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high proportion of knowlesi malaria in recent malaria cases in malaysia.plasmodium knowlesi is a simian parasite that has been recognized as the fifth species causing human malaria. naturally-acquired p. knowlesi infection is widespread among human populations in southeast asia. the aim of this epidemiological study was to determine the incidence and distribution of malaria parasites, with a particular focus on human p. knowlesi infection in malaysia.201424886266
comparison of giemsa microscopy with nested pcr for the diagnosis of malaria in north gondar, north-west ethiopia.malaria remains one of the leading communicable diseases in ethiopia. early diagnosis combined with prompt treatment is one of the main strategies for malaria prevention and control. despite its limitation, giemsa microscopy is still considered to be the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. this study aimed to compare the performance of giemsa microscopy with nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) for the diagnosis of malaria in north-west ethiopia.201424884606
detection of persistent plasmodium spp. infections in ugandan children after artemether-lumefantrine treatment.during a longitudinal study investigating the dynamics of malaria in ugandan lakeshore communities, a consistently high malaria prevalence was observed in young children despite regular treatment. to explore the short-term performance of artemether-lumefantrine (al), a pilot investigation into parasite carriage after treatment(s) was conducted in bukoba village. a total of 163 children (aged 2-7 years) with a positive blood film and rapid antigen test were treated with al; only 8.7% of these had ...201424837880
[overviews on plasmodium ovale wallikeri and its genetic detection system].in recent years, some microscopy-positive but nest-pcr negative (based on small subunit ribosomal rna gene) ovale malaria cases were reported. the detection failure was due to the genetic variations between plasomdoium ovale wallikeri and p. ovale curtisi. this paper reviews the discovery and validation processes of p. ovale wallikeri and the detection systems for identification of p. ovale.201424822370
[an imported malaria case with mixed infection of plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale]. 201324818421
[diagnosis and analysis of the first imported ovale malaria case in wenzhou city].the first imported case of plasmodium ovale infection in wenzhou city was confirmed by microscopy and pcr test. the patient returned from the people's republic of congo to wenzhou for three and a half months presented a history of fever with chills and rigors on april 30, 2012. the results from peripheral blood smear examination and pcr analysis confirmed a diagnosis of p. ovale infection. the patient was treated with chloroquine plus primaquine for eight days and the symptoms improved.201324818395
the rise and fall of malaria in a west african rural community, dielmo, senegal, from 1990 to 2012: a 22 year longitudinal study.a better understanding of the effect of malaria control interventions on vector and parasite populations, acquired immunity, and burden of the disease is needed to guide strategies to eliminate malaria from highly endemic areas. we monitored and analysed the changes in malaria epidemiology in a village community in senegal, west africa, over 22 years.201424813159
[species identification in 5 imported cases previously diagnosed as vivax malaria by parasitological and nested pcr techniques].to identify the species of malaria parasites in 5 imported cases previously diagnosed as vivax malaria.201324812863
[laboratory testing for a case of imported plasmodium ovale infection in zhejiang province].blood sample obtained from a patient, which returned from equatorial guinea, with clinical diagnosis of plasmodium infection was confirmed as imported p. ovale infection by etiology and molecular biological methods. 50 microl blood was obtained before taking anti-malarial drugs to make thin and thick blood smears, giemsa stained, and observed by microscopy. genomic dna was extracted from the blood sample, and detected for dna fragment of p. ovale, p. vivax, p. falciparum or p. malariae by real-t ...201324812847
[laboratory detection on two cases with imported plasmodium ovale infection].to compare the laboratory tests of the imported plasmodium ovale infection and analyse the genetic character.201324809194
performance of a new gelled nested pcr test for the diagnosis of imported malaria: comparison with microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and real-time pcr.microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are the techniques commonly used for malaria diagnosis but they are usually insensitive at very low levels of parasitemia. nested pcr is commonly used as a reference technique in the diagnosis of malaria due to its high sensitivity and specificity. however, it is a cumbersome assay only available in reference centers. we evaluated a new nested pcr-based assay, biomalar kit (biotools b&m labs, madrid, spain) which employs ready-to-use gelled reagents a ...201424770719
evidence for significant influence of host immunity on changes in differential blood count during malaria.malaria has been shown to change blood counts. recently, a few studies have investigated the alteration of the peripheral blood monocyte-to-lymphocyte count ratio (mlcr) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count ratio (nlcr) during infection with plasmodium falciparum. based on these findings this study investigates the predictive values of blood count alterations during malaria across different sub-populations.201424758172
plasmodium ovale malaria in brazil: report of an imported case with a prolonged incubation period.we report the first case of imported plasmodium ovale in brazil, confirmed using both conventional microscopy and pcr-based protocols. the patient was a 36-year-old brazilian male who had been working as a miner in cabinda province, angola. based on his travel history, the parasite was dormant for at least two years. the relatively long period of incubation of p. ovale may obscure the link between exposure and disease. the recent increase in the number of people travelling to regions where p. ov ...201424727525
pharmacokinetic interactions between primaquine and chloroquine.chloroquine combined with primaquine has been the standard radical curative regimen for plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale malaria for over half a century. in an open-label crossover pharmacokinetic study, 16 healthy volunteers (4 males and 12 females) aged 20 to 47 years were randomized into two groups of three sequential hospital admissions to receive a single oral dose of 30 mg (base) primaquine, 600 mg (base) chloroquine, and the two drugs together. the coadministration of the two drugs d ...201424687509
