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vertical transmission of anti-asfv antibodies as one of potential causes of seropositive results among young wild boar population in poland.the present study attempted to elucidate possible routes leading to the achievement of sero- positive results, among young (aged ≤1 year) wild boar population. in the years 2017-2018, the national reference laboratory (nrl) for african swine fever (asf) in poland examined nearly 27-thousand wild boar blood samples, collected during an active surveillance of asf risk zones, for the presence of viral dna and anti-asfv antibodies. out of all the examined samples, 420 were positive. however, in more ...202032233289
rapid spread of classical swine fever virus among south korean wild boars in areas near the border with north korea.there has been a rapid increase in the number of classical swine fever (csf) sero-positive wild boars captured near the demilitarized zone (dmz), located the border with north korea. in 2015-2016, few csfv-positive antibody boars were detected; however, the number has increased steeply since 2017. most occurred in the northern region of gyeonggi before spreading slowly to gangwon (west to east) in 2018-2019. multi-distance spatial cluster analysis provided an indirect estimate of the time taken ...202032218239
african swine fever virus survival in buried wild boar carcasses.since the first introduction of african swine fever (asf) into the european wild boar population in 1957, the question of virus survival in carcasses of animals that succumbed to the disease has been discussed. the causative african swine fever virus (asfv) is known to be very stable in the environment. thus, carcasses of infected wild boar could play a major role as asfv reservoir and thereby help to locally maintain and spread the disease in wild boar populations. to minimize this risk, remova ...202032216049
a serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa) in northern turkey.during the hunting season in march 2012, a total of 93 blood samples were collected from wild boars (sus scrofa) shot in the area of northern turkey (samsun and gumushane provinces). these blood samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for the presence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), swine influenza virus (siv), porcine parvovirus (p ...201332214940
ecological drivers of african swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: insight for control.environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics; however, the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. we developed and fit a spatially explicit model of african swine fever virus (asfv) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of asfv in eastern european wild boar. our model was developed based on ecological insight and data ...202032211160
wild boar harbouring african swine fever virus in the demilitarized zone in south korea, 2019.the african swine fever virus (asfv) was first detected in wild boar in the demilitarized zone, a bordered area between south and north korea, on 2 october 2019. phylogenetic analyses of asfv genes encoding p72 and cd2v indicated that the causative strain belongs to genotype ii and serogroup 8, respectively, and contained additional tandem repeat sequences between the i73r and the i329l protein genes.202032183615
the evolution of african swine fever virus in sardinia (1978-2014) as revealed by whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease of pigs and wild boars, which is enzootic in many african countries and on the italian island of sardinia, where it has been present since 1978. previous genetic analyses of sardinian asf virus (asfv) isolates have revealed that they all belong to p72 genotype i, with only minor sequence variations. however, these studies examined only a few selected genes. to distinguish between these closely related isolates and better i ...202032163673
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigens cocktail is not protective against virulent arm07 isolate in eurasian wild boar.: african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease of domestic and wild suids for which there is currently no vaccine or treatment available. the recent spread of asf virus (asfv) through europe and asia is causing enormous economic and animal losses. unfortunately, the measures taken so far are insufficient and an effective vaccine against asfv needs to be urgently developed. we hypothesized that immunization with a cocktail of thirty-five rationally selected antigens would improve the protective e ...202032121082
crystal structure of african swine fever virus ps273r protease and implications for inhibitor design.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs that is responsible for serious economic and production losses. it is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv), a large and complex icosahedral dna virus of the asfarviridae family. currently, there is no effective treatment or approved vaccine against the asfv. ps273r, a specific sumo-1 cysteine protease, catalyzes the maturation of the pp220 and pp62 polyprotein precursors into core-shell ...202032075933
[characteristics of african swine fever virus and difficulties in vaccine development].african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which is considered to be the no. 1 killer to the global pig industry. highly virulent strains are usually responsible for the peracute and acute forms that provoke high mortality rates that may reach 100%. since asf was first introduced in august 2018 into china, 137 outbreaks in domestic and wild pigs had been reported from 32 provinces by june 06, 2019, causing severe socioeconomic consequen ...202032072777
humoral immune response of pigs, sus scrofa domesticus, upon repeated exposure to blood-feeding by ornithodoros turicata duges (ixodida: argasidae).ornithodoros turicata is an important vector of both human and veterinary pathogens. one primary concern is the global spread of african swine fever virus and the risk of its re-emergence in the americas through potential transmission by o. turicata to domestic pigs and feral swine. moreover, in texas, african warthogs were introduced into the state for hunting purposes and evidence exists that they are reproducing and have spread to three counties in the state. consequently, it is imperative to ...202032051021
the african swine fever virus isolate belgium 2018/1 shows high virulence in european wild boar.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important and complex viral diseases in domestic pigs and wild boar. over the last decade, the disease has spread to several european and asian countries and is now one of the major threats to profitable pig production worldwide. one of the more recently affected western countries is belgium. to date, only wild boar are affected in a rather defined area in the luxembourg region close to france, luxembourg and germany. while detailed sequence analyses ...202032009303
