Publications

rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.	during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...	2000	11132881
bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes.	rabies is a widespread zoonotic disease that has reached epizootic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. because each species of carnivore has different food preferences and foraging strategies, it is essential that the efficacy of a bait delivery program be examined for gray foxes prior to an oral vaccination program being attempted. field trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of free-ranging gray foxes to selected baits and odor attractants. baits ...	2000	11085437
bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in florida.	oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in pinellas county (florida, usa) by helicopter drop and from cars from january to april 1997. a total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km2. bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (procyon lotor), 33 opossums (didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (ur ...	2000	11085436
susceptibility of red and gray foxes to infection by ehrlichia chaffeensis.	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were evaluated for their susceptibility to experimental infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. two red foxes and three gray foxes were inoculated intravenously with e. chaffeensis (15b-wtd-ga strain) and were monitored at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (dpi) for evidence of infection using an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay, light microscopy, polymerase ...	1999	10574528
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from mexico: implications for transmission dynamics and human risk.	twenty-eight samples from humans and domestic and wild animals collected in mexico between 1990 and 1995 were characterized by using anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies and limited sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. the variants of rabies viruses identified in these samples were compared with other isolates from mexico and the rest of the americas to establish epidemiologic links between cases and outbreaks and to increase the understanding of rabies epidemiology in the western he ...	1999	10548293
ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from mammals at cape hatteras, nc and assateague island, md and va.	results of a survey for ixodid ticks and/or serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 14 species of small to large mammals from eastern coastal areas of the united states are presented. most samples were obtained from july 1987 through june 1989 (excluding december-march) at 3 locales: assateague is. national seashore, worcester co., md., and accomack co., va. (approximately 38 degrees 05' n 75 degrees 10' w), and cape hatteras national seashore, dare co., nc (approximately 35 degrees 30' n ...	1999	10534951
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in naturally exposed wild coyotes, red foxes, and gray foxes and serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in red foxes fed t. gondii oocysts and tissue cysts.	antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were determined in sera from 222 coyotes (canis latrans), 283 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), and 97 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from indiana, kentucky, michigan, and ohio during 1990-1993. sera were examined in 1:25, 1:100, and 1:500 dilutions by the modified direct agglutination test (mat) with formalinized whole tachyzoites plus mercaptoethanol. antibodies were found in 131 (59.0%) of 222 coyotes, 243 (85.9%) of 283 red foxes, and 73 (75.3%) of 97 gray fox ...	1999	10219302
gray fox response to baits and attractants for oral rabies vaccination.	rabies is a widespread zoonosis that recently reached epidemic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. the objectives of this study were to determine bait and attractant preferences among captive gray foxes, to determine the behavioral responses of gray foxes to selected bait-attractant combinations, and to evaluate baits as a delivery mechanism of oral rabies vaccines. trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of captive gray foxes to selected baits and ...	1998	9813846
molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in texas.	texas is in the midst of two independent epizootics of rabies, involving coyotes (canis latrans) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in southern texas and grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in west central texas. the domestic dog/coyote (ddc) and grey for (tf) rabies virus variants cannot be differentiated by antigenic typing with currently available monoclonal antibodies. these two variants also cannot be distinguished from a third variant, sonora dog (sd) rabies, that is not enzootic in te ...	1997	9406651
a noninvasive method for distinguishing among canid species: amplification and enzyme restriction of dna from dung.	endangered san joaquin kit foxes vulpes macrotis mutica can be sympatrically distributed with as many as four other canids: red fox, gray fox, coyote and domestic dog. canid scats are often found during routine fieldwork, but cannot be reliably identified to species. to detect and study the endangered kit fox, we developed mitochondrial dna markers that can be amplified from small amounts of dna extracted from scats. we amplified a 412-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene from scat ...	1997	9161016
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
isolation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes serotype 4 from a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with canine distemper.	in february 1993, clinical, pathological, and microbiological investigations were performed on an adult female gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from northern mississippi (usa). the fox had clinical signs consistent with canine distemper virus encephalitis. eosinophilic inclusions characteristic of canine distemper virus were in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cerebral neurons and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of urinary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary epithelial cells. the liver contained mul ...	1996	8722280
photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision.	electroretinogram (erg) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of canid: domestic dog (canis familiaris), island gray fox (urocyon littoralis), red fox (vulpes vulpes), and arctic fox (alopex lagopus). these four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. these pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of ...	1993	8424924
