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specific, sensitive and rapid authentication of donkey-hide gelatine (colla corii asini) in processed food using an isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay.donkey-hide gelatine (dhg) is a well-known, animal-derived traditional chinese medicine material called colla corii asini (known in chinese as "e'jiao"). because dhg is claimed to have properties that are beneficial to health, its consumption has increased, but its production has decreased. thus, the incidence of dhg adulteration has become increasingly serious. in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for the authentication of dhg. identification of don ...202032624593
morphometric measurements of the feet of working donkeys equus asinus in egypt.working equids rely on sound, balanced hooves, but data describing the typical morphology of the legs and feet of working donkeys are currently lacking. to address this gap in knowledge, the front and hind feet of twenty healthy working donkeys were measured and compared. hoof width, weight-bearing lengths, heel width, dorsal hoof wall length and lateral and medial heel length of the hoof wall were determined, as well as toe angle, heel angle, hoof pastern axis, coronary band angle and a measure ...202032617071
molecular evidence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in equines and ticks in nigeria: prevalence and risk factors analysis.babesia caballi and theileria equi are biological agents responsible for equine piroplasmosis (ep). we conducted a robust and extensive epidemiological study in nigeria on the prevalence and risk factors of ep. blood (468, both horses and donkeys) and ticks (201 pools) were screened using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). dna of equine piroplasms was observed in tick pools with b. caballi amplified in rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi only [minimum infection rate (mir) of 7.6%] while t. equi was obse ...202032605687
genetic characterization of native donkey (equus asinus) populations of turkey using microsatellite markers.this study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the turkish donkey populations. the primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. a panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of turkey. one hundred and forty-two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. the highest number of alleles was observed in aht05 (12) and t ...202032599857
outcome and complications following transrectal and transabdominal large intestinal trocarization in equids with colic: 228 cases (2004-2015).to describe outcome and complications after large intestinal trocarization in equids with colic and identify factors associated with nonsurvival and clinically relevant peritonitis (crp).202032597730
spr enhanced dna biosensor for sensitive detection of donkey meat adulteration.herein, a surface plasmon resonance (spr) enhanced dna biosensor has been developed for real-time detection of donkey meat marker using biotinylated reporter and streptavidin functionalized gold nanostars (stre@gnss). compared to the direct detection assay, this sandwich format for the enhancement of the signal, resulted in 6-folds orders increase in the sensitivity. target dna could be detected with the lower limit of quantification (lloq) of 1.0 nm with a relative standard deviation (rsd, n =  ...202032593037
survey of serum amyloid a and bacterial and viral frequency using qpcr levels in recently captured feral donkeys from death valley national park (california).feral donkey removal from state land has raised concerns in terms of disease transmission between equine species. disease outbreaks may occur as a result of the relocation of animals to new environments. virus and bacteria dna load and serum amyloid a derived from the pathogenic processes that they involve were measured in recently captured donkeys. blood and nasal swabs were collected from 85 donkeys (death valley national park, shoshone, california); 24 were retested after 30/60 days in the sc ...202032585994
prevalence and genotypic identification of cryptosporidium in free-ranging and farm-raised donkeys (equus asinus asinus) in xinjiang, china.the prevalence and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium in donkeys is poorly understood. here, 680 fecal specimens were collected from 178 free-ranging and 502 farmed donkeys in xinjiang, china. cryptosporidium was identified using pcr amplification of the small subunit of ribosomal dna. cryptosporidium-positive isolates were subtyped using pcr analysis of the 60 kda glycoprotein gene (gp60). the overall prevalence of cryptosporidium was 2.4% (16/680), with 3.2% (16/502) in farmed donkeys and 0 ...202032584252
a new framework for assessing equid welfare: a case study of working equids in nepalese brick kilns.equids fulfil many different roles within communities. in low- to middle-income countries (lmics), in addition to providing a source of income, equids also provide essential transport of food, water, and goods to resource-limited and/or isolated communities that might otherwise lack access. the aim of this investigation was to understand the welfare conditions that donkeys, mules, and horses are exposed to whilst working in nepalese brick kilns. to understand the welfare conditions of equids in ...202032580418
trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of chad.equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. to fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the chadian sleeping sickness focus. the objective of the s ...202032576240
enterocytozoon bieneusi in donkeys from xinjiang, china: prevalence, molecular characterization and the assessment of zoonotic risk.enterocytozoon bieneusi, a zoonotic pathogen, has the potential to infect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. it is found in large number of animals; however, not much is known regarding its prevalence in equine animals, particularly donkeys. this is the first molecular epidemiological evaluation of e. bieneusi in 178 free-ranging donkeys from five countrysides; and 502 farmed donkeys from 18 farms in 12 cities of xinjiang, china by nested pcr.202032576195