the risk of infection by african swine fever virus in european swine through boar movement and legal trade of pigs and pig meat.african swine fever (asf) is currently spreading westwards throughout europe and eastwards into china, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. a generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with asf virus (asfv) at a fine spatial scale across european union member states. the framework aims to assist risk managers across europe with their asf surveillance and intervention activities. performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial s ...201931998765
cas12a-based on-site and rapid nucleic acid detection of african swine fever.the mortality rate of hemorrhagic african swine fever (asf), which targets domestic pigs and wild boars is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), can reach 100%. since the first confirmed asf outbreak in china on 3 august 2018, 156 asf outbreaks were detected in 32 provinces. about 1,170,000 pigs were culled in order to halt further spread. there is no effective treatment or vaccine for it and the present molecular diagnosis technologies have trade-offs in sensitivity, specificity, cost and ...201931921018
assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to asf risk of spread.in europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious transboundary diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in september 2018, asf was detected in wild boar in the south of belgium. france, as a bordering country, is extremely concerned about the asf situation in belgium, and an active preparedness is ongoing in the country. one of the questions raised by this situation relates to disturbing activities that may affect wild boar movements and their possible impact ...202031821736
comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ...201931774871
free-ranging pig and wild boar interactions in an endemic area of african swine fever.african swine fever virus (asfv) is spreading throughout eurasia and there is no vaccine nor treatment available, so the control is based on the implementation of strict sanitary measures. these measures include depopulation of infected and in-contact animals and export restrictions, which can lead to important economic losses, making currently african swine fever (asf) the greatest threat to the global swine industry. asf has been endemic on the island of sardinia since 1978, the longest persis ...201931737649
crystal structure of african swine fever virus dutpase reveals a potential drug target.e165r, a highly specific dutp nucleotidohydrolase (dutpase) encoded by the african swine fever virus (asfv) genome, is required for productive replication of asfv in swine macrophages. here, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of e165r in its apo state and in complex with its product dump. structural analysis explicitly defined the architecture of the active site of the enzyme as well as the interaction between the active site and the dump ligand. by comparing the asfv e165r structu ...201931662460
evaluation of surface glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus as immunogens and reagents for serological diagnosis of infections in pigs: a recombinant newcastle disease virus approach.classical swine fever (csf) is an important viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the structural proteins e2 and erns of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which participate in the attachment of the virion to the host cell surface and its subsequent entry, are immunogenic. the e2 and erns proteins are used for diagnosis and the development of vaccines against csfv infection in swine. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been successfully used as a viral vector to express heterologous prote ...201931598846
african swine fever virus - persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission.since 2007, african swine fever (asf) has posed a serious threat to the european swine industry. in poland, the numbers of reported outbreaks in pigs and affected areas grow every year. in 2018, the disease was noted in western europe, in belgium specifically, where several hundred infected wild boars have been detected so far. in 2018, the virus unexpectedly emerged in pig holdings in eastern china, northern mongolia, vietnam, and cambodia, causing worldwide concern about its further spread. si ...201931572808
bead-based multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) and classical swine fever (csf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in the last years, several cases of both diseases have been reported in the caucasus, russian federation and eastern europe. thus, the probability of encountering these two viruses in the same area is increasing. since differentiation by clinical or post-mortem examination is not possible, laboratory tools for differential diagnosis are required. in the present work, we h ...201931572739
serum-derived extracellular vesicles from african swine fever virus-infected pigs selectively recruit viral and porcine proteins.: african swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (susscrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90-100% in naïve animals. the causative agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a large and complex double-stranded dna arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. there is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focus ...201931547130
african swine fever: disease dynamics in wild boar experimentally infected with asfv isolates belonging to genotype i and ii.after the re-introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii isolates into georgia in 2007, the disease spread from eastern to western europe and then jumped first up to mongolian borders and later into china in august 2018, spreading out of control and reaching different countries of southeast asia in 2019. from the initial incursion, along with domestic pigs, wild boar displayed a high susceptibility to asfv and disease development. the disease established self-sustaining cycles w ...201931540341
transmission of african swine fever virus via carrier (survivor) pigs does occur.we investigated whether asf carrier pigs that had completely recovered from an acute infection with asfv netherlands '86, could transmit the disease to naive pigs by direct contact transmission. for this, we used pigs that had survived an asfv infection, had recovered from disease, and had become carriers of asfv. these clinically healthy carriers were put together one-by-one with naive contact pigs. two of the twelve contact pigs developed an acute asfv infection. using the results of the exper ...201931521391
plasticity of the hek-293 cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious disease that causes a high mortality to domestic and wild pigs. its causative agent is an enveloped pestivirus named classical swine fever virus (csfv). due to the huge economic affectations produced by this disease to porcine industry, several vaccines have been developed using principally the csfv e2 glycoprotein. recently, a subunit vaccine based on this structural protein of the csfv fused to the porcine cd154 molecule as immunomodulator named e2-c ...201931486941