[modular evolution of bsp-repeats: formation of subrepeats and monomers preceded the divergence of four species of canidae].	determination of two nucleotide sequences of satellite-like dna (bsp-repeats) segments from the raccoon-like dog genome and analysis of these and three other homologous sequences from distantly related genomes of canidae (silver fox, domestic dog, and gray fox) show that all these dna fragments consist of five types of subrepeats (a, b, c, d, and e) and two types of monomers-acb and aced. raccoon-like dog repeated segment of 1620 bp is composed of both type of monomers: acbaced. different monome ...	1993	8246941
acute toxoplasmosis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) found moribund in lake loundes park, mississippi. there was almost total necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain. lesions in all of these organs were associated with numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. tissue cysts were seen in the brain. organisms reacted with anti-t. gondii serum in an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical test. there was no evidence of concurrent distemper or rabies vir ...	1994	8171835
fleas on gray foxes in new mexico.	from april 1992 to april 1993, fleas were collected from 15 gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, in new mexico. flea species collected were cediopsylla inaequalis inaequalis baker (14/15), echidnophaga gallinacea (westwood) (1/15), euhoplopsyllus glacialis affinis baker (10/15), foxella ignota baker (1/15), pulex irritans (l.) (6/15), and pulex simulans baker (15/15). c. i. inaequalis and f. ignota are new host records for gray foxes. the collection of c. i. inaequalis, e. g. affinis, ...	1995	7608929
occurrence of (dirofilaria immitis) in gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in alabama and georgia.	the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis in gray fox (urocyon cineroargenteus) was determined by gross examination, blood samples, and filtered tissue sediments in a sampling of 149 gray foxes taken from alabama and georgia during the 1977-78 trapping season. microfilariae were not found in blood samples obtained from 24 of these gray foxes. three of 82 male foxes (3.7%) and 1 of 67 female foxes (1.5%) were infected with heartworm. d. immitis rate of infection was 1 of 19 (5.3%) and 3 of 130 (2.3%) ...	1980	7431520
natural la crosse virus infection in the red fox (vulpes fulva), gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoon (procyon lotor), and opossum (didelphis virginiana).	natural infection of sentinel red foxes (vulpes fulva) and free-ranging red foxes, gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (procyon lotor) with la crosse (lac) virus was demonstrated. one isolate of lac virus was obtained from a sentinel red fox in an enzootic area. the viremia titer of the lac virus-infected red fox was above the threshold of infection for aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. antibody responses were measured by the microneutralization test employing four california group vi ...	1981	7258486
sarcocystis of deer in south dakota.	the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ...	1982	6808161
dirofilaria immitis infection in a gray fox.		1983	6643243
experimental infection of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with brucella abortus.	ten gray foxes, eight principals that were fed approximately 4.4 x 10(10) colony forming units of brucella abortus strain 2308 and two controls, were examined for serologic responses and tissue distribution of the organisms. blood sera from each fox were tested on the day of exposure and at seven weekly intervals for antibodies to b. abortus, using the brucellosis card, standard tube agglutination, 2-mercaptoethanol and rivanol tests. control foxes were serologically negative for all tests throu ...	1984	6425511
prevalence of selected pathogenic microbial agents in the red fox (vulpes fulva) and gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) of southwestern wisconsin.	free-ranging red foxes (vulpes fulva) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were trapped in southwestern wisconsin. fox sera were tested to determine the prevalence of antibody for five different leptospira interrogans serovars, canine distemper virus (cdv), infectious canine hepatitis virus (ichv), and franciscella tularensis infections. grippotyphosa was the most prevalent leptospiral serovar antibody observed. twenty-five of 53 (47%) red foxes and 11 of 36 (31%) gray foxes had specific an ...	1981	6265659
isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from a naturally-infected gray fox urocyon cinereoargenteus.		1967	6028561
effect of acute gamma radiation on wild opossum, gray fox, raccoon and bobcat.		1965	5884552
listeriosis associated with canine distemper in a gray fox.		1971	4999061
light preferences of young foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).		1972	4650797
yersinia enterocolitica and related species isolated from wildlife in new york state.	fecal specimens for yersinia screening were obtained from a variety of wild mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates throughout new york state. one specimen from each of 1,426 animals was examined. a total of 148 isolates of yersinia enterocolitica and related species were obtained from 133 (9.3%) of the animals. y. enterocolitica was isolated from 100 (7%) of the animals tested, including 81 (10%) of 812 mammals and 19 (3.3%) of 573 birds. y. intermedia, y. frederiksenii, and y. kriste ...	1986	3767355
chromosomal evolution of the canidae. i. species with high diploid numbers.	the giemsa banding patterns of seven canid species, including the grey wolf (canis lupus), the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), the bush dog (speothos venaticus), the crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), the grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), the bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis), and the fennec (fennecus zerda), are presented and compared. relative to other members of canidae, these species have high diploid complements (2n greater than 64) consisting of largely acrocentric chromosomes. they ...	1987	3568761
comparative efficacies of ivermectin, febantel, fenbendazole, and mebendazole against helminth parasites of gray foxes.	anthelmintic efficacies of ivermectin, febantel, fenbendazole, and mebendazole were compared in 45 adult gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) naturally infected with helminth parasites. fecal specimens were examined one week before treatment and one week and 3 weeks after treatment with each anthelmintic, using a sucrose flotation technique. compared with pretreatment, fewer foxes in all groups were infected with helminths one week and 3 weeks after treatment. ivermectin, febantel, and fenbenda ...	1986	3505933
ixodid ticks on the coyote and gray fox at land between the lakes, kentucky-tennessee, and implications for tick dispersal.		1988	3357174
