest k ...197619308208
effect of meloidogyne incognita on reproduction of pratylenchus penetrans in red clover and alfalfa.roots of seedlings of red clover and alfalfa growing on 10(1) hoagland and arnon solution agar were inoculated with various combinations of meloidogyne incognita and pratylenchus penetrans. egg-laying by p. penetrans decreased as the number of nematodes, the ratio of entrant m. incognita to entrant p. penetrans, and the priority of invasion of roots by m. incognita increased. embryogeny and hatching of eggs of p. penetrans, and development of larvae of m. incognita, were not affected. in red clo ...197519308128
technical note: effects of forage protein-binding polyphenols on chemistry of dairy excreta.forage chemistry can affect intake, digestion, milk production, and manure excretion. although information is available on the effects of forage protein-binding polyphenols on small ruminant production and manure excretion, little information is available for dairy cattle. the objective of this study was to compare fecal and urinary n excretion of diets formulated with alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) silage versus condensed tannin-containing birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus) or o-quinone-conta ...200919307659
distribution in the western united states on alfalfa and cultivar reaction to mixed populations of ditylenchus dipsaci and aphelenchoides ritzemabosi.ditylenchus dipsaci and aphelenchoides ritzemabosi were extracted from 29 of 40 plant samples (72.5%) collected from arizona, california, colorado, idaho, montana, oregon, south dakota, utah, washington, and wyoming. percentages of a. ritzemabosi in tissue of the 29 samples ranged from 1.77 to 67.82%. only ditylenchus dipsaci was recovered from the remaining 11 samples. all of the 16 fields sampled in wyoming contained both nematodes. percentages of a. ritzemabosi in the wyoming samples ranged f ...199419279952
the effect of marigolds (tagetes spp.) and other cover crops on pratylenchus penetrans and on following potato crops.root-lesion nematodes (primarily pratylenchus penetrans) were monitored in two marigold cultivars (tagetes tenuifolia cv. nemakill and cv. nemanon), annual ryegrass (lolium multiflorum cv. lemtal), red clover (trifolium pratense cv. florex), and soybean (glycine max cv. proteus), and in the following potato (solanum tuberosum cv. superior) crop during three growth sequences. meadow fescue (festuca elatior cv. miner) and bee plant (phacelia tanacetifolia cv. gipha) were added to the trial in the ...200019271006
heterodera glycines infectivity and egg viability following nonhost crops and during overwintering.the most effective management program for soybean cyst nematode, heterodera glycines, is a crop rotation that uses nonhost crops and resistant soybean cultivars. however, little is known about the effects of rotation crops and overwintering on h. glycines biology. these experiments were initiated to determine the effects of seven alternative crops on h. glycines' ability to infect and mature on subsequent soybean crops, and to assess the viability of eggs during the overwintering months. rotatio ...200519262870
phytoremediation of oil-sludge-contaminated soil.the aim of this research was to select plant species that could be effective in the phytoremediation ofa former oil-sludge pit. seven crop plants (triticum aestivum l., secale cereale l., avena sativa l., hordeum vulgare, sorghum bicolor l moench, panicum miliaceum l, and zea mays l.),five wild grasses (lolium perenne l., bromopsis inermis, agropyron cristatum l., agropyrum tenerum l., and festuca pratensis huds.), and three legumes (medicago sativa l., trifolium pratense l., and onobrychis anta ...200819260228
host-specific races in the holoparasitic angiosperm orobanche minor: implications for speciation in parasitic plants.orobanche minor is a root-holoparasitic angiosperm that attacks a wide range of host species, including a number of commonly cultivated crops. the extent to which genetic divergence among natural populations of o. minor is influenced by host specificity has not been determined previously. here, the host specificity of natural populations of o. minor is quantified for the first time, and evidence that this species may comprise distinct physiological races is provided.200919251714
assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and grass silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows.twenty-four multiparous holstein-friesian dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square changeover design experiment to test the effects of changing from ryegrass (lolium perenne) silage to red clover (trifolium pratense) silage in graded proportions on feed intakes, milk production, milk organoleptic qualities, and whole-body nitrogen partitioning. four dietary treatments, comprising ad libitum access to 1 of 4 forage mixtures plus a standard allowance of 4 kg/d dairy concentrates, we ...200919233807
modulatory influence of prepubertal biochanin a exposure on mammary gland differentiation and expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and apoptotic proteins.the modulatory influence of the phytoestrogen biochanin a, an isoflavinoid found in red clover (trifolium pratense), on the differentiation and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (er-alpha) in female prepubertal sprague-dawley rat mammary glands was examined, for which there have been no reports to date. biochanin a (500 microg/g bw) was injected subcutaneously on days 16, 18 and 20 post-partum. the mammary gland was dissected out and terminal ...200919170158
biodiversity effects on yield and unsown species invasion in a temperate forage ecosystem.current agricultural practices are based on growing monocultures or binary mixtures over large areas, with a resultant impoverishing effect on biodiversity at several trophic levels. the effects of increasing the biodiversity of a sward mixture on dry matter yield and unsown species invasion were studied.200919168861
trifolium l.--a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile.plants from the genus trifolium have been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. in turkish folk medicine, for example, some trifolium species are used for their expectorant, analgesic, antiseptic properties and also to treat rheumatic aches. some species are also grown as pasture crops for animals in the mediterranean. the high quercetin concentration and soyasaponin occurrence make the seeds of some trifolium species a potential source of health beneficial phytochemicals for use in hum ...200919107737
effects of trifolium pratense and cimicifuga racemosa on the endometrium of wistar rats.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of trifolium pratense and cimicifuga racemosa upon the endometrium of castrated female wistar rats, comparing these results with a placebo and estradiol valerate.200819095386