plasmodium ovale: a case of not-so-benign tertian malaria.severe malaria is most commonly associated with plasmodium falciparum. plasmodium vivax is increasingly recognized as being capable of causing severe disease. in contrast, plasmodium ovale is considered as a cause of benign disease and evidence supporting the occurrence of severe or complicated ovale infection is rare. this report describes a case of severe p. ovale infection in a patient presenting with jaundice, respiratory distress, severe thrombocytopenia, petechiae, and hypotension. he had ...201424612535
mixed-species plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium ovale malaria in a paediatric returned traveller.malaria is a common and potentially fatal cause of febrile illness in returned travellers. endemic areas for different malaria parasites overlap, but mixed species infections are rare. an adolescent male returned from a trip to ghana in late summer 2013. he subsequently presented with blood smears positive for two species of malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium ovale, on two isolated hospital visits within a six-week period. the epidemiology of mixed infections, likely pathophy ...201424593188
comparison of imported plasmodium ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri infections among patients in spain, 2005-2011.sequencing data from plasmodium ovale genotypes co-circulating in multiple countries support the hypothesis that p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri are 2 separate species. we conducted a multicenter, retrospective, comparative study in spain of 21 patients who had imported p. ovale curtisi infections and 14 who had imported p. ovale wallikeri infections confirmed by pcr and gene sequencing during june 2005-december 2011. the only significant finding was more severe thrombocytopenia among pa ...201424572501
a morphology-based method for the diagnosis of red blood cells parasitized by plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale.the morphology of red blood cells (rbcs) is altered significantly during the maturation stages of malaria parasites, which include ring, trophozoite, and schizont. there is dissimilarity in terms of the morphological characteristics of parasitized rbcs infected by the 4 species of plasmodium, including falciparum, vivax, malariae, and ovale. this makes the process of diagnosis very difficult, which may lead to a wrong treatment method and substantial damage to the health of the patient. an innov ...201424568595
persistent detection of plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae, p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri after act treatment of asymptomatic ghanaian school-children.two hundred and seventy four asymptomatic ghanaian school-children aged 5 to 17 years were screened for malaria parasites by examination of blood films. one hundred and fifty five microscopically-positive individuals were treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and followed for 3 weeks. retrospective species-specific pcr of all 274 screened samples identified an additional 60 children with sub-patent parasitaemia, and a substantial proportion of co-infections with plasmodium malariae, plasmo ...201324533292
a 20-year longitudinal study of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a west african population.plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae have long been reported to be widely distributed in tropical africa and in other major malaria-endemic areas of the world. however, little is known about the burden caused by these two malaria species.201424520325
persistence and activation of malaria hypnozoites in long-term primary hepatocyte cultures.malaria relapses, resulting from the activation of quiescent hepatic hypnozoites of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale, hinder global efforts to control and eliminate malaria. as primaquine, the only drug capable of eliminating hypnozoites, is unsuitable for mass administration, an alternative drug is needed urgently. currently, analyses of hypnozoites, including screening of compounds that would eliminate them, can only be made using common macaque models, principally macaca rhesus and macac ...201424509527
recent advances in detection of plasmodium ovale: implications of separation into the two species plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium ovale curtisi.recent molecular studies indicate that plasmodium ovale malaria is caused by two closely related species of protozoan parasites, thereby imposing new challenges for detection and species differentiation. this minireview explores the potential value of innovative methods for the molecular diagnosis of malaria with a strong emphasis on the discrimination and genotyping of p. ovale wallikeri and p. ovale curtisi as well as tools for the simultaneous detection of p. ovale sp. an update for the widel ...201324478466
sequence-based optimization of a quantitative real-time pcr assay for detection of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae.although microscopic examination of giemsa-stained blood smears remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, molecular detection using pcr is becoming increasingly popular. due to discrepant pcr and microscopy results, we aimed to optimize our detection assays for plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale by sequencing the 18s rrna region and developing a new primer and probe set for real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr). clinical specimens positive for p. malariae (n = 15) or p. ovale (n ...201424430459
emergence of plasmodium ovale malaria among the french armed forces in the republic of ivory coast: 20 years of clinical and biological experience.french military surveillance identified an increase in plasmodium ovale attacks among soldiers in ivory coast. this emergence and the low sensitivity of biological tests raise the question of a possible role of p. ovale variant species.201424429426
high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in south-eastern bangladesh.the who has reported that rdt and microscopy-confirmed malaria cases have declined in recent years. however, it is still unclear if this reflects a real decrease in incidence in bangladesh, as particularly the hilly and forested areas of the chittagong hill tract (cht) districts report more than 80% of all cases and deaths. surveillance and epidemiological data on malaria from the cht are limited; existing data report plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax as the dominant species.201424406220
