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bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in local breeds of cattle in kenya.the presence of bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in indigenous calves in western kenya was investigated. serum was analysed for btv and ehdv antibodies. the population seroprevalences for btv and ehdv for calves at 51 weeks of age were estimated to be 0.942 (95% ci 0.902-0.970) and 0.637 (95% ci 0.562-0.710), respectively, indicating high levels of circulating btv and ehdv. the odds ratio of being positive for btv if ehdv positive was estimated to be 2.57 (9 ...201323261160
serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), leptospira spp., anaplasma spp. and brucella spp. we eval ...201223209790
vector competence of culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7.culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) is a vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serotypes 1 and 2 in north america, where these viruses are well-known pathogens of white-tailed deer (wtd) and other wild ruminants. although historically rare, reports of clinical ehdv infection in cattle have increased in some parts of the world over the past decade. in 2006, an ehdv-7 epizootic in cattle resulted in economic loss for the israeli dairy industry. white-tailed deer are sus ...201223075098
susceptibility of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to experimental infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7.during the fall of 2006, in israel, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serotype 7 caused an intense and widespread epizootic in domestic cattle that resulted in significant economic losses for the dairy industry. the susceptibility of potential north american vector and ruminant hosts to infection with ehdv-7 is not known but is essential to understanding the potential for establishment of this exotic orbivirus in north america if it were introduced. our primary objective was to determin ...201222740533
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 in european cattle and sheep: diagnostic considerations and effect of previous btv exposure.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), an arthropod-borne orbivirus (family reoviridae), is an emerging pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants that is closely related to bluetongue virus (btv). the present study examines the outcome of an experimental ehdv-7 infection of holstein cattle and east frisian sheep. apart from naïve animals that had not been exposed to btv, it included animals that had been experimentally infected with either btv-6 or btv-8 two months earlier. in addition, ehdv- ...201222560764
sustained high-throughput polymerase chain reaction diagnostics during the european epidemic of bluetongue virus serotype 8.a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr test) based on genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus (btv) was developed. the pcr test consists of robotized viral rna isolation from blood samples and an all-in-one method including initial denaturation of genomic double-stranded rna, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and real-time detection and analysis. reference strains of the 24 recognized btv serotypes, isolates from different years, and geograph ...201222529113
full genome sequencing and genetic characterization of eubenangee viruses identify pata virus as a distinct species within the genus orbivirus.eubenangee virus has previously been identified as the cause of tammar sudden death syndrome (tsds). eubenangee virus (eubv), tilligery virus (tilv), pata virus (patav) and ngoupe virus (ngov) are currently all classified within the eubenangee virus species of the genus orbivirus, family reoviridae. full genome sequencing confirmed that eubv and tilv (both of which are from australia) show high levels of aa sequence identity (>92%) in the conserved polymerase vp1(pol), sub-core vp3(t2) and outer ...201222438872
segmental configuration and putative origin of the reassortant orbivirus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6, strain indiana.in 2006, an exotic reassortant orbivirus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 (ehdv-6) [strain (indiana)], was first detected in the united states. to characterize the reassortment configuration of this virus and to conclusively determine the parental virus of each rna segment, the complete genome of ehdv-6 (indiana) was sequenced, in addition to the genomes of representative ehdv-6 and ehdv-2 isolates. based on genomic comparisons to all other ehdv serotypes, we determined that ehdv- ...201222230700
animal diseases caused by orbiviruses, algeria.antibodies against bluetongue virus were detected in cattle, sheep, goats, and camels in algeria in 2008. antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were detected in cattle, but antibodies against african horse sickness virus were not detected in horses and mules. epizootic hemorrhagic disease in northern africa poses a major risk for the european union.201122172371
Temperature dependence of the extrinsic incubation period of orbiviruses in culicoides biting midges.The rate at which viruses replicate and disseminate in competent arthropod vectors is limited by the temperature of their environment, and this can be an important determinant of geographical and seasonal limits to their transmission by arthropods in temperate regions.201122125649
co-circulation of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses in cattle in reunion island.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in deer have already been isolated in reunion island and have caused more or less severe clinical signs in cattle (ehdv) or in sheep (btv), as observed in 2003. in january 2009, cattle in reunion island showed clinical signs suggesting infection by one or the other of these arboviral diseases. a study was set up to determine the etiology of the disease. analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) perf ...201122005178
rna segment 9 exists as a duplex concatemer in an australian strain of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv): genetic analysis and evidence for the presence of concatemers as a normal feature of orbivirus replication.this paper reports a concatemeric rna in a strain of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serotype 5. sequencing showed that the concatemeric rna contains two identical full-length copies of genome segment 9, arranged in series, which has apparently replaced the monomeric form of the segment. in vitro translation demonstrated that the concatemeric rna can act as a viable template for vp6 translation, but that no double-sized protein is produced. studies were also performed to assess wheth ...201121968198