identification and characterization of the 285l and k145r proteins of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, against which no vaccines are available to date. the large dsdna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv) contains up to 167 orfs predicted to encode proteins. the functions and antigenic properties of many of these proteins are still unknown, which impedes vaccine development. based on the results of mass spectrometry-based proteome analyses of asfv-infected cells, two highly abundant but previously uncharacterized ...201931361215
newly emerged african swine fever virus strain belgium/etalle/wb/2018: complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis with reference p72 genotype ii strains.in a new example of pathogens hopscotching the globe, african swine fever virus hit north-western europe's wildlife in summer 2018, marking a further spread of a disease that had invaded central and eastern europe recently. the complete genomic sequence of the belgium/etalle/wb/2018 virus is reported, with the hope it will provide a valuable tool for tracing geographical spread and biologic evolution of the virus.201931332955
african swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: new insights and perspectives.african swine fever (asf) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes asf control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. the current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against asf. he ...201931319112
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a hemorrhagic disease in swine and wild boars with a fatality rate close to 100%. less virulent strains cause subchronic or chronic forms of the disease. the virus is endemic in sub-saharan africa and an outbreak in georgia in 2007 spread to armenia, russia, ukraine, belarus, poland, lithuania, and latvia. in august 2018, there was an outbreak in china and in april 2019, asfv was reported in vietnam and cambodia. since no vaccine or treatment exists, a vac ...201931282366
the genetics of life and death: virus-host interactions underpinning resistance to african swine fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease.pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. african swine fever virus (asfv) persists in sub-saharan africa through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. the virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. asfv transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hards ...201931130984
risk analysis of african swine fever in poland based on spatio-temporal pattern and latin hypercube sampling, 2014-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs. asf poses a potential threat to the world pig industry, due to the lack of vaccines and treatments. in this study, the geographic information system (gis) spatial analysis was applied to analyze the distribution, dispersion of the epidemic and clustering of asf in poland.201931118049
first oral vaccination of eurasian wild boar against african swine fever virus genotype ii.african swine fever (asf), the most significant threat to the pig industry worldwide, has spread to more than 55 countries on three continents, and it affects more than 77% of the world swine population. in the european union, wild boar (sus scrofa) is the most severely affected host. the main reasons for the unprecedented and constant spread of asf in europe are the trade activities, the continuous movement of infected-wild boar populations among regions and the lack of vaccine to prevent asf i ...201931106218
african swine fever virus evasion of host defences.african swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the continuing spread in africa, europe and asia threatens the global pig industry. the lack of a vaccine limits disease control. to underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. the virus long double-stranded dna genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replica ...201930959069
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus in cameroon, 2010-2018.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild swine that has acquired great importance in sub-saharan africa since 1997. asf was first reported in cameroon in 1982 and was detected only in southern cameroon (south, west, east, northwest, southwest, littoral, and centre regions) until february 2010 when suspected asf outbreaks were reported in the north and far north regions. we investigated those outbreaks by analysing samples that were collected from sic ...201930929230
development of vaccines against african swine fever virus.an outbreak in the caucasus in 2007 initiated the spread of asfv through russia and eastern europe, subsequently affecting ukraine, belarus, poland, the baltic states, the czech republic, moldova, romania and bulgaria. the declaration of outbreaks in china and central europe in august 2018, definitely confirms the serious threat that the extension of asf represents for the global swine industry and the environment. despite the efforts of several groups to generate a vaccine against asfv, current ...201930922809
african swine fever virus armenia/07 virulent strain controls interferon beta production through the cgas-sting pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a complex, cytoplasmic double-stranded dna (dsdna) virus that is currently expanding throughout the world. currently, circulating virulent genotype ii armenia/07-like viruses cause fatal disease in pigs and wild boar, whereas attenuated strains induce infections with various levels of chronic illness. sensing cytosolic dsdna, mainly by the key dna sensor cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas), leads to the synthesis of type i interferon and involves signaling through ...201930918080
cytokine responses in pigs after natural infection with classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral infection that affects domestic and wild pig population. the classical swine fever virus (csfv) targets immune cells which perturb the immune functions causing immunopathological disorders such as immunosuppression, leukopenia and haemorrhage. in the present study, elisa and quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) analysis was employed to determine cytokine profiles in pigs naturally infected with csfv using whole blood ...201930879314
the first complete genomic sequences of african swine fever virus isolated in poland.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious, notifiable viral disease, which is considered a significant threat not only for european, but also for worldwide pork production, since recently the virus emerged within numerous chinese pig herds. the disease was introduced in poland in 2014 and up to the end of 2018,  213 outbreaks in pigs and 3347 cases in wild boars have been reported. the presented study describes the whole genome sequencing of seven polish isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 ...201930872594