a case of plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection in a chinese worker returning from west africa.in contrast to the gradual reduction in the number of locally transmitted malaria cases in china, the number of imported malaria cases has been increasing since 2008. here, we report a case of a 39-year-old chinese man who acquired plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection while staying in ghana, west africa for 6 months in 2012. microscopic examinations of giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears indicated plasmodium vivax infection. however, the results of rapid diagnostic tests, which were condu ...201324327782
an innovative tool for moving malaria pcr detection of parasite reservoir into the field.to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in low transmission areas such as in cambodia, new, inexpensive, high-throughput diagnostic tools for identifying very low parasite densities in asymptomatic carriers are required. this will enable a switch from passive to active malaria case detection in the field.201324206649
two cases of late plasmodium ovale presentation in military personnel.only a few late cases of plasmodium ovale presentation have been reported in literature. we describe two cases of late p. ovale presentation occurring in two french military personnel, 47 and 69 months, respectively, after a stay in côte d'ivoire and in the absence of new intercurrent malaria exposure.201424205853
acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure from plasmodium ovale infection with fatal outcome.plasmodium ovale is one of the causative agents of human malaria. plasmodium ovale infection has long been thought to be non-fatal. due to its lower morbidity, p. ovale receives little attention in malaria research.201324180319
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia secondary to plasmodium ovale infection: a case report and review of the literature.a three year old male from the democratic republic of the congo was admitted to monroe carell jr. children's hospital at vanderbilt with a 10-day history of fever, emesis, and diarrhea. examination demonstrated scleral icterus, splenomegaly, and anemia. by peripheral blood smear, the patient was diagnosed with plasmodium ovale. immunohematology demonstrated a positive direct antiglobulin test (dat) for igg and c3d with pan-agglutination on eluate. these findings, in combination with hemolytic la ...201324148713
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe malaria.severe malaria may be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), which is associated with a high mortality. in the present report, a series of three cases of imported malaria complicated by refractory severe ards supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) is presented.201324127739
plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri in north-west ethiopia.in ethiopia plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the dominant species accounting for roughly 60 and 40% of malaria cases, respectively. recently a major shift from p. falciparum to p. vivax has been observed in various parts of the country but the epidemiology of the other human malaria species, plasmodium ovale spp. and plasmodium malariae remains poorly understood. the aim of this study was to assess p. ovale curtisi and wallikeri infection in north-west ethiopia by using microscopy ...201324073668
genetic marker suitable for identification and genotyping of plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri.we present a seminested pcr method that specifically discriminates between plasmodium ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri with high sensitivity. the test is based on species-specific amplification of a size-polymorphic fragment of the tryptophan-rich antigen gene, potra, which also permits discrimination of intraspecific sequence variants at this locus.201324068009
accurate identification of the six human plasmodium spp. causing imported malaria, including plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium knowlesi.accurate identification of plasmodium infections in non-endemic countries is of critical importance with regard to the administration of a targeted therapy having a positive impact on patient health and management and allowing the prevention of the risk of re-introduction of endemic malaria in such countries. malaria is no longer endemic in italy where it is the most commonly imported disease, with one of the highest rates of imported malaria among european non-endemic countries including france ...201324034175
first report of detection and molecular confirmation of plasmodium ovale from severe malaria cases in central india.we report for the first-time detection of plasmodium ovale in central india.201324001284
prevalence and distribution of human plasmodium infection in pakistan.both plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum are prevalent in pakistan, yet up-to-date data on the epidemiology of malaria in pakistan are not available. this study was undertaken to determine the current prevalence and distribution of plasmodium species across the country.201323984968
toxicological study of the primaquine phosphate loaded chitosan nanoparticles in mice.primaquine (pq) shows activity against the late hepatic stages and latent tissue forms of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale. however, liver targeted pq delivery may be useful to minimize the dose-limiting blood toxicities and side-effects of pq. the prime objective of this study was the preparation of pq loaded chitosan nanoparticles (pq-cs-nps) in order to enhance drug tolerance and to reduce dose frequency. the morphological analysis of the chitosan nps displayed particle size in the range ...201323973494
is a plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pldh) enzyme-linked immunosorbent (elisa)-based assay a valid tool for detecting risky malaria blood donations in africa?malaria is a leading cause of mortality in southern benin. the main causative agent, plasmodium falciparum, poses a threat on critical transfusions in pregnant women and children. this study's objective was to compare the performance of different malaria screening methods in blood donors in southern benin, a malaria-endemic country.201323927596
