Publications

glycosylation at the fetomaternal interface: does the glycocode play a critical role in implantation?	during pregnancy, the heavily glycosylated surfaces of the implanting blastocyst and maternal uterine epithelium interact in a highly controlled and specific manner. examination of this interface in species that show interdigitation of embryonic and maternal surfaces (epitheliochorial placentation) shows that each has its own particular pattern of glycosylation or glycotype, and that closely related and/or interbreeding species e.g. horse and donkey or llama and guanaco, have very similar glycot ...	2009	18677581
genomic characterization of a novel group a lamb rotavirus isolated in zaragoza, spain.	an ovine rotavirus (ovr) strain, 762, was isolated from a 30-day-old lamb affected with severe gastroenteritis, in zaragoza, spain, and the vp4, vp7, vp6, nsp4, and nsp5/nsp6 genes were subsequently characterized molecularly. strain ovr762 was classified as a p[14] rotavirus, as the vp4 and vp8* trypsin-cleavage product of the vp4 protein revealed the highest amino acid (aa) identity (94% and 97%, respectively) with that of the p11[14] human rotavirus (hrv) strain pa169, isolated in italy. analy ...	2008	18661221
infection of llamas with stored eimeria macusaniensis oocysts obtained from guanaco and alpaca feces.	oocysts obtained from a guanaco and an alpaca with natural infections were identified as eimeria macusaniensis and evaluated for host specificity and infectivity over time. in 3 separate trials conducted over 4 yr, 4 adult llamas were fed 500-5,000 sporulated oocysts obtained from guanaco feces stored under laboratory conditions for 41-84 mo. infections with prepatent periods of 36-41 days and patent periods of 38-55 days developed in 4/4 llamas. in a fourth trial, 3 adult llamas and 1 alpaca we ...	2008	18576765
cross-species chromosome painting among camel, cattle, pig and human: further insights into the putative cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype.	the great karyotypic differences between camel, cattle and pig, three important domestic animals, have been a challenge for comparative cytogenetic studies based on conventional cytogenetic approaches. to construct a genome-wide comparative chromosome map among these artiodactyls, we made a set of chromosome painting probes from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) by flow sorting and degenerate oligonucleotide primed-pcr. the painting probes were first used to characterize the karyotypes o ...	2007	17671843
enrofloxacin-induced retinopathy in a guanaco (lama guanicoe).	a 4-yr-old male guanaco (lama guanicoe) in a multispecies exhibit presented with a laceration in the axillary region. the laceration was surgically repaired. medical treatment was initiated with penicillin g procaine and benzathine (1920 iu/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days), and enrofloxacin (2.4 mg/kg, i.m., s.i.d. for 14 days). the animal was later treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (24 mg/kg, p.o., s.i.d. for 10 days). twenty-six days after initial presentation, the guanaco was suspected to b ...	2006	17315443
production and characterization of anti-(mucin muc1) single-domain antibody in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cultivar xanthi).	members of the camelidae (camels, dromedaries, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas) are known to produce igs (immunoglobulins) devoid of light chains and ch1s (constant heavy-chain domains). the antigen-specific binding fragments of these heavy-chain antibodies therefore comprise one single domain (the so-called 'vhh') and are of great importance in biotechnological applications. to evaluate the expression and biological activity of sdabs (single-domain antibodies) in plants, which, on account ...	2007	17073735
the presence of an additional fetal membrane and its function in the newborn guanaco (lama quanaco e ).	the newborn guanaco (lama quanaco e ) is covered by an extra fetal membrane. it shares this characteristic with the newborns of old-world camelids. this membrane, which is lubricated by the watery amnionic fluid typical for camelids, facilitates the delivery of the conceptus. the newborn gets rid of this membrane itself, since in camelids mothers do not lick their offsprings.	1988	16726485
potential existence of a sylvatic cycle of taenia ovis krabbei in patagonia, argentina.	red deer (cervus elaphus) were introduced in southern latin america about a century ago and characteristics of the invasion raise concerns over their epidemiological role for various diseases. we report on the possible occurrence of taenia ovis krabbei established in a sylvatic cycle in patagonia. hook characters, size, appearance, and location of a cysticercus from a wild red deer are consistent with taenia ovis ovis or t. o. krabbei. although it is not possible to differentiate between t. o. o ...	2006	16289565
genetic diversity and differentiation of guanaco populations from argentina inferred from microsatellite data.	genotype data from 14 microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation of four guanaco populations from argentine patagonia. these animals were recently captured in the wild and maintained in semi-captivity for fibre production. considerable genetic diversity in these populations was suggested by the finding of a total of 162 alleles, an average mean number of alleles per locus ranging from 6.50 to 8.19, and h(e) values ranging from 0.66 to 0.74. assessment of ...	2005	16026342