prevalence of sarcocystis odocoileocanis from white-tailed deer in alabama and its attempted transmission to goats.	sarcocysts of sarcocystis odocoileocanis were found in tissue sections of hearts and tongues examined by light microscopy from 30 (88%) of 34 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). hearts were infected less often (13 of 34, 38%) than were tongues (30 of 34, 88%). sarcocysts of sarcocystis odoi were not observed in the white-tailed deer examined. a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) excreted sporocysts after consuming tongues of white-tailed deer infected with s. odocoileocanis. two goats i ...	1988	3127603
antibodies to borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from wisconsin and minnesota.	serum samples from 93 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) trapped in wisconsin and 23 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped in wisconsin and minnesota were tested for antibodies to borrelia sp. with an indirect fluorescent antibody test which used borrelia burgdorferi as the whole-cell antigen. seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:64. all the positive samples were from areas known to be endemic for human lyme dise ...	1989	2644451
dirofilaria immitis in coyotes and foxes in missouri.	wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 trapping seasons in missouri. hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (canis latrans), 85 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for dirofilaria immitis. age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 d. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 d. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. this study indicates that heartwo ...	1991	2023319
diseases diagnosed in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern united states.	diagnostic findings were reviewed on 157 sick or dead gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern united states examined during the period 1972 through 1989. most foxes (n = 118) originated from georgia; fewer animals were from florida, kentucky, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, virginia and west virginia. etiologic diagnoses included canine distemper (n = 125), congenital absence of guard hairs (n = 7), traumatic injuries (n = 7), rabies (n = 3), ...	1992	1548799
diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.	fifty-six red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained by the south carolina wildlife and marine resources department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in ohio (usa), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in indiana (usa). emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representi ...	1992	1474656
arbovirus surveillance in florida: wild vertebrate studies 1965-1974.	wildlife species from 38 of florida's 67 counties were surveyed over a 10 year period for the presence of antibody to the five major arboviruses circulating in the state. the routine screening of 7891 sera from wild birds and mammals via the hemagglutination-inhibition (h1) test with selected reactors subjected to serum neutralization testing has 1) provided information regarding geographic distribution and seasonality of circulation of these viruses 2) identified enzootic foci of infection and ...	1975	1152173
toxoplasma antibodies among bobcats and other carnivores of norther california.	the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was investigated among five species of wild carnivores in norther ccalifornia. the highest prevalence was among bobcats (lynx rufus), with 15 of 21 tested being serologically positive. other results included serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in two of seven raccoons (procyon lotor), one of three badgers (taxidea taxus) and two of three coyotes (canis latrans). two gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were serologically negative. oone badger ...	1975	1142562
on the tryptic peptides from hemoglobin chains of six carnivores.	the amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides of the following carnivore hemoglobin chains have been determined: gray fox (urocyon cineroargenteus); raccoon (procyon lotor); polar bear (thalarctos maritimus); coati mundi (nasua nasua) beta chain; coati mundi (nasua narica) two beta chains; cat (felis catus) alpha chain; and lion (pantbera leo) beta chain. these provide a basis for future sequencing of these hemoglobins and construction of an evolutionary tree. the specific results are summ ...	1977	864727
rabies antibody prevalence and virus tissue tropism in wild carnivores in virginia.	carnivores trapped in a rabies control program in virginia were examined for rabies virus and serum neutralizing antibody. local antibody prevalence ranged from 0% to 29% in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus). rabies virus was pantropic in naturally infected gray foxes and a bobcat (lynx rufus).	1978	739588
naturally occurring tyzzer's disease in the gray fox.	four gray fox became anorectic and developed diarrhea. their condition worsened until death. diagnosis of tyzzer's disease was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and the demonstration of bacillus piliformis in the liver.	1978	738940
visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with spirocerca lupi.	aortic lesions pathognomonic for spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, vulpes vulpes, examined in west texas. adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. in the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. the principal lesions was scarring o ...	1978	685080
the landscape epidemiology of rabies in virginia.	rabies virus, the gray fox, and the alleghenian biotic region form a pathobiocenose; rabies in virginia exists in a diffuse nidus, the alleghenian biotic region. physiographic features may serve as barriers or as passageways for epidemic spread of rabies. epidemic spread is characterized by a radial pattern and a linear northeast-southwest pattern reflecting physiographic features. incidence of rabies in the fox varies according to seasons. present control efforts are generally ineffective; unde ...	1978	677370
dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in indiana.	between october 1976 and january 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis infection. three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (canis latrans) were infected with d immitis. an average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. worms from the coyote were o ...	1979	521369
tick paralysis in a grey fox.	one hundred seventeen dermacentor variabilis were removed from the head and back of a grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) showing paresis and diminished motor reflexes of the hind limbs. rapid and total recovery led to a diagnosis of tick paralysis.	1979	480518