reemergence of classical swine fever, japan, 2018.in september 2018, classical swine fever reemerged in japan after 26 years, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. the causative virus belongs to the 2.1 subgenotype, which caused repeated outbreaks in eastern and southeast asia. intensive surveillance of swine and vaccination of wild boars will help control and eradicate this disease in japan.201930870139
african swine fever.the continuing spread of african swine fever (asf) outside africa in europe, the russian federation, china and most recently to mongolia and vietnam, has heightened awareness of the threat posed by this devastating disease to the global pig industry and food security. in this review we summarise what we know about the african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease it causes, how it spreads and the current global situation. we discuss current control methods in domestic and wild pigs and prospects ...201930836106
reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ...201930785371
risk of african swine fever virus sylvatic establishment and spillover to domestic swine in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a high-consequence foreign animal disease that has emerged along international trade routes. owing to high lethality and resulting trade sanctions, establishment of this disease in the united states would have devastating economic consequences. asfv can be transmitted by soft ticks in the genus ornithodoros or directly between swine, including domestic, feral, and wild swine. consequently, the spatial risk of asfv establishment depends on where susceptible ...201930714881
dna-protein vaccination strategy does not protect from challenge with african swine fever virus armenia 2007 strain.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes high morbidity and mortality in swine (sus scrofa), for which there is no commercially available vaccine. recent outbreaks of the virus in trans-caucasus countries, eastern europe, belgium and china highlight the urgent need to develop effective vaccines against asfv. previously, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a vaccination strategy designed to test various combinations of asfv antigens encoded by dna plasmids and recombinant proteins with the aim to a ...201930696015
attenuated and non-haemadsorbing (non-had) genotype ii african swine fever virus (asfv) isolated in europe, latvia 2017.a non-haemadsorbing (non-had) asf virus (asfv) genotype ii, namely lv17/wb/rie1, was isolated from a hunted wild boar in latvia in 2017. domestic pigs experimentally infected with the non-had asfv developed a nonspecific or subclinical form of the disease. two months later, these animals were fully protected when exposed to other domestic pigs infected with a related virulent had genotype ii asfv.201930667598
phylogeographic analysis of african swine fever virus, western europe, 2018.in september 2018, african swine fever in wild boars was detected in belgium. we used african swine fever-infected spleen samples to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the virus. the causative strain belongs to genotype ii, and its closest relatives are viruses previously isolated in ukraine, belarus, estonia, and european russia.201930387416
summer 2018: african swine fever virus hits north-western europe. 201930383329
african swine fever: an unprecedented disaster and challenge to china.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus, is a hemorrhagic and often fatal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, which is notifiable to the world organization for animal health. on august 3, 2018, china reported the first outbreak of asf in shenyang, a northeastern city of china. as of october 8, a total of 33 asf outbreaks were reported in eight provinces in china, the biggest pork producer and consumer in the world.201830367672
inhibition of cgas-sting-tbk1 signaling pathway by dp96r of asfv china 2018/1.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly pathogenic large dna virus that causes african swine fever (asf) in domestic pigs and european wild boars with mortality rate up to 100%. the dp96r gene of asfv encodes one of the viral virulence factors, yet its action mechanism remains unknown. in this study, we report that dp96r of asfv china 2018/1 strain subverts type i ifn production in cgas sensing pathway. dp96r inhibited the cgas/sting, and tbk1 but not irf3-5d mediated ifn-β and isre promote ...201830348523
evolutionary dynamics of classical swine fever virus in south korea: 1987-2017.the 5' utr (n=102) and full-length e2 (n=37) genes of classical swine fever viruses (csfvs) circulating in south korea over the past 30 years (1987-2017) were examined to determine the evolutionary rate and estimated time of the most recent common ancestor (tmrca). from 2000, the korean classical swine fever (csf) antigen changed from genotype 3 to 2, which comprises subgenotypes 2.1b (2002-2013) and 2.1d (2011-2017). there are genotypic variations in the full-length e2 gene of korean csfv genot ...201830322538
the intracellular proteome of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects members of the suidae family such as african bush pigs, warthogs, but also domestic pigs, and wild boar. it is transmitted by direct contact of naïve with infected animals, by soft ticks of the ornithodoros genus, or indirectly by movement of infected animals, improper disposal of contaminated animal products or other sources related to human activity. the recent spread of asf into eastern and central european countries is currently threa ...201830279544
active surveillance of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in georgia, 2014.since its introduction to the republic of georgia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread across the caucasus region, the russian federation, and some eastern european countries. it is assumed that large populations of naïve, domestic, free-ranging and wild pigs are vital to the transmission of the disease. since its epidemic emergence in the region in 2007, asfv has continued to circulate, which suggests that an endemic cycle has been established and is maintained by contact betwee ...201730160694
complete genome sequence of an african swine fever virus (asfv pol/2015/podlaskie) determined directly from pig erythrocyte-associated nucleic acid.african swine fever (asf) is an important disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the disease is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv). in 2014, asfv was introduced into eastern europe, and it has since then continued to spread within various eastern european countries. investigating differences in sequences between asfv isolates may be a valuable tool to understand differences in virulence among them, however currently, no complete genome sequences of the viruses responsible for the easter ...201830063908