application of monoclonal antibodies in functional and comparative investigations of heavy-chain immunoglobulins in new world camelids.	of the three immunoglobulin g (igg) isotypes described to occur in camelids, igg2 and igg3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. these heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) constitute approximately 50% of the igg in llama serum and as much as 75% of the igg in camel serum. we have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in order to investigate the roles of hcabs in camelid immunity. seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three mabs that were specific for ...	2005	15753251
isolation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from a south american camelid (lama guanicoe) with diarrhea.	shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli belonging to serotype o26:h11 was isolated from a 2-month-old guanaco with severe watery diarrhea. e. coli colonies carried the stx1 and eae genes, showed localized adherence to hep-2 cells, and produced enterohemolysin. a serological response to lipopolysaccharide o26 was observed at the onset of diarrhea.	2004	15472347
molecular characterization of the first isolation of rotavirus in guanacos (lama guanicoe).	rotaviruses (rvs) are a major cause of neonatal diarrhoea in humans and numerous animal species. we report g-type, p-type and phylogenetic analysis of two rv strains isolated from newborn guanacos (lama guanicoe) with acute diarrhoea in argentina. isolates were group a g8 rv. phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship to other g8 bovine rv from japan, u.s.a. and switzerland. p-types were p[1] and an unusual p[14], related to human and goat p[14] strains. this is the first report of a p[14 ...	2004	15449134
internal parasites of free-ranging guanacos from patagonia.	in the winter of 2000, a greater than 80% reduction in the guanaco population located in cabo dos bahi;as wildlife reserve, chubut, argentina, was evident due to massive mortality attributed to starvation. twelve guanacos were necropsied and samples were analyzed at the parasitology laboratory of facultad de ciencias veterinarias, universidad nacional del litoral. fecal analysis revealed developmental stages of nematodirus sp., marshallagia sp., trichuris sp. and eimeria spp. histopathological a ...	2003	14651877
cataracts in new world camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos).	cataracts are the most frequently seen lens diseases in new world camelids. the causes of cataracts are unknown in many animals, but cataracts secondary to intraocular inflammation seem to be common. congenital or juvenile-onset cataracts, if another cause is not apparent, should be considered as possibly caused by heredity, and the affected animals should not be bred. persistent hyaloid vascular anomalies may also have an important role in cataract formation and could be heritable or caused by ...	2002	12170638
assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids.	the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ...	2001	11999316
first isolation of rotavirus associated with neonatal diarrhoea in guanacos (lama guanicoe) in the argentinean patagonia region.	group a rotavirus (rv) and coronavirus (cv) are common viral pathogens associated with neonatal diarrhoea in numerous animal species. the purpose of this work was to investigate the presence of these viral agents in two farm populations of captured guanacos (lama guanicoe) in the argentinean patagonia region, that developed severe diarrhoea outbreaks. stool and serum samples were analysed for rv and bovine cv antigen and antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. rotavirus was detected in faece ...	2001	11765807
genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca.	the origins of south america's domestic alpaca and llama remain controversial due to hybridization, near extirpation during the spanish conquest and difficulties in archaeological interpretation. traditionally, the ancestry of both forms is attributed to the guanaco, while the vicuña is assumed never to have been domesticated. recent research has, however, linked the alpaca to the vicuña, dating domestication to 6000-7000 years before present in the peruvian andes. here, we examine in detail the ...	2001	11749713
sweating in the guanaco (lama guanicoe).	sweat glands are present all over the skin, where sweat production varies from 4.98 to 73.36gm(-2)h(-1) of skin. ambient temperatures between 20 and 33 degrees c are the main stimuli for activation of sweat glands, generating a heat loss ranging from 11.9 to 37% of standing basal metabolic rate. respiratory water loss is not an important mechanism for heat dissipation. water loss is controlled by postural changes in the guanaco.	2001	11163922
development of microsatellite markers in the guanaco, lama guanicoe: utility for south american camelids.		2000	11091331
malignant oedema in a guanaco (lama guanicoe).		2000	11058025