effect of dietary forage: concentrate ratio on pre-caecal and total digestive tract digestibility of diverse feedstuffs in donkeys as measured by the mobile nylon bag technique.the domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements, however, limited laboratory evidences are available to address the digestibility contribution of the prececum in relation to the total digestive tract. in the present study, six caecum-fistulated adult female xinjiang donkeys served as the experimental animals in a 3 × 3 latin square design, and mobile nylon bag technique was applied to determine the effect of dietary f:c ratio on pre-caececum and total digesti ...202032575777
historical aspects of equine embryo transfer.early embryo transfer in equids was undertaken simultaneously in the early 1970s in cambridge, england, and kyoto, japan. both groups achieved limited success when flushing the uterine horn ipsilateral to the side of ovulation but the rates improved markedly when the whole uterus was flushed on realization of the continued movement of the embryo throughout the uterine lumen after day 6. initial transfers of embryos to recipient mares were carried out surgically, but nonsurgical transfer via the ...202032563443
single tube multiplex pcr assay for the identification of banned meat species.food adulteration has a direct impact on public health, religious faith, fair-trades, and wildlife. in the present study, a reliable and sensitive assay has been developed for verifying meat adulteration in food chain. the multiplex pcr system was optimised for identification of chicken, cow/buffalo, sheep/goat, horse/donkey, pork, and dog dnas in a single reaction mixture simultaneously. the primers were designed using 12 s rrna gene sequences with fragment size in the range of 113 bp to 800 bp ...202032552602
comparative study of gut microbiota in tibetan wild asses (equus kiang) and domestic donkeys (equus asinus) on the qinghai-tibet plateau.tibetan wild asses (equus kiang) are the only wild species of perissodactyls on the qinghai-tibet plateau and appears on the international union for conversation of nature (iucn) 2012 red list of threatened species. therefore, understanding the gut microbiota composition and function of wild asses can provide a theoretical for the situ conservation of wild animals in the future.in this study, we measured the dry matter digestion by the 4 molar hydrochloric acid (4n hcl) acid-insoluble ash method ...202032547852
donkey therapy and hippotherapy: two faces of the same coin?animal-assisted interventions are considered an innovative rehabilitation approach to improve social, emotional, and physical domains in several diseases. among such treatments, the equine-assisted activities and therapies have been developed to support the conventional approaches. there is growing evidence on the beneficial effects of hippotherapy, whereas few data are available regarding donkey therapy. herein, we compare such treatments, hypothesizing their best application field to reach the ...202032547842
efficacy and safety of ethanolic curcuma longa extract as a treatment for sand tampan ticks in a rabbit model.the soft tick ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout africa, including egypt. it primarily attacks camels, cattle, donkeys, and cows; and rarely affects humans. this study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of ethanolic curcuma longa extract (turmeric) on the second nymphs of o. savignyi and then investigated the safety of this herb in rabbits.201932546931
in vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant.stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. however, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. the aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (mda) levels, reduced glutathione ...201932546917
effect of dietary forage/concentrate ratio on nutrient digestion and energy and protein metabolism in adult donkeys.the domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements; however, limited feeding studies have been addressed so far to understand nutrient digestion and metabolism in donkeys. in the present study, six adult female xinjiang donkeys (180 ± 10 kg live weight) were applied in a 3 × 3 latin square design to investigate the effect of the forage/concentrate ratio (f/c) in three experimental diets on n and energy balance within 12 weeks. rice straw and alfalfa hay were cho ...202032545612
demography, preventative healthcare and reason for relinquishment of donkeys to an equine charity in the uk (2013-2015).in the uk, there are thousands of donkeys being cared for by charities; however, little is known about the reasons for relinquishment or their previous health status, with even less information available in published literature. such information could help to identify factors contributing to poor equine welfare and guide the development of appropriate educational resources.202032542888
levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in donkey milk: correlation with the infection level by intestinal strongyles.the study aimed at evaluating the concentration levels of organochlorine pollutants in donkey milk and their modulation on the intestinal strongyle infection. risk evaluation for consumer health was also investigated.202032535446
unraveling the genetics behind equid cardiac disease.there have been some advances in understanding the genetic contribution to ventricular septal defects in arabians, sudden death in racehorses, and atrial fibrillation in racehorses. no genetic analyses have been published for aortic rupture in friesians or atrioventricular block in donkeys despite strong evidence for a genetic cause. to date, no genetic mutation has been identified for any equid cardiac disease. with the advancement of genetic tools and resources, we are moving closer to discove ...202032534853