pulmonary intravascular macrophages regulate the pathogenetic mechanisms of pulmonary lesions during acute courses of classical swine fever.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. pulmonary oedema and haemorrhages in lung parenchyma are common lesions in the acute forms of csf that may compromise pig survival and whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. the appearance of pulmonary lesions in pigs infected with alfort/187 strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv) euthanized between 2 and 17 days postinfection (dpi) and the role played by cytokines secret ...201830047251
roles of african swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, double-stranded dna virus and the sole member of the asfarviridae family. asfv infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. the major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. the virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies a ...201729978065
serologic survey for selected viral and bacterial swine pathogens in colombian collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and feral pigs ( sus scrofa).in south america, wild populations of peccaries coexist with domestic and feral pigs, with poorly understood consequences. we captured 58 collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and 15 feral pigs ( sus scrofa) in locations of colombia where coexistence of these species is known. blood samples were tested for antibodies against four viral agents, classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus (pcv-2), and vesicular stomatitis virus (new jersey and indiana subty ...201829902129
infection of pigs with african swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans).within eastern europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) has unexpectedly spread to farms with high biosecurity. in an attempt to explain this process, pigs were allowed to ingest flies that had fed on asfv-spiked blood, which had a realistic titre for an infected pig. some of the pigs became infected with the virus. thus, ingestion of blood-sucking flies, having fed on asfv-infected wild boar before entering stables, represents a potential route for disease transmission.201829877056
revisiting the genetic diversity of classical swine fever virus: a proposal for new genotyping and subgenotyping schemes of classification.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious febrile viral disease caused by csf virus (csfv), and it is considered one of the most important infectious diseases that affect domestic pigs and wild boar. previous molecular epidemiology studies have revealed that the diversity of csfv comprises three main genotypes and different subgenotypes defined using a reliable cut-off to accurately classify csfv at genotype and subgenotype levels. however, a growing number of csfv both complete genome ...201829799671
evolution in europe of african swine fever genotype ii viruses from highly to moderately virulent.since its arrival in the caucasus and russia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread widely and has now affected the eu countries of estonia, latvia, lithuania, poland and, more recently, the czech republic and romania. the ever-increasing evidence of seropositive wild boar in certain areas suggests that some animals may be surviving for some time or could even be recovering from the disease. this could be due to acquired immunity after the primary infection and/or the presence of r ...201829778207
classical swine fever in india: current status and future perspective.classical swine fever (csf) is a globally significant disease of swine caused by classical swine fever virus. the virus affects the wild boars and pigs of all age groups, leading to acute, chronic, late-onset or in-apparent course of the disease. the disease causes great economic loss to the piggery industry due to mortality, stunted growth, poor reproductive performance, and by impeding the international trade of pig and pig products. in india, csf outbreaks are reported from most of the states ...201829725815
ictv virus taxonomy profile: asfarviridae.the family asfarviridae includes the single species african swine fever virus, isolates of which have linear dsdna genomes of 170-194 kbp. virions have an internal core, an internal lipid membrane, an icosahedral capsid and an outer lipid envelope. infection of domestic pigs and wild boar results in an acute haemorrhagic fever with transmission by contact or ingestion, or by ticks of the genus ornithodoros. indigenous pigs act as reservoirs in africa, where infection is endemic, and from where i ...201829565243
african swine fever virus biology and vaccine approaches.african swine fever (asf) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. asf is endemic in sub-saharan africa and the island of sardinia, italy. since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of georgia, and since then spread throughout the caucasus region and russia. outbreaks have also been reported in belarus, ukraine, lithuania, latvia, estonia, romania, moldova, czech republic, and poland, threatening neigh ...201829551143
frequent infection of wild boar with atypical porcine pestivirus (appv).the recently identified atypical porcine pestivirus (appv) was demonstrated to be the causative agent of the neurological disorder "congenital tremor" in newborn piglets. despite its relevance and wide distribution in domestic pigs, so far nothing is known about the situation in wild boar, representing an important wild animal reservoir for the related classical swine fever virus. in this study, 456 wild boar serum samples obtained from northern germany were investigated for the presence of appv ...201829527814
modulation of type i interferon signaling by african swine fever virus (asfv) of different virulence l60 and nhv in macrophage host cells.asfv causes an important disease of domestic swine and wild boar. currently no vaccine is available, highlighting the necessity to understand asfv modulation of innate immune responses in natural host cells. with this aim, macrophage cultures enriched in swc9 and cd163 differentiation markers were infected in parallel with high virulent asfv/l60 and low virulent asfv/nhv, the latter lacking mgf 360 and 505/530 genes associated with type i interferon (ifn i) control. ifn i production and signalin ...201829519508
a review of african swine fever and the potential for introduction into the united states and the possibility of subsequent establishment in feral swine and native ticks.african swine fever (asf) is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. the virus can be transmittedviadirect and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especiallyornithodorosticks. africa and much of eastern europe are endemic for asf; a viral introduction to countries that are currently asf free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected an ...201829468165
short time window for transmissibility of african swine fever virus from a contaminated environment.since the introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) into the baltic states and poland in 2014, the disease has continued to spread within these regions. in 2017, the virus spread further west and the first cases of disease were reported in the czech republic and romania, in wild boar and domestic pigs, respectively. to control further spread, knowledge of different modes of transmission, including indirect transmission via a contaminated environment, is crucial. up until now, such an indi ...201829457702