de-inking sludge and phosphorus effects on growth and symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in forage legumes.the de-inking process produces a waste by-product, called de-inking paper sludge (ds), that contains paper fibers, clay particles and inks and high carbon (c) concentrations combined with low nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) concentrations. the use of high rates of ds to increase the soil organic matter thus requires provision of high rates of n and p for adequate plant growth. using dinitrogen (n2)-fixing forage legumes is an alternative to n fertilization under such circumstances. in a greenhou ...200719070161
research on antioxidant effects and estrogenic effect of formononetin from trifolium pratense (red clover).antioxidant and estrogenic effects of formononetin on ovariectomized mice have been investigated in the present study. the adult female kunming mice were divided into 5 groups: sham-operated group, ovariectomized group, stilbestrol replacement therapy group (0.20 mg/kg day), low-dose formononetin group (0.05 g/kg day) and high-dose formononetin group (0.5 g/kg day). the mice in the latter 4 groups were ovariectomized. the drug was given by oral administration for 6 months. estrogenic effect was ...200918757188
the isoflavones mixture from trifolium pratense l. protects hcn 1-a neurons from oxidative stress.oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death has been implicated in different neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as alzheimer's disease and parkinson's. using the alzheimer's disease-associated hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)), we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of a natural mixture of phytoestrogenic isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, biochanin a and formononetin) from trifolium pratense l. (red clover) against oxidative stress-induced cell death in human cortical c ...200918693301
protective effect of isoflavones from trifolium pratense on dopaminergic neurons.in the present study, protective effect of five isoflavones (formononetin, daidzein, pratensein, calycosin and irilone) from trifolium pratense on lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration was studied for the first time. the results showed that all five isoflavones attenuated lps-induced decrease in dopamine uptake and the number of dopaminergic neurons in a dose-dependent manner in rat mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures. moreover, they also significantly inhibited lps-induced ac ...200818675857
phytotoxic effects of sewage sludge extracts on the germination of three plant species.in order to evaluate the ability of three types of extracts to explain the ecotoxicological risk of treated municipal sewage sludges, the oecd 208a germination test was applied using three plants (lolium perenne l., brassica rapa l., and trifolium pratense l.). three equivalent batches of sludge, remained as dewatered sludge, composted with plant remains and thermally dried, from an anaerobic waste water treatment plant were separated. samples from these three batches were extracted in water, me ...200818651217
population differentiation and genetic variation in performance on eight hosts in the pea aphid complex.phytophagous insects frequently use multiple host-plant species leading to the evolution of specialized host-adapted populations and sometimes eventually to speciation. some insects are confronted with a large number of host-plant species, which may provide complex routes of gene flow between host-adapted populations. the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) attacks a broad range of plants in the fabaceae and it is known that populations on trifolium pratense and medicago sativa can be highly special ...200818647340
in vivo estrogenic comparisons of trifolium pratense (red clover) humulus lupulus (hops), and the pure compounds isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin.the lack of a safe and reliable alternative to hormone therapy (ht) for treating menopausal symptoms underscores the need for alternative therapies. objective: the purpose of this study was to assess the in vivo estrogenic effects of the botanical dietary supplements trifolium pratense (red clover) and humulus lupulus (hops), and two compounds obtained from h. lupulus, isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-pn) using the ovariectomized uterotrophic adult rat model. a h. lupulus extract and a 3 ...200818619951
otospora bareai, a new fungal species in the glomeromycetes from a dolomitic shrub land in sierra de baza national park (granada, spain).a new fungal species of the glomeromycetes was isolated from the rhizosphere of pterocephalus spathulatus and thymus granatensis, two rare endemic plants growing on dolomite in the sierra de baza (granada, southern spain). the fungus was propagated in pot cultures of sorghum vulgare and trifolium pratense for 4 y and it is described here on the basis of the spores found in nature and formed in pot cultures. its brown spores (140-210 microm diam) form laterally on a persistent, brown stalk (=neck ...200818592903
the phytoestrogenic isoflavones from trifolium pratense l. (red clover) protects human cortical neurons from glutamate toxicity.the endogenous steroid estrogen has been shown to affect neuronal growth, differentiation and survival. genistein, daidzein and other isoflavones have been shown to mimic the pharmacological actions of the gonadal steroid estrogen with which they have structural similarities. several studies have looked at the effect of isoflavones in the brain. in the present study, human cortical cell line hcn 1-a maintained in culture was used to test the neuroprotective efficacy of a natural mixture of phyto ...200818539019
high diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest.* here, the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi was determined in a boreal herb-rich coniferous forest in relation to environmental variables. * root samples of five plant species (fragaria vesca, galeobdolon luteum, hepatica nobilis, oxalis acetosella and trifolium pratense) were analysed from stands differing in age and forest management intensity. * thirty-four glomeromycota taxa (small-subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu rdna) sequence groups) were detected from 90 root samples (911 c ...200818537886
ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography of isoflavones and phenolic acids on different stationary phases.complete separation of aglycones and glucosides of selected isoflavones (genistin, genistein, daidzin, daidzein, glycitin, glycitein, ononin, sissotrin, formononetin, and biochanin a) was possible in 1.5 min using an ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (u-hplc) on a different particular chemically modified stationary phases with a particle size under 2 microm. in addition, selected separation conditions for simultaneous determination of isoflavones together with a group of phenolic acids (g ...200818501366