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection of type I interferon receptor deficient mice.Type I interferon receptor deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice were infected with an Israeli isolate of serotype 7 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV; Orbivirus, Reoviridae). Two out of two mice that received 5×10(5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID(50)) by intraperitoneal injection died or were euthanized in a moribund state on day 5 after infection. One mouse out of three that had been inoculated with 5×10(2) TCID(50) died on day 7 while the remaining mice did not show any clinical ...201121920676
infection kinetics of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in holstein-friesian cattle.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 (ehdv-6) has recently caused serious outbreaks of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) on the edges of europe, in turkey, israel and morocco. the aim of this study was to assess the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of ehd in holstein-friesian cattle infected with the two distinct strains of ehdv-6 isolated from the recent turkish and moroccan outbreaks. samples taken throughout the study were used to validate two recently developed diagnostic a ...201121767921
common, emerging, vector-borne and infrequent abortogenic virus infections of cattle.this review deals with the aetiology and the diagnosis of bovine viral abortion. while the abortion rates on beef and dairy cattle farms usually do not exceed 10%, significant economic losses because of abortion storms may be encountered. determining the cause of abortions is usually a challenge, and it generally remains obscure in more than 50% of the necropsy submitted foetuses. bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 are the most common viruses causally associated with bovine ab ...201121733134
epizootic heamorragic disease.epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) is an infectious non-contagious viral disease transmitted by insects of the genus culicoides which affects wild and domestic ruminants. the causative agent, the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), belongs to the family reoviridae, genus orbivirus and shares many morphological and structural characteristics with the other members of the genus such as bluetongue, african horse sickness and equine encephalosis viruses. in recent years ehd outbreaks have ...201121665237
gamma-irradiation of serum for the inactivation of adventitious contaminants.assurance of viral and mycoplasma safety in biopharmaceuticals is best achieved through elimination of animal-derived materials from the manufacturing process. where this is not possible, the risk of introducing a contaminant through use of the material must be assessed and mitigated. bovine-sourced serum represents an animal-derived material that is required for certain biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes. gamma-irradiation of frozen bovine serum was investigated as an approach for mitiga ...201021502047
saliva proteins of vector culicoides modify structure and infectivity of bluetongue virus particles.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are related orbiviruses, transmitted between their ruminant hosts primarily by certain haematophagous midge vectors (culicoides spp.). the larger of the btv outer-capsid proteins, 'vp2', can be cleaved by proteases (including trypsin or chymotrypsin), forming infectious subviral particles (isvp) which have enhanced infectivity for adult culicoides, or kc cells (a cell-line derived from c. sonorensis). we demonstrate that vp2 ...201121423801
orbiviruses in rusa deer, mauritius, 2007. 201121291618
comparison of the epidemiology of epizootic haemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses in dairy cattle in israel.an outbreak of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in cattle in israel in 2006 enabled a comparison of the spatial distribution of epidemic exposure to ehdv with that of exposure to bluetongue virus (btv), which is endemic in the country. the seroprevalence of both viruses was examined in 1650 serum samples collected from 139 farms representative of the spatial distribution of dairy cattle in israel. a significant association between exposure to ehdv and btv was demonstrated in both univ ...201021093328
no evidence for involvement of sheep in the epidemiology of cattle virulent epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an orbivirus. while not previously considered as an important disease in cattle, several ehdv serotypes (ehdv-6 and 7) have recently been implicated in disease outbreaks. the involvement of sheep in the epidemiology of ehdv is still not understood. in this study we compared the prevalence of antibodies to ehdv and bluetongue virus (btv) in sheep to their prevalence in cattle after an outbreak of ehdv that occurred in israel during 2006. sixty-six she ...201020956061
epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), cattle (bos taurus), and goats (capra hircus) in colorado, u.s.a.an ungulate research facility in fort collins, colorado, u.s.a., experienced mortality in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) because of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection from 20 august 2007 through 26 september 2007. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation from the spleen and lung tissues of two white-tailed deer. virus neutralization tests were performed on pre- and postoutbreak ser ...201020945651
climate, landscape, and the risk of orbivirus exposure in cattle in illinois and western indiana.climate and environmental data were used to estimate the risk of testing positive for antibodies to bluetongue (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv) in cattle in illinois and western indiana over three transmission seasons (2000-2002). the risks of btv and ehdv seropositivity were positively associated with temperature during every year of the study. the ehdv seropositivity was also positively associated with forest patchiness in two of the years. during 2002, a year with unusua ...201020889866
rt-pcr assays for seven serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus & their use to type strains from the mediterranean region and north america.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infects wild ruminants, causing a frequently fatal haemorrhagic disease. however, it can also cause bluetongue-like disease in cattle, involving significant levels of morbidity and mortality, highlighting a need for more rapid and reliable diagnostic assays. ehdv outer-capsid protein vp2 (encoded by genome-segment 2 [seg-2]) is highly variable and represents the primary target for neutralising antibodies generated by the mammalian host. consequently vp ...201020862243
effects of ivermectin on the susceptibility of culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses. 200920836819
assessment of bluetongue viraemia in sheep by real-time pcr and correlation with viral infectivity.inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs is the standard method for the titration of infectious bluetongue virus (btv). here, six rna extraction methods coupled with optimised dsrna denaturation and real-time rt-pcr were evaluated for the quantitation of btv in blood samples from experimentally infected sheep and results were correlated to infectious virus titres. an exogenous dsrna internal control (ic) from the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was used to assess the ef ...201020691732