efficient inhibition of african swine fever virus replication by crispr/cas9 targeting of the viral p30 gene (cp204l).african swine fever is a devastating viral disease of domestic and wild pigs against which no vaccine or therapy is available. therefore, we applied the crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) - cas9 nuclease system to target the double-stranded dna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv). to this end, a permissive wild boar lung (wsl) cell line was modified by stable transfection with a plasmid encoding cas9 and a guide rna targeting codons 71 to 78 of the phosphop ...201829362418
new leaves in the growing tree of pestiviruses.pestiviruses are a group of viruses of veterinary importance infecting livestock animals like pigs, cattle, and sheep, and also wildlife animals like wild boar and different deer species. while for decades only four classical species (classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, border disease virus), and a few so-called atypical pestiviruses were known (e.g., giraffe virus, pronghorn virus, hobi virus), a series of novel pestiviruses was identified in the last years ( ...201729029724
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in mozambique and identification of a novel genotype.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases of pigs. there are not sufficient data to indicate the importance of the sylvatic cycle in the spread and maintenance of the disease locally and potentially, globally. to assess the capacity to maintain asf in the environment, we investigated the presence of soft tickreservoirs of asfv in gorongosa national park (gnp) and its surrounding villages. a total of 1,658 soft ticks were recovered from warthog burrows an ...201728921895
[expression and antiviral activity of a chimeric porcinized monoclonal antibody (chq06) against e2 protein of classical swine fever virus].classical swine fever (csf), one of oie-listed diseases, is a highly contagious and economically important disease of pigs. classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of csf. the capsid (c) protein and the glycoproteins erns, e1 and e2, are structural components of the virus. e2 is the most immunogenic protein of the csfv glycoproteins, inducing neutralizing antibodies that provide protection against lethal csfv challenge. in a previous study, we developed a murine mab hq06 agains ...201728853251
rab5 enhances classical swine fever virus proliferation and interacts with viral ns4b protein to facilitate formation of ns4b related complex.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a fatal pig pestivirus and causes serious financial losses to the pig industry. csfv ns4b protein is one of the most important viral replicase proteins. rab5, a member of the small rab gtpase family, is involved in infection and replication of numerous viruses including hepatitis c virus and dengue virus. until now, the effects of rab5 on the proliferation of csfv are poorly defined. in the present study, we showed that rab5 could enhance csfv proliferation ...201728848503
investigations of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors affecting african swine fever virus replication and pathogenesis.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus that replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. the virus causes an acute haemorrhagic fever, african swine fever (asf), in domestic pigs and wild boar resulting in the death of most infected animals. apoptosis is induced at an early stage during virus entry or uncoating. however, asfv encodes anti-apoptotic proteins which facilitate production of progeny virions. these anti-apoptotic pro ...201728841179
the uncoupling of protease trans-cleavage and helicase activities in the pestivirus ns3.the nonstructural protein ns3 from the flaviviridae family is a multi-functional protein that contains an n-terminal protease and a c-terminal helicase, playing essential roles in viral polyprotein processing and genome replication. here we report a full-length crystal structure of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) ns3 in complex with its ns4a protease cofactor segment (pcs) at 2.35 å resolution. the structure reveals a previously unidentified ∼2200-å(2) intra-molecular protease-helicase in ...201728835495
ba71δcd2: a new recombinant live attenuated african swine fever virus with cross-protective capabilities.african swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease of mandatory declaration to the world organization for animal health (oie). lack of available vaccines make its control difficult and thus asfv represents a major threat to the swine industry. inactivated vaccines do not confer solid protection against african swine fever virus (asfv). conversely, live attenuated viruses (lav), either naturally isolated or obtained by genetic manipulation, have demonstrated reliable protection against homo ...201728814514
epidemiology, diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: recent developments and future challenges.classical swine fever (csf) represents a major health and trade problem for the pig industry. in endemic countries or those with a wild boar reservoir, csf remains a priority for veterinary services. surveillance as well as stamping out and/or vaccination are the principle tools of prevention and control, depending on the context. in the past decades, marker vaccines and accompanying diagnostic tests allowing the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals have been developed. in the euro ...201728795533
proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus pestivirus, family flaviviridae.we propose the creation of seven new species in the genus pestivirus (family flaviviridae) in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host-independent manner using the format pestivirus x. only the virus species names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names. the original species would be re-designated as pestivirus a (original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1), pestivirus b (bovine viral diarrhea virus 2), pestivirus c (clas ...201728786787
changing pattern of classical swine fever virus genogroup from classical 1.1 to emerging 2.2 in india.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs with high economic impact. the causative agent, classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a member of genus pestivirus in family flaviviredae and is structurally and antigenically related to other members of the genus. the identification of virus strains and genotypes can conveniently be used to trace the origin and patterns of virus spread, which contribut substantially in control strategies. in the present study, we ha ...201728770243