influence of phosphate and ammonia on the growth, exopolysaccharide production and symbiosis of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii ta1 with clover (trifolium pratense).the rhizobium-legume interaction is sensitive to a number of environmental factors, among which phosphate (pi) and ammonium availability are the most important. we investigated the effect of pi and ammonia concentration on exopolysaccharide production and symbiosis trifolium pratense with rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii ta1 (rtta1). the optimal pi concentration in the bacterial growth medium for rtta1 growth and exopolysaccharide production was in the range from 0.9 mm to 8.1 mm. independen ...200818401950
the rhizobial adhesion protein rapa1 is involved in adsorption of rhizobia to plant roots but not in nodulation.the effect of the rhizobium adhesion protein rapa1 on rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii adsorption to trifolium pratense (red clover) roots was investigated. we altered rapa1 production by cloning its encoding gene under the plac promoter into the stable vector phc60. after introducing this plasmid in r. leguminosarum bv. trifolii, three to four times more rapa1 was produced, and two to five times higher adsorption to red clover roots was obtained, as compared with results for the empty vecto ...200818393991
sub-lethal levels of electric current elicit the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites.many secondary metabolites that are normally undetectable or in low amounts in healthy plant tissue are synthesized in high amounts in response to microbial infection. various abiotic and biotic agents have been shown to mimic microorganisms and act as elicitors of the synthesis of these plant compounds. in the present study, sub-lethal levels of electric current are shown to elicit the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in transgenic and non-transgenic plant tissue. the production of the phy ...201518331050
impact of different green manures on the content of s-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides and l-ascorbic acid in leek (allium porrum).this field study investigated the impact of various fertilization strategies with red clover ( trifolium pratense l.) green manure on the levels of s-alk(en)yl- l-cysteine sulfoxides (acso) and l-ascorbic acid in leek. two of the 12 treatments were controls, one without fertilizers and the other with a commercial mineral fertilizer. the remaining 10 treatments were different forms and quantities of green manure prepared from red clover. one treatment consisted of direct incorporation into soil o ...200818298070
toxic effects of digested, composted and thermally-dried sewage sludge on three plants.in order to evaluate potential toxic effects of stabilized sewage sludge that are currently applied to agricultural soils, three types of municipal sewage sludge and one pig slurry were subjected to phytotoxicity assays using three plants (brassica rapa, lolium perenne and trifolium pratense). equivalent batches of aerobically and anaerobically-digested sludge (f) from two municipal wastewater treatment plants, were composted (c) or thermally dried (t). in addition, one anaerobically-digested an ...200818280152
impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybean and glufosinate-tolerant corn production on herbicide losses in surface runoff.residual herbicides used in the production of soybean [glycine max (l.) merr] and corn (zea mays l.) are often detected in surface runoff at concentrations exceeding their maximum contaminant levels (mcl) or health advisory levels (hal). with the advent of transgenic, glyphosate-tolerant soybean and glufosinate-tolerant corn this concern might be reduced by replacing some of the residual herbicides with short half-life, strongly sorbed, contact herbicides. we applied both herbicide types to two ...201518268303
the effects of tannery wastewater on the development of different plant species and chromium accumulation in phragmites australis.toxicity tests were performed to assess the effect of tannery wastewater with different treatment levels on two wetland plants, phragmites australis and typha latifolia, which are frequently used in constructed wetlands (cws) for water treatment, and thus deepen the knowledge on their capacity to withstand the application of industrial wastewater. trifolium pratense, a plant generally used as an indicator in toxicity tests, was included as a control. end points measured were germination percenta ...200818214580
effects of chronic genistein treatment in mammary gland, uterus, and vagina.the isoflavone genistein (gen) is found in soy (glycine max) and red clover (trifolium pratense). the estrogenic activity of gen is known, and it is widely advertised as a phytoestrogen useful in alleviating climacteric complaints and other postmenopausal disorders. knowledge of effects of long-term administration of gen in laboratory animals is scarce, and effects in the uterus and mammary gland after long-term administration have not been studied. the uterus and mammary gland are known to be n ...200718174952
application of a green manure and green manure composted with beet vinasse on soil restoration: effects on soil properties.beet vinasse (bv), a green manure constituted by trifolium pratense l. uncomposted (tp) and composted with beet vinasse (at 1:1 rate, (tp+bv)1, and 2:1 rate, (tp+bv)2) at 10t organic matter ha(-1) rate were applied during a period of four years for purpose of restoration of a xelloric calciorthid located near seville (guadalquivir valley, andalusia, spain). the effect on the plant cover, soil physical (structural stability and bulk density), chemical (exchangeable sodium percentage), and biologi ...200817959380
role of myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae) and its secondary hosts in plum pox virus propagation.plum pox virus (family potyviridae, genus potyvirus, ppv) is one of the most important viral pathogens of plants in the genus prunus, particularly prunus persica l. the role of the myzus persicae (sulzer) (hemiptera: aphididae) as a vector of ppv-m, and its role in spreading ppv-m, was investigated. ppv-m-infected peach trees were used as inoculum sources, and transmission to 15 herbaceous species commonly present in and around peach orchards was evaluated. the presence of ppv-m in secondary hos ...200717849850
isolation and identification of alectrol as (+)-orobanchyl acetate, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants.alectrol, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants, was purified from root exudates of red clover (trifolium pratense l.) and identified as a strigolactone, (+)-orobanchyl acetate [(3as,4s,8bs,e)-8,8-dimethyl-3-(((r)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yloxy)methylene)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8b-octahydro-2h-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-yl acetate], by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy and esi- and ei-ms spectrometry. orobanchyl acetate afforded an [m-42](+) ion in ei-ms and thus had been recognized as an ...200817822727