alfaxalone total intravenous anaesthesia in a donkey foal. 202032534828
the non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in african equids.eco-immunological research is encumbered by a lack of basic research in a wild context and by the availability of few non-invasive tools to measure the internal state of wild animals. the recent development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring immunoglobulins in faecal samples from soay sheep prompted us to optimize such an assay to measure immunoglobulin a (iga: an antibody associated with parasitic nematode fecundity) in faecal samples from equids. we measured total iga in dom ...202032528845
post-operative pain behaviour associated with surgical castration in donkeys (equus asinus).recognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic.202032525236
morphometric characteristics of the skull in horses and donkeys-a pilot study.horses and donkeys belong to the genus equus, but important differences exist between the species, many of which affect their management and welfare. this study compared skull morphology between horses and donkeys. horse (n = 14) and donkey (n = 16) heads were obtained post-mortem, sectioned sagittally close to the midline, and photographed for subsequent measurement of various skull structures. skull, cranial, nasal, and profile indices were calculated for topographical comparisons between the ...202032521777
a controlled study on efficacy and egg reappearance period of ivermectin in donkeys naturally infected with small strongyles.the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and the egg reappearance period (erp) of ivermectin (ivm) in donkeys during a 13-week period. the study involved a total of 14 adult amiata breed donkeys, 7 - 13 years of age, and naturally infected with small strongyles. a group of 10 donkeys was treated with ivm oral paste at a dose rate of 200 mcg/kg bw. another group of 4 donkeys was kept as untreated control group. faecal samples were collected and examined for strongyle eggs on d ...202032518493
comparative transcriptome profiling analysis uncovers novel heterosis-related candidate genes associated with muscular endurance in mules.heterosis has been widely exploited in animal and plant breeding programs to enhance the productive traits of hybrid progeny from two breeds or species. however, its underlying genetic mechanisms remain enigmatic. transcriptome profiling analysis can be used as a method for exploring the mechanism of heterosis. here, we performed genome-wide gene expression and alternative splicing (as) analyses in different tissues (muscle, brain, and skin) from crosses between donkeys and horses. our results i ...202032512843
anti-müllerian hormone (amh) concentrations are maximal at puberty in male donkeys and secretion is redirected from the blood stream to seminal plasma.sertoli cells produce anti-müllerian hormone (amh) and number of these cells is associated with numbers of sperm produced. the study aim was to quantify amh concentrations in serum and seminal plasma of donkeys during puberty, and to correlate the values with those for testicular width and semen quality of sexually mature males. blood was collected from five donkeys every second month from 4 to 24 months of age, and then once at 40 months of age. semen was collected once monthly, from 13 to 19 a ...202032507264
may salivary chromogranin a act as a physiological index of stress in transported donkeys? a pilot study.road transport is known to be a stressful animal husbandry procedure as it induces the activation of two main physiological stress-related pathways: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis and the sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis. this preliminary study aimed to investigate whether salivary chromogranin a (cga) concentration, known as a biomarker of the sympathetic activity system during psychological stress, may represent a novel physiological index of transportation-induced stress in do ...202032503233
no prescription, no problem! a mixed-methods study of antimicrobial stewardship relating to working equines in drug retail outlets of northern india.multidrug resistance (mdr) is already occurring among some equids in india. donkeys and mules are a mobile species moving between regions and international borders, often populating areas of india where private community pharmacies, or medical stores, are the primary healthcare provider for both humans and animals. this article highlights how the capacities of drug retail outlet workers might affect their antibiotic dispensing practices, particularly in relation to donkeys and mules, in order to ...202032498385
[herbalogical study of colla corii asini(ejiao)].colla corii asini(ejiao)is an important chinese medicine used in china for thousands of years, and is well known for its famous tonic properties. the herbalogical study was detailed carried out based on the naming, habitat, harvesting, processing, medicinal properties and clinical efficacy. the results showed that the name of ejiao could be traced back to shennong's materia medica, and various names of lvpi jiao, penfu jiao and fuzhi jiao were recorded in other ancient books. in the many interve ...202032495607
first record of besnoitiosis caused by besnoitia bennetti in donkeys from the uk.the involvement of besnoitia bennetti in skin pathologies was investigated in a series of 20 donkeys from the donkey sanctuary in england, in the 2013-2019 period.202032493413