estimation of the transmission dynamics of african swine fever virus within a swine house.the spread of african swine fever virus (asfv) threatens to reach further parts of europe. in countries with a large swine production, an outbreak of asf may result in devastating economic consequences for the swine industry. simulation models can assist decision makers setting up contingency plans. this creates a need for estimation of parameters. this study presents a new analysis of a previously published study. a full likelihood framework is presented including the impact of model assumption ...201728768556
a proteomic insight into the midgut proteome of ornithodoros moubata females reveals novel information on blood digestion in argasid ticks.the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata is the main african vector of the human relapsing fever agent borrelia duttoni and the african swine fever virus. together with saliva, the tick midgut forms part of the host-tick-pathogen interface, and numerous midgut proteins play key functions in the blood digestion-related process and the infection and transmission of pathogens. this work explores the composition of the midgut proteome of unfed and fed o. moubata females with the aim to complete the bio ...201728764815
african swine fever virus infection in classical swine fever subclinically infected wild boars.recently moderate-virulence classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains have been proven capable of generating postnatal persistent infection (pi), defined by the maintenance of viremia and the inability to generate csfv-specific immune responses in animals. these animals also showed a type i interferon blockade in the absence of clinical signs. in this study, we assessed the infection generated in 7-week-old csfv pi wild boars after infection with the african swine fever virus (asfv). the wild b ...201728764692
evaluation of blowfly larvae (diptera: calliphoridae) as possible reservoirs and mechanical vectors of african swine fever virus.in 2014, highly virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) was introduced into the baltic states and poland, with new cases being reported almost every week from wild boar and also from domestic pigs. contrary to initial predictions that the disease would either die out due to the high virulence of the virus strain or spread rapidly in westerly direction, the infection became endemic and spread slowly. the unexpected disease epidemiology led to the hypothesis that hitherto unconsidered factors mi ...201728762629
traf6 is a novel ns3-interacting protein that inhibits classical swine fever virus replication.classical swine fever virus (csfv) non-structural protein 3 (ns3) is a multifunctional non-structural protein that plays a major role in viral replication. however, how exactly ns3 exerts these functions remains unknown. here, we identified tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) as a novel ns3-interacting protein via yeast two-hybrid analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, and glutathione s-transferase pull-down assays. furthermore, we observed that traf6 overexpression significan ...201728751780
vaccinia virus and cowpox virus are not susceptible to the interferon-induced antiviral protein mxa.mxa protein is expressed in response to type i and type iii interferon and constitute an important antiviral factor with broad antiviral activity to diverse rna viruses. in addition, some studies expand the range of mxa antiviral activity to include particular dna viruses like monkeypox virus (mpxv) and african swine fever virus (asfv). however, a broad profile of activity of mxa to large dna viruses has not been established to date. here, we investigated if some well characterized dna viruses b ...201728727764
identification of the linear ligand epitope on classical swine fever virus that interacts with porcine kidney 15 cells.binding of the viral ligand to a specific receptor is the first step of virus entry into target cells. the envelope proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) are involved in the interaction with host cell receptors to mediate csfv infection. the aim of this investigation was to identify epitopes that bind to porcine kidney (pk)-15 cells to prevent csfv infection. ten peptides representing e(rns), e1, and e2 were synthesized. immunohistochemical study showed that the se24 ...201728725108
detection of african swine fever virus in the tissues of asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farming systems along the kenya-uganda border: implications for transmission in endemic areas and asf surveillance in east africa.the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in endemic areas, with small-scale but regular outbreaks in domestic pigs, is not well understood. asfv has not been detected using conventional diagnosis in these pigs or adjacent populations of resistant african wild pigs, that could act as potential carriers during the outbreaks. however, such data are crucial for the design of evidence-based control strategies. we conducted cross-sectional (1107 pigs) and longitudinal (100 pigs) monitoring ...201728721858
us10, a novel npro-interacting protein, inhibits classical swine fever virus replication.classical swine fever (csf) is a severe, febrile and highly contagious disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv) that has resulted in huge economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. csfv npro has been actively studied but remains incompletely understood. few studies have investigated the cellular proteins that interact with npro and their participation in viral replication. here, the yeast two-hybrid (y2h) system was employed to screen npro-interacting proteins from a porcine alve ...201728721853
classical swine fever virus in cattle. 201728710174
continuous passaging of a recombinant c-strain virus in pk-15 cells selects culture-adapted variants that showed enhanced replication but failed to induce fever in rabbits.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the etiologic agent of classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. the lapinized c-strain, a widely used vaccine strain against csfv, has low growth efficiency in cell culture, thus limits the productivity in vaccine industry. in this study, a recombinant virus derived from c-strain was constructed and subjected to continuous passaging in pk-15 cells with the goal of acquiring high p ...201728704902
virulent strain of african swine fever virus eclipses its attenuated derivative after challenge.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. no effective vaccine is currently available for disease prevention and control. although live attenuated vaccines (lav) have demonstrated great potential for immunizing against homologous strains of african swine fever virus (asfv), adverse reactions from lav remain a concern. here, by using a homologous asfv congo strain system, we show passage-attenuated congo lav to induce an efficient pr ...201728691128
