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synergetic effects of subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus co-infection on growth retardation and immunosuppression in spf chickens.to further understand the effect of co-infection of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens, the experiment was made to study the pathogenicity, the weight of body and immune organs, response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus subtype h9 (aiv-h9) vaccination. chickens were randomly divided into four groups, which includes injection groups (rev, alv-j, rev plus alv-j), and negative ...201425042879
[immunogenicity of co-expressed p30-gp90 against reticuloendotheliosis virus].to study the immunogenicity of co-expression of p30, one of a group specific antigens, and glycoprotein gp90 genes of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev).201424984528
highly pathogenic fowlpox virus in cutaneously infected chickens, china.we investigated an acute outbreak of the cutaneous form of fowlpox among chickens in china in november 2009. using pathologic and virologic methods, we identified a novel type of fowlpox virus that carried an integrated genomic sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus. this highly pathogenic virus could lead to severe ecologic effects and economic losses.201424963887
first isolation of reticuloendotheliosis virus from mallards in china.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in many avian hosts worldwide. rev infection has never been reported in mallard ducks, however. to identify rev infection in mallards, we collected 40 mallard duck samples from jilin province of china. in this study, the rev strain, dbyr1102, was first isolated from a mallard in china and identified by pcr, indirect immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. the gp90 gene and complete ltr of dbyr ...201424643331
an outbreak of lymphomas in a layer chicken flock previously infected with fowlpox virus containing integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus.visceral lymphomas occurred in a 236-day-old layer flock previously diagnosed with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-integrated fowlpox virus (fpv) infection at the age of 77 days. common pathologic lesions were multiple neoplastic nodules of homogeneous lymphocytes in the livers and spleens of all submitted chickens. all neoplastic tissues were positive for the rev envelope (env) gene by pcr. in a retrospective molecular study of fpv-infected 77-day-old chickens from the same flock, we identifi ...201324597128
skin involvement in lymphomas caused by marek's disease virus infection in silkie chickens.the silkie is a typical chinese breed of chicken. in 2012, batches of silkies were found to have diffuse tumor-like nodules on their skin after feather removal, when they were slaughtered at about 60 days old. gross examination showed no visible neoplastic lesions on the visceral organs and peripheral nerves, except slight splenomegaly in individual chickens. the disease was prevalent, with high condemnation rates for skin lesions, which caused great economic losses to the company. tissues, incl ...201424583947
existence of variant strains fowlpox virus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in its genome in field isolates in tanzania.fowlpox virus (fpv) is one example of poultry viruses which undergoes recombination with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). trepidation had been raised, and it was well established on augmented pathogenicity of the fpv upon integration of the full intact rev. in this study, we therefore intended at assessing the integration of rev into fpv genome of the field isolates obtained in samples collected from different regions of tanzania. dna extraction of 85 samples (scabs) was performed, and fpv-spe ...201424557589
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection on cytokine production in spf chickens.infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a gammaretrovirus in the retroviridae family, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. the effects of rev infection on expression of mrna for cytokine genes in chickens have not been completely elucidated. in this study, using multiplex branched dna (bdna) technology, we identified molecular mediators that participated in the regulation of the immune response during rev infection in chickens ...201324358317
biochemical characterization of novel retroviral integrase proteins.integrase is an essential retroviral enzyme, catalyzing the stable integration of reverse transcribed dna into cellular dna. several aspects of the integration mechanism, including the length of host dna sequence duplication flanking the integrated provirus, which can be from 4 to 6 bp, and the nucleotide preferences at the site of integration, are thought to cluster among the different retroviral genera. to date only the spumavirus prototype foamy virus integrase has provided diffractable cryst ...201324124581
complete genome sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain md-2, isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus vaccine.here, we present the complete genomic sequence of a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine. this report will be helpful for epidemiological studies on rev infection in avian flocks.201324092783
the mongoose, the pheasant, the pox, and the retrovirus.paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses. the existence of a paleovirus can sometimes be detected by virtue of its accidental insertion into the germline of different animal species, which allows one to date when the virus actually existed. however, the ancient and the modern often connect, as modern viruses have unexpected origins that can be traced to ancient infections. the genomes of two species of mongooses and an egg-laying mammal called an echidna show that a virus currently present ...201324013523
enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas in a commercial layer flock.this paper reports an enzootic outbreak and spontaneous regression of keratoacanthomas among adult layer hens with lesions on the skin of the legs. the observations were performed in a flock of 55,000 commercial layers (50,000 lohmann white and 5,000 lohmann brown). at the age of 30 weeks, lohmann white layers exhibited a number of growths (at an average of 60 hens per week, representing 0.1% of the flock) in the region of leg toes on a daily basis over 28 weeks that regressed during the remaini ...201323921348
mixed infections of marek's disease and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in layer flocks in argentina.the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was examined in flocks affected with marek's disease (md). sera were positive to rev antibodies by agar gel precipitation. however, these findings were not conclusive since fowlpox vaccines can have rev fragments or the whole genome inserted. frozen sections from tumors were positive for md virus (mdv) but negative for rev. chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) and chicken kidney cell (ckc) culture inoculated with buffy coat cells or blood from the aff ...201323901777
