Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| evaluating the inhibitory potential of withania somnifera on platelet aggregation and inflammation enzymes: an in vitro and in silico study. | context withania somnifera (l.) dunal is traditionally used for treating various ailments, but lacks scientific evaluation. objective this study evaluates withania somnifera (ws) for its effect on platelet activity and inflammatory enzymes. materials and methods aqueous and ethanolic (1:1) leaf extracts were subjected to in vitro indirect haemolytic activity using naja naja venom, human platelet aggregation was quantified for lipid peroxidation using arachidonic acid (aa) as agonist and 5-lipoxy ... | 2016 | 26704448 |
| cobrotoxin from naja naja atra venom ameliorates adriamycin nephropathy in rats. | chronic kidney disease (ckd) becomes a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. adriamycin- (adr-) induced rodent chronic nephropathy is a classic experimental model of human minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. the present study investigated the effect of cobrotoxin (ctx) on adr-induced nephropathy. rats were given 6 mg/kg adr once through the tail vein to replicate adr nephropathy model. ctx was administered to rats daily by placing a fast dissolving ctx membrane strip under the ... | 2015 | 26640497 |
| differential action of medically important indian big four snake venoms on rodent blood coagulation. | snakebite is a global health problem affecting millions of people. according to who, india has the highest mortality and/or morbidity due to snakebite. in spite of commendable research on indian big four venomous species; naja naja and bungarus caeruleus (elapid); daboia russelii and echis carinatus (viperid), no significant progress has been achieved in terms of diagnosis and management of biting species with appropriate anti-snake venom. major hurdle is identification of offending species. pre ... | 2016 | 26592458 |
| a comparative study of venomics of naja naja from india and sri lanka, clinical manifestations and antivenomics of an indian polyspecific antivenom. | naja naja (indian cobra) from sri lanka and india is the who category 1 medically important snakes in both countries. some antivenom produced against indian n. naja (nni) were less effective against sri lankan n. naja (nnsl). proteomes of nni and nnsl venoms were studied by rp-hplc, sds-page and lc/ms/ms. six protein families were identified in both venoms with the most abundant were the 3 finger toxins (3fts) where cytotoxins (ctx) subtype predominated, followed by phospholipase a2, cysteine-ri ... | 2016 | 26506536 |
| comparison of the primary structures, cytotoxicities, and affinities to phospholipids of five kinds of cytotoxins from the venom of indian cobra, naja naja. | the molecular mechanism underlying the hemolytic and cytolytic processes of cobra cytotoxins (ctxs) is not yet fully elucidated. to examine this, we analyzed the amino acid sequences, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, and affinities to phospholipids of the five major ctxs purified from the venom of indian cobra, naja naja. ctx2, ctx7, and ctx8 belonged to s-type, and ctx9 and ctx10 to p-type. comparisons of ctx7 with ctx8 and ctx9 with ctx10 revealed similar primary structures and hemolytic an ... | 2016 | 26456928 |
| rare cardiac sequelae of a hump-nosed viper bite. | the hump-nosed pit viper (hypnale hypnale) is the commonest cause for venomous snakebites in sri lanka. previously, it was thought to cause only local envenomation. however recently, several systemic effects and even mortality has been reported. along with other snakes, such as the indian cobra (naja naja), the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), the russell's viper (daboia russelii) and the saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus), the hump-nosed viper is now also considered capable of causing lethal ... | 2015 | 26369415 |
| antinociceptive effect of najanalgesin from naja naja atra in a neuropathic pain model via inhibition of c-jun nh2-terminal kinase. | najanalgesin, a toxin isolated from the venom of naja naja atra, has been shown to exert significant analgesic effects in a neuropathic pain model in rats. however, the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect of najanalgesin is poorly understood. the present study sought to evaluate the intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in the antinociceptive effect of najanalgesin on neuropathic pain. | 2015 | 26315082 |
| pre-clinical assessment of the effectiveness of modified polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of naja naja venom toxicity. | the potency of conventional antivenom (av) conjugated to soy protein nanoparticles (nps) (c-av) was compared with the free av in neutralizing the systemic toxicity of naja naja venom. the effective dose (ed50) of av and c-av to neutralize the venom-induced toxicity in mice was found to be 19.89 and 9.50 mg, respectively. the histopathological examination of heart, liver, and kidney indicated that the systemic toxicity induced by the venom was effectively neutralized by lower concentrations of c- ... | 2016 | 26300538 |
| biodistribution and kinetic studies of technetium-99m labeled naja naja karachiensis venom via gamma scintigraphic and spect images. | naja naja karachiensis have been responsible for plentiful deaths in pakistan. to investigate bio distribution and blood kinetics, venom was labeled with the radiotracer (technetium-99m) by following the method of direct labeling technique. its maximum labeling percentage was 97.7% (ph 6, 100 µg stannous chloride dihydrate) which was higher than some other reported venom. radio labeled venom was stable for more than 4 hours both in vivo (96%) and in vitro (serum 94.1%, saline 94.3%) experimentat ... | 2015 | 26142502 |
| the antimicrobial activity of an acidic phospholipase a₂ (nn-xia-pla₂) from the venom of naja naja naja (indian cobra). | microbial resistance against antibiotics is considered as a potentially serious threat to public health. therefore, there is much interest in developing new molecules with novel modes of action. in this study, when antimicrobial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xia-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xia) of n. naja venom was evaluated, it demonstrated potent bactericidal action against the human pathogenic strains. it inhibited more significantly, the gram-positive bacteria, when c ... | 2015 | 26109249 |
| oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin. | oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. this study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in in vitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as naja naja > ophiophagus hannah > echis carinatus > daboia russellii > apis mellifera > mesobuthus tamulus > hippasa partita. being highly potential, n. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobi ... | 2015 | 26103459 |
| naja naja oxiana cobra venom cytotoxins cti and ctii disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity: implications for basic three-fingered cytotoxins. | cobra venom cytotoxins are basic three-fingered, amphipathic, non-enzymatic proteins that constitute a major fraction of cobra venom. while cytotoxins cause mitochondrial dysfunction in different cell types, the mechanisms by which cytotoxins bind to mitochondria remain unknown. we analyzed the abilities of cti and ctii, s-type and p-type cytotoxins from naja naja oxiana respectively, to associate with isolated mitochondrial fractions or with model membranes that simulate the mitochondrial lipid ... | 2015 | 26091109 |