abnormally phosphorylated protein tau in the cortex of aged individuals of various mammalian orders.	aged individuals of mammalian species displaying hyperphosphorylated tau protein may be suitable natural models for investigating neurodegenerative alterations occurring, for example, in alzheimer's disease. therefore, autoptic tissue from the entorhinal, motor and prefrontal cortices of 14 mammalian species was screened using the monoclonal antibody at8, which is directed against a phosphorylated epitope of human tau and applicable to the tissues of aged domestic animals, as shown in previous s ...	2000	10965801
[comparative histological study of the female reproductive system in the llama (lama guanicoe glama). ii. oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina].	the histological characteristics of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of the llama are described and compared with those of domestic mammals. there are differences between llama and domestic mammals in the type of placentation and the epithelium of the vagina, which seems to be a transitional epithelium.	1999	10386010
hybridizing old and new world camelids: camelus dromedarius x lama guanicoe.	thirty female dromedary camels were inseminated on a total of 50 occasions with 2-4 ml of fresh guanaco semen diluted with an equal volume of commercially available camel semen extender. similarly, nine female guanacos were inseminated on 34 occasions with 4-6 ml of fresh, diluted camel semen. only two of the dromedary females conceived; one aborted a female foetus on day 260 of gestation and the other gave birth to a stillborn female calf on day 365. six conceptions occurred in the female guana ...	1999	10331286
genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ...	1999	10231768
prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in midwestern lama spp.	to compare the prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis among midwestern llamas (lama glama), alpacas (lama pacos), and guanacos (lama guanicoe), feces were obtained from lama spp. in 10 states between october 1989 and february 1996. feces were examined by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity--1.28-1.30), and oocysts were quantified by a modified mcmaster method. data were compared by host species and age classifications. typical oocysts occurred in samples from 28% of 76 herds a ...	1999	10219324
health evaluation of free-ranging guanaco (lama guanicoe).	twenty free-ranging guanaco (lama guanicoe) in chubut province, argentina, were immobilized for health evaluations. all but two animals appeared to be in good condition. hematology, serum chemistry, and vitamin and mineral levels were measured, and feces were evaluated for parasites. serology tests included bluetongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncitial virus, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, equine herpesvirus 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, johne's disease (mycobacterium par ...	1998	9732026
south american camelids in the united kingdom: population statistics, mortality rates and causes of death.	a survey of the health of south american camelids in the united kingdom was carried out between december 1992 and june 1993; 123 members of the british camelid owners and breeders association and 19 non-members were sent questionnaires and usable responses were received from 84 (59 per cent). in total 689 camelids were included, and in 1992, 66 per cent were ilama, 21 per cent alpaca and 13 per cent guanaco. their ages ranged from less than six months to over 10 years, with animals aged two to f ...	1998	9519429
presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos).	attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ...	1997	9415451
[cause of diseases and death in new world camelids].	over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ...	1995	8585067
immobilization of guanacos by use of tiletamine/zolazepam.	adult male guanacos were immobilized by use of tiletamine/zolazepam. the effective dosage (mean +/- sd) was 5.0 +/- 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. mean time from injection to immobilization was 7.3 minutes. usually, immobilization was of sufficient duration (mean, 61 minutes) to allow guanacos to be weighed, measured, and to have ear tags inserted and blood samples collected. adverse effects included twitching and rigidity of muscles, salivation, chewing movements, retching, vocalization, and stumbli ...	1996	8575975
restriction site patterns in the ribosomal dna of camelidae.	the restriction map of rdna from south american camelids and the bactrian camel was analyzed by digestion of high-molecular-weight dna with endonucleases ecori,bamhi and the two combined followed by southern blot hybridization with probes for the 18s and 28s rdna sequences. we scored a total of 17 restriction sites, six of which were mapped conserved in all the species. the other eleven corresponded to spacer regions and revealed variations between these taxa. the study showed that the two group ...	1994	7958935
an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons.	tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ...	1994	7737889