an improved real-time polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of all serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a significant pathogen of wild and sometimes domestic ungulates worldwide. rapid and reliable methods for virus detection and identification play an essential part in the control of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd). in the present study, a 1-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) group-specific assay was developed. the assay detects genome segment 5 (ns1) from all of the 8 serotypes of ehdv. assay sensitivity was evaluated relative to a co ...201020622230
the association of winds with the spread of ehdv in dairy cattle in israel during an outbreak in 2006.winds may play a major role in spread of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). arboviruses like epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bluetongue virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) frequently cause major outbreaks in israel with a unique pattern of spread. most of these outbreaks begin in the jordan valley, near the sea of galilee and then spread to the north, south and west through the major valleys of israel. the aim of this study was to describe the spread pattern in such an ...201020619907
a serologic investigation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in cattle and gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa in turkey.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants disseminated in the tropic and subtropic zone of the world. gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa (goitered gazelle) is native species of anatolia. due to risk of extinction, captured gazelles have been taken under protection in a restricted area at ceylanpinar state farm. in this study, the presence of ehdv was investigated serologically in 82 goitered gazelle and 399 cattle. seropositivity rates in goitered gazelle a ...201020521105
assessment of the productivity effects associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease in dairy herds.epizootic hemorrhagic disease is caused by a culicoides-borne orbivirus. in cattle, the disease is characterized by reduced milk production and mortality. recent outbreaks of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in north africa, israel, and turkey increase the risk of its invasion into central and northern europe. an outbreak of ehdv in israel during the fall of 2006 enabled an assessment of the consequent production losses to the dairy cattle industry. reduction in milk production and inv ...201020494156
detection and quantitation of bluetongue virus serotypes by a taqman probe-based real-time rt-pcr and differentiation from epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.twenty-four serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) have been recognized world wide. reliable and quantitative assays of virus universal detection are essential for fighting against bt. a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with a taqman fluorescence probe has been developed for detection of the ns1 gene of different btv serotypes. in bhk-21 cells, in the assay detected btv1-22 specifically, and had no cross-reactivity with the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic dis ...201020435069
field-deployable real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viral ribonucleic acid.nucleic acid sequence information from molecular evolution studies of bluetongue virus (btv) and related epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) strains has resulted in a large database of genomic information. published sequence data and sequence data from our laboratory were used to design real-time field-deployable reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of btv or ehdv viral rna. the assays used standard rna extraction and taqman chemistries and the entire ...200420422593
replication of epizootic haemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses in dh82 cells.bluetongue viruses (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv) can be propagated in a variety of mammalian cell lines, but in the ruminant host these viruses infect and replicate in endothelium and monocytes/macrophages. in vitro studies of virus-monocyte interactions typically rely on primary ruminant macrophage cultures that cannot be propagated and a continuous cell line of monocytes would be useful in the study of these interactions. the objective of this study was to determine i ...201020422580
molecular investigations of orbivirus/vector interactions.defining predictors for insect-transmitted virus (arbovirus) disease cycles requires an understanding of the molecular interactions between the virus and vector insect. studies of orbiviruses from numerous geographic regions have indicated that virus genes are affected by insect population differences. therefore, the authors have initiated genetic studies of culicoides sonorensis, isolating cdnas for characterisation of differential insect gene expression, as well as a gene discovery project. pr ...200420419697
real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect bluetongue virus in blood samples.the authors describe a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to detect bluetongue viruses (btv) in blood samples. the primers and taqman probes used were specific for a conserved region of btv rna segment 5, which encodes non-structural protein ns1. the method was able to detect strains of btv serotypes 2, 4, 9 and 16 isolated in italy, and their respective vaccine strains. the limit of detection was 5.0x10-(3) tcid(50) per ml of sample. the assay did not amplify rna ...200720411502
detection of bluetongue virus rna in field-collected culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) following the discovery of bluetongue virus serotype 1 in white-tailed deer and cattle in louisiana.in november 2004, bluetongue virus (family reoviridae, genus orbivirus, btv) serotype 1 (btv-1) was detected for the first time in the united states from a hunter-killed deer in st. mary parish, la. in 2005, sera surveys were conducted on three cattle farms near the area where the deer was found, and btv-1-seropositive cattle were found on two of the three farms; in 2006, sera surveys from the cattle on the three farms did not detect any btv-1-positive animals. the purpose of this study was to s ...201020380309
haemorrhagic diathesis in neonatal calves: an emerging syndrome in europe.in 2008 and 2009 a large number of cases of haemorrhagic diathesis (hd) in neonatal calves were reported in different european countries. in flanders, 84 cases of neonatal hd in 30 herds were reported in this period. the disease typically affects calves younger than 1 month old from different breed and gender. prominent clinical signs are cutaneous bleeding, petechiae on all mucosae, melena and often high fever. early in the disease, the mental state of the animals is uncompromised. the typical ...201020202175