effect of vertebrate feces on the attraction of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in an amazonian mangrove.biting midges are of interest to public health because they play an important role as vectors of disease-causing pathogens, as well as being a biting nuisance to humans and domestic animals. although these insects are common in mangrove areas, they have not yet been studied in this ecosystem in the state of maranhão (ma), brazil. the objective of this study was to characterize the culicoides community structure found in a mangrove swamp and verify if the use of vertebrate feces as bait interfere ...202032492271
herbivores coprolites from chehrabad salt mine of zanjan, iran (sassanid era, 224-651 ad) reveals eggs of strongylidae and anoplocephalidae helminths.the ancient chehrabad salt mine, a well-known archaeological site in iran, has recently received increasing interest from iranian and international archeologists. also, the biological remains from this site have provided valuable sources for studying the pathogenic agents of ancient times. this study aimed to identify the parasitic helminth eggs preserved in the herbivores coprolites.202032489382
anthelmintic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ivermectin paste after oral administration in mules infected by cyathostomins.ivermectin (ivm) is an anthelmintic compound commonly used off-label in mules due to its broad-spectrum of activity. despite the general use of ivm in mules with the same dose and route of administration licensed for horses, significant pharmacokinetic differences might exist between horses and mules, as already observed for donkeys. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile and anthelmintic efficacy of an oral paste of ivm in mules naturally infected with cyathost ...202032481576
crosstalk between androgen and wnt/β-catenin leads to changes of wool density in fgf5-knockout sheep.fibroblast growth factor 5 (fgf5) is a famous dominant inhibitor of anagen phase of hair cycle. mutations of fgf5 gene result in a longer wool in mice, donkeys, dogs, cats, and even in human eyelashes. sheep is an important source of wool production. how to improve the production of wool quickly and effectively is an urgent problem to be solved. in this study, we generated five fgf5-knockout dorper sheep by the crispr/cas9 system. the expression level of fgf5 mrna in knockout (ko) sheep decrease ...202032472005
cryopreservation of donkey embryos: comparison of embryo survival rate after in vitro culture between conventional freezing and vitrification.embryo cryopreservation ensures that genetic biodiversity is preserved over time. this study evaluates the survival of donkey embryos subjected to slow freezing and vitrification after thawing and in vitro culture. seven-day-old in vivo produced donkey embryos were subjected to slow freezing (sf, n = 14) or vitrification (vit, n = 22). after one year of cryopreservation, embryos were warmed, washed and placed in incubation for in vitro culture (ivc). in order to assess the embryo viability, the ...202032470704
meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys.little information is available about endotoxemia in donkeys. characterizing the systemic inflammatory response (sirs) to lipopolysaccharide (lps) in donkeys would provide valuable clinical and therapeutic information. the effects of meloxicam on endotoxemia have not been studied in this species.202032463537
hematological and biochemical changes in naturally occurring equine piroplasmosis in donkeys (equus asinus) of northwest of iran.equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease affecting horses, mules, donkeys and zebras and can lead to severe economic losses in the equine industry. there is limited information on clinical pathologic changes of equine piroplasmosis in donkeys. this study aims to investigate the impacts of babesiosis on various hematological and biochemical properties in naturally infected donkeys with theileria equi and babesia caballi.202032462264
serological survey of neospora spp. and besnoitia spp. in horses in portugal.equine neosporosis is regarded to be caused either by neospora hughesi or neospora caninum and equine besnoitiosis is caused by besnoitia bennetti, both of which are apicomplexan parasites. n. caninum is the only known neospora species in europe, where equine n. caninum infections have been reported as being associated to abortion and reproductive failure. n. hughesi is prevalent in north america and was predominantly linked to neurological disorders. b. bennetti is considered an emergent diseas ...202032448546
rabies surveillance-response in mali in the past 18 years and requirements for the future.rabies is endemic in mali, but little is known about the distribution of rabies and its surveillance across the country. documenting the evolution of rabies and the problems related to surveillance is useful to facilitate elimination of human rabies by 2030.202032447031
in vitro anthelmintic activity assessment of six medicinal plant aqueous extracts against donkey strongyles.the lack of anthelmintic products licensed for donkeys and the rising number of small donkey milk farms in the countries of western europe and italy have led to an increased interest in the study of reliable and safe plant-derived treatment alternatives. in this study, the aqueous extracts of achillea millefolium l. (flowers), artemisia absinthium l. (aerial parts), centaurium erythraea rafn. (flowers), gentiana asclepiadea l. (rhizomes and roots), inula helenium l. (rhizomes and roots) and tana ...202032430089
seroprevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in domesticated animals in northwestern senegal.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne disease that can be contracted by direct contact with viremic animals or humans. in west africa, recurrent cchf outbreaks have been constantly observed in mauritania and senegal. moreover, acquisition and epidemiology of the infection in humans are correlated with the occurrence and the seroprevalence of the virus in livestock. the main objective of this study is to provide updated information on the local spread of cchf in animals in the no ...202032429789