accuracy of hrp2 rdt (malaria antigen p.f®) compared to microscopy and pcr for malaria diagnosis in senegal.rapid diagnosis tests (rdts) allow for the confirmation of malaria diagnosis. in senegal, rdts detecting hrp2 have been adopted in 2008 for malaria diagnosis. however, the sustainability of this strategy requires adequate and regular quality control. pcr on dna extracted in nitrocellulose band of rdts enable quality control. a rdt (malaria antigen p.f®) and a thick smear were performed on patients with suspected malaria. dna was extracted from the nitrocellulose band of rdts to which a non-speci ...201323916337
use of qpcr and genomic sequencing to diagnose plasmodium ovale wallikeri malaria in a returned soldier in the setting of a negative rapid diagnostic assay.plasmodium ovale is one of several clinically relevant malaria species known to cause disease in humans. however, in contrast to plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most cases of human malaria, p. ovale has a wide distribution but low prevalence in tropical regions. here, we report the case of a soldier returning from liberia with p. ovale wallikeri malaria. this case highlights the limitations of both microscopy and the malaria rapid diagnostic test for diagnos ...201323836567
an observational study of malaria in british travellers: plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium ovale curtisi differ significantly in the duration of latency.ovale malaria is caused by two closely related species of protozoan parasite: plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri although clearly distinct genetically, there have been no studies comparing the morphology, life cycle or epidemiology of these parasites. we tested the hypothesis that the two species differ in the duration of latency prior to presentation with symptoms of blood-stage infection.201323793668
a case of plasmodium ovale malaria imported from west africa.malaria is a parasitic infection caused by plasmodium species. most of the imported malaria in korea are due to plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum, and plasmodium ovale infections are very rare. here, we report a case of a 24-year-old american woman who acquired p. ovale while staying in ghana, west africa for 5 months in 2010. the patient was diagnosed with p. ovale malaria based on a wright-giemsa stained peripheral blood smear, plasmodium genus-specific real-time pcr, plasmodium speci ...201323710090
routine parallel diagnosis of malaria using microscopy and the malaria rapid diagnostic test sd 05fk60: the experience of médecins sans frontières in myanmar.malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are commonly used in médecins sans frontières (msf) programmes to detect acute malaria infection. programmes in regions with both plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum malaria (i.e. plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium vivax) use a three-band p. falciparum/pan test such as the sd bioline malaria ag p.f/pan 05fk60 (standard diagnostics, kyonggi, republic of korea), hereafter referred to as sd 05fk60, as used by the msf-holland clinics in ra ...201323692957
[the acute respiratory distress syndrome in malaria: is it always the prerogative of plasmodium falciparum?].severe malaria causes nearly one million deaths annually in endemic areas and is a public health priority worldwide. severity associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a well-known complication of infection with plasmodium falciparum and can reach 25% of infected adults. however, ards is less often described with other plasmodium species. we report the case of a young moroccan soldier who died in an array of ards related to malaria of plasmodium ovale 7 mont ...201323688721
[a case of plasmodium ovale malaria--morphological diagnostic difficulty and utility of rapid diagnostic tests].a 46-year-old japanese man was referred to our travel clinic because of high fever for the past 7 days. he worked as an engineer for a month in zambia and returned to japan 2 days ago. he had a high-grade fever of 40.5 degrees c. examination of the palpebral conjunctiva showed no evidence of anemia. liver and spleen were not palpable. blood sample was collected at the time of the febrile paroxysm. malaria parasites were detected by examination of giemsa-stained thin blood films. the dominant fea ...201323672079
plasmodium falciparum-like parasites infecting wild apes in southern cameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria.wild-living chimpanzees and gorillas harbor a multitude of plasmodium species, including six of the subgenus laverania, one of which served as the progenitor of plasmodium falciparum. despite the magnitude of this reservoir, it is unknown whether apes represent a source of human infections. here, we used plasmodium species-specific pcr, single-genome amplification, and 454 sequencing to screen humans from remote areas of southern cameroon for ape laverania infections. among 1,402 blood samples, ...201323569255
malaria attacks due to p. vivax or p. ovale in two french military teaching hospitals (2000 to 2009).non-falciparum malaria is less studied than plasmodium falciparum malaria, both in endemic and non-endemic zones.201323561033
misclassification of plasmodium infections by conventional microscopy and the impact of remedial training on the proficiency of laboratory technicians in species identification.malaria diagnosis is largely dependent on the demonstration of parasites in stained blood films by conventional microscopy. accurate identification of the infecting plasmodium species relies on detailed examination of parasite morphological characteristics, such as size, shape, pigment granules, besides the size and shape of the parasitized red blood cells and presence of cell inclusions. this work explores misclassifications of four plasmodium species by conventional microscopy relative to the ...201323537145
low level of sequence diversity at merozoite surface protein-1 locus of plasmodium ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri from thai isolates.the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) is a candidate target for the development of blood stage vaccines against malaria. polymorphism in msp-1 can be useful as a genetic marker for strain differentiation in malarial parasites. although sequence diversity in the msp-1 locus has been extensively analyzed in field isolates of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax, the extent of variation in its homologues in p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri, remains unknown.201323536840