re-emergence of bluetongue, african horse sickness, and other orbivirus diseases.arthropod-transmitted viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of disease in humans and animals, and it is proposed that climate change will increase the distribution and severity of arboviral diseases. orbiviruses are the cause of important and apparently emerging arboviral diseases of livestock, including bluetongue virus (btv), african horse sickness virus (ahsv), equine encephalosis virus (eev), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) that are all transmitted by haematophagous culic ...201020167199
surveys for disease agents in introduced elk in arkansas and kentucky.surveys for disease agents were conducted in introduced free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in arkansas and kentucky. elk had been captured in colorado and nebraska and released in arkansas during 1981-1985. from 1997 through 2002 elk were captured in arizona, kansas, north dakota, new mexico, oregon, and utah and released in southeastern kentucky. specimens were collected from 170 hunter-killed elk in arkansas during 1998-2006, and 44 elk in kentucky during 2001-2004. significant findings ...201020090032
retrospective evaluation of idiopathic hematuria and associated pathology in grant's gazelles (gazella granti): 10 cases.ten cases of hematuria in grant's gazelle (gazella granti) (two male and eight female) from five institutions were examined and the clinicopathologic data summarized. five gazelles died spontaneously and five were euthanized. all gazelles had marked hematuria without pyuria. mean age at the onset of clinical signs and time of euthanasia or death was 5.0 +/- 1.4 yr and 8.2 +/- 3.7 yr, respectively. the severity of clinical signs with hematuria ranged from episodes of chronic intermittent hematuri ...200920063809
a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroups.bluetongue virus (btv) causes disease in domestic and wild ruminants and results in significant economic loss. the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) has been associated with bluetongue-like disease in cattle. although u.s. ehdv strains have not been experimentally proven to cause disease in cattle, there is serologic evidence of infection in cattle. therefore, rapid diagnosis and differentiation of btv and ehdv is required. the genetic sequence information and bioinforma ...200919901276
the evolution of two homologues of the core protein vp6 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), which correspond to the geographical origin of the virus.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus is a 10-segmented, double-stranded rna virus. when these ten segments of dsrna are run on 1% agarose, eastern (australia, japan) and western (north america, africa, middle-east) strains of the virus can be separated phenotypically based on the migration of genome segments 7-9. in western strains, segments 7-9 are roughly the same size and co-migrate as a single rna band. in eastern strains, segment 9 is smaller, so while segments 7 and 8 co-migrate, the segme ...201019830536
detection of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in the usa containing rna segments derived from both exotic (ehdv-6) and endemic (ehdv-2) serotypes.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a culicoides-transmitted orbivirus that infects domestic and wild ruminants and is provisionally thought to be distributed throughout africa, north america, australia, east asia and the middle east. historically, of the seven proposed serotypes of ehdv, only ehdv-1 and ehdv-2 have been reported from north america. in 2006, ehdv isolates were recovered from moribund or dead white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in indiana and illinois that could ...201019828758
genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural proteins ns1, ns2 and ns3 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv).three unique non-structural (ns) proteins are produced by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) during infection of a host cell; ns1, ns2 and ns3. this study presents a complete genetic and phylogenetic analysis of these proteins (and the genes that code for them) to allow comparison of the selective pressures acting on each. accession numbers, gene and protein sizes, orf positions, g+c contents, terminal hexanucleotides, start and stop codons and phylogenetic relationships are all present ...200919665508
[epizootics in france from 1700 to 1850: a clinical inventory of cattle and sheep]. 200119663072
genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the outer-coat proteins vp2 and vp5 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv): comparison of genetic and serological data to characterise the ehdv serogroup.the outer-coat proteins, vp2 and vp5, of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are important for host cell binding during the initiation of infection. they are also known to determine virus serotype. this study presents a complete genetic and phylogenetic analysis of these proteins (and the genes that code for them) to allow comparison of the selective pressures acting on each and the correlation of genetic sequence data with serotype. accession numbers, gene and protein sizes, orf positio ...200919632281
genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the core proteins vp1, vp3, vp4, vp6 and vp7 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv).the core proteins of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) have important roles to perform in maintaining the structure and function of the virus. a complete genetic and phylogenetic analysis was therefore performed on these proteins (and the genes that code for them) to allow comparison of the selective pressures acting on each. accession numbers, gene and protein sizes, orf positions, g+c contents, terminal hexanucleotides, start and stop codons and phylogenetic relationships are all pre ...200919632280
multicentric t-cell lymphosarcoma in a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).an adult female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with a history of shaking, ataxia, and severe debilitation was submitted for examination. macroscopic lesions included severe emaciation, severe abdominal and mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and several rumen-associated masses. microscopically, the ruminal masses and lymph nodes were infiltrated by pleomorphic neoplastic lymphocytes. similar lymphoblasts were associated with the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and the intestinal mucosa; these ...200919617490