seminal plasma, sperm concentration, and sperm-pmn interaction in the donkey: an in vitro model to study endometrial inflammation at post-insemination.in the donkey, artificial insemination (ai) with frozen-thawed semen is associated with low fertility rates, which could be partially augmented through adding seminal plasma (sp) and increasing sperm concentration. on the other hand, post-ai endometrial inflammation in the jenny is significantly higher than in the mare. while previous studies analyzed this response through recovering polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) from uterine washings, successive lavages can detrimentally impact the endome ...202032423134
efficacy and safety of native and recombinant zona pellucida immunocontraceptive vaccines in donkeys.feral and semi-feral donkeys are recognised as a problem in some world regions. the main problem associated with uncontrolled donkey populations is habitat degradation and competition for feed resources, especially in arid climes. controlling population numbers would reduce the impact of donkeys and other species. while removal by various means is effective, it has been shown to stimulate reproductive rate. probably the most effective and humane solution is reducing reproduction using minimally ...202032417608
cultural "blind spots," social influence and the welfare of working donkeys in brick kilns in northern india.non-governmental organizations (ngos) work across the globe to improve the welfare of working equids. despite decades of veterinary and other interventions, welfare issues persist with equids working in brick kilns. engagement with all stakeholders is integral to creating abiding improvements to working equid welfare as interventions based purely on reactive measures fail to provide sustainable solutions. equid owners, particularly those in low to middle-income countries (lmics), may have issues ...202032411736
persian onager (equus hemionus onager) endometrial explant cryopreservation and in vitro culture.assisted reproduction of endangered equids, such as persian onagers (equus hemionus onager), is vital for species conservation. little is known about persian onager reproductive functions, including functions of the uterine endometrium. recently, successful cryopreservation of the domestic mare endometrium was reported, but there is no information on cryo-sensitivity or in vitro culture of endometrial tissues of any non-domestic equid. in the present study, endometrial explants from persian onag ...202032408971
identification and comparative analysis of long non-coding rna in the skeletal muscle of two dezhou donkey strains.long non-coding rna (lncrna) has been extensively studied in many livestock. however, compared with other livestock breeds, there is less research regarding donkey lncrna function. it has been reported that lncrna plays an important role in the timing control of development, aging, and death of livestock. therefore, the study of donkey skeletal muscle lncrna is of great significance for exploring donkey meat production performance. in this study, rna-seq was used to perform high-throughput seque ...202032375413
favorable effect of creams with skimmed donkey milk encapsulated in nanoliposomes on skin physiology.the use of donkey milk has a long history in external dermal application for cosmetic and medical purposes. the encapsulation of different drugs into nanoliposomes and nutrients may have many benefits for the delivery of the targeted substance. the aim of the present study is to test creams with nanoliposomes encapsulated with skimmed donkey milk, reported in our registered patent, compared with effect of the placebo cream and the untreated skin. to investigate the effect of formulated cream, we ...202032372458
documenting the welfare and role of working equids in rural communities of portugal and spain.recently, the need for a more holistic approach to welfare assessment has been highlighted. this is particularly pertinent in the case of working equids who provide vital support for human livelihoods, often in low- to middle-income countries, yet suffer from globally low standards of welfare. this study aimed to provide insight into the welfare status and traditional use of working equids in rural western european communities using the new ears welfare tool, designed to provide a broad view of ...202032370244
one-step warming does not affect the in vitro viability and cryosurvival of cryotop-vitrified donkey embryos.the objective of this study was to compare the effects of two warming protocols (three-step vs. one-step dilution) on embryo quality, post-warming embryo survival and embryo cell viability of donkey embryos vitrified by the cryotop method. twenty, day 7-8, grade 1-2 donkey embryos were measured, morphologically evaluated and vitrified using the cryotop technique. embryos were then randomly warmed using two different warming procedures: (i) w3 (three-step dilution; n = 11): embryos were warmed in ...202032361488
comparative exploration of free fatty acids in donkey colostrum and mature milk based on a metabolomics approach.donkey milk is an ideal substitute for human milk owing to its similar composition. nevertheless, changes in the composition and related metabolic pathways of free fatty acids (ffa) in donkey milk between colostrum and mature milk have not been studied well. in this study, metabolomic methods based on gas chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gc-tof-ms) were used to explore and compare ffa in donkey colostrum (dc) and mature milk (dmm). a total of 24 ffa were characterized and ...202032359984
observations on african horse sickness in donkeys in the sudan. 198932344953