| neurotoxin from naja naja atra venom inhibits skin allograft rejection in rats. | recent studies reported that naja naja atra venom (nnav) regulated immune function and had a therapeutic effect on adjunctive arthritis and nephropathy. we hypothesized that nnav and its active component, neurotoxin (ntx), might inhibit skin allograft rejection. | 2015 | 26071222 |
| antileukemic potential of pegylated gold nanoparticle conjugated with protein toxin (nkct1) isolated from indian cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | limited efficacy of current first-line treatment for leukemia calls attention for further development of efficient strategies. recently, much attention has been given to nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems loaded with dual drugs to improve current disease therapies by overcoming toxicity. in the present study, we document to explore an approach to conjugate gold nanoparticles (gnps) with protein toxin (nkct1), a protein toxin from the indian cobra (naja kaouthia) venom, and to establish its ... | 2017 | 26069500 |
| erratum to "ameliorating adriamycin-induced chronic kidney disease in rats by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom". | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1155/2014/621756.]. | 2015 | 25852765 |
| suppression of inflammation and arthritis by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra. | cardiotoxin (ctx) from naja naja atra venom (nnav) reportedly had analgesic effect in animal models but its role in inflammation and arthritis was unknown. in this study, we investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic actions of orally administered ctx-iv isolated from nnav on rodent models of inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. ctx had significant anti-inflammatory effects in models of egg white induced nonspecific inflammation, filter paper induced rat granuloma formation ... | 2015 | 25767552 |
| protective effect of euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality. | despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. however, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking. | 2015 | 25727964 |
| anticoagulant mechanism and platelet deaggregation property of a non-cytotoxic, acidic phospholipase a2 purified from indian cobra (naja naja) venom: inhibition of anticoagulant activity by low molecular weight heparin. | in the present study, anticoagulant and platelet modulating activities of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nnpla2-i) purified from indian cobra naja naja venom was investigated. the nnpla2-i displayed a mass of 15.2 kda and 14,186.0 da when analyzed by sds-page and maldi-tof-ms, respectively. peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of the nnpla2-i showed its significant similarity with phospholipase a2 enzymes purified from cobra venom. blast analysis of one tryptic peptide sequence of nnpla2-i demonstr ... | 2015 | 25576831 |
| naja naja atra venom ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. | naja naja atra venom (nnav) displays diverse pharmacological actions including analgesia, anti-inflammation and immune regulation.in this study, we investigated the effects of nnav on pulmonary fibrosis and its mechanisms of action. | 2014 | 25465226 |
| modulated mechanism of phosphatidylserine on the catalytic activity of naja naja atra phospholipase a2 and notechis scutatus scutatus notexin. | phosphatidylserine (ps) externalization is a hallmark for apoptotic death of cells. previous studies showed that naja naja atra phospholipase a2 (nnapla2) and notechis scutatus scutatus notexin induced apoptosis of human cancer cells. however, nnapla2 and notexin did not markedly disrupt the integrity of cellular membrane as evidenced by membrane permeability of propidium iodide. these findings reflected that the ability of nnapla2 and notexin to hydrolyze membrane phospholipids may be affected ... | 2014 | 25449100 |
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is involved in the cobratoxin-induced antinociception in an animal model of neuropathic pain. | in this study we report that cobratoxin (cbtx), a long-chain postsynaptic α-neurotoxin isolated from the thailand cobra, naja naja kaouthia, has antinociceptive effect in rats with neuropathic pain. the neuropathic pain model was established in rats with partial sciatic nerve ligature (psnl) method. the pain response was examined behaviorally with mechanical paw withdrawal and thermal paw withdrawal method. different doses (0.56, 1.12 and 4.50 μg/kg) of cbtx were injected intrathecally. injectio ... | 2015 | 25447771 |
| phospholipases a2: enzymatic assay for snake venom (naja naja karachiensis) with their neutralization by medicinal plants of pakistan. | phospholipases a2 (pla2) are the most lethal and noxious component of naja naja karachiensis venom. they are engaged to induce severe toxicities after their penetration in victims. present study was designed to highlight hydrolytic actions of pla. in an egg yolk mixture and to encounter their deleterious effects via medicinal plants of pakistan. pla2 were found to produce free fatty acids in a dose dependent manner. venom at concentration of 0.1 mg was found to liberate 26.6 pmoles of fatty acid ... | 2014 | 25272888 |
| protein interactions between the c-terminus of aβ-peptide and phospholipase a2--a structure biology based approach to identify novel alzheimer's therapeutics. | amyloid β (aβ) polypeptide plays a key role in determining the state of protein aggregation in alzheimer's disease. the hydrophobic c-terminal part of the aβ peptide is critical in triggering the transformation from α-helical to β- sheet structure. we hypothesized that phospholipase a2 (pla2) may inhibit the aggregation of aβ peptide by interacting with the peptide and keeping the two peptide chains apart. in order to examine the nature of interactions between pla2 and aβ peptide, we prepared an ... | 2014 | 25230229 |
| ten years of snakebites in iran. | many species of venomous snakes are found in iran. the most medically important species which are responsible for the most snakebite incidents in iran belong to the viperidae family, including vipera lebetina, echis carinatus, pseudocerastes persicus, vipera albicornuta and the elapidae family, especially naja naja oxiana. at least one kind of venomous snake is found in each of the 31 provinces, and many provinces have more than one venomous species. as a result, snakebite is a considerable heal ... | 2014 | 25193748 |
| nano gold conjugation, anti-arthritic potential and toxicity studies of snake naja kaouthia (lesson, 1831) venom protein toxin nkct1 in male albino rats and mice. | nanoscience and nanotechnology have found their way in the fields of pharmacology and medicine. the conjugation of drug to nanoparticles combines the properties of both. in this study, gold nanoparticle (gnp) was conjugated with nkct1, a cytotoxic protein toxin from indian cobra venom for evaluation of anti-arthritic activity and toxicity in experimental animal models. gnp conjugated nkct1 (gnp-nkct1) synthesized by nabh4 reduction method was stable at room temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees c), ph 7 ... | 2014 | 25141538 |
| naja naja atra venom protects against manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in mrl/lpr mice. | systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is an autoimmune disease and effective therapy for this pathology is currently unavailable. we previously reported that oral administration of naja naja atra venom (nnav) had anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions. we speculated that nnav may have therapeutic effects in mrl/lpr sle mice. twelve-week-old mrl/lpr mice received oral administration of nnav (20, 40, and 80 μg/kg) or tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (10 mg/kg) daily for 16 weeks. the e ... | 2014 | 25093033 |