initial sequencing and tissue distribution of toll-like receptor 3 mrna in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).toll-like receptor (tlr) 3 recognizes double-stranded rna (dsrna) and activates a signal transduction pathway that results in the release of a variety of chemokines and cytokines and apoptotic activity. variability in tlr3 expression may play an important role in disease susceptibility of white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses, which are dsrna viruses. because little is known about tlr3 in wtd, our objective was to sequence wtd tlr ...200919617489
incidence of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer is associated with winter and summer climatic conditions.hemorrhagic disease (hd) is an important vector-borne disease of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). the objective of this study was to determine whether temperature and precipitation were associated with a measure of annual incidence of hd in white-tailed deer from virginia. the annual percentages of deer with hoof wall growth interruptions (a clinical sign of hd) from four climate divisions in the hd endemic area of virginia recorded during 1993-2006 were used as indicators of annual h ...200919430839
detection of all eight serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) has been associated with bluetongue-like disease in cattle. although u.s. ehdv strains have not been experimentally proven to cause disease in cattle, there is serologic evidence of infection. differentiation of bluetongue virus (btv) and ehdv is necessary because diagnosis of infection caused by these viruses is often confused. the previously developed nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nrt-pcr) test for indigenous ehdv disease is ...200919286501
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in cattle, western turkey.in 2007, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) occurred in turkey. on the basis of clinical investigation, 41 cattle were suspected to have ehd. reverse transcription-pcr and sequence analyses indicated that the virus belonged to ehd virus serotype 6, thus confirming ehd virus infection of cattle in turkey.200919193283
exploratory spatial data analysis of regional seroprevalence of antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in cattle from illinois and indiana.to estimate seroprevalence of antibodies against the serogroup of epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdvs) and describe spatial distribution of antibodies against ehdv among cattle herds in illinois and western indiana.200818828684
false-positive results obtained when bluetongue virus serotype 1 algeria 2006 was analyzed with a reverse transcription-pcr protocol for detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. 200818596148
u.s. concerns over bluetongue. 200818487171
identification of a recombinant dengue virus type 1 with 3 recombination regions in natural populations in guangdong province, china.using recombination analysis, we identified a recombinant dengue virus type 1 strain, namely, gd23/95, with three recombination regions, located within the sequences of the prm/e junction, ns1, and ns3, respectively. the recombinant dengue virus was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on its recombination and non-recombination regions. this appears to be the first study to confirm the existence of three recombination regions in a single dengue virus isolate and to report recombinati ...200818446424
selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern minnesota.to determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected during january 2000-03 from multiple locations in southeast (se) and southwest (sw) minnesota. antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leptospira interrogans (six serovars), anaplasma marginale, b ...200818263838
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus type 7 infection in cattle in israel. 200818192658
evolutionary dynamics and spatial genetic structure of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in the eastern united states.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a significant pathogen of wild and domestic ungulates worldwide. in north america, serotype ehdv-2 is responsible for the majority of outbreaks, which are most commonly observed in white-tailed deer. a recent study by murphy et al. [murphy, m.d., howerth, e.w., maclachlan, n.j., stallknecht, d.e., 2005. genetic variation among epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the southeastern united states: 1978-2001. infect. genet. evol. 5, 157-165] examined ...200717543590
serologic survey for pathogens potentially affecting pronghorn (antilocapra americana) fawn recruitment in arizona, usa.during the 1990s, pronghorn (antilocapra americana) populations declined in arizona, usa. to investigate potential causes of decline, we collected blood samples from hunter-harvested male pronghorn from 2001 to 2003 on four arizona sites. sera were tested for antibody to parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi3), bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and chlamydia psitta ...200617255453
serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany.a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ...200617255452
a duplex rt-pcr assay for detection of genome segment 7 (vp7 gene) from 24 btv serotypes.since 1998, six distinct serotypes of bluetongue virus (btv) have invaded southern and central europe, persisting in some regions for up to 6 years and resulting in the deaths of >1.8 million sheep. rapid and reliable methods of virus detection and identification play an essential part in our fight against bluetongue disease (bt). we have therefore developed and evaluated a duplex, one-step rt-pcr assay that detects genome segment 7 (encoding the major serogroup (virus-species) specific antigen ...200717241676
an improved, high-throughput method for detection of bluetongue virus rna in culicoides midges utilizing infrared-dye-labeled primers for reverse transcriptase pcr.a new rapid (less than 6h from insect-to-results) high-throughput assay that is sensitive and specific for detecting btv rna in culicoides biting midges is reported. homogenization and extraction of nucleic acids from individual culicoides specimens were performed in a 96-well plate format using specialized beads in a homogenization buffer compatible with cell culture and rna extraction. a portion of homogenate (10%) from each specimen was retained for confirmatory infectious virus isolation, wh ...200717187871
molecular characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 associated with a 1999 epizootic in white-tailed deer in the eastern united states.during the autumn of 1999 (mid-august-late september), an outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (ehdv-1) occurred along the east coast of the united states from georgia to new jersey. an ehdv-1 epizootic of such magnitude had not been described in this region since 1975. to determine the genetic relatedness among the 1999 viruses, as well as among additional ehdv-1 isolates from the eastern and weste ...200617092892