in vitro inhibiting effects of three fungal species on eggs of donkey gastrointestinal strongyles.recently, donkeys have gained popularity mainly due to the use of donkey milk by the cosmetic industry and for human consumption. gastrointestinal strongyles (gis) are considered a potential cause of disease and reduced production in infected donkeys. european laws limit the use of anthelmintic drugs for the control of gis in dairy donkey farms, thus the need to develop alternative control methods. this study aimed to test the in vitro inhibiting effects of three chitin degrading fungi (scopular ...202032344915
detection of the epidemic of the h3n8 subtype of the equine influenza virus in large-scale donkey farms.to monitor the occurrence of equine influenza in large-scale donkey farms in liaocheng city, shandong province, serological investigation and sequence analysis of ha/m protein gene of equine influenza virus (eiv) were carried out. samples (n = 65) of the lung and nasal swab were collected in six different large-scale donkey farms and detected with rt-pcr for ha and m protein gene. the homology and evolution of ha and m genes were analysed with known sequences. antibody titres of serum samples (n ...202032341914
the potential for new donkey farming systems to supply the growing demand for hides.the demand for donkey hides for ejiao, a traditional chinese medicine, has resulted in rapidly increasing prices for donkey hides and donkeys. this has put pressure on donkey populations globally and has implications for donkey welfare and the livelihoods of those who rely on donkeys as working animals. the aim of the research was to explore the feasibility of setting up new donkey farming systems to supply the rising demand for ejiao using a system dynamics model of donkey production. results s ...202032326062
[new drugs for horses and production animals in 2019].in 2019, one novel pharmaceutical agent for horses or food-producing animals was released on the german market: an injection suspension for horses containing chondrogenic-induced equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells as the active ingredient (articell® forte) is now available. two established veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients became accessible for additional species: a salicylanilide anthelmintic oxyclozanide (distocur®) for the treatment and control of fas ...202032325500
nano-depletion of acrosome-damaged donkey sperm by using lectin peanut agglutinin (pna)-magnetic nanoparticles.lectin is considered as a suitable biomarker for nano-depletion of acrosome-damaged sperm. the aim of this study was to synthetize magnetic nanoparticles (mnps) coated by peanut (arachis hypogaea) agglutinin lectin (pna) and investigate its beneficial effect in improving of sperm characteristics. mnps were obtained by co-precipitation method, functionalized with chitosan and coated by pna at a concentration of 0.04 mg/ml. semen was frozen either with glycerol-based or sucrose-based extenders. fr ...202032325322
novel findings from a beta coronavirus outbreak on an american miniature horse breeding farm in upstate new york.this case report describes an outbreak and novel findings associated with a beta coronavirus (bcov) infection that occurred on an american miniature horse (amh) breeding farm in upstate new york, in january and february of 2013. twenty-nine amh and one donkey were present on the farm when the outbreak occurred. one 10-year-old quarter horse mare, stabled at a separate location and owned by an employee of the farm, also tested positive. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection of ...202032313400
a missense mutation in asip is associated with light point variation in donkeys. 202032311147
computer aided sperm analysis (casa) in domestic animals: current status, three d tracking and flagellar analysis.computer aided sperm analysis is currently well established in domestic animals. apart from sperm concentration and sperm motility assessment (percentage groupings, kinematics groupings) sperm morphology, sperm viability, sperm fragmentation and the acrosome reaction are automated as part of modern casa systems. this review cum new original research paper focuses on providing baseline data on sperm concentration and motility in common domestic species of animals of proven fertility including bul ...202032305213
novel streptococcus equi strains causing strangles outbreaks in arabian horses in egypt.strangles displays a major challenge to veterinary medicine worldwide. however, no data on streptococcus equi subsp. equi (s. equi) m protein alleles have been reported so far from arabian horses. we report here for the first time the s. equi sem alleles causing strangles in arabian horses, and the associated risk factors for the disease. duplicate samples from one hundred arabian horses with acute strangles in confirmed outbreaks and sporadic cases were analysed by phenotypic methods and multip ...202032304282
gross anatomical, radiographic and doppler sonographic approach to the infra-auricular parotid region in donkey (equus asinus).the present study was performed on 12 heads of donkey's cadavers of both sexes for different anatomic techniques and on 20 live adult donkeys for ultrasonographic approaches of local anesthetic techniques. the aim was to achieve safe desensitization of the ear canal and tympanic membrane in addition to measuring different parameters of the structures occupying the infra-auricular parotid region. the internal auricular nerve was divided into two fine branches and constituting, at its origin, a ch ...202032303329
reference values and repeatability of b-mode and m-mode echocardiographic parameters in healthy donkey (equus asinus)-the guide to assess healthy heart.donkey (equus asinus), the cheapest form of agricultural power in egypt, is used principally as draught or pack animals and may also be ridden, or used for threshing, raising water, milling, and other work. the aim of the present study was to provide b-mode and m-mode echocardiographic reference ranges from a sample of population of donkeys (e. asinus) based on the probability theory and statistics. in the present study, b-mode and 2-dimensional guided m-mode echocardiography were performed on 4 ...202032303309