| a study of snake bite among children presenting to a paediatric ward in the main teaching hospital of north central province of sri lanka. | snake bite is a common problem in the north central province of sri lanka. common krait (bungarus careuleus), ceylon krait (bungarus ceylonicus), cobra (naja naja), russell's viper (daboia russelii), saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus) and hump-nosed pit viper (hypnale hypnale) are the six species of venomous land snakes in sri lanka. a significant number of adults and children are bitten by snakes every year. however, the majority of research studies done in sri lanka and other countries show ad ... | 2014 | 25073710 |
| vanillin analog--vanillyl mandelic acid, a novel specific inhibitor of snake venom 5'-nucleotidase. | snake venom 5'-nucleotidase (5'nuc) plays a very important role in envenomation strategies; however, apart from its modulation of hemostatic functions, its other pharmacological effects are not yet well characterized. several studies have used specific inhibitors of enzyme toxins as a biochemical or pharmacological tool to characterize or establish its mechanism of action. we report here for the first time vanillin mandelic acid (vma), an analog of vanillin, to potentially, selectively, and spec ... | 2014 | 25042467 |
| pid15, a novel 6 kda secreted peptide, mediates naja naja venom phospholipase a₂ induced apoptosis in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. | snake venoms are a complex mixture of active principles mainly peptides and proteins also including amino acids, nucleotides, free lipids, carbohydrates and metallic elements bound to proteins that interfere in several biological systems. in this study, we aimed to understand the mode of action of the apoptosis inducing ability of naja naja venom phospholipase a2 (nv-pla2) using isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. | 2014 | 25030355 |
| anti arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of a cytotoxic protein nn-32 from indian spectacle cobra (naja naja) venom in male albino rats. | the anti arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of nn-32, a cytotoxic protein from indian spectacle cobra snake (naja naja) venom has been studied in freund's complete adjuvant (fca) induced arthritis and carrageenan induced anti inflammatory model. nn-32 treatment showed significant decrease in physical and urinary parameters, serum enzymes, serum cytokines levels as compared to arthritic control group of rats. nn-32 treatment recovered carrageenan induced inflammation as compared to control ... | 2014 | 25026566 |
| differential effects of naja naja atra venom on immune activity. | previous studies reported that naja naja atra venom (nnav) inhibited inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. here we investigated the role of nnav in regulation of immune responses in mice. oral administration of nnav to normal mice showed significant increase in natural killer cell activity, b lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysaccharides, and antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells. meanwhile, nnav markedly decreased t lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanava ... | 2014 | 25024726 |
| culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic intestinal bacterial flora of black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) in southern pakistan. | using morphological analysis and biochemical testing, here for the first time, we determined the culturable gut bacterial flora (aerobes and facultative anaerobes) in the venomous black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) from south asia. the findings revealed that these snakes inhabit potentially pathogenic bacteria including serratia marcescens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, shewanella putrefaciens, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella sp., moraxella sp., bacillus sp., ochrobactrum anthropi, and providencia ... | 2014 | 25002979 |
| a comparative in silico characterization of functional and physicochemical properties of 3ftx (three finger toxin) proteins from four venomous snakes. | snake venom is an abundant resource of diverse pharmacologically bioactive proteins and peptides and a good natural source of drug lead compounds and used as important research tools in the field of toxicology, pharmacology and neuroscience. three finger toxins (3ftx) is an important super-family of snake venom proteins which has a conserved three finger like appearance in three dimensional structures. members of 3ftx family show a wide array of pharmacological effects by targeting different rec ... | 2014 | 24966535 |
| cardiotoxin iii suppresses hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 cells. | the hepatocyte growth factor (hgf)/c-met signalling pathway is deregulated in most cancers and associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. in this study, we use hgf as an invasive inducer to investigate the effect of ctx iii on mda-mb-231 cells. when cells were treated with non-toxic doses of ctx iii, ctx iii inhibited the hgf-promoted cell migration and invasi ... | 2014 | 24964901 |
| early treatment with intranasal neostigmine reduces mortality in a mouse model of naja naja (indian cobra) envenomation. | objective. most snakebite deaths occur prior to hospital arrival; yet inexpensive, effective, and easy to administer out-of-hospital treatments do not exist. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be therapeutic in neurotoxic envenomations when administered intravenously, but nasally delivered drugs could facilitate prehospital therapy for these patients. we tested the feasibility of this idea in experimentally envenomed mice. methods. mice received intraperitoneal injections of naja naja venom 2.5 ... | 2014 | 24955095 |
| first molecular characterization of enteric protozoa and the human pathogenic microsporidian, enterocytozoon bieneusi, in captive snakes in china. | enteric protozoa are frequently found in snakes. nevertheless, few studies regarding genetic characterization of these parasites have been carried out. we describe here the first molecular survey of protozoan pathogens from snakes in china and the first report on enterocytozoon bieneusi genotyping in snakes in the world. here, 240 fecal specimens were collected from two species of captive snakes, naja naja (indian cobra) and ptyas mucosus (oriental rat snake), in guangxi province, china, and exa ... | 2014 | 24906991 |
| naja naja karachiensis envenomation: biochemical parameters for cardiac, liver, and renal damage along with their neutralization by medicinal plants. | naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of alt (72 ± 4.70 u/l, 0.1 > p > 0.05), ast (157 ± 24.24 u/l, 0.1 > p > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dl, 0.05 > p > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dl, 0.01 > p > 0.001), ck-mb (21 ± 1.5 u/l, 0.05 > p > 0.02), and ldh (2064 ± 15.98 u/l, p < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. however, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of s ... | 2014 | 24877153 |
| ameliorating adriamycin-induced chronic kidney disease in rats by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom. | previous studies reported the oral administration of naja naja atra venom (nnav) reduced adriamycin-induced chronic kidney damage. this study investigated the effects of intragastric administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom on chronic kidney disease in rats. wistar rats were injected with adriamycin (adr; 6 mg/kg body weight) via the tail vein to induce chronic kidney disease. the cardiotoxin was administrated daily by intragastric injection at doses of 45, 90, and 180 μ g/kg body we ... | 2014 | 24876873 |