primaquine for radical cure of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale malaria: an observational survey (2008-2010).since 2008, the french guidelines have promoted the systematic use of 30 mg/day of primaquine for the radical cure of plasmodium vivax and plamodium ovale infections. we observed three relapses in 10 patients with p vivax acquired in french guiana. no relapses were seen in west african p ovale patients.201423464724
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in endemic settings.malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are instrument-free tests that provide results within 20 min and can be used by community health workers. rdts detect antigens produced by the plasmodium parasite such as plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (pfhpr2) and plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pldh). the accuracy of rdts for the diagnosis of uncomplicated p. falciparum infection is equal or superior to routine microscopy (but inferior to expert microscopy). sensitivity for plasmodium viv ...201323438048
plasmodium species occurrence, temporal distribution and interaction in a child-aged population in rural burkina faso.malaria can be caused by five plasmodium species. due to their higher prevalence, much of the research concentrates on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. in burkina faso, where p. falciparum co-exists with plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, there is not much data about the prevalence of the latter two species across human population. moreover, interactions between co-infecting plasmodium species are not documented. the aim of the current research is to determine species-specific ...201323421809
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in travel medicine.malaria is a serious condition in the non-immune traveller, and prognosis depends on timely diagnosis. although microscopy remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are increasingly used in non-endemic settings. they are easy to use, provide results rapidly and require no specific training and equipment. reported sensitivities vary between different rdt products but are generally good for plasmodium falciparum, with rdts detecting the p. falciparum antigen histi ...201323373854
a novel, single-amplification pcr targeting mitochondrial genome highly sensitive and specific in diagnosing malaria among returned travellers in bergen, norway.nested pcr is a commonly used technique in diagnosis of malaria owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. however, it is time-consuming, open to considerable risk of contamination and has low cost-efficiency. using amplification targets presented in multiple copies, such as rrna 18s, or mitochondrial targets with an even higher copy number, might increase sensitivity.201323336125
self-diagnosis of malaria by travelers and expatriates: assessment of malaria rapid diagnostic tests available on the internet.in the past malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) for self-diagnosis by travelers were considered suboptimal due to poor performance. nowadays rdts for self-diagnosis are marketed and available through the internet. the present study assessed rdt products marketed for self-diagnosis for diagnostic accuracy and quality of labeling, content and instructions for use (ifu).201323301027
discordance in drug resistance-associated mutation patterns in marker genes of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium knowlesi during coinfections.human plasmodium knowlesi infections have been reported from several south-east asian countries, excluding india, but its drug susceptibility profile in mixed-infection cases remains unknown.201323292346
a new real-time pcr for the detection of plasmodium ovale wallikeri.it has been proposed that ovale malaria in humans is caused by two closely related but distinct species of malaria parasites: p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri. we have extended and optimized a real-time pcr assay targeting the parasite's small subunit ribosomal rna (ssrrna) gene to detect both these species. when the assay was applied to 31 archival blood samples from patients diagnosed with p. ovale, it was found that the infection in 20 was due to p. ovale curtisi and in the remaining 1 ...201223110165
[the vivax malaria causative agent plasmodium ovale: the present global area, intraspecies polymorphism, importation to the russian federation (1992-2011)].the global area for plasmodium ovale is small as compared with that for other species of human malaria pathogens. it has expanded in asian areas and remained as before in the african ones. in the past 20 years, there have been 2129 malaria cases imported from far abroad to russia, including 84 (4%) cases of vivax malaria (p. ovale). the patients were most foreign citizens: 70 from 20 african countries and 7 from two countries of oceania, such as papua new guinea and indonesia. the other 7 patien ...201223088152
hexaplex pcr detection system for identification of five human plasmodium species with an internal control.malaria remains one of the major killers of humankind and persists to threaten the lives of more than one-third of the world's population. given that human malaria can now be caused by five species of plasmodium, i.e., plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and the recently included plasmodium knowlesi, there is a critical need not only to augment global health efforts in malaria control but also, more importantly, to develop a rapid, accurate, species-se ...201223035191
two techniques for simultaneous identification of plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri by use of the small-subunit rrna gene.the primers traditionally used to detect plasmodium ovale infections are known for not binding all p. ovale parasites within the small-subunit rrna gene when used alone. we describe a simple, cost- and time-efficient multiplex nested pcr and a nested pcr using a novel set of primers for the simultaneous detection of p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri.201223015675
management of imported malaria in europe.in this position paper, the european society for clinical microbiology and infectious diseases, study group on clinical parasitology, summarizes main issues regarding the management of imported malaria cases. malaria is a rare diagnosis in europe, but it is a medical emergency. a travel history is the key to suspecting malaria and is mandatory in patients with fever. there are no specific clinical signs or symptoms of malaria although fever is seen in almost all non-immune patients. migrants fro ...201222985344