morphological and imaging evaluation of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in healthy and lame donkeys.the donkey is of socio-economic value yet imaging techniques in both healthy and abnormal limbs are a limiting factor in research and medicine. the objective was to determine anatomical features of both healthy and clinically abnormal donkey metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (n = 13) using anatomical dissection, casting, x-ray and computed tomography. the joint capsule contained two palmar/plantar and two dorsal recesses. the proximal-palmar or plantar recess was larger than the ...202032303299
long-term successful treatment of a donkey with cutaneous lupus erythematous with methotrexate.cutaneous lupus erythematosus (cle) is a rare immune-mediated dermatitis. to the best of the authors' knowledge it has not been described in donkeys. a 5-year-old male neutered donkey, living in south-east france, was diagnosed with cle. clinical signs included generalized symmetrical areas of alopecia, erythema, crusting and scales. diagnostic tests included examination of skin biopsy samples by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis which demonstrated an interface dermatitis with c ...202032293082
dynamics of infestation by rhinoestrus usbekistanicus in donkeys (equus asinus) in tunisia.examination of a total of 125 slaughtered donkeys in tunisian slaughterhouses revealed the presence of 1,508 larvae of rhinoestrus usbekistanicus in their nasal cavities, with an overall infestation prevalence of 52.8%. the highest overall intensity (number of larvae per infested donkey) and abundance (number of larvae per donkey examined) of infestation were reported in winter (35.6 and 12.1, respectively). larvae 1 (l1) were the most frequent stage and reached a peak prevalence of 100% during ...201932286572
kinematic, bioenergetic and oxidative evaluations of donkey sperm preserved at +4°c.information on donkey sperm bioenergetics, kinetics and oxidative status is scarce even though crucial for development of reproductive technologies and germplasm conservation. for these reasons, it is interesting to monitor sperm kinetics, bioenergetics, and oxidative status during sperm storage at +4°c and with several sperm extenders and concentrations. donkey semen was collected from three jackasses, three times each. it was diluted with four extenders (kenney, equiplus, inra96 or hippex), se ...202032285764
evaluation of xylazine-alfaxalone anesthesia for field castration in donkey foals.to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine-alfaxalone anesthesia in donkey foals undergoing field castration.202032278647
sequence characterization and n-glycoproteomics of secretory immunoglobulin a from donkey milk.secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) is the major antibody present in the human milk where it confers passive immunity to neonates. other than human, non-ruminants such as equine, swine etc., also possess siga in milk but detailed characterization is limited. in the present study, we characterized siga from donkey milk for amino acid sequence and n-glycosylation through lc-ms/ms analysis. the complete amino acid sequence of alpha chain constant region (ch) was elucidated. the sequence analysis of v ...202032251747
effects of red-light irradiation on the function and survival of fresh and liquid-stored donkey semen.this study sought to determine whether sperm irradiation using a light emission diode (led) at 620-630 nm affects the motility, membrane integrity (viability), mitochondrial activity and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ros) in fresh diluted and liquid-stored donkey semen. with this purpose, sixteen ejaculates (eight fresh diluted and eight cooled-stored) were collected from eight adult jackasses. fresh semen samples were diluted in kenney extender and stimulated with red-light a ...202032247951
genotypes and haplotype combination of acsl3 gene sequence variants is associated with growth traits in dezhou donkey.exploring molecular markers related to economic traits of livestock is of great significance to breeding. long-chain fatty acid coa synthetase (acsl) plays a crucial role in lipid synthesis and metabolism, which may affect animal growth. this study was to investigate the polymorphism of acsl gene and its association with the growth trait of the donkey. three insertions and two deletions were detected on the introns of acsl3 gene in 450 dezhou donkeys using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. aft ...202032217139
purification of animal immunoglobulin g (igg) using peptoid affinity ligands.the availability of highly pure animal antibodies is critical in the production of diagnostic tools and biosensors. the peptoid pl16, previously isolated from an ensemble of peptoid variants of the igg-binding peptide hwrgwv, was utilized in this work as affinity ligand on workbeads resin for the purification of immunoglobulin g (igg) from a variety of mammalian sources and chicken immunoglobulin y (igy). the chromatographic protocol initially optimized for murine serum and ascites was subsequen ...202032216050
molecular detection and identification of leishmania dna and blood meal analysis in phlebotomus (larroussius) species.phlebotomus (larroussius) perniciosus and canis familiaris are respectively the only confirmed vector and reservoir for the transmission of leishmania (l.) infantum mon-1 in tunisia. however, the vector and reservoir hosts of the two other zymodemes, mon-24 and mon-80, are still unknown. the aim of this study was to analyze the l. infantum life cycle in a tunisian leishmaniasis focus. for this purpose, we have focused on: i) the detection, quantification and identification of leishmania among th ...202032214313