failure of embryos from bluetongue infected cattle to transmit virus to susceptible recipients or their offspring.sixty heifers were infected with bluetongue virus (btv) by the bites of the vector and by inoculation with insect origin virus. during the acute and convalescent stages of the infection, embryos were collected nonsurgically from these animals and washed according to the recommendations of the international embryo transfer society (1). no btv was isolated from 77 of these embryos when they were inoculated onto cell culture and into embryonating chicken eggs. there was no evidence of lateral btv t ...199116727038
determining prevalence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in mule deer in arizona (usa) using whole blood dried on paper strips compared to serum analyses.we investigated the feasibility of using whole blood dried on paper strips as a means to collect antibody prevalence data for the epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv) and bluetongue viruses (btv) from hunter-harvested male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in october 2002 from arizona, usa. we compared antibody prevalence estimates in mule deer from paired paper strip and serum samples. prevalence data obtained from elution of dried blood on paper strips proved to be consistent with result ...200616699159
serogrouping of united states and some african serotypes of bluetongue virus using rt-pcr.the diagnostic potential of rt-pcr for detection of bluetongue virus (btv) ribonucleic acid (rna) sequence in cell culture and tissue samples from infected ruminants from united states, sudan, south africa and senegal, was evaluated. the non structural protein 1 (ns1) gene of north american btv serotype 11 was targeted for pcr amplification. the united states btv serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13 and 17 and the sudanese btv serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 16 and btv serotype 4 from south africa and btv serotype 2 f ...200516280207
evaluation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus infection in sentinel calves from the san joaquin valley of california. 200516195939
production of a recombinant major inner capsid protein for serological detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.constructs of the major core protein, designated vp7, from epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) type 1 were made by amino- or carboxyl-terminal fusion of a six-histidine residue tag to the vp7-1 gene. the resulting fusion proteins were produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by a rapid, one-step procedure using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid technology. a high level of vp7-1 protein expression was detected with the n-terminal six-histidine tag fusion construct and was compar ...200516085906
a comparison of the susceptibility of culicoides imicola and c. bolitinos to oral infection with eight serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.the mechanisms involved in introduction, maintenance and perpetuation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in south africa are not fully understood. this paper reports on the susceptibility of south african livestock associated culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species to oral infection with eight ehdv serotypes. virus was recovered from eight of 17 field-collected culicoides species 10 days after oral feeding on blood/virus mixtures. six ehdv serotypes were recovered from c. (avar ...200515958026
serogroup-reactive and type-specific detection of bluetongue virus antibodies using chicken scfvs in inhibition elisas.two bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10-specific single-chain fv chicken antibody fragments (scfvs) were evaluated in a competitive elisa. the binding of one (f3) to purified btv was only inhibited by antibodies against the homologous serotype. the binding of the other (f10) was blocked by antisera to each of the 24 btv serotypes. f10 recognised vp7, a major structural protein of the btv core, but not if the protein was directly adsorbed to a plastic surface. it did, however, bind to recombinant ...200515946749
serologic surveillance for selected viral agents in captive and free-ranging populations of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from saudi arabia and the united arab emirates.a total of 294 sera collected between 1999 and 2001 from eight captive and one free-ranging herds of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) distributed in saudi arabia (sa) and the united arab emirates (uae) were assayed for antibodies against 13 selected viral agents. arabian oryx have been exposed to bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine adenovirus 3 (bav-3), cervid herpesvirus-1, foot-and-mouth disea ...200515827212
genetic variation among epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the southeastern united states: 1978-2001.the epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) viruses, which are endemic in the southeastern united states, are the causative agents of an important clinical disease in wild and captive ruminants. in order to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of ehd serotype 2, the sequences of portions of the s10 and l2 gene segments (which encode the ns3 viral egress protein and the vp2 surface protein, respectively) of viral isolates made from white-tailed deer over 23 years(1978-2001) were determined and compar ...200515639748
outbreak of epizootic haemorrhagic disease on the island of réunion. 200415508843
epizootiology of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in west virginia.an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, serotype 2 (ehdv-2) was responsible for localized white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) mortality in hardy and hampshire counties, west virginia (usa), in the summer and fall of 1993. using available historical data on regional herd immunity, data opportunistically collected during the epizootic, and postepizootic sampling of hunter-harvested deer, we grossly estimate certain epidemiologic parameters and compare findings to a hypothesis ab ...200415465704
hemorrhagic disease in kansas: enzootic stability meets epizootic disease.kansas (usa) could represent a transition area between contrasting epidemiologic patterns of hemorrhagic disease (hd) in the midwestern united states. in this study, we compare the distribution of reported clinical hd with serologic data to determine whether the risk of hd in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is associated with geographic location corresponding to the reported distribution of two white-tailed deer subspecies. on the basis of a high prevalence of antibodies (91-100%) to ...200415362829
epizootiology of hemorrhagic disease in mule deer in central arizona.we report two male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) mortalities that occurred near prescott, arizona (usa) in september 2001. necropsy lesions were compatible with those described for hemorrhagic disease (hd). bluetongue (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehdv) viral rna were identified in tissues from one deer and ehdv viral rna was identified in the other via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). virus isolation attempts were unsuccessful in both cases. to determine ge ...200415137498
disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia.samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ...200415137493
antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using baculovirus-expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are orbiviruses that infect both livestock and wild ruminants. antigenic cross-reactivity between btv and ehdv often results in serologic misdiagnosis. competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-elisas) show increased sensitivity and specificity for the identification of these viral diseases; however, the preparation of cell culture-derived viral antigen for these tests is laborious and variable from batch to batch, and ...200414766810
culicoides mohave (diptera: ceratopogonidae): new occurrence records and potential role in transmission of hemorrhagic disease.biting midges of the genus culicoides are important in the transmission of viral diseases affecting wild and domestic ungulates, including bluetongue (blu) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd). the primary known vector for these viruses is c. sonorensis wirth & jones, however, it has been speculated that other species of culicoides may also be involved. one potential candidate is c. mohave, a poorly studied species found in inland desert areas of the southwestern united states. in 2000 and 20 ...200314680129
differences in ibaraki virus rna segment 3 sequences from three epidemics.phylogenetic tree and partial nucleotide sequence analysis of rna segment 3 were conducted to compare the ibaraki virus (ibav) strains from three epidemics in japan, and serotype 2 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated in australia, taiwan, and canada. each strain was classified relative to the ibaraki disease (ibad) epidemics, which occurred in 1959-1960, 1987, or 1997-1998. in particular, major variation of the gene was identified in the strains isolated after 1997 when a new ty ...200314665759
characterization of cell lines developed from field populations of culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae).two cell lines, abadrl-cs-w3 (w3) and abadrl-cs-w8a (w8), were developed from a field population of culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones. the cell lines were characterized by isozyme phenotyping and the ability to support the replication of bluetongue virus (blu) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) (orbivirus, reoviridae). comparison of isozymes found in the cell lines with those found in adult c. sonorensis colony insects confirmed that the cell lines were of c. sonorensis origin. the ...200312943114
the s7 gene and vp7 protein are highly conserved among temporally and geographically distinct american isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.complete sequences of genome segment 7 (s7) from six isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (ehdv-1) and 37 isolates of serotype 2 (ehdv-2) were determined. these isolates were made between 1978 and 2001 from the southeast, mid-atlantic, midwest and intermountain united states. analysis of the s7 sequence similarities showed 98.1% identity among the ehdv-1 isolates and 91.0% identity among the ehdv-2 isolates. comparison of the deduced amino acid similarities showed an even g ...200312902042
replication of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in pulmonary artery endothelial cells obtained from cattle, sheep, and deer.to compare replication of bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ecs) obtained from juvenile cattle, sheep, white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus), and black-tailed deer (btd; o hemionus columbianus).200312856770
cross-protection between epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 1 and 2 in white-tailed deer.viruses in the epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) serogroup are the most frequent cause of hemorrhagic disease in the southeastern united states, but nothing is known about cross-protection between the two ehd serotypes (ehdv-1 and ehdv-2) present in this region. we experimentally tested whether deer surviving ehdv-2 infection would be protected against subsequent infection with ehdv-1, and used field data to examine the possibility of reciprocal cross-protection. eleven white-tailed deer fawns ...200212528438
innate resistance to epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer.differences in innate disease resistance at the sub-species level have major implications for wildlife management. two subspecies of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus borealis and o. virginianus texanus were infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) viruses. these viruses are highly virulent pathogens of white-tailed deer and are endemic within the range of o. virginianus texanus but not within the range of o. virginianus borealis. two experimental infections were performed. five ...200212528437
a multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection and differentiation of north american serotypes of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses.in the present study, a multiplex rt-pcr-based assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of north american serotypes of bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) virus (ehdv) in cell culture and clinical samples was developed. two pairs of primers (b1 and b4) and (e1 and e4) were designed to hybridize to non-structural protein 1 (ns1) genomes of (btv-11) and (ehdv-1), respectively. the multiplex pcr-based assay utilized a single tube-pcr amplification in whic ...200312493489
differentially expressed midgut transcripts in culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) following orbivirus (reoviridae) oral feeding.understanding the vector insect's gene expression response to a virus infection may aid design of control measures for arbovirus diseases. culicoides sonorensis is a vector of several agriculturally important pathogens, such as epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) that causes disease in ruminants. two approaches, differential display and suppression subtractive hybridization, were used to identify 400+ culicoides transcripts that were more abundant in midguts 1 day following an oral meal ...200212421417
analysis of intratypic variation evident in an ibaraki virus strain and its epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroup.a new strain of ibaraki virus (ibav) was isolated from cattle showing atypical symptoms of ibaraki disease. the isolate was genetically characterized, and the genetic diversity and evolution of the capsid proteins of viruses in the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serogroup were investigated. the nucleotide sequences of the isolate's viral rna segments 2, 3, 6, and 7, which encode the viral structural proteins vp2, vp3, vp5, and vp7, respectively, were determined and were then compared ...200212354866