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into the genome of cvi988 strain of marek's disease virus results in enhanced growth and protection.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by serotype 1 md virus (mdv). vaccination of commercial poultry has drastically reduced losses from md, and the poultry industry cannot be sustained without the use of vaccines. retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus genomes is an efficient process that alters the biological properties of herpesviruses. rm1, a virus derived from the virulent jm strain of mdv, by insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis (rev) long terminal repe ...201323901756
latency and tumorigenesis in marek's disease.despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of marek's disease (md) and the causative marek's disease virus (mdv) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in mdv-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despit ...201323901747
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in northeast china.to analyze the status of reticuloendotheliosis (re) infection of wild birds in china, 585 samples from wild birds collected in liaoning, jilin and heilongjiang provinces china were investigated and analyzed. the sampled birds represent 3 orders and more than 40 species. virus isolation and pcr amplification showed that some of the wild birds were infected with rev, and 10 rev strains were isolated. the gp90 gene from each of the 10 rev strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. sequence analy ...201323845736
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido).recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ...201323805542
protection of chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection by dna vaccination.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of dna vaccination to protect chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection and to determine whether codon optimization and the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (wpre) could improve the immunogenicity of the dna vaccines. the wild-type and codon-optimized gp90 genes of rev were cloned into pcaggs vector, and designated as pcaggp90 and pcagoptigp90, respectively. plasmids pcagwgp90 and pcagwopt ...201323764274
detection of anti-reticuloendotheliosis virus antibody by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with expression envelope protein.the current reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) antibody detection kit that uses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) needs concentrated virus, which is difficult to obtain due to its poor propagation in cells. in addition, this kit detects only chicken antibody but not other species. to overcome these disadvantages, we cloned and expressed rev env gene to develop monoclonal antibodies (mabs), which we used for antibody detection in elisa. three mabs were prepared from mice. these three mabs ...201323678732
sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek's disease virus strain, gx0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.marek's disease virus chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. we constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of gx0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. using the gx0101 bac clone, the complete genome of gx0101 was sequenced and analyzed. ...201323553452
avian leukosis virus subgroup j associated with the outbreak of erythroblastosis in chickens in china.emaciation, depression and lethargy were observed in two flocks of chinese local breed and one flock of commercial layer chicken infected naturally from 2010 to 2011. the aims of this study were to diagnose.201323521848
enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus by dna prime-protein boost vaccination.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, an optimal vaccination strategy was developed to enhance the immune responses against rev infection. chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with plasmid pcaggp90 encoding gp90 protein of rev, or with recombinant gp90 protein, or vaccinated with plasmid pcaggp90 and then boosted with recombinant gp90 protein. the humoral immune responses were moni ...201323422145
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
identification of a conserved b-cell epitope on reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library.the gp90 protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (rev-a) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. b-cell epitopes on the gp90 protein of rev have not been well studied and reported.201223185456
complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert.marek's disease virus (mdv) chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant mdv field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. gx0101 belongs to very virulent mdv (vvmdv) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvmdv strain md5. the complete genome sequence of gx0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one rev-ltr insert at a site 267 nt u ...201223166235
complete genomic sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus from china.the complete proviral sequence of a muscovy duck-origin reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) associated with spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease in 2011 in zhejiang province, china, was determined. comparative sequence analyses indicate that the present rev is most closely related to the chicken-origin rev isolate hljr0901 and the goose-origin isolate goose/3410/06. these findings suggest that chickens or geese may transmit the rev to muscovy ducks.201223118464
pathogenicity of bordetella avium under immunosuppression induced by reticuloendotheliosis virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens.multiple infections of bordetella avium (b. avium) with virus, especially immunosuppressive virus, have become more and more severe in chickens in china. the increasing morbidity and mortality of its complications have amplified concerns about the impact of b. avium on animal health. to evaluate the pathogenicity of b. avium under immunosuppression status, we developed four types of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection models. after a comparison of body weight, relative immune organ index ...201322990029
probable congenital transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus caused by vaccination with contaminated vaccines.contaminated vaccine is one unexpected and potential origin of virus infection. in order to investigate the most likely cause of disease in a broiler breeder company of shandong province, all 17 batches of live-virus vaccines used in the affected flocks and 478 tissue samples were tested by dot-blot hybridization, nested pcr, and ifa. the results suggested the outbreak of disease was most probably due to the vaccination of rev-contaminated md-cvi988/rispens vaccines and nd-lasota+ib-h120 vaccine ...201222912872