| indian common krait envenomation presenting as coma and hypertension: a case report and literature review. | neuroparalytic snake bite is a common emergency situation encountered in india. common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and cobra (naja naja) are important snakes causing neuroparalysis in north india. despite severe neuroparalysis, patients who receive antivenin and ventilator support in time recover completely. autonomic disturbances resulting in resting tachycardia, labile hypertension and sweating have been described in common krait envenomation. we present a case of common krait (b. caeruleus) en ... | 2014 | 24812460 |
| hematology and plasma biochemistry of wild-caught indian cobra naja naja (linnaeus, 1758). | hematology and plasma biochemistry parameters are useful in the assessment and management of snake physiological status. although reference ranges are readily available for many snake species, they are lacking for most venomous ophidians. we determined hematology and plasma biochemistry reference ranges for the wild-caught indian cobra, naja naja. | 2014 | 24735569 |
| identification of novel inhibitors of daboia russelli phospholipase a2 using the combined pharmacophore modeling approach. | crystal structures available for daboia russelli venom pla(2) confirm that it undergoes dimerization with asymmetry and hence difference in the conformation of active site of the two subunits. the active site of subunit a is open and that of subunit b is closed. pharmacophore models were generated based on the interaction of different types of inhibitors with their preferred subsites in the active site of subunit a. particularly, the features responsible for recognizing subsites 1-3 and those of ... | 2014 | 24703201 |
| in silico molecular interaction analysis of ltnf peptide-lt10 with snake venom enzymes. | lethal toxin neutralizing factor (ltnf) isolated from opossum (didephis virginiana) has been shown to exhibit anti-venom and anti-allergic property. the small synthetic peptide- lt10 derived from n-terminal of ltnf also showed this property in vivo. we applied molecular modeling, docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulation techniques to compute the interaction of lt10 peptide with few snake venom enzymes, namely pla2 from naja naja and atrolysin -c from crotalus atrox. our in silico interactio ... | 2014 | 24654849 |
| study on camel igg purification: a new approach to prepare naja naja oxiana antivenom as passive immunization for therapy. | a combined process of ammonium sulfate precipitation (salting out) and ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sepharose cl-6b was used to prepare camel antivenom (igg) against naja naja oxiana for therapy. in the ammonium sulfate precipitation, the best condition for fractionation of igg from the other proteins in camel serum was 55% precipitate. the camel igg presented as 2 bands with molecular masses of 250 and 100 kda, the latter corresponding to heavy chain igg, on 10% gel electrophoresis. a tr ... | 2014 | 24642472 |
| black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) lysates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. | it is hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments possess antimicrobials to counter pathogenic microbes. the fact that snakes feed on germ-infested rodents suggests that they encounter pathogenic microbes and likely possess antimicrobials. the venom is used only to paralyze the rodent, but the ability of snakes to counter potential infections in the gut due to disease-ridden rodents requires robust action of the immune system against a broad range of pathogens. to test this hypothe ... | 2014 | 24625321 |
| structure of n-terminal sequence asp-ala-glu-phe-arg-his-asp-ser of aβ-peptide with phospholipase a2 from venom of andaman cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 å resolution. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is one of the most significant social and health burdens of the present century. plaques formed by extracellular deposits of amyloid β (aβ) are the prime player of ad's neuropathology. studies have implicated the varied role of phospholipase a2 (pla2) in brain where it contributes to neuronal growth and inflammatory response. overall contour and chemical nature of the substrate-binding channel in the low molecular weight pla2s are similar. this study involves the reducti ... | 2014 | 24619194 |
| sarcocystis nesbitti infection in human skeletal muscle: possible transmission from snakes. | sarcocystis nesbitti is an intracellular protozoan parasite found as sarcocysts within muscle fibers of intermediate hosts (monkey and baboon). the definitive host is suspected to be the snake. we report two cases from a larger cohort of 89 patients who had fever, headache, and generalized myalgia after a trip to pangkor island, malaysia. sarcocysts were detected in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens by light and electron microscopy from these two patients. dna sequencing based on the 18s ribosoma ... | 2014 | 24420776 |
| detection and neutralization of cobra venom using rabbit antiserum in experimental envenomated mice. | a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect the venom of indian cobra (naja naja naja) in various tissues (brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, blood, kidneys, and tissue at the site of injection) of mice after cobra venom injected at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h intervals up to 24 h). whole venom antiserum or individual venom protein antiserum (14, 29, 65, 72, and 99 kda) could recognize n. n. naja venom by western blotting and elisa, and ant ... | 2014 | 24299908 |
| anti-platelet activity of a three-finger toxin (3ftx) from indian monocled cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | a low molecular weight anti-platelet peptide (6.9 kda) has been purified from naja kaouthia venom and was named kt-6.9. maldi-tof/tof mass spectrometry analysis revealed the homology of kt-6.9 peptide sequence with many three finger toxin family members. kt-6.9 inhibited human platelet aggregation process in a dose dependent manner. it has inhibited adp, thrombin and arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation process in dose dependent manner, but did not inhibit collagen and ristocetin induce ... | 2013 | 24183721 |
| neutralization of cobra venom by cocktail antiserum against venom proteins of cobra (naja naja naja). | naja naja venom was characterized by its immunochemical properties and electrophoretic pattern which revealed eight protein bands (14 kda, 24 kda, 29 kda, 45 kda, 48 kda, 65 kda, 72 kda and 99 kda) by sds-page in reducing condition after staining with coomassie brilliant blue. the results showed that naja venom presented high lethal activity. whole venom antiserum or individual venom protein antiserum (14 kda, 29 kda, 65 kda, 72 kda and 99 kda) of venom could recognize n. naja venom by western b ... | 2014 | 24176716 |
| [cytotoxicity of naja naja actra venom component combined with activated immune cells on leukemia cell line kg1a]. | this study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the naja naja actra venom component (nnavc) combined with activated immune cells on human acute myeloblastic leukemia line kg1a cells. the cytotoxic effects of nnavc at different concentrations on kg1a cells were measured by cck-8 method. ldh releasing assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effects of activated immune cells, nnavc combined with activated immune cells on kg1a cells and the sensitivity of kg1a treated with nnavc to activa ... | 2013 | 24156420 |
| brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded pla nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. | neurotoxin (nt), an analgesic peptide which was separated from the venom of naja naja atra, is endowed an exceptional specificity of action that blocks transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, it has limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). | 2013 | 24087853 |
| scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae). | the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ... | 2012 | 24082536 |
| cross-reactivity against naja sumatrana (black spitting cobra) envenoming from the haffkine antivenom in a mouse model. | naja sumatrana is the dominant cobra species in malaysia, singapore, borneo, and sumatra, and it does not have specific antivenom. the haffkine antivenom has been advocated instead. this study aims to determine the efficacy of this antivenom against naja sumatrana envenoming using a mouse model. methods. male swiss albino mice were used. intravenous ld50 was first determined separately for naja naja and naja sumatrana venom. ed50 was determined by preincubating antivenom with each venom at 2.5 l ... | 2013 | 23997967 |
| the protective effects of cobra venom from naja naja atra on acute and chronic nephropathy. | this study investigated the effects of naja naja atra venom (nnav) on acute and chronic nephropathy in rats. rats received 6 mg/kg adriamycin (adr) once to evoke the chronic nephropathy or 8 ml/kg 50% v/v glycerol to produce acute renal failure (arf). the nnav was given orally once a day starting five days prior to adr or glycerol injection and continued to the end of experiments. the animals were placed in metabolic cages for 24 h for urine collection for urinary protein determination. the kidn ... | 2013 | 23983784 |
| inhibition of src activation with cardiotoxin iii blocks migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 cells. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been demonstrated to display anticancer activity. breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and most deaths of breast cancer are caused by metastasis. in this study, we show that ctx iii blocks migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 breast cancer cells without affecting apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. ctx iii caused significant block of src kinase activity in mda-mb-231 cells. moreover, ctx iii treatment was ... | 2013 | 23933586 |
| crystal structure of a novel phospholipase a2 from crude venom of indian cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera at 1.48 angstoms resolution. | secretory phospholipase a2s (pla2s), the structurally-homologous enzymes share a common qualitative catalytic site, but differ greatly in their pharmacological properties and toxicities. there has been a recognizable pattern of mutations in the primary sequence of pla2s that alter their catalytic properties significantly. in the present study, the amino acid sequence and the three-dimensional structure of a new isoform of pla2 from crude venom of indian cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera (n ... | 2005 | 23923535 |
| nmr solution structure of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. | the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) chymotrypsin inhibitor (naci) consists of 57 amino acids and is related to other kunitz-type inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti) and bungarus fasciatus fraction ix (bf9), another chymotrypsin inhibitor. here we present the solution structure of naci. we determined the nmr structure of naci with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.37 å for the backbone atoms and 0.73 å for the heavy atoms on the basis of 1,075 upper distance limits derived ... | 2013 | 23896616 |
| antivenom activity of triterpenoid (c34h68o2) from leucas aspera linn. against naja naja naja venom induced toxicity: antioxidant and histological study in mice. | the isolated and identified triterpenoid, 1-hydroxytetratriacontane-4-one (c34h68o2), obtained from the methanolic leaf extract of leucas aspera linn. was explored for the first time for antisnake venom activity. the plant (l. aspera linn.) extract significantly antagonized the spectacled cobra (naja naja naja) venom induced lethal activity in a mouse model. it was compared with commercial antiserum obtained from king institute of preventive medicine (chennai, tamil nadu, india). n. naja naja ve ... | 2014 | 23857030 |
| unfolding stabilities of two paralogous proteins from naja naja naja (indian cobra) as probed by molecular dynamics simulations. | structurally similar but functionally different two paralogous proteins, ctx1 (a cardiotoxin) and lntx2 (an alpha-neurotoxin), from venom of naja naja naja have been homology modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (md) simulations at four different temperatures (298 k, 310 k, 373 k & 473 k) under close quarters of physiological conditions. each md simulation was performed for 25 ns and trajectory structures stored at every 25 ps were used to probe various structural events occurring in the ... | 2013 | 23791667 |
| venom proteomic characterization and relative antivenom neutralization of two medically important pakistani elapid snakes (bungarus sindanus and naja naja). | intra- and interspecific variation in venom composition has been shown to have a major effect upon the efficacy of antivenoms. due to the absence of domestically produced antivenoms, pakistan is wholly reliant upon antivenoms produced in other countries, such as india. however, the efficacy of these antivenoms in neutralising the venoms of pakistani snakes has not been ascertained. this is symptomatic of the general state of toxicological research in this country, which has a myriad of highly to ... | 2013 | 23714137 |
| cardiotoxin iii inhibits proliferation and migration of oral cancer cells through mapk and mmp signaling. | cardiotoxin iii (ctxiii), isolated from the snake venom of formosan cobra naja naja atra, has previously been found to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer. early metastasis is typical for the progression of oral cancer. to modulate the cell migration behavior of oral cancer is one of the oral cancer therapies. in this study, the possible modulating effect of ctxiii on oral cancer migration is addressed. in the example of oral squamous carcinoma ca9-22 cells, the cell viability was decreased ... | 2013 | 23710144 |
| effect of naja naja laurenti shed skin extract on estrous cycle, hormone - cytokine profiles, histopathology of ovary and uterus of swiss albino mice. | the snake shed skin though considered as biological waste products have been mentioned in folk and traditional medicine for treatment of ailments like skin disorders, parturition problems etc. shedded skin extract (5 mg.kg-1, sc) did not produce any change in the estrous cycle of normal cycling female mice. however in 10 mg.kg-1, sc dose, the extract caused a temporary cessation of the estrous cycle at diestrous phase in normal cycling female mice for 10 days. ssae (10 mg.kg-1, sc) caused a sign ... | 2013 | 23678544 |
| antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of orally administrated denatured naja naja atra venom on murine rheumatoid arthritis models. | to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the denatured naja naja atra venom (nnav) in rheumatoid arthritis-associated models, the denatured nnav (heat treated; 30, 90, 270 μ g/kg), the native nnav (untreated with heat; 90 μ g/kg), and tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (twp, 15 mg/kg) were administrated orally either prophylactically or therapeutically. we measured time of licking the affected paw in formaldehyde-induced inflammatory model, paw volume in egg-whi ... | 2013 | 23634171 |
| anti-inflammatory effects of neurotoxin-nna, a peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra. | neurotoxin-nna (nt), an analgesic peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra, has reported to have an exceptional specificity to block transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the α- subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, little information is available on the anti-inflammatory effects of nt. therefore, the anti-inflammatory activity of neurotoxin-nna was investigated in this study. | 2013 | 23587180 |
| in vitro and in vivo evaluation of polyherbal formulation against russell's viper and cobra venom and screening of bioactive components by docking studies. | the present study emphasizes to reveal the antivenom activity of aristolochia bracteolata lam., tylophora indica (burm.f.) merrill, and leucas aspera s. which were evaluated against venoms of daboia russelli russelli (russell's viper) and naja naja (indian cobra). the aqueous extracts of leaves and roots of the above-mentioned plants and their polyherbal (1 : 1 : 1) formulation at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed protection against envenomed mice with ld50 doses of 0.44 mg/kg and 0.28 mg/kg against ru ... | 2013 | 23533518 |
| acute acalculous cholecystitis: a rare complication of snake bite. | snake bite is an environmental and occupational hazard in many tropical and subtropical countries. it demands a high level of knowledge and skill in managing the envenomation syndrome. herein, we describe a rare case of acute acalculous cholecystitis (aac) that developed in a 36-year-old man after an indian cobra (naja naja) bite in the absence of any other predisposing factors for aac. the probable mechanisms for the occurrence of aac have been highlighted. recognizing the possibility of such a ... | 2013 | 23473791 |
| fusogenicity of naja naja atra cardiotoxin-like basic protein on sphingomyelin vesicles containing oxidized phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. | this study investigated the effect of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxpc) and cholesterol (chol) on naja naja atra cardiotoxin-like basic protein (clbp)-induced fusion and leakage in sphingomyelin (sm) vesicles. compared with those on pc/sm/chol vesicles, clbp showed a lower activity to induce membrane permeability but a higher fusogenicity on oxpc/sm/chol vesicles. a reduction in inner-leaflet fusion elucidated that clbp fusogenicity was not in parallel to its membrane-leakage activity on oxpc/ ... | 2013 | 23426438 |
| use of immunoturbidimetry to detect venom-antivenom binding using snake venoms. | immunoturbidimetry studies the phenomenon of immunoprecipitation of antigens and antibodies in solution, where there is the formation of large, polymeric insoluble immunocomplexes that increase the turbidity of the solution. we used immunoturbidimetry to investigate the interaction between commercial snake antivenoms and snake venoms, as well as cross-reactivity between different snake venoms. | 2013 | 23416032 |
| interactions of pla2-s from vipera lebetina, vipera berus berus and naja naja oxiana venom with platelets, bacterial and cancer cells. | secretory phospholipasesa(2) (spla(2)s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of spla(2)s from vipera lebetina (vlpla(2)), vipera berus berus (vbbpla(2)), and naja naja oxiana (nnopla(2)) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains (gram-negative escherichia coli and vibrio fischeri; gram-positive staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (pc-3, lncap, mc ... | 2013 | 23348053 |
| inhibition of leukemic u937 cell growth by induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of vegf, mmp-2 and mmp-9 activities by cytotoxin protein nn-32 purified from indian spectacled cobra (naja naja) venom. | a cytotoxin nn-32 (6.7 kda) from indian cobra (naja naja) venom inhibited human leukemic u937 cell growth as observed by trypan blue dye exclusion method and cytotoxicity was confirmed by mtt assay. nn-32 induced apoptosis of u937 cell and cell cycle arrest of sub-g1 phase were revealed by facs analysis. increased bax/bcl-2 ratio, increased caspase 3 and 9 activities, cleaved parp, decreased vegf, mmp-2 and mmp-9 activities were observed after nn-32 treatment of u937 cell. antileukemic activity ... | 2013 | 23337397 |
| coagulopathies in naja naja karachiensis (black pakistan cobra) bites and its effect on coagulation tests upon storage of platelet-poor plasma. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of venom from naja naja karachiensis on platelet-poor plasma, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), prothrombin time (pt) / international normalized ratio (inr), thrombin time (tt) and to evaluate its effect on clotting time upon storage of plasma for a specific time period with possible mechanism responsible for that. prolongation of pt / inr, aptt and tt was observed when different concentrations of venom were introduced due to degenerat ... | 2013 | 23285662 |
| therapeutic potential of naja naja atra venom in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. | to study the protective effects of naja naja atra venom (nnav) in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy (dn). | 2012 | 23228832 |
| identification of serotonin-sensitive aryl acylamidase activity with cobra venom acetylcholinesterase. | acetylcholinesterase purified from cobra (naja naja) venom exhibits a serotonin-sensitive aryl acylamidase activity. both acetylcholinesterase and aryl acylamidase activities co-eluted in column chromatographic procedures (sephadex g-75 and zinc-sepharose), co-migrated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, co-immunoprecipitated by anti-snake venom antibody and showed the same heat denaturation profile at 40 degrees c. further, several potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors at different concentr ... | 2003 | 22900296 |
| inhibition of neurotoxic secretory phospholipases a(2) enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities by harpalycin 2, an isoflavone isolated from harpalyce brasiliana benth. | secretory phospholipases a(2) (spla(2)) exert proinflammatory actions through lipid mediators. these enzymes have been found to be elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harpalycin 2 (har2), an isoflavone isolated from harpalyce brasiliana benth., in the enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities of spla(2) from bothrops pirajai, crotalus durissus terrificus, apis mellifera, and ... | 2012 | 22899963 |
| hemostatic interference of indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. comparison with three other snake venoms of the subcontinent. | unlike naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, echis carinatus, and daboia/vipera russellii venoms, ophiophagus hannah venom is medically ignored in the indian subcontinent. being the biggest poisonous snake, o. hannah has been presumed to inject several lethal doses of venom in a single bite. lack of therapeutic antivenom to o. hannah bite in india makes any attempt to save the victim a difficult exercise. this study was initiated to compare o. hannah venom with the above said venoms for possible interf ... | 2012 | 22817464 |