new treatment policy of malaria as a part of malaria control program in indonesia.malaria control program is one of the oldest program in the ministry of health (moh) republic of indonesia. started with effort to eradicate malaria in 1959 through malaria eradication command well known as kopem (komando pembasmian malaria) then it evolves to malaria control program, roll back malaria program, and the current malaria elimination program. in terms of diagnostic and treatment, the policy has formulated by strictly follow evidence-based principles as well as technical guided from ...201222983085
real-time pcr assay for discrimination of plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri in the ivory coast and in the comoros islands.plasmodium ovale is one of the five malaria species infecting humans. recent data have shown that the name of this neglected species masks two distinct genotypes also called curtisi and wallikeri. some authors show that these species could be sympatric. these two subspecies are not differentiated by microscopy techniques and malaria rapid diagnostic tests. this diagnostic defect is the result of low parasitaemia, antigenic polymorphism and absence of antibodies performance and requires the use o ...201222947418
cyp450 phenotyping and accurate mass identification of metabolites of the 8-aminoquinoline, anti-malarial drug primaquine.the 8-aminoquinoline (8aq) drug primaquine (pq) is currently the only approved drug effective against the persistent liver stage of the hypnozoite forming strains plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale as well as stage v gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum. to date, several groups have investigated the toxicity observed in the 8aq class, however, exact mechanisms and/or metabolic species responsible for pq's haemotoxic and anti-malarial properties are not fully understood.201222856549
the first case of plasmodium ovale malaria from bangladesh.the authors report the first indigenous case of plasmodium ovale infection from bangladesh. the diagnosis was confirmed by pcr and sequence analysis. the patient had neither been outside of the country nor ever received blood transfusions. the authors concluded that there was evidence for a local transmission of p ovale malaria in bangladesh. p ovale malaria should therefore always be considered a potential differential diagnosis in the indigenous population as well as travellers and migrants re ...201022778371
evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test carestart pldh malaria (pf-pldh/pan-pldh) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting.the present study evaluated carestart pldh malaria, a three-band rapid diagnostic test detecting plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pf-pldh) and pan plasmodium-specific pldh (pan-pldh) in a reference setting.201222704733
cloning, overexpression, purification and characterization of plasmodium knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase.plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase, key enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis, has been shown to be a potential immunodiagnostic marker as well as a novel target for chemotherapy. we have cloned, overexpressed and immunochemically characterized the recombinant lactate dehydrogenase of plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth human malaria parasite. the p. knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase (pkldh) gene was pcr amplified and 0.9 kb pcr product was cloned into pgem-t easy vector. sequencing and blast analysis revealed o ...201222683723
plasmodium ovale in bangladesh: genetic diversity and the first known evidence of the sympatric distribution of plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri in southern asia.in spite of the high prevalence of malaria in bangladesh and other southern asian countries, there remains a substantial shortage of knowledge about the less common human malaria parasites. recent studies indicate that plasmodium ovale is made up of two species, namely plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium ovale curtisi. genus- and species-specific nested pcr analyses of the ssrrna gene was used to detect p. ovale infections among 2,246 diagnostic samples. plasmodium ovale infections were fu ...201222633951
host immune response in returning travellers infected with malaria.clinical observations suggest that canadian-born (cb) travellers are prone to more severe malaria, characterized by higher parasite density in the blood, and severe symptoms, such as cerebral malaria and renal failure, than foreign-born travellers (fb) from areas of malaria endemicity. it was hypothesized that host cytokine and chemokine responses differ significantly in cb versus fb patients returning with malaria, contributing to the courses of severity. a more detailed understanding of the pr ...201222554058
prospective evaluation of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of non-falciparum and mixed-species malaria in gabon.the recommendation of artemisinin combination therapy (act) as first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria is supported by a plethora of high quality clinical trials. however, their recommendation for the treatment of mixed-species malaria and the large-scale use for the treatment of non-falciparum malaria in endemic regions is based on anecdotal rather than systematic clinical evidence.201222515681
plasmodium knowlesi: from malaysia, a novel health care threat.epidemic foci of plasmodium knowlesi malaria have been identified during the past ten years in malaysia, in particular in the states of sarawak and sabah (malaysia borneo), and in the pahang region (peninsular malaysia). based on a review of the available recent international literature, the authors underline the importance of molecular biology examinations, polymerase chain reactions (pcr), performed with primers specific for p. knowlesi, since the current microscopic examination (haemoscope) m ...201222475654
'not another uti ... '.malaria includes a global disease burden with approximately 300-500 million cases worldwide annually. varied symptomatology creates a diagnostic challenge. this is a case report of a stroke rehabilitation facility resident who developed plasmodium ovale infection, several months post-exposure. physicians should maintain a broad list of differential diagnoses, thinking beyond the range of common diagnoses.201222417982
human plasmodium knowlesi infection in ranong province, southwestern border of thailand.plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, has been reported in humans in many southeast asian countries. in thailand, most of the limited numbers of cases reported so far were from areas near neighbouring countries, including myanmar.201222313518