malignant lymphoma of t-cell origin in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens).multicentric t-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in two birds from separate zoological collections: one in a 27-year-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and the second in an adult pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). the main clinical sign in the penguin was dysphagia caused by lymphoma formation in the esophagus. besides the esophageal lymphoma, neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, lung, proventriculus, and gizzard. the pelican was foun ...201222872983
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity.co-cultivation of the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in the generation of a recombinant mdv containing the rev long terminal repeat (ltr) named the rm1 strain of mdv, a strain that was highly attenuated for oncogenicity but induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy. we hypothesize that the phenotypic changes were solely due to the ltr insertion. furthermore, we hypothesize that insertion of rev ltr into an analogous location in a diff ...201222702453
differential detection of avian oncogenic viruses in poultry layer farms and turkeys by use of multiplex pcr.avian oncogenic viruses include marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious herpesvirus, as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (alv) subgroups a to j and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). in this study, we examined the incidence of these viruses in suspected samples collected from poultry layer farms of south india, mainly in the namakkal district of tamil nadu, a highly dense poultry-growing area in india. the histopathology-positive tissue sections were identified and furt ...201222675132
new pathogenetic characters of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from chinese partridge in specific-pathogen-free chickens.avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can induce a runting syndrome, immunosuppression, acute reticulum cell neoplasia and lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds. to evaluate the pathogenicity and oncogenicity of rev-jx0927 that isolated from chinese partridge, experimental inoculated day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chickens were examined at regular intervals. the examination procedures included hematology, serology and histopathology; also including imm ...201222579709
construction and characterization of the infectious clone of reticuloendotheliosis virus carrying a genetic marker.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease, which posed substantial threats to the commercial poultry industry. however, researches on the molecular epidemiology and the pathogenic mechanism of rev are still scant. in this study, a full-length genome cdna of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strain hljr0901, which was isolated from layer in china, was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. the genome of hljr0901 was 8284 bp long, and the genbank accession numbe ...201222406324
recombinant gp90 protein expressed in pichia pastoris induces a protective immune response against reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. in this study, the gp90 protein of rev was secretory expressed in pichia pastoris with high production level and good antigenicity. to fully utilize the expression potential of the p. pastoris expression system, a panel of pichia clones carrying increasing copies of the gp90 expression cassette was created using an in vitro multimerization approach and the effects of g ...201222314135
Development of an indirect ELISA for serological detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus using the gp90 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris.The present study was undertaken to express the gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its potential use as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA. The full-length gp90 gene of REV was cloned into pPIC9k vector and then integrated into the chromosome of P. pastoris for induced expression. SDS-PAGE and western blot assay demonstrated that gp90 protein was expressed and secreted into the culture medium at about 100mg/L of culture under optimized condition. An indi ...201122207082
development of taqman real-time pcr assay for detection and quantitation of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a highly sensitive real-time pcr method was developed in this study for reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) detection and quantitation. the real-time pcr method, with a minimum detection limit of 10 proviral dna copies, was 100 times more sensitive than the conventional pcr. it was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other common avian dna viruses. the coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. the chicken β-ac ...201122178653
rapid detection of marek's disease viral genome in chicken feathers by loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) was developed. the method used a set of three pairs of primers to amplify the meq gene for detecting serotype 1 mdv. the mdv lamp method did not cross-react with serotype 2 and serotype 3, nor did the lamp primers have binding sites for the common avian dna viruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus, chicken anemia virus, subgroup j of the avian leucosis virus). additionally, the as ...201122170920
a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of long terminal repeat regions and envelope protein gene sequences of reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian blood samples.the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) group of retroviruses infects a wide range of avian species, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and prairie chickens. the objective of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of rev in whole blood samples. in order to increase the diagnostic sensitivity, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that detects both the envelope protein gene (env) and the long terminal repeat (lt ...201121908350
detection of fowl poxvirus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences from an outbreak in backyard chickens in india.fowl poxvirus (fpv) infection was observed in unvaccinated backyard chickens. a total of 15 birds were affected in a flock of 37. pock lesions were observed on the comb, eyelids, beak and wattles. the birds appeared sick with roughened feathers and stunted growth. no mortality was recorded. dna was isolated from scabs and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to amplify the 4b core protein gene of fpv, the envelope (env) gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the region of fpv fla ...201121706467
activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in oncogenic transformation by v-rel.v-rel, encoded by the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, is an acutely transforming member of the rel/nf-?b family of transcription factors. transformation by v-rel is mediated by the aberrant expression of genes that are normally regulated by rel/nf-?b. here, we demonstrate activation of the tgf-ß/smad signaling pathway in rel transformation. rna and protein levels of key tgf-ß and smad family members (tgf-ß2, -ß3, tgf-ß type ii receptor, and smad3) are upregulated in v-rel transformed cells wi ...201121345476
artificially inserting a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of marek's disease virus (mdv) alters expression of nearby mdv genes.researchers reported that co-cultivating the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in an rev long terminal repeat (ltr) being inserted into the internal repeat short (irs) region of jm/102w. when the resulting recombinant virus was serially passed in cell culture, the initial ltr was duplicated and a second ltr spontaneously appeared in the terminal repeat short (trs) region of the mdv genome. the virus, designated rm1, was significantly at ...201121340512
molecular characteristics of polish field strains of marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens.twenty-nine marek's disease virus (mdv) strains were isolated during a 3 year period (2007-2010) from vaccinated and infected chicken flocks in poland. these strains had caused severe clinical symptoms and lesions. in spite of proper vaccination with mono- or bivalent vaccines against marek's disease (md), the chickens developed symptoms of md with paralysis.because of this we decided to investigate possible changes and mutations in the field strains that could potentially increase their virulen ...201121320336
differential mortality and lesion responses to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in marek's disease-resistant and susceptible chicken lines. 197821302071
haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma caused by subgroup j avian leukosis virus in a commercial layer flock.an outbreak of simultaneously occurring haemangiomas, leiomyosarcoma and myeloma was observed in a commercial layer flock in china. the sick chickens were extremely thin and dehydrated. scattered haemangiomas were found on the claws, breast and wings. at necropsy, haemangiomas and some other nodular tumours were also found in the internal organs. in addition, diffuse enlargement of the liver and spleen appeared in some birds. histopathologically, haemangiomas were typically cavernous haemangioma ...201021087914
characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in various geographical regions in the united states.nine reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) isolates obtained from broiler breeders, turkeys, and prairie chickens located in three different geographical regions in the usa, and three isolates obtained from known contaminated live-virus vaccines were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) assays. all isolates were propagated in chicken embryo fibroblasts obtained from a specific pathogen free breeder flock. pcr analysis of all 12 isolates resulted i ...201020954015
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant of fowl pox vaccines.this study was designed to detect reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) as a contaminant in fowl pox vaccines. a total of 30 fowl pox vaccine samples were examined for the presence of rev using both in vitro and in vivo methods. in in vitro testing, the fowl pox vaccine samples were inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast cultures prepared from specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs, and the cultures were examined using pcr to detect rev. in in vivo testing, each fowl pox vaccine sample w ...201020952701
preliminary molecular characterization of a fowl poxvirus isolate in grenada.two 1-mo-old local breed chickens, with gross lesions in the skin of the head region suspected to be fowl poxvirus infection, were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the school of veterinary medicine, grenada, west indies. cutaneous lesions were collected from these birds for virus isolation, histopathologic diagnosis, and molecular analysis. fowl poxvirus infection was confirmed by virus isolation in chicken embryo and by histopathology. molecular characterization of the fowl poxvirus wa ...201020945792
industrial hygiene assessment of reticuloendotheliosis viruses exposure in the poultry industry.reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) are a group of retroviruses like avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (alsv) that naturally infect and cause cancers in chickens. we recently found that alsv antibody levels were associated with job tasks in the poultry industry. the objectives of this study are to examine whether a similar association can be found with rev antibody levels and to examine the correlation between rev and alsv antibody levels.201020865275
generation of retroviral particles for the spleen necrosis virus (snv)-based vector system and their use in transduction of various cell types.genetically engineered retroviruses are widely used for gene delivery into human cells. a number of investigators have studied spleen necrosis virus (snv) as a vehicle for gene delivery. vectors developed from snv and its closely associated avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) can be used for gene transfer into a variety of cells, including primary hematopoietic cells and human brain and post-mitotic neuronal cells that are difficult to transduce with other vector systems. snv-base ...201020516173
microrna-26a-mediated regulation of interleukin-2 expression in transformed avian lymphocyte lines.abstract:201020441582
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was developed. the method used a set of two pairs of primers to amplify the pol gene for detecting rev, showing high specificity and sensitivity. the rev lamp method did not cross-react with common avian dna viruses (marek's disease virus, chicken anaemia virus, avian leucosis virus of subgroup j). additionally, the assay could detect different rev strains and had a detection limit of ...201020435068
diagnosis of a naturally occurring dual infection of layer chickens with fowlpox virus and gallid herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis virus).an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in layers was diagnosed as being of dual nature due to fowlpox and infectious laryngotracheitis using a multidisciplinary approach including virus isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the diagnosis was based on virus isolation of gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1) in chicken kidney cells and fowlpox virus (fwpv) in 9-day-old chicken embryonated eggs inoculated via the chorioallantoic membrane. the histopathology o ...201020390533