large genotypic variation but small variation in n2 fixation among rhizobia nodulating red clover in soils of northern scandinavia.to analyse the symbiotic variations within indigenous populations of rhizobia nodulating red clover (trifolium pratense l.) in soils of northern norway and sweden at different times of the growing season.200717578428
effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield.the utilization of green manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers is considered a good agricultural practice. however, the effect of each green manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its chemical composition. the main objective of this work was to study the effect of incorporating three green manures originating from residues of trifolium pratense, l. (tp), brassica napus, l. (bn), and the mixture of tp+bn at rates of 5384 and 8973 kg c ha(-1), on soil biol ...200817512725
effects of dietary red clover on blood factors and cardiovascular fatty streak formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.phytoestrogens with a biological activity like estradiol are naturally found in many plants. this study was designed to investigate the effect of red clover, a phytoestrogen-rich member of the legume family (trifolium pratense) on the development of atherosclerosis in male hyperlipidemic rabbits. twenty rabbits were semi-randomly distributed into four groups of five each. two groups received either normal diet or normal diet supplemented with red clover. two other groups received similar diets t ...200717486681
[a study of the competitive properties of the aluminum-tolerant strain rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 9-4a by the antibiotic resistance method].the virulence, competitive ability, and symbiotic efficiency of 2 rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains--the wild aluminum tolerant strain 9-4a and the commercial strain 348a-were compared when introducing their variants marked with antibiotic resistance into the rhizosphere of red clover (trifolium pratense l.) plants. high virulence and competitive ability of the strain tolerant to aluminum was demonstrated by a concurrent inoculation of the seeds with these two strains. the resistance ...200717476807
genetic variation in the effect of a facultative symbiont on host-plant use by pea aphids.ecological specialisation on different host plants occurs frequently among phytophagous insects and is normally assumed to have a genetic basis. however, insects often carry microbial symbionts, which may play a role in the evolution of specialisation. the bacterium regiella insecticola is a facultative symbiont of pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) where it is found most frequently in aphid clones feeding on trifolium giving rise to the hypothesis that it may improve aphid performance on this pla ...200717415589
biochanin a protects dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced damage through inhibition of microglia activation and proinflammatory factors generation.activation of microglia and consequent release of proinflammatory factors, are believed to contribute to neurodegeneration in parkinson's disease (pd). hence, identification of compounds that prevent microglial activation is highly desirable in the search for therapeutic agents for inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. in this study, we reported that biochanin a, one of the predominant isoflavones in trifolium pratense, attenuated lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced decrease in dopamine ...200717399896
chromosome maps of legumes.legumes are of immense importance as food and feed, and for sustainable agriculture, due to their ability to fix nitrogen. here, the chromosome maps of the legumes soybean (glycine max), lotus (lotus japonicus), and red clover (trifolium pratense) are reviewed. these species have relatively small chromosomes and therefore are difficult to exploit for chromosome studies. nevertheless, the identification of individual chromosomes became feasible, and chromosome maps have been developed applying im ...200717205385
effects of phytoestrogenic isoflavones from red clover (trifolium pratense l.) on experimental osteoporosis.the most common type of osteoporosis is bone loss associated with ovarian hormone deficiency at menopause. there is evidence that diets which contain high levels of phytoestrogenic isoflavones are associated with a low incidence of osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. plant extracts, which contain high levels of isoflavones, such as red clover (trifolium pratense l.), have been used to reduce menopausal symptoms. the objective of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of red clover t ...200717117453
mechanisms of microbially enhanced fe acquisition in red clover (trifolium pratense l.).soil microorganisms may play an important role in plant fe uptake from soils with low fe bioavailability, but there is little direct experimental evidence to date. we grew red clover, an fe-efficient leguminous plant, in a calcareous soil to investigate the role of soil microbial activity in plant fe uptake. compared with plants grown in non-sterlie (ns) grown plants, growth and fe content of the sterile(s) grown plants was significantly inhibited, but was improved by foliar application of fe ed ...200617087472
effects of isoflavones from red clover (trifolium pratense) on skin changes induced by ovariectomy in rats.estrogens have a profound influence on skin. the relative hypoestrogenism that accompanies menopause exacerbates the deleterious effects of both intrinsic and environmental aging. estrogens improve skin in many ways. among these, they increase collagen content, skin thickness and improve skin moisture. there is evidence that diets with high levels of phytoestrogenic isoflavones are associated with a low incidence of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. plant extracts such as red clover, which c ...200617078110
[number and structure of actinomycetes complexes in the rhizosphere winter rye, oat and red clover].the actinomycetes complexes in the rhizosphere of three agricultural plants by using the methods of luminescense microscopy and cup sowing were investigated. it was established, that concentration of prokaryotic biomass and biomass of actinomycetes mycelium in rhizosphere of plants is higher than in free from the radicals to soil. rhizosphera of the oat (avena sativa l.) and red clover (trifolium pratense l.) is colonized by streptomyces, micromonospora and olygospore species. dominante actinomy ...200617022483