cloning and heterologous expression of plasmodium ovale dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene.plasmodial bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) is a validated antimalarial drug target. in this study, expression of the putative dhfr-ts of plasmodium ovale rescued the dhfr chemical knockout and a ts null bacterial strain, demonstrating its dhfr and ts catalytic functions. podhfr-ts was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) and affinity purified by methotrexate sepharose column. biochemical and enzyme kinetics characterizations indicated that podhfr-ts is sim ...201222234170
Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique.Abstract. We conducted a health facility-based survey to estimate the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients at health facilities (HFs) in Maputo City. Patients answered a questionnaire on malaria risk factors and underwent malaria testing. A malaria case was defined as a positive result for malaria by microscopy in a patient with fever or history of fever in the previous 24 hours. Among 706 patients with complete information, 111 (15.7%) cases were identified: 105 were positive for Plasmo ...201122144434
Diagnosis and therapy for hospitalized imported malaria in adults in Italy.The diagnosis and treatment of malaria in non-endemic countries presents a continuing challenge.201122017713
Evaluation of the Clearview® Malaria pLDH Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in a non-endemic setting.Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) are widely used to diagnose malaria. The present study evaluated a new RDT, the Clearview® Malaria pLDH test targeting the pan-Plasmodium antigen lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH).201121951996
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings--can they find the last parasite?rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) for malaria have improved the availability of parasite-based diagnosis throughout the malaria-endemic world. accurate malaria diagnosis is essential for malaria case management, surveillance, and elimination. rdts are inexpensive, simple to perform, and provide results in 15-20 min. despite high sensitivity and specificity for plasmodium falciparum infections, rdts have several limitations that may reduce their utility in low-transmission settings: they do not relia ...201121910780
[A history of malaria in modern Korea 1876-1945].Although it is not certain when malaria began to appear in Korea, malaria is believed to have been an endemic disease from ancient times. It was Dr. H. N. Allen (1858-1932) who made the first description and diagnosis of malaria in terms of Western medicine. In his first year report (1885) of Korean Government Hospital he mentioned malaria as the most prevalent disease. Very effective anti-malarial drug quinine was imported and it made great contribution in treating malaria. After Japan had anne ...201121894070
detection of high levels of mutations involved in anti-malarial drug resistance in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax at a rural hospital in southern ethiopia.abstract: background: in ethiopia, malaria is caused by plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, and anti-malarial drug resistance is the most pressing problem confronting control of the disease. since co-infection by both species of parasite is common and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) has been intensively used, resistance to these drugs has appeared in both p. falciparum and p. vivax populations. this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance in p. falci ...201121810256
rodent blood-stage plasmodium survive in dendritic cells that infect naive mice.plasmodium spp. parasites cause malaria in 300 to 500 million individuals each year. disease occurs during the blood-stage of the parasite's life cycle, where the parasite is thought to replicate exclusively within erythrocytes. infected individuals can also suffer relapses after several years, from plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale surviving in hepatocytes. plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium malariae can also persist after the original bout of infection has apparently cleared in the blood ...201121690346
[acute pericarditis associated with plasmodium ovale malaria].the purpose of this report is to describe a rare case of benign acute pericarditis associated with recurrent plasmodium ovale malaria. it was observed in a 33-year-old soldier who was stationed in djibouti after serving several previous stints in west africa. a favorable clinical outcome was achieved using chloroquin (30 mg/kg on 6 days) in association with nsaid followed by salicylates for one month. re-examination at one year showed no recurrence. this case shows that plasmodium ovale malaria ...201121585100
continuing intense malaria transmission in northern uganda.abstract. recent reports of reductions in malaria transmission in several african countries have resulted in optimism that malaria can be eliminated in parts of africa where it is currently endemic. it is not known whether these trends are global or whether they are also present in areas where political instability has hindered effective malaria control. we determined malaria parasite carriage and age-dependent antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum antigens in cross-sectional surveys in ap ...201121540398
rapid diagnostic tests as a source of dna for plasmodium species-specific real-time pcr.this study describes the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) as a source of dna for plasmodium species-specific real-time pcr.201121435256
[plasmodium ovale infection: description of 16 cases and a review].information on imported malaria caused by plasmodium ovale parasite is scarce.201121342729
plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri circulate simultaneously in african communities.it has been proposed that ovale malaria in humans is caused by two closely related but distinct species of malaria parasite, plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri. it was recently shown that these two parasite types are sympatric at the country level. however, it remains possible that localised geographic, temporal or ecological barriers exist within endemic countries which prevent recombination between the genomes of the two species. here, using conventional and real-time quan ...201121315074