[receptors for animal retroviruses].diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. to disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodefici ...200920218331
[prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus].to obtain the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the anti-gp90 serum with high titer.200920069886
molecular and biological characterization of a marek's disease virus field strain with reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.a marek's disease virus (mdv) field strain designated gx0101 was isolated from a layer flock and confirmed to be a recombinant virus with an insert of a long terminal repeat (ltr) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). a chimeric molecule containing an rev-ltr insert of 539 bp and its flanking sequences from mdv was amplified and sequenced. an rev-ltr downstream from the internal repeat short (irs) region has 77.4-98.6% homology to seven rev field strains isolated from different avian speci ...201020043197
functional evaluation of the role of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat (ltr) integrated into the genome of a field strain of marek's disease virus.mdv-gx0101 is a field strain of marek's disease virus with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) ltr fragment. in order to study the biological properties of rev-ltr insertion in the mdv genome, we constructed a full-length infectious bac clone of mdv-gx0101 strain and deleted the ltr sequences by bac mutagenesis. the pathogenic properties of the ltr-deleted virus were evaluated in infected spf birds. the study demonstrated that the ltr-deleted virus had a stro ...201019962172
simultaneous endemic infections with subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial and local breeds of chickens.epidemiological studies of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infections were conducted during 1999 to 2009 on 29 chicken flocks of various commercial and local breeds located in six provinces in china. samples were typically from chickens with myelocytomas or proventricular lesions. alv-j was isolated from 25 flocks including seven out of seven flocks containing "yellow chickens" or other local breeds and several flocks of layer chickens. rev was isola ...200919937533
analysis of immunological enhancement of immunosuppressed chickens by chinese herbal extracts.radix astragali, radix codonopis, herba epimedii and radix glycyrrizae are 4 plants commonly used in chinese traditional medicine or veterinary medicine to improve immune functions against chronic diseases in humans and animals.201019914368
full genome sequences of two reticuloendotheliosis viruses contaminating commercial vaccines.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments are a common contaminant in some commercial vaccines such as fowl poxvirus (fpv) and marek's disease virus. however, only those strains integrating or containing a near-intact rev provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. we confirm here, by pcr assays and animal experiments, that vaccines against fpv and herpes virus of turkeys were contaminated with full genome sequences of rev. further, we determined the complete proviral sequence of ...200919848070
reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t induces mir-155, which targets jarid2 and promotes cell survival.the oncogenic microrna mir-155 is upregulated by several oncogenic viruses. the precursor of mir-155, termed bic, was first observed to cooperate with myc in chicken b-cell lymphomas induced by avian leukosis proviral integrations. we identified another oncogenic retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t), that upregulates mir-155 in chicken embryo fibroblasts. we also observed very high levels of mir-155 in rev-t-induced b-cell lymphomas. to study the role of mir-155 in these tumo ...200919759154
quantitative pcr as a tool to determine the reticuloendotheliosis virus-proviral load of fowl poxvirus.sequences of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian retrovirus, are integrated into the genome of fowl poxvirus (fpv). we developed and evaluated a quantitative multiplex real-time pcr (multiplex qpcr) assay to determine the rev-proviral load of fpv strains. amplification efficiencies were 98.7% for the amplification of the fpv dna and 88.7% for the amplification of rev-proviral dna. the ratio between fpv dna and rev-proviral dna was calculated from the pcr efficiencies and the threshol ...200919630226
serologic response against fowl poxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus after experimental and natural infections of chickens with fowl poxvirus.two infection studies in chickens were done to investigate the humoral immune response against fowl poxvirus (fpv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) after intradermal infection with different passages of a field isolate and with the vaccine strain hp b. the field isolate in a low passage carried the near-full-length rev provirus and induced antibodies to rev, but not to fpv. the vaccine strain carried only remnants of the long terminal repeat and induced antibodies against fpv, but not again ...200919630225
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. ii: expression of the latent mdv genome.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes the paralysis and rapid lymphoma formation known as marek's disease. mdv establishes latent infection in activated cd4+ t-cells, and these cells are also the target for transformation. mdv latency has been studied using mdv lymphoma-derived cell lines and t-cells isolated from infected chickens. each of these models has limitations because mdv-transformed cell lines require the use of oncogenic viruses; conversely, pools ...200919630218
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. i: uptake and structure of the latent mdv genome.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an acute transforming alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes marek's disease. during the infection of chickens, mdv establishes latency in cd4+ (t-helper) cells, which are also the target of transformation. the study of mdv latency has been limited to the use of mdv tumor-derived cell lines or blood cells isolated from chickens during presumed periods of latent infection. in 1992 pratt et al. described the uptake of the mdv genome by a reticuloendotheliosis-trans ...200919630217
[comparision of pathogenicity and horizontal transmission ability between recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with rev-ltr and a very virulent reference strain].gx0101 is a recombinant field strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with a long terminal repeat (ltr) insert from reticuloendotheliosis virus, a chicken retrovirus. in this study, gx0101 strain was compared to a very virulent reference strain md5 for their pathogenicity and transmission ability.200919621645