dynamics of maternal antibodies to hemorrhagic disease viruses (reoviridae: orbivirus) in white-tailed deer.enzootic stability, potentially associated with acquired resistance and subsequent transfer of maternal antibodies, innate resistance, or both, has been hypothesized to explain the lack of reports of hemorrhagic disease (hd) in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from texas. the objectives of this research were to determine the following: how long maternal antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and bluetongue (bt) viruses persist; whether fawns from an enzootic site are natural ...200212038122
detection and multigenic characterization of a herpesvirus associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from missouri.between 1998 and 2001, tissues from four captive white-tailed deer were observed to have histologic lesions of systemic lymphocytic vasculitis. these lesions suggested malignant catarrhal fever, although epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue were included in the differential diagnosis. initial diagnostic efforts, including virus isolation and reverse transcription-pcr for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus, failed to identify an etiologic agent. however, consensus pr ...200211923350
hemorrhagic disease in deer in arizona.two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and one white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in arizona (usa) were submitted for necropsy. gross and microscopic lesions compatible with hemorrhagic disease (hd) were observed in all three deer. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (ehdv-2) was isolated from two of the deer. to our knowledge, this is the first documentation of hd in deer in arizona. two of the mortalities were attributed to ehdv-2 infection.200211838211
hemorrhagic disease in bighorn sheep in arizona.two bighorn sheep from arizona (usa) were submitted for necropsy. one was a rocky mountain bighorn (ovis canadensis canadensis) and the other was a desert bighorn (ovis canadensis mexicana). both had lesions consistent with those of hemorrhagic disease (hd). epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) type-2 and bluetongue virus (btv) type-17, respectively, were isolated from the sheep tissues. to our knowledge, hd caused by either ehdv or btv infection has not been documented previously in arizo ...200211838210
oral and fecal shedding of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, serotype 1 from experimentally infected white-tailed deer.epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd), one of the most important infectious diseases of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), is vectored by species of midges in the genus culicoides. although vector borne, fecal shedding of ehd virus, serotype 2 has been reported from infected deer in a previous study. to evaluate the potential for fecal and oral shedding, oral and rectal swabs were obtained on day 8 post-inoculation from white-tailed deer fawns experimentally infected with ehd virus, serot ...200211838208
duration of bluetongue viremia in experimentally infected american bison.six yearling american bison (bison bison bison) bulls and one yearling ewe (ovis aries) were inoculated intradermally and subcutaneously with 2 x 10(5) plaque forming units (pfu) of bluetongue (bt) virus serotype 11. two uninoculated yearling bison bulls served as negative controls. blood samples were collected for serology and virus isolation on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) and every 2 wk thereafter to 127 dpi. every 4 wk a new ewe was inoculated with a pooled sample of whole ...200111763735
verification of bluetongue virus s9 segment nucleotide sequences.during the course of our bluetongue virus (btv) nucleic acid sequence investigations, conflicts among united states (us) prototype btv s9 genome segment sequences deposited in genbank were noted. in order to rectify these inter-laboratory discrepancies, the s9 segments of arthropod-borne animal diseases research laboratory (abadrl)-stored us prototype btv 2, btv 10, btv 11, btv 13, and btv 17 isolates were resequenced. our s9 sequences, determined by direct sequencing of full-length reverse tran ...200111682128
expression and antigenic characterization of the major core protein vp7 of chuzan virus, a member of the palyam serogroup orbiviruses.the palyam serogroup-specific antigen, vp7, of chuzan virus strain k-47 was expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus. the expressed protein appeared as a single band of 38kda corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of chuzan virus vp7 by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). in immunoprecipitation analysis, the recombinant vp7 was not only recognized by all polyclonal antibodies against the palyam serogroup viruses (palv) tested in this study, but also by antiser ...200111600267
bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-pcr: a comparison with conventional methods.a duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of bluetongue virus (btv) in clinical samples was developed. this assay, which detects the highly conserved s10 region of btv, was assessed for sensitivity and application as a rapid and dependable diagnostic tool by comparison with standard assays of virus detection, such as virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and cell culture. simultaneous detection of btv and host beta-actin rnas minimizes the po ...200111543886
photosensitive chemical and laser light treatments decrease epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus associated with in vitro produced bovine embryos.photoinactivation was employed to eliminate ehdv-2 from in vitro produced bovine embryos experimentally exposed to this virus. immature oocytes were matured, fertilized, and cultured in chemically defined conditions. all treatments were performed on zygotes. developmental potential of zygotes and cell numbers of resulting hatched blastocysts were assessed after exposure to a 1 mw helium neon laser (633 nm, red) for 1, 5, 10, and 15 min; the photosensitive chemicals hematoporphyrin (15 microm) an ...200111393216
reduction of infectious epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus associated with in vitro produced bovine embryos by non-specific protease.infectious viruses bind more tenaciously to the zonae pellucidae of in vitro produced bovine embryos than to zonae of in vivo derived embryos. currently, the international embryo transfer society recommends that all in vivo derived embryos be subjected to a rigorous washing procedure in combination with exposure to trypsin to remove viruses adherent to the zonae. in contrast to in vivo derived embryos, this method is not effective for disinfecting in vitro produced embryos. our hypothesis was th ...200111267800
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