variant plasmodium ovale isolated from a patient infected in ghana.recent data have found that plasmodium ovale can be separated in two distinct species: classic and variant p. ovale based on multilocus typing of different genes. this study presents a p. ovale isolate from a patient infected in ghana together with an analysis of the small subunit rna, cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase i, cysteine protease and lactate dehydrogenase genes, which show that the sample is a variant p. ovale and identical or highly similar to variant p. ovale isolated from humans in ...201121255451
evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test sdfk40 (pf-pldh/pan-pldh) for the diagnosis of malaria in a non-endemic setting.the present study evaluated the sd bioline malaria ag 05fk40 (sdfk40), a three-band rdt detecting plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pf-pldh) and pan plasmodium-specific pldh (pan-pldh), in a reference setting.201121226920
[plasmodium ovale malaria severity]. 201021194860
giemsa-stained thick blood films as a source of dna for plasmodium species-specific real-time pcr.this study describes the use of thick blood films (tbf) as specimens for dna amplification with the plasmodium species-specific real-time pcr that was recently validated on whole blood samples.201021176207
malaria transmission in two rural communities in the forest zone of ghana.malaria transmission was assessed in two rural communities, kona and afamanaso in sekyere south district, ashanti region, in the forest zone of ghana to provide baseline data for ongoing clinical studies and the evaluation of the effect of interventions. altogether, 3,479 anopheles gambiae and 1,157 anopheles funestus were caught by human landing catches. sporozoite rates determined by either microscopy of salivary glands or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for plasmodium falciparum in ...201021153839
high-throughput molecular diagnosis of circumsporozoite variants vk210 and vk247 detects complex plasmodium vivax infections in malaria endemic populations in papua new guinea.malaria is endemic in lowland and coastal regions of papua new guinea (png), and is caused by plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale. infection by p. vivax is attributed to distinct strains, vk210 and vk247, which differ in the sequence of the circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp). here, based upon sequence polymorphisms in pvcsp, we developed a post-pcr ligation detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay (ldr-fma) to distinguish these p. vivax strains ...201021147267
the challenge of diagnosing plasmodium ovale malaria in travellers: report of six clustered cases in french soldiers returning from west africa.plasmodium ovale is responsible for 5% of imported malaria in french travellers. the clinical and biological features of six clustered cases of p. ovale malaria in an army unit of 62 french soldiers returning from the ivory coast are reported.201021143962
a taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantitation of plasmodium knowlesi.the misdiagnosis of plasmodium knowlesi by microscopy has prompted a re-evaluation of the geographic distribution, prevalence and pathogenesis of this species using molecular diagnostic tools. in this report, a specific probe for p. knowlesi, that can be used in a previously described taqman real-time pcr assay for detection of plasmodium spp., and plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, was designed and validated against clinical samples.201021114872
five-minute giemsa stain for rapid detection of malaria parasites in blood smears.the giemsa stain is used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria on blood smears. the classical staining procedure requires between 30 and 45 min. we modified the giemsa stain and reduced the staining time to 5 min without any loss of quality.201021088023
transfusion-related plasmodium ovale malaria complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in a non-endemic country.46year old female presented with a one week history of high grade fever, chills, cough, and severe nausea. the patient had been admitted a month earlier with severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding from hemorrhoids necessitating transfusion of 7 units of packed red blood cells. initial work-up was unremarkable. because of persistent symptoms, the patient was admitted 2 days later. malaria smear was positive. due to the severity of her symptoms, she was managed as falciparum malaria and was starte ...201020971212
splenic infarction during plasmodium ovale acute malaria: first case reported.the splenic complications of acute malaria include two different prognostic and treatment entities: splenic infarction and splenic rupture. this is the first case of splenic infarction during an acute malaria due to plasmodium ovale in a 34-year-old man. as in the majority other described cases of splenic infarction, the course was spontaneously favourable, suggesting that this complication was relatively benign compared to splenic rupture, which is life-threatening and usually necessitating sur ...201020955610
in vivo and in vitro efficacy of chloroquine against plasmodium malariae and p. ovale in papua, indonesia.reports of potential drug-resistant strains of plasmodium malariae in western indonesia raise concerns that chloroquine resistance may be emerging in p. malariae and p. ovale. in order to assess this, in vivo and in vitro efficacy studies were conducted in patients with monoinfection in papua, indonesia. consecutive patients with uncomplicated malaria due to p. ovale or p. malariae were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial, provided with supervised chloroquine treatment, and followed for 28 ...201020937779
plasmodium ovale infection in malaysia: first imported case.plasmodium ovale infection is rarely reported in malaysia. this is the first imported case of p. ovale infection in malaysia which was initially misdiagnosed as plasmodium vivax.201020929588
what is the evidence for the existence of plasmodium ovale hypnozoites?relapsing human malaria is regarded to be caused by plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale. p. vivax relapses originate from dormant liver stages: "hypnozoites". also, p. ovale, a species considered as closely related to p. vivax, is in analogy assumed to display hypnozoites. a close biologic relationship is, however, not supported by molecular genetic studies. therefore, original literature published since the description of p. ovale in 1922 was systematically screened for the demonstration of h ...201020922429
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