red clover (trifolium pratense).genetic modification of plants by the insertion of transgenes can be a powerful experimental approach to answer basic questions about gene product function. this technology can also be used to make improved crop varieties for use in the field. to apply this powerful tool to red clover, an important forage legume, a population of red clover with a high potential for regeneration in tissue culture has been developed. here we provide a detailed procedure for agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ...200616988360
effect of biochanin a on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome p450 1a1 in mcf-7 human breast carcinoma cells.phytoestrogen biochanin a is an isoflavone derivative isolated from red clover trifolium pratense with anticarcinogenic properties. this study examined the action of biochanin a with the carcinogen activation pathway that is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) in mcf-7 breast carcinoma cells. treating the cells with biochanin a alone caused the accumulation of cyp1a1 mrna and an increase in cyp1a1-specific 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) activity in a dose dependent manner. a c ...200616903077
comprehensive structural analysis of the genome of red clover (trifolium pratense l.).with the aim of establishing the basic knowledge and resources needed for applied genetics, we investigated the genome structure of red clover trifolium pratense l. by a combination of cytological, genomic and genetic approaches. the deduced genome size was approximately 440 mb, as estimated by measuring the nuclear dna content by flow cytometry. seven chromosomes could be distinguished by microscopic observation of dapi stained prometaphase chromosomes and fluorescence in situ hybridization usi ...200516769692
[colonization of plant rhizosphere by actinomycetes of different genera].the survival of environmental isolates of actinomycetes introduced with the seeds of agricultural plants in the root-free soil and in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane was studied. different strategies of colonization of the rhizosphere were revealed for the representatives of the genera streptomyces, micromonospora, and streptosporangium, the organisms typical for the moderate climate rhizosphere. the plants of winter rye (secale cereale l.) inoculated with actinomycetes were shown to have growth ...200616758877
n abundance of nodules as an indicator of n metabolism in n(2)-fixing plants.this paper expands upon previous reports of (15)n elevation in nodules (compared to other tissues) of n(2)-fixing plants. n(2)-fixing nodules of glycine max (soybeans), vigna unguiculata (cowpea), phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), phaseolus coccineus (scarlet runner bean), prosopis glandulosa (mesquite), and olneya tesota (desert ironwood) were enriched in (15)n. nodules of vicia faba (fava beans), arachis hypogaea (peanut), trifolium pratense (red clover), pisum sativum (pea), lathyrus sativus ...198216662517
isotopic fractionation associated with symbiotic n(2) fixation and uptake of no(3) by plants.isotopic fractionation associated with n(2) fixation and no(3) (-) uptake by plants are relevant to the accuracy of estimates of n(2) fixation based on differences in the natural abundance of (15)n between n(2) fixing and nonfixing plants. the isotope effect on n(2) fixation by soybeans (glycine max [l] merrill, variety harosoy) and red clover (trifolium pratense [l]) was determined from the difference in (15)n abundance between atmospheric n(2) and the total n of plants grown hydroponically wit ...198016661392
enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in rhizobia and nodules of legumes.the relatively high level of fatty acids in soybean nodules and rhizobia from soybean nodules suggested that the glyoxylate cycle might have a role in nodule metabolism. several species of rhizobia in pure culture were found to have malate synthetase activity when grown on a number of different carbon sources. significant isocitrate lyase activity was induced when oleate, which presumably may act as an acetyl coa precursor, was utilized as the principle carbon source. malate synthetase was activ ...196616656404
plant bioassays for an in situ monitoring of air near an industrial area and a municipal solid waste: zilina (slovakia).the process of a bioindication of genotoxic effects of complex mixtures on the environment using higher plants is very appropriate and effective. we present the results of an in situ indication of the genotoxic effects of polluted environment near zilina city. for a more complex monitoring we used: the tradescantia micronucleus (trad-mcn) assay, the tradescantia microspore test and an evaluation of the abortivity of the pollen grains of native plant species. we found significant differences in t ...200616617421
host use of a hemiparasitic plant: no trade-offs in performance on different hosts.to examine putative specialization of a hemiparasitic plant to the most beneficial host species, we studied genetic variation in performance and trade-offs between performance on different host species in the generalist hemiparasite, rhinanthus serotinus. we grew 25 maternal half-sib families of the parasite on agrostis capillaris and trifolium pratense and without a host in a greenhouse. biomass and number of flowers of the parasite were the highest when grown on t. pratense. there were signifi ...200616599927
the chemical and biologic profile of a red clover (trifolium pratense l.) phase ii clinical extract.to document the chemical and biologic profile of a clinical phase ii red clover (trifolium pratense l.) extract by identifying and measuring the major and minor components visible in the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (hplc-uv) chromatogram and evaluating each compound for estrogenic and antioxidant activity.200616566672
preparative isolation of isoflavones from soy and red clover.numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of isoflavones occurring in soy (glycine max l.) and red clover (trifolium pratense l.) to alleviate climacteric complaints. they have also shown beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and in the prevention of osteoporosis. as a result, several companies offer nutraceuticals based on soy or red clover extracts. the aim of the present study was the isolation of pure isoflavones on a preparative scale, in order to obtain standards for biolo ...200616548014
attributes of bean yellow mosaic potyvirus transmission from clover to snap beans by four species of aphids (homoptera: aphididae).after characterization of the natural spread of necrosis-inducing bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (family potyviridae, genus potyvirus, bymv(n)), nonpersistently transmitted from clover, trifolium repens l., to an adjacent field of snap bean, phaseolus vulgaris l., in western oregon, we established a study site enabling us to investigate the virus reservoir, to observe en masse transmission of bymv(n) to bean plants, and to identify aphid species associated with virus spread. colonies of myzus pers ...200516539099