| behavioral and morphological evidence for the involvement of glial cells in the antinociceptive effect of najanalgesin in a rat neuropathic pain model. | neuropathic pain is a devastating neurological disease that seriously affects patients' quality of life. despite a high level of incidence, the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain are still poorly understood. however, recent evidence supports the prominent role of spinal glial cells in neuropathic pain states. in our laboratory, we observed that najanalgesin, a novel peptide isolated from the venom of naja naja atra, exerts significant analgesic effects on acute pain in mice and neuropathi ... | 2012 | 22687474 |
| cardiotoxin iii suppresses mda-mb-231 cell metastasis through the inhibition of egf/egfr-mediated signaling pathway. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor, egfr, play roles in cancer metastasis in various tumors. we use egf as a metastatic inducer of mda-mb-231 cells to investigate the effect of ctx iii on cell migration. ctx iii inhibited the egf-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9), and further suppressed cell invasion and migration without obvious cel ... | 2012 | 22683533 |
| improved method for the isolation, characterization and examination of neuromuscular and toxic properties of selected polypeptide fractions from the crude venom of the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. | an improved chromatographic method was developed to isolate and purify polypeptides and proteins from the crude venom of the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. the procedure devised is simple, easy to reproduce, and enables large scale isolation of almost all polypeptides and proteins in this cobra venom. six pure polypeptide fractions of the venom were isolated and characterized using gel filtration on sephadex g50 (medium), ion exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c25, desalting on sephadex g25 (f ... | 2012 | 22677803 |
| the three-dimensional nmr solution structure of α-cobratoxin at ph 7.5 and conformational differences with the nmr solution structure at ph 3.2. | abstract the 3d solution structure of α-cobratoxin, a neurotoxin purified from the naja naja siamensis snake venom, has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in conjunction with distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics, at ph 7.5. a total of 490 distance restraints were obtained from noe intensities and 25 φ dihedral angle restraints deduced from j- coupling data. the generated structures are well defined with root mean square deviations from a geometrical mean s ... | 1994 | 22671905 |
| structural and functional insights into lipid-bound nerve growth factors. | nerve growth factor (ngf) is a dimeric molecule that modulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of nervous cells and is also known to act on cells of the immune system and endocrine system. ngfs extracted from mouse submaxillary gland and cobra venom have different immunological behaviors, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here we report the crystal structure of the ngf purified from chinese cobra naja naja atra (cngf), which unexpectedly reveals a 2-tailed lipid mole ... | 2012 | 22649032 |
| quercetin modulates activities of taiwan cobra phospholipase a2 via its effects on membrane structure and membrane-bound mode of phospholipase a2. | the goal of the present study is to elucidate the mechanism of quercetin on modulating naja naja atra phospholipase a2 (pla2) activities. sphingomyelin inhibited pla2 enzymatic activity and membrane-damaging activity against egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (eypc), while cholesterol and quercetin abrogated the sphingomeyelin inhibitory effect. quercetin incorporation led to a reduction in pla2 enzymatic activity and membrane-damaging activity toward eypc/sphingomyelin/cholesterol vesicles. both chol ... | 2012 | 22581333 |
| naja naja atra and naja nigricollis cardiotoxins induce fusion of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus membrane-mimicking liposomes. | our previous studies showed that the bactericidal effect of naja naja atra cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3) and naja nigricollis toxin γ was associated with their membrane-damaging activity. to elucidate the mechanism responsible for ctx3- and toxin γ-induced membrane permeability, we investigated the interacted mode of ctx3 and toxin γ with model membrane of escherichia coli (phosphatidylethanolamine (pe)/phosphatidylglycerol (pg), mol/mol, 75/25) and staphylococcus aureus (pg/cardiolipin, mol/mol, 60/40) ... | 2012 | 22569319 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a complement-depleting factor from king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is an anti-complement factor existing in cobra venom. cvf proteins have been purified from the venoms of naja haje, naja siamensis, naja atra, naja kaouthia, naja naja, naja melanoleuca and austrelaps superbus, but only three full-length cdna sequences of cvf are available. in the present work, a cobra venom factor termed ovf was purified from the crude venom of ophiophagus hannah by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography steps. the p ... | 2012 | 22561424 |
| species identification from dried snake venom. | illegal trade in snake parts has increased enormously. in spite of strict protection under wildlife act, a large number of snakes are being killed ruthlessly in india for venom and skin. here, an interesting case involving confiscation of crystallized dried snake venom and subsequent dna-based species identification is reported. the analysis using the universal primers for cytochrome b region of the mitochondrial dna revealed that the venom was extracted from an indian cobra (naja naja). on the ... | 2012 | 22268640 |
| Effect of membrane toxin 12 isolated from Naja naja atra on proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer EJ cells. | We investigated the effect of membrane toxin 12 (MT-12), isolated from Naja naja atra, a species of Chinese Cobra, on the proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer EJ cells and studied its mechanisms using MTT assay, Transwell chamber invasion assay, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry. The results indicated that MT-12 inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) after 72 h was 0.66 µg/ml. Th ... | 2012 | 21993582 |
| [influence of najanalgesin from naja naja on glt-1 in spinal cord of rat in neuropathic pain]. | to investigate the influence of najanalgesin on glutamate-glial transporter 1(glt-1) in spinal cord of rats after l5 spinal nerve ligation and transection (snl), and explore the spinal analgesic mechanism of najanalgesin. | 2011 | 21761732 |
| nanoparticle-mediated delivery of neurotoxin-ii to the brain with intranasal administration: an effective strategy to improve antinociceptive activity of neurotoxin. | neurotoxin-ii (nt-ii), an analgesic peptide which was separated from the venom of naja naja atra, is endowed an exceptional specificity of action that block transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, it has limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier (bbb) after intravenously (i.v.) injection. | 2012 | 21721852 |
| tick infestation on wild snakes in northern part of western ghats of india. | in total, 167 individuals of 30 species of snakes belonging to 22 genera and five families were examined for tick infestation from november 2008 to march 2010. only two species of snakes, ptyas mucosa (l., 1758) (indian rat snake) and naja naja (l., 1758) (spectacled cobra), were found infested by ticks. all ticks collected were identified to be amblyomma gervaisi [previously aponomma gervaisi (lucas, 1847) 1. the average prevalence of these ticks on indian rat snakes (n=48) was 29.16%, with abu ... | 2011 | 21661308 |