an avian, oncogenic retrovirus replicates in vivo in more than 50% of cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes from an endangered grouse.reoccurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic retrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release an endangered grouse, the attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). rev infection of these birds in breeding facilities was found to result in significant decreases in the cd4(+) and increases in the cd8(+) lymphocyte populations, although experimental infection of birds resulted in only increases in the cd8(+) lymphocytes. because ...200919237181
re-emerging fowlpox: evaluation of isolates from vaccinated flocks.vaccines of fowlpox or pigeonpox virus origin have been routinely used for more than half a century to prevent fowlpox in commercial poultry in areas where the disease is endemic. however, in recent years, outbreaks of fowlpox have occurred in previously vaccinated flocks. one possible explanation for this problem is the emergence of variant strains of fowlpox virus (fpv). a second, not mutually exclusive, postulate is that the novel fpv exhibit enhanced virulence due to the integration of avian ...200019184837
protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus.the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ...200919145513
isolation, identification, and complete genome sequence of an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from geese.naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumors in geese have been found from time to time in taiwan, but their etiology has not been determined except through morphological descriptions. this study observed a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection occurring in a white roman goose (anser anser) farm in yunlin, taiwan in 2006. these geese showed growth-retarded and nodular lymphoma-like tumors in the liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas. thirty blood samples were taken for rev detection and 21 (70%) ...200919131189
molecular characterization of a poxvirus isolated from an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber).an avian poxvirus from the beak scab of an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber) was isolated by inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos. the virus produced multifocal areas of epithelial hyperplasia along with foci of inflammation in the cam, and rare cells contained small eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies. chickens inoculated with the isolated virus in the feather follicle of the leg did not develop significant lesions. nucle ...200818939646
integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal.fowlpox virus (fwpv) is found worldwide in poultry and wild birds. fwpv is a natural example of recombination between viruses, as reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments have been found in all poultry fwpvs and these are implicated in virulence alteration. we aimed to determine the commonality of this phenomenon and analysed fwpvs collected from 128 poultry flocks and birds over the last 10 years. various fragments of both viruses were amplified and sequenced at the fwpv integration site, lo ...200818796713
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. 2. serological responses and pathogenesis.fifteen spf chickens were inoculated with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at 1 day of age and five uninoculated chickens were readily infected by horizontal spread from this group. antibody detectable by the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test developed 3 to 6 weeks after infection, and usually persisted for 20-35 weeks, with maximum titres (40-1280) at 8 to 13 weeks. agar gel precipitin (agp) reactions developed more slowly and were variable in duration, the highest ...197918770465
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. i. clinical, pathological and haematological effects.a wide range of clinical, pathological and haematological effects were found over a 40-week period in chickens inoculated at 1-day-old with a low-passage, cell-culture preparation of an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus. feathering defects and statistically significant depression of body weights occurred in chickens up to 8 weeks of age. other findings in birds that died or were culled during the 40-week experimental period included mild anaemia, leucopenia, heterophilia, hypoplas ...197918770427
a leukosis in turkeys associated with infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus.the clinical features and lesions are described for an outbreak of a leukosis in an integrated turkey breeding organisation. turkeys had diarrhoea between 8 and 12 weeks of age and from 15 weeks onwards leukosis lesions appeared. a greater than 20% mortality occurred in most affected flocks. the disease was characterised clinically by enlargement of the liver and to a lesser degree other organs. microscopically the lesions consisted of proliferations of lymphoblastoid cells. reticuloendotheliosi ...197818770410
persistent viraemia in chickens subsequent to in ovo inoculation of reticuloendotheliosis virus.embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and the hatched chicks were reared until the age of 6 months. these birds were found to be viraemic and remained so for the entire duration of the experiment. in agar gel precipitation tests (agpt) their sera reacted as rev antigen. infective rev was demonstrated in these sera by inoculation of cell cultures or chickens. the viraemic birds responded poorly to newcastle disease vaccine. using the agpt, a number of bi ...197818770376
lymphoproliferative disease of turkeys. ii. experimental transmission and aetiology.the clinical and pathological features of a previously reported lympho-proliferative disease of turkeys were reproduced by inoculation of 4-week-old poults, and spread to in contact turkeys was demonstrated. from studies on the development of the lesions in inoculated turkeys, it was possible to assay the causative agent based on microscopic examination of early lesions. poults were more susceptible to inoculation when 4 weeks old than to inoculation at 1 day old, and different strains of turkey ...197818770366
immunological effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus as potential contaminant of marek's disease vaccines.certain properties of four strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), namely rev-f, rev-s, rev-c and chick syncytial virus (csv) were studied in vivo and in vitro. in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cultures these viruses caused a chronic infection which could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence (fa) tests. precipitating antigens were present in infected cultured cells as well as in culture supernatants. antibodies in sera of rev-inoculated chickens were demonstrated by fa tests and ag ...197718770347