[chemical forms of heavy metals in the soils and plants of copper tailings yard].the study on the chemical forms of heavy metals in the soils and plants at the copper tailings yard in tongling city indicated that the soils were extremely poor, with organic mater content being 2.6-5.8 g x kg(-1), only 1/15 of the control, while their cu, cd, pb and zn contents were higher than the control, with cu 809.30-1395.54 mg x kg(-1) and cd 3.25-6.35 mg x kg(-1), as 30-60 times as those of the control. the heavy metals contents in zoysia japonica and trifolium pratense had a significan ...200516515200
critical review of health effects of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in post-menopausal women.a consensus view of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in clinical interventions in post-menopausal women is presented that is based on data from the eu-funded project phytohealth. the phyto-oestrogens, primarily genistein and daidzein, were given as soyabean-protein isolates, whole-soyabean foods or extracts, supplements or pure compounds. a comprehensive literature search was conducted with well-defined inclusion or exclusion criteria. for areas for which substantial research exists only placebo-contro ...200616441947
menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements.since the release of the women's health initiative (whi) findings, an increasing number of dietary supplement products specifically targeting women in menopause have appeared in the american marketplace. this growth highlights the need for a critical evaluation of the tolerability and effectiveness of these products. the purpose of this article is to assess the evidence for safety and benefit of botanical monopreparations used for relief of menopause-related symptoms. the cochrane library and me ...200516414334
the pharmacognosy of humulus lupulus l. (hops) with an emphasis on estrogenic properties.as the population ages, there is an ever-increasing need for therapeutic agents that can be used safely and efficaciously to manage symptoms related to postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. endogenous estrogens, e.g., 17beta-estradiol, of exogenous mammalian origin, e.g., horses, have long been used to manage such symptoms. there are more than 20 different classes of phytochemicals that have demonstrated affinity for human estrogen receptors in vitro. some studies on exogenous estrogenic substance ...200616360942
associative nitrogen fixation by klebsiella spp.: adhesion sites and inoculation effects on grass roots.adhesion sites on grass roots for klebsiella strains carrying type 3 or type 1 fimbriae or both were determined. adhesion of the strains to the roots of poa pratensis and festuca rubra was highly localized; the bacteria adhered strongly to root hairs and with a markedly lower efficiency to the surface of the zone of elongation and to the root cap mucilage. no adhesion to the epidermal cells between root hairs was observed. the adhesion sites were identical for the type 3- and 1-fimbriated bacter ...198616347205
competitiveness of rhizobium trifolii strains associated with red clover (trifolium pratense l.) in mississippi soils.five strains of rhizobium trifolii were evaluated in competition with indigenous populations in nodulating red clover (trifolium pratense l.) cv. kenland in two different soils in mississippi. double antibiotic resistance acquisition was used to measure the proportion of nodules occupied by the introduced mutant strains. in vertisol soil, strains rp113-7, 162bb1, lm1, and 162p17 were recovered in at least 94% of the assayed nodules, whereas ta1 was found in 83.8% of the nodules. at an ultisol lo ...198216346130
application of dl-beta-aminobutyric acid (baba) as a root drench to legumes inhibits the growth and reproduction of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum (hemiptera: aphididae).dl-beta-aminobutyric acid (baba) is a non-protein amino acid that is an effective inducer of resistance against a variety of plant pathogens. however, examples of baba-induced resistance against insect herbivores have not been reported. we applied baba as a soil drench to legumes and monitored its effects on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum (harris). on tic bean (vicia faba var. minor), baba increased aphid mortality, caused a reduction in the mean relative growth rate of individual insects and ...200516197565
phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov., nodulating trifolium and lupinus in spanish soils.bacterial strain petp02(t) was isolated from nodules of trifolium pratense growing in a spanish soil. phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence showed that this strain represents a member of the genus phyllobacterium. however, divergence found with the 16s rrna gene sequence of the single recognized species of this genus, phyllobacterium myrsinacearum, indicated that strain petp02(t) belongs to a different species. the results of dna-dna hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid a ...200516166699
effects of the environment, cultivar, maturity, and preservation method on red clover isoflavone concentration.red clover (trifolium pratense l.) contains isoflavones that are of interest because of their benefits for human health as well as their adverse effects on the fertility of farm animals. a series of field experiments was conducted in sainte-anne-de-bellevue, qc, canada, to determine the effects of the environment, cultivar, plant maturity, plant part, and preservation method on the concentration of the two predominant isoflavones in red clover, formononetin and biochanin a. in a multi-year, mult ...200516076124
novel forages for growth and health in farmed deer.aims: this paper reviews recent research on the use of new forages in deer farming that may be useful for increasing growth in weaner deer for venison production, increasing the trace element status of deer, and for developing systems less reliant on chemical inputs, notably of anthelmintics used to control internal parasites. growth: grazing on pure swards of red clover (trifolium pratense) or chicory (chicorium intybus) increased weaner growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14 ...200216032280
effect of forage legumes and anthelmintic treatment on the performance, nutritional status and nematode parasites of grazing lambs.recent studies in new zealand and the uk have shown that certain forages reduce parasitic infection in sheep. the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of legume forages compared to ryegrass on interactions between production, nutritional status and nematodes in grazing lambs. twenty-four male lambs per forage treatment, half of which were treated with anthelmintics on day 0, grazed monocultures of lucerne (medicago sativa), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifo ...200515946801