| antihaemorrhagic potentials of fagonia cretica against naja naja karachiensis (black pakistan cobra) venom. | plants have been extensively used as a remedy for the treatment of snake bites. the aim of this study was to determine the antivenom potentials of methanolic extract from the aerial parts (leaves and twigs) of fagonia cretica l. on a haemorrhage induced by venom from naja naja karachiensis. the haemorrhagic response of venom was dose dependent from 0.1 to 4.0 µg per 1.5 µl phosphate buffer saline (pbs) on vitelline veins of fertilised hens' eggs in their shells. the extract effectively eliminate ... | 2011 | 21656416 |
| membrane-damaging activity of taiwan cobra cardiotoxin 3 is responsible for its bactericidal activity. | this study investigates the causal relationship between membrane-damaging activity and bactericidal activity of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3). ctx3 showed greater inhibitory activity for the growth of staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) relative to that of escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria). the ctx3 antibacterial activity is positively correlated with the increase in membrane permeability of bacterial cells. morphological examination showed that ctx3 disru ... | 2011 | 21575651 |
| cytotoxic and antioxidant property of a purified fraction (nn-32) of indian naja naja venom on ehrlich ascites carcinoma in balb/c mice. | a cytotoxic and antioxidant protein (nn-32) from the indian spectacled cobra naja naja venom was identified and its probable mode of action on murine ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) was established. the venom purified through ion exchange chromatography produced several peaks, among which fraction 32 produced cytotoxic-cardiotoxic properties. this fraction (nn-32) showed a single peak (retention time 38.3 min) by hplc using c4 column. the molecular mass determined by maldi-ms, found to be 6.7 kd ... | 2011 | 21530568 |
| severe infection of wild-caught snakes with spirometra erinaceieuropaei from food markets in guangzhou, china involves a risk for zoonotic sparganosis. | wild-caught snakes are a popular and traditional food in china. however, little known to the public, snakes are also intermediate hosts of spirometra erinaceieuropaei, a food- and water-borne pathogen of sparganosis. therefore, we investigated the prevalence of s. erinaceieuropaei in 10 popular species of wild-caught snakes in guangzhou city (guangdong province) between july 2009 and july 2010. one hundred and twenty-four specimens of 10 species (including enhydris plumbea, zoacys dhumnades, ela ... | 2010 | 21348631 |
| preparation and characterization of immunoglobulin yolk against the venom of naja naja atra. | chinese cobra (naja naja atra) bite is one of the leading causes of snake-bite mortality in china. the traditional anti-cobra venom serum therapy was found to be expensive and with high frequency of side effects. therefore attempts were made to generate a high titer immunoglobulin from egg yolk (igy) of crude cobra-venom immunized leghorn hens, and to standardize an effective method for producing avian antivenom in relatively pure form. the igy was isolated first by water dilution method to remo ... | 2010 | 21341535 |
| acquired factor viii deficiency after consuming the dried gallbladder of a cobra, naja naja. | acquired factor viii deficiency is very rare, often fatal. it is associated with pregnancy, autoimmune diseases, malignancy, and drugs, although no underlying cause is found in 50%. a 49-year-old male was referred with right shoulder bruising. the coagulation test showed a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. the factor viii level was less than 1%, and the factor viii inhibitor antibody titer was 246 bethesda units/ml. the findings were compatible with acquired factor viii deficiency ... | 2010 | 21120211 |
| the metalloprotease, nn-pf3 from naja naja venom inhibits platelet aggregation primarily by affecting α2β1 integrin. | nn-pf3 is a non-toxic, anticoagulant, high-molecular-mass (67.81 kda) metalloprotease from indian cobra (naja naja) venom. in the present study, nn-pf3 was investigated for the mechanism of inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets. the complete inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation and partial inhibition of adp- and epinephrine-induced aggregation has the respective ic(50) of 75 ± 5, 185 ± 10, and 232 ± 12 nm, whereas no inhibition of thrombin-, arachidonic acid-, and r ... | 2010 | 20957364 |
| evidence for existence of venom 5' nucleotidase in multiple forms through inhibition of concanavalin a. | pharmacologically active 5' nucleotidase is a ubiquitously distributed enzyme in snake venoms. in this study the effect of concanavalin a (con-a) on different snake venoms 5' nucleotidase activity is tested in order to know the protein nature which will ultimately help in purification of the enzyme with high yield. con-a inhibited naja naja, naja kauthia, naja melanoleuca, naja naja sputatrix, agistrodon halys blomhoffii, bothrops asper and oxyranus scutellas venom 5' nucleotidase activity at di ... | 2010 | 20941753 |
| prostatic involution after intraprostatic injection of cobra toxin. | we evaluated the comparative effects of intraprostatic injection of cobra cardiotoxin d and botulinum toxin type a on prostate structure in the rat model. | 2010 | 20850839 |
| chemical modification of ascorbic acid and evaluation of its lipophilic derivatives as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase a(2) with anti-inflammatory activity. | the halo 6-fatty acid esters of l-ascorbic acid 3a, 3b and 6-fatty acid esters of l-ascorbic acid 5a-g were achieved from l-ascorbic acid 1. compounds 3a, 3b and 5a-g were evaluated for anti-oxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation, and secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) inhibition in vitro, and spla(2) induced mouse paw edema. all the derivatives retained their anti-oxidant property compared to ascorbic acid at 6 × 10(-4)m and are good inhibitors of lipid peroxidation at 1 mg ml(-1) as evaluated by ... | 2010 | 20730622 |
| lipid domain formation modulates activities of snake venom phospholipase a(2) enzymes. | the goal of the present study is to elucidate the effect of lipid domain formation on activities of naja naja atra and bungarus multicinctus phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) enzymes. sphingomyelin inhibited enzymatic activity and membrane-damaging activity of pla(2) against egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (eypc), while cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate abrogated the inhibitory effect of sphingomyelin. the ability of cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate to abolish the inhibitory effect of sphingomyelin ... | 2010 | 20705082 |
| protective effects of hypothalamic proline-rich peptide and cobra venom naja naja oxiana on dynamics of vestibular compensation following unilateral labyrinthectomy. | we tested the action of proline-rich peptide (prp-1) and cobra venom naja naja oxiana (nox) on deiters' nucleus neurons at 3rd, 15th and 35th days after unilateral labyrinthectomy (ul). early and late tetanic, post-tetanic potentiation and depression of deiters'neurons to bilateral high frequency stimulation of hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricualar nuclei was studied. the analysis of spike activity was carried out by mean of on-line selection and special program. the complex averaged peri ... | 2010 | 20703940 |