cross-protection between jmv marek's disease-derived tumour transplant, marek's disease and turkey herpesviruses.cross-protection tests were conducted using attenuated jmv (jmv-a) marek's disease-derived lymphoblasts, glutaraldehyde-treated jmv tumour cells, attenuated marek's disease virus (mdv, strain hprs-16/att) and turkey herpesvirus (hvt, strain fc126) as vaccines, and virulent jmv and mdv (hprs-16) for challenge. the jmv and jmv-a preparations were free of mdv, leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. vaccination of chickens with attenuated mdv or with hvt provided good protection against both jm ...197718770345
reticuloendotheliosis antigen for the agar gel precipitation test.an antigen for gel precipitation was prepared from chick embryo fibroblast cultures inoculated with the reticuloendotheliosis virus. the specificity of the reaction was confirmed with reference reticuloendotheliosis and spleen necrosis sera. no precipitation reactions occurred between this antigen and marek's disease, newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, pasteurella multocida and haemorrhagic enteritis antisera.197718770334
experimental infection and vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in the turkey.groups of turkey poults were infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at 1 day of age, 4 weeks of age and by contact exposure from 1 day of age. mortality from reticuloendotheliosis occurred in all three groups, but was at a lower level and later in life in turkeys inoculated at 4 weeks of age. using a plaque neutralisation test, antibody to rev was detected in birds inoculated when 4 weeks old and in contact exposed birds, but not in turkeys inoculated at 1 day of age. neutralising antib ...198018770282
the relationship between feathering abnormalities ("nakanuke") and tumour production in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus.high concentrations of t strain reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), which had been maintained by passage in 1-day-old chicks, produced reticuloendotheliosis tumours and deaths 8 to 13 days after inoculation. at lower concentrations fo virus inoculum, deaths did not occur but feathering abnormalities ("nakanuke") was regularly produced. these results indicate that the oncogenic t strain of rev may also produce abnormal feathering. the oncogenic potential was decreased when rev-t strain maintained ...198018770271
effects of infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus infection of chickens on the incidence of marek's disease and on local tumour development of the non-producer jmv transplant.dual infection of chickens with the hprs-16 or hprs-b14 strains of marek's disease (md) virus and non-transforming reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-c) was shown not to affect significantly the incidence of md or the incidence of md lymphomas. simultaneous infection of chickens with a pathogenic strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and the hprs-b 14 strain of md virus resulted in a consistently reduced incidence of md and lengthening of the latent period, but the incidence of md lymph ...198018770244
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus on the response of chickens to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) on the response to infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) were investigated in young chickens with and without maternally derived antibody (mab) to rev. in the first experiment a group of 1-day-old chickens without rev mab were inoculated at 1 day of age with rev whilst another group of similar chickens were left uninoculated. all chickens were vaccinated with iltv at 7 days of age. there was a significantly higher proportion of infectious laryngot ...198218770210
experimental infection of chickens with an australian strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus 3. persistent infection and transmission by the adult hen.vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection was demonstrated in embryonated eggs from an adult hen with persistent rev viraemia but no serum antibody. pooling of infected embryos from this hen with those from antibody-positive hens appeared to inhibit the infectivity of congenitally-transmitted rev. rev was detected in vaginal swabs from this hen on 11 occasions over a period of 26 weeks of adult life and infectious rev was shed from the eye, mouth and in the droppings. ...198118770151
further studies on vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in turkeys.turkey hens were inseminated with infected semen from rev tolerant turkey stags at weekly intervals for 6 weeks, and subsequently with semen from uninfected control stags for a further 6 weeks. cell cultures prepared from eggs produced during the experimental period were assayed for rev by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. poults hatched from such eggs were also assayed for rev at 1 day of age or maintained to 28 weeks of age to study lateral spread of virus to uninfected hatch mates. rev w ...198118770135
continuous cell culture from chick embryos inoculated with rev strain t.oncogenic reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) was inoculated into 9-day-old embryonated eggs of specific pathogen free chickens. a continuous cell line was established from the liver cells of one embryo harvested the day before hatching which had the following properties: it formed loose aggregates and propagated floating in the medium. the cell doubling time was about 24 hours. viral antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm by the direct immunofluorescent antibody technique. c-type pa ...198118770134
distribution of virus and tumour formation in ducks experimentally infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.the effect of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was investigated in ducks. ducks experimentally infected at 1 day and 8 weeks of age, and ducks in-contact with these, weighed less than unaffected controls. nine of 14 ducks inoculated at 1 day old died at a mean age of 22 weeks and seven of them had tumours. rev was isolated from almost all the organs from ducks with persistent viraemia. ducks inoculated neonatally began laying 3 weeks later than the controls and produced a significantly lower pr ...198418766846
effects of avian viruses on cultured chicken bone-marrow-derived macrophages.cultured chicken bone-marrow-derived macrophages have been assayed for their susceptibility to infection with various avian viruses. three criteria of infection were employed: (1) virus-induced alterations in cell morphology ; (2) presence of intracellular viral antigens detectable by immunofluorescence; (3) kinetics of virus release by infected macrophages. macrophages proved to be resistant to marek's disease virus (mdv), herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt-fc126), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) an ...198318766776