physiological studies in the south american camelid llama (lama guanicoe f. d. glama). i. body water spaces and water turnover.	body water (bw) and extracellular water (ecw), were determined with tritiated water (tho) and 82br injected into the vein, to 8 mature animals of both sexes during the winter season. the biological half-time of tho (t1/2 tho) and the daily water turnover (wt) were measured and the intracellular water (icw) calculated. the studies with tho were repeated in the same animals and in 2 lactating females in spring and summer. two calves were also studied during spring. the values obtained in winter we ...	1994	7640403
pulmonary circulation of the llama at high and low altitudes.	we have studied the pulmonary circulation of three closely related animals, the llama, alpaca, and guanaco. the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 12 llamas and one alpaca indigenous to high altitude in the andes was found to be slightly but significantly higher than that of three llamas and three guanacos born and bred at low altitude in england. on the other hand, the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries and the relative weights of the two ventricles were the same in three llam ...	1982	7071792
leptospirosis and coccidial infection in a guanaco.		1984	6511616
sarcocystis sp. in guanaco (lama guanicoe) and effect of temperature on its viability.	the biology of the sarcocystis sp. that infect guanacoes was studied by feeding the infected meat to dogs, cats, rats and mice. tissues from guanaco, heavily infected with macrocysts, were fed to these animals and their faeces collected daily and examined for the presence or absence of sporocysts. it was shown that only dogs were suitable definitive hosts. the effect of cooking and freezing on the viability of this protozoan organism was also investigated. freezing to -18 degrees c and -24 degre ...	1984	6437052
motility of the llama and guanaco stomach.		1971	5538663
[case of persistent arterial trunk in a guanco lama (lama guanicoë, miller 1776)].		1971	5314937
a gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco.		1971	5093421
squamous cell carcinoma of the rumen and thymic amyloidosis in a guanaco.		1974	4426862
the mucigenous glandular mucosa in the comples stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco.		1972	4338128
blood typing south american camelids.	preliminary blood typing tests were made on new world camelids, guanacos, llamas, and two hybrids. erythrocyte samples were tested against a battery of cattle blood typing reagents. three different reagents were prepared from rabbit anti-erythrocyte sera. transferrin variation and lectin polymorphism also were observed. no naturally occurring isoantibodies were found. blood typing tests of new world camelids were shown to be feasible for studies of taxonomic relationships.	1985	4056368
interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos).	polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ...	1986	3964445
dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions.	the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ...	1987	3505882
changes in nonspecific immunity factor in some equidae, camelidae and capridae species.	plasma lysozyme activity changed during the 2 years of the investigation period. in some species (e.g. ponies and goats) there are only seasonal fluctuations with the highest levels during summer and autumn in ponies and during winter in goats. in two camelidae species, guanacos and llamas, only, downward trends were found, whereas in donkeys, both types of changes: seasonal variations with the maximal level during autumn and an upward long-term trend were found.	1987	2882892
nephroblastoma with pulmonary metastases in a guanaco.		1988	2841786
[knowledge of the endoparasitic fauna of lama guanicoe muller, 1776, from the mitre peninsula, tierra del fuego, argentina].	parasitological fauna of lama guanicoe in the peninsula mitre, tierra del fuego, argentina, is analyzed in this paper. coproparasitological tests of 58 samples were performed, and on this basis, the presence of the following genera was determined: haemonchus, marshallagia, cooperia, nematodirus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus, oesophagostomun and chavertia. marshallagia and chabertia are reported for the first time for this host. the dung piles are not considered as parasitic barriers. infections ...	1989	2629773
ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids.	the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ...	1989	2482825
primary structure and oxygen-binding properties of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda).	the primary structure of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda) is presented. it could be separated into the chains by cm-cellulose chromatography. the sequences have been determined by automatic edman degradation with the film technique or gas phase method, using the native chains and the tryptic peptides of the oxidized chains as well as a fragment obtained by acid hydrolysis. guanaco hemoglobin has identical alpha-chains with alpaca and identical beta-chains with all lama speci ...	1990	2222863
inguinal hernial repair in a llama (lama guanicoe).		1991	2063538