plant growth inhibition by cis-cinnamoyl glucosides and cis-cinnamic acid.spiraea thunbergii sieb. contains 1-o-cis-cinnamoyl-beta-d-glucopyranose (cg) and 6-o-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methylene-butyroyl)-1-o-cis-cinnamoyl-beta-d-glucopyranose (bcg) as major plant growth inhibiting constituents. in the present study, we determined the inhibitory activity of cg and bcg on root elongation of germinated seedlings of lettuce (lactuca sativa), pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus), red clover (trifolium pratense), timothy (phleum pratense), and bok choy (brassica rapa var chinensis) in c ...200515898503
mycorrhizal inoculum potentials of pure reclamation materials and revegetated tailing sands from the canadian oil sand industry.recent improvements in the management of oil sand tailings used by the canadian oil sand industry have resulted in the production of composite tailing sands (ct): a new challenging material for reclamation work. jack pine (pinus banksiana lamb.), hybrid poplar (populus deltoides bartr. ex marsh. xpopulus nigra l.) and red clover (trifolium pratense l.) plants were used in an 8-week greenhouse bioassay to evaluate the mycorrhizal inoculum potential of ct. this inoculum potential was compared with ...200415883852
soil to plant transfer of 238u, 226ra and 232th on a uranium mining-impacted soil from southeastern china.both soil and plant samples of nine different plant species grown in soils from southeastern china contaminated with uranium mine tailings were analyzed for the plant uptake and translocation of 238u, 226ra and 232th. substantial differences were observed in the soil-plant transfer factor (tf) among these radionuclides and plant species. lupine (lupinus albus) exhibited the highest uptake of 238u (tf value of 3.7x10(-2)), while chinese mustard (brassica chinensis) had the least (0.5x10(-2)). how ...200515878419
red clover extracts stimulate differentiation of human osteoblastic osteosarcoma hos58 cells.different extracts from red clover (trifolium pratense l.) were tested for their ability to stimulate the activity of osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells (hos58). as a key marker of osteoblasticity we chose the activity of alkaline phosphatase (alp). whereas butanol and methanol extracts had no influence on either alp or cellular protein production, enzyme activity was increased significantly on incubation with chloroform extracts. all extracts were analysed for isoflavone content. the data clearly ...200415490331
inhibition of extrahepatic human cytochromes p450 1a1 and 1b1 by metabolism of isoflavones found in trifolium pratense (red clover).biochanin a and formononetin are the predominant isoflavones in red clover. in a previous study (j. agric. food chem. 2002, 50, 4783-4790), it was demonstrated that human liver microsomes converted biochanin a and formononetin to genistein and daidzein. this paper now shows cyp1b1-catalyzed o-demethylation of biochanin a and formononetin to produce genistein and daidzein, respectively, which inhibit cyp1b1. recombinant human cyp1a1 or cyp1b1 was incubated with biochanin a or formononetin. cyp1a1 ...200415479032
transformation of fulvic substances in the rhizosphere during phytoremediation of used motor oil.changes in the chemical composition of fulvic acids in used oil-contaminated soils treated with different plant species and fertilization (fertilized, f; and nonfertilized, nf) were analyzed by fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ftir). soil contaminated with 1.5% (w/w) used motor oil was seeded with sunflower (helianthus annuus)/indian mustard (brassica juncea); soybean (glycine max)/green bean (phaseolus vulgaris); mixed grasses/maize (zea mays); mixed clover (red clover, trifolium prat ...200415478929
cloning and characterization of red clover polyphenol oxidase cdnas and expression of active protein in escherichia coli and transgenic alfalfa.red clover (trifolium pratense) leaves contain high levels of polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity and o-diphenol substrates. wounding of leaves during harvest and ensiling results in browning of leaf tissues from activity of ppo on the o-diphenols. in association with browning, leaf proteins remain undegraded during ensiling, presumably due to ppo-generated o-quinone inhibition of leaf proteases. we cloned three red clover ppo cdnas, ppo1, ppo2, and ppo3, from a leaf cdna library. sequence compari ...200415466227
simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome p450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction.here we describe a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (lc/ms) method with automated online extraction (lc/lc/ms) to simultaneously determine the in vitro inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on six major human drug-metabolising cytochrome p450 enzymes. substrates were incubated with a commercially available mixture of cyp1a2/2c8/2c9/2c19/2d6 and 3a4 from baculovirus-infected insect cells and the resulting metabolites were quantified with lc/lc/ms using electrospray ionisation in the select ...200415384148
red clover (trifolium pratense) monograph: a clinical decision support tool.red clover, a legume resembling soy is used by man as a phytoestrogen. other uses include asthma, pertussis, cancer and gout. the authors systematically review this herb in terms of pharmacology, efficacy, safety, side effects, standardization, dosing, toxicology as well as other parameters.200215277090
chemical and biological characterization and clinical evaluation of botanical dietary supplements: a phase i red clover extract as a model.botanical dietary supplements, as compared with nutritional supplements or single-component pharmaceutical drugs, are typically less-refined preparations derived from bulk plant material and, as such, require a modified approach to their development, production, and evaluation. an integrated, multidisciplinary team of scientific and clinical investigators is required in order to develop high quality phytomedicines and rigorously evaluate their safety and efficacy. research on botanicals involves ...200415180571
[effect of copper pollution on seedling growth and activate oxygen metabolism of trifolium pratense].the effect of copper (cu) pollution on the seedling growth and activate oxygen metabolism of trifolium pratense was studied by water cultivation experiments. the results showed that under low concentration of cu (< 10 mg.l-1), the growth of trifolium pratense seedlings could be improved, their fresh/dry weight and the contents of soluble protein and chlorophylls in leaves increased slightly, the mda content of leaf cells decreased, the activities of sod, cat and pod in the activate oxygen metabo ...200415139202