lymphoreticular tumour in pen-raised pheasants associated with a reticuloendotheliosis like virus infection.an outbreak of a lymphoproliferative disease in pheasants is described. nodular or diffuse tumours were found on the head and in various internal organs. the lesions consisted of undifferentiated lymphoreticular cells. a typical c-type virus, similar to reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated in tissue culture. however, this virus particle could not be seen in the tumours. the isolate is antigenically related to the reticuloendotheliosis group of viruses. typical reticuloendotheliosis was induc ...198318766763
isolation of a reticuloendotheliosis-like virus from naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumours of domestic goose.naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumours were found in an adult goose flock. diffuse and/or nodular lymphoma-like tumours occurred in the spleen, liver, pancreas, intestines and rarely in other internal organs. osteopetrosis-like lesions and signs of other diseases such as amidostomosis, enteritis, arthritis and air sacculitis were also observed. the tumourous lesions consisted of proliferations of undifferentiated lymphoblasts and slightly differentiated plasmablasts of the bursal system of ...198818766685
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in chickens.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is described. the assay is based on antiserum produced in rabbits against the group-specific (gs) antigen of rev which has a molecular weight of 30 kda (p30). the p30 for immunisation was obtained by electro-elution from polyacrylamide gels after separation of purified rev by electrophoresis. western blotting indicated that the antiserum produced was specific for p30 of rev. the double antibody sa ...198718766649
diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease virus infection of turkeys by an indirect immunofluorescence test.an indirect immunofluorescence (iif) test for the detection of lympho-proliferative disease virus (lpdv) is described. results presented show that smears of buffy coat cells and frozen sections of spleen, but not thymus, form suitable test materials for a rapid and specific diagnosis of lpdv infection of turkeys. between 0.1 and 0.6% of buffy coat cells from infected birds were antigen positive, and spleens from 18/18 and thymuses from 11/18 birds respectively, tested 16 months after viral inocu ...198718766626
outbreak of atypical fowlpox in chickens with persistent reticuloendotheliosis viraemia.during the autumn in s/eastern australia, eight chickens of 7 months of age with an experimentally-induced reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) viraemia developed cutaneous manifestations similar to fowlpox. ten hatchmates housed in a separate pen nearby, and known to be free of rev infection, remained clinically normal. fowlpox virus was isolated from the affected birds and histologically the lesions were characteristic of fowlpox. unsuccessful application of fowlpox vaccine by wing web 'stab', 2 ...198718766601
vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens.in this study, the vertical transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in chickens was examined using 6-month-old birds with viraemia which had persisted since birth. eggs collected from such hens were incubated within 24 hours of lay and it was found that 18 of 35 of the progeny were infected with rev. seventeen of the 18 died before they were 28 days of age, due to a nervous syndrome. some of the eggs laid by viraemic hens were stored at room temperature between 1 and 10 days and were t ...198718766598
nonbursal lymphomas induced by nondefective reticuloendotheliosis virus.in previous studies we described bursal lymphomas similar to those of lymphoid leukosis in line 15x7 chickens inoculated with nondefective reticuloendotheliosis (re) virus. a different type of neoplastic disease syndrome induced by nondefective re virus is described in the present study. the tumours were characterised as lymphomas and most commonly involved the thymus, heart, liver, and spleen; the bursa invariably appeared normal or atrophied. mortality from nonbursal lymphomas occurred as earl ...198618766547
caperalpha is a novel rel-tad-interacting factor that inhibits lymphocyte transformation by the potent rel/nf-kappab oncoprotein v-rel.the rel/nf-kappab transcription factors are constitutively activated in many human cancers. the rel proteins in this family are implicated in leukemia/lymphomagenesis, but the mechanism is not completely understood. previous studies showed that the transcription activation domains (tads) of the viral oncoprotein v-rel and its cellular rel/nf-kappab homologues c-rel and rela are key determinants of their different transforming activities in primary lymphocytes. substitution of a rel tad for that ...200818753212
isolation of marek's disease virus from japanese quail with lymphoproliferative disease.sixty-one japanese quail from eight flocks with problems of recurring outbreaks of lymphoproliferative diseases resembling marek's disease (md), were examined aetiologically. gross lymphomatous lesions were seen in 17 of the quail and 11 out of 56 quail had md virus (mdv) feather tips antigens. mdv antibody was detectable in only one of 22 quail. none of 9 quail had antibodies against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). no mdv was isolated from the total 42 materials of quail using cell culture t ...199018679919
propagation of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t in cell lines derived from avian lymphoid leukosis lymphoma and marek's disease tumour.propagation of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) was studied in avian lymphoid leukosis lymphoma-derived cell lines (lscc-1104x5 and bk 3) and marek's disease tumour-derived cell lines (mdcc-msb1 and rp 1). these four cell lines showed cellular growth for a long time even after they were infected with rev-t. production of non-oncogenic rev-t, replication non-defective virus, in these cell lines continued for 3 to 7 months. when culture fluids from 1104x5, msb1 and rp 1, which were inf ...198918679890
characterisation of cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by reticuloendotheliosis virus-t strain.a total of 39 cell lines were established from the spleen, liver, bone marrow and thymus of chick embryos and young chickens into which reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-t strain was inoculated, which were incubated in vitro. forty-six sublines were obtained from these cell lines by cloning. for establishment of three in vitro-transformed cell lines, the spleen and bone marrow cells from chickens were exposed to the culture fluids of some cell lines. these established cell lines were designated ...198918679862
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