[experiences with ivermectin in exotic animals: scabies in camelids (camelus bactrianus, lama guanicoe, l. glama) and scabies and roundworms in bears (thalarctos maritimus and ursus arctos)].	for the control of scabies in tylopodes (l. bactrianus, l. guanicoe, l. glama) and brown bears 0.2 mg/kg body weight (1 ml/50 kg body weight) of ivermectin subcutaneously injected proved to be remedy of choice. in kodiak-bears the oral application of ivomec-solution was effective against ascariasis, not, however, in polar bears. sufficient effect was reached only once, whereas equalan-paste proved to be highly effective. despite of strong hygienic measures continous follow-up treatment for the p ...	1991	2025214
bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac.	healthy conjunctival sacs of 88 animals of 3 species of captive camelids (lama glama, lama guanicoe, lama pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids were sampled for bacterial and mycoplasmal flora. mycoplasmas were not isolated from any animal. eleven genera of bacteria were isolated. the most frequent isolates were staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas spp. nine varieties of pseudomonas were found, which represented at least 3 pseudomonas species. many of the bacterial isolates (especially the pseu ...	1991	1892259
fungal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac.	swab specimens for fungal isolation were collected from the healthy conjunctival sacs of 3 species of captive camelids (lama glama, l guanicoe, l pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids. fungi were collected from over half the animals in winter (53%) and summer (56%). fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. in both seasons, aspergillus was the most commonly isolated genus; at least 9 species of aspergillus were found. the fungal organisms isolated were similar to those found in healthy eyes of other ...	1992	1524286
trace mineral levels in the guanaco (lama guanicoe).		1992	1502765
[comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (lama guanicoe glama). i. ovary].	in the present study a cytological, histological and morphometrical comparison between the ovaries of the llama, the cow and the sheep is presented, at two phases of the ovarian cycle. there were found differences in the amount of primordial and primary follicles, the size of secondary follicles and follicular cells, and type and distribution of the connective tissue inside the stroma of the ovary. it would be necessary to study the fine structure of the ovary and the so-called "embryological re ...	1992	1489107
cerebrospinal parelaphostronglylosis in llamas.	four of 11 llamas (lama guanicoe) from a ranch near houston, texas developed clinical signs of a neurologic disease. tissues from 2 of the 4 llamas were submitted for microscopic examination. lesions in the central nervous system of both llamas appeared to have been caused by a migrating parasite. an adult nematode having morphologic features of the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was found in the brain of one llama. the findings suggest that the neurologic disease in the llamas were ...	1978	739583
unilateral cataract with lens coloboma and bilateral corneal edema in a guanaco.		1978	738962
complete amino acid sequence of guanaco (lama guanicoe) cytochrome c.		1977	188448
topographic antigenic determinants on cytochrome c. immunoadsorbent separation of the rabbit antibody populations directed against horse cytochrome.	seven populations of site-specific antibodies were isolated from each of three sera of rabbits immunized against glutaraldehyde-polymerized horse cytochrome c. the antibodies were separated using an immunoadsorption scheme which employed the following cytochromes c: horse, beef, guanaco, rabbit, mouse testicular, pigeon, and the cyanogen-bromide cleaved fragment of the rabbit protein containing residues 1 to 65. the monovalent, antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies (fab') gave 1:1 stoichio ...	1979	91614
topographic determinants on cytochrome c. i. the complete antigenic structures of rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c in rabbits and mice1.	rabbit, mouse, and guanaco cytochromes c differ from each other by only two amino acid residues. the identification is described of all of the antigenic determinants of mouse and guanaco cytochrome c that elicit an antibody response in rabbits, and those of the rabbit and guanaco proteins that elicity antibodies in the mouse. all except one of these sites center around single amino acid residue differences between the antigen and the host cytochrome c. the corresponding antibody popylations bind ...	1977	66279
causes of high blood o2 affinity of animals living at high altitude.	we have measured the partial pressure of o2 at 50% saturation (p50) and the concentration of various phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of the bar-headed goose and the guanaco to establish the cause of the high blood o2 affinity in animals who normally reside at high altitude. the same data were obtained in the blood of two goose species, that live at sea level, and in human blood. at standard conditions (ph 7.4, pco2 40 torr, 37 degrees c), p50 was 29.7 torr in the blood of the bar-headed ...	1977	14096