a single dose of the novel chimeric subunit vaccine e2-cd154 confers early full protection against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. subunit vaccines are a suitable alternative for the control of classical swine fever. however, such vaccines have as the main drawback the relatively long period of time required to induce a protective response, which hampers their use under outbreak conditions. in this work, a lentivirus-based gene delivery system is used to obtain a stable recombinant hek 293 cell line for the expression of e2-csf ...201728688785
an immuno-chromatographic lateral flow assay (lfa) for rapid on-the-farm detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv).classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease of domestic pigs. classical swine fever is routinely diagnosed by clinical signs, serology, detection of csf virus (csfv) nucleic acid by pcr and virus isolation. most of the current csf diagnostic methods are expensive and have an extended turnaround time. in the majority of the csf endemic countries, lack of easy access to diagnostic facilities is a major problem for swine producers trying to obtain early diagnosi ...201728685287
complex virus-host interactions involved in the regulation of classical swine fever virus replication: a minireview.classical swine fever (csf), caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs in many countries. viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on the cellular factors for replication. fundamental aspects of csfv-host interactions have been well described, such as factors contributing to viral attachment, modulation of genomic replication and translation, antagonism of innate immunity, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. however, thos ...201728678154
novel pestivirus species in pigs, austria, 2015.a novel pestivirus species was discovered in a piglet-producing farm in austria during virologic examinations of congenital tremor cases. the emergence of this novel pestivirus species, provisionally termed linda virus, in domestic pigs may have implications for classical swine fever virus surveillance and porcine health management.201728628456
efficacy of e2 glycoprotein fused to porcine cd154 as a novel chimeric subunit vaccine to prevent classical swine fever virus vertical transmission in pregnant sows.here we evaluated the effect of double vaccination with a novel subunit marker vaccine candidate based in the csfv e2 glycoprotein fused to the porcine cd154 to prevent csfv vertical transmission. a lentivirus-based gene delivery system was used to obtain a stable recombinant hek 293 cell line for the expression of e2 fused to porcine cd154 molecule. six pregnant sows were distributed in two groups and at 64days of gestation animals numbered 1-4 (group 1) were vaccinated via intramuscular inocul ...201728622852
recombinant swinepox virus expressing glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus confers complete protection in pigs upon viral challenge.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and serious viral disease that affects the pig industry worldwide. the glycoprotein e2 of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) can induce neutralizing antibodies, and it is widely used for novel vaccine development. to explore the development of a vaccine against csfv infections, the gene of glycoprotein e2 was inserted into the swinepox virus (spv) genome by homologous recombination. the culture titers of rspv-e2 remained at about 4.3 × 10(6) ...201728612010
novel thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates as antiviral compounds against classical swine fever virus and hepatitis c virus.hepatitis c virus (hcv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) are important pathogens for which new therapeutic approaches are in high demand. herein, we report the synthesis of newly designed thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates which were evaluated using cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against both viruses. the antiviral activity of synthesized compounds against csfv and hcv was confirmed using pseudo-plaque reduction assays where a significant arre ...201728601004
redistribution of endosomal membranes to the african swine fever virus replication site.african swine fever virus (asfv) infection causes endosomal reorganization. here, we show that the virus causes endosomal congregation close to the nucleus as the infection progresses, which is necessary to build a compact viral replication organelle. asfv enters the cell by the endosomal pathway and reaches multivesicular late endosomes. upon uncoating and fusion, the virus should exit to the cytosol to start replication. asfv remodels endosomal traffic and redistributes endosomal membranes to ...201728587154
synergistic roles of the e2 glycoprotein and 3' untranslated region in the increased genomic stability of chimeric classical swine fever virus with attenuated phenotypes.the e2 glycoprotein and 3' untranslated region (utr) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) are virulence determinants. to investigate the synergistic roles of e2 and 3'utr for pathogenicity and genomic stability, a series of chimeric csfvs were constructed by replacing the e2 gene and/or 3'utr of virulent csfv strain shimen with the corresponding sequence of the lapinized 'chinese' strain (c-strain) using a reverse genetic approach. the in vitro growth characterization and in vivo pathogenicity ...201728573473
a bivalent dendrimeric peptide bearing a t-cell epitope from foot-and-mouth disease virus protein 3a improves humoral response against classical swine fever virus.three dendrimeric peptides were synthesized in order to evaluate their immunogenicity and their potential protection against classical swine fever virus (csfv) in domestic pigs. construct 1, an optimized version of a previously used dendrimer, had four copies of a b-cell epitope derived from csfv e2 glycoprotein connected to an also csfv-derived t-cell epitope through maleimide instead of thioether linkages. construct 2 was similarly built but included only two copies of the b-cell epitope, and ...201728571760
pre-screening of crude peptides in a serological bead-based suspension array.most serological assays detect antibody responses in biological samples through affinity of serum antibodies for antigens provided in the assay. certain antigens, however, may be difficult to produce and/or may contain unwanted epitopes. in these cases, a practical alternative may be the use of peptides as representatives for specific epitopes. peptides can be obtained after purification in large quantities for a modest price, but screening of a large set of peptides during development may be re ...201728545817
seroprevalence of economically important viral pathogens in swine populations of trinidad and tobago, west indies.the objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence and identify the strains of swine influenza virus (swiv), as well as the seroprevalence of porcine parvovirus (ppv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), and classical swine fever virus (csfv) in pigs in trinidad and tobago (t&t). blood samples (309) were randomly collected from pigs at farms ...201728523387
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