environmental modulation of the psstnop gene expression in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii.exopolysaccharide production by rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is required for successful establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with clover (trifolium pratense l.). using plasmid-borne transcriptional fusions of promoters of pss genes with promoterless lacz the effect of root exudate, phosphate, and ammonia on expression of psst, pssn, psso, and pssp genes in wild-type strain rtta1 background was determined. a stimulating effect of these environmental factors on psso and pssp gene exp ...200415105887
effect of sludge-processing mode, soil texture and soil ph on metal mobility in undisturbed soil columns under accelerated loading.the effect of sludge processing (digested dewatered, pelletized, alkaline-stabilized, composted, and incinerated), soil type and initial soil ph on trace metal mobility was examined using undisturbed soil columns. soils tested were hudson silt loam (glossaquic hapludalf) and arkport fine sandy loam (lamellic hapludalf), at initial ph levels of 5 and 7. sludges were applied during four accelerated cropping cycles (215 tons/ha cumulative application for dewatered sludge; equivalent rates for other ...200015092904
phytoestrogens in botanical dietary supplements: implications for cancer.phytoestrogens are plant constituents that possess either estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity. although their activities are weak as compared with human endogenous estrogens, the consumption of phytoestrogens may have clinically significant consequences. a number of botanicals, or the compounds contained therein, have been identified as putative estrogenic agents, but consensus in the biomedical community has been hampered by conflicting data from various in vitro and in vivo models of estroge ...200315035899
influence of bacterial strains isolated from lead-polluted soil and their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizae on the growth of trifolium pratense l. under lead toxicity.we isolated two bacterial strains from an experimentally lead (pb)-polluted soil in hungary, 10 years after soil contamination. these strains represented the two most abundant cultivable bacterial groups in such soil, and we tested their influence on trifolium pratense l. growth and on the functioning of native mycorrhizal fungi under pb toxicity in a second pb-spiked soil. our results showed that bacterial strain a enhanced plant growth, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations, nodule formation, ...200314663492
the effect of dietary forage on the development and survival of helminth parasites in ovine faeces.studies in new zealand and the uk have shown that lambs grazing birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus) or chicory (cichorium intybus) have reduced parasite intensities compared to lambs grazing ryegrass swards. however, data in the literature on the influence of forages on helminth parasites is equivocal and the underlying mechanisms by which different forage diets may affect these parasites have not been fully determined. the aim of the experiments reported here was to investigate the hypothesi ...200314651879
[actions of various antibiotics on symbiosis of the red clover (trifolium pratense l.)]. 196314048729
reproductive disturbances of romney ewe lambs grazed on red clover (trifolium pratense) pastures. 195813590269
influence of ageing on zinc bioavailability in soils.currently, soil quality criteria or soil risk assessments of metals are based on laboratory toxicity tests which are carried out in soils freshly spiked with metal salts. with these data, species sensitivity distributions are fitted, from which hazardous concentrations and predicted no effect concentrations are derived. however, due to long-term processes, called ageing, soil metal availability decreases with time. here we show that ph is the most important parameter determining the effect of ag ...200312963299
cloning and expression of the isoflavone synthase gene (ifs-tp) from trifolium pratense.isoflavones are secondary metabolites found mainly in leguminous plants. their synthesis from flavanones is catalyzed by isoflavone synthase (ifs). we have cloned a isoflavone synthase gene (ifs-tp) from trifolium pratense that encodes a predicted 525 amino acids protein, molecular weight 59 kda, with strong homology to ifs's from other legumes. ifs-tp was expressed in all the tissues examined, and addition of glutathione and uv irradiation enhanced its expression. microsomes from yeast transfor ...200312872984
oxygen deficiency affects carbohydrate reserves in overwintering forage crops.anaerobic conditions developing under an ice cover affect winter survival and spring regrowth of economically important perennial crops. the objective was to compare, during a prolonged period of low (<2%) o2 at low temperature, the concentration of carbohydrates of four plant species contrasting in their resistance to oxygen deficiency. four perennial forage species, lucerne (medicago sativa l.), red clover (trifolium pratense l.), timothy (phleum pratense l.), and cocksfoot (dactylis glomerata ...200312754268
impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central europe.the impact of land use intensity on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) was investigated at eight sites in the "three-country corner" of france, germany, and switzerland. three sites were low-input, species-rich grasslands. two sites represented low- to moderate-input farming with a 7-year crop rotation, and three sites represented high-input continuous maize monocropping. representative soil samples were taken, and the amf spores present were morphologically identified and count ...200312732553
influence of aging on copper bioavailability in soils.because of long-term chemical processes, metal bioavailability in field soils decreases with time. metal toxicity may, therefore, be overestimated if toxicity data with freshly spiked soils are used to derive soil quality criteria, a current practice. in the present study, effects of the long-term processes, called aging, on copper partitioning and ecotoxicity are investigated. twenty-five field soils contaminated by copper runoff from bronze statues and 25 uncontaminated control soils sampled a ...200312729229
comparison of hormonal activity (estrogen, androgen and progestin) of standardized plant extracts for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy.extracts from red clover (trifolium pratense), soybean (glycine max.) and black cohosh (cimicifuga racemosa) are frequently used as alternative compounds for hormone replacement therapy (hrt) to treat menopausal disorders. fifteen commercially available products made either from red clover, soybean or black cohosh were tested in in vitro assays in this study. the main polycyclic phenolic compounds of soy and red clover products were biochanin a, genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and glycitein. ...200312711012
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