seroprevalence of brucella antibodies in donkeys (equus asinus) in yobe south senatorial zone, northeastern nigeria.a cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors influencing the presence of brucella spp. antibodies in donkeys in yobe south senatorial zone, nigeria. the study was aimed at determining the importance of brucella spp. infection in donkeys (equus asinus). a total of 200 sera samples from of 105 males and 95 female donkeys were collected and screened for brucellosis using the rose bengal plate test (rbpt) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ...202032206033
evaluation of acquired passive immunity in mule foals up to 60 days of age.ten mule foals were used to investigate serum igg concentration. blood was collected from mares and foals on the day following parturition (d1), at 48 and 72 hr after birth (d2 and d3), and on d7, d14, d21, d28, d35, d42, and d60. serum igg concentration was determined by zinc sulfate turbidity test and was above 400 mg/dl at all time points, except for one foal on d2. mean values were above 800 mg/dl from d1 to d7 and at d60. the difference between mares and foals at each collection time was si ...202032206032
variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis.equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids.202032199454
anthelmintic resistance in strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae) parasitizing wild and domestic equids in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraineresistance of strongylids in domestic horses to benzimidazole anthelmintics (bz) has been detected worldwide; however, information on the presence of bz-resistance in wild equids has not been published to date. the purpose of this study was to analyze the manifestations of the bz resistance in strongylids in domestic and wild equids kept in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine. four species of equids: domestic horses and shetland ponies (equus caballus), donkeys (e. asinus), plains zebras ...202032198995
donkey milk inhibits triple-negative breast tumor progression and is associated with increased cleaved-caspase-3 expression.donkey milk is considered an ideal substitute for human milk and is considered a potential complementary dairy product for the treatment of a variety of human diseases, including cancer. the purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of donkey colostrum (dc) and mature milk (dm) on 4t1 triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) tumors in mice. metabolomics analyses showed that a total of 476 possible metabolites were found in both types of milk. among them, 34 differential metaboli ...202032191229
cross-anatomical, radiographic and computed tomographic study of the stifle joint of donkeys (equus africanus asinus).the present investigation was conducted to provide a full anatomical description of the stifle joint of donkeys using 3d computed tomography imaging technique, in addition to the classic anatomical methods, such as radiography and cross-anatomical sectioning. the radiography and ct imaging of stifle joint were interpreted in comparison with cross-sectional anatomical sections. volume-rendering reconstruction techniques (3d-ct) were used to describe the anatomical structure of stifle joint. the u ...202032175631
banat donkey, a neglected donkey breed from the central balkans (serbia).the dominant donkey breed in the balkans is the mid-sized balkan donkey with a grey to chocolate coat color. local breeders from serbia, however, still maintain a few larger individuals of a lighter coat color, named banat donkey, and speculate that they are descendants of a spanish donkey heard that had been transferred to the banat region by the hapsburg queen maria theresa in the xviii century for a specific purpose, to work in local vineyards. we have previously found a unique nuclear gene-p ...202032175186
a cross-sectional survey of foaling-related parameters of jennies (equus asinus) under smallholder farm conditions in northeast china.it is important to assess the reproductive efficiency and improve the reproductive management to promote the donkey population development. the overall foaling-related parameters of jennies under smallholder farm conditions in china were hardly under investigation. a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 694 smallholder farms was conducted in 40 villages in the north, east, and south areas of western liaoning province and eastern inner mongolia autonomous region between march and july, 201 ...202032172918
performance of host-associated genetic markers for microbial source tracking in china.numerous genetic markers have been developed to establish microbial source tracking (mst) assays in the last decade. however, the selection of suitable markers is challenging due to a lack of understanding of fundamental factors such as sensitivity, specificity, and concentration in target/nontarget hosts, especially in east asia. in this study, a total of 506 faecal samples comprised of human and 12 nonhuman hosts were collected from 28 cities across china and tested for marker performance char ...202032171096
first highly sensitive and specific competitive elisa for detection of bovine besnoitiosis with potential as a multi-species test.serological cross-reactions represent a serious problem in some currently available tests to diagnose besnoitia infections in many species including cattle, caribou and donkeys. false-positive results are due to the low positive-predictive value of these serological tests for besnoitiosis. these tests therefore have clear limitations if large herds are screened in areas with low prevalence, since increased numbers of false-positive reactions require confirmatory testing by alternative serologica ...202032169472
identification of trypanosomatids and blood feeding preferences of phlebotomine sand fly species common in sicily, southern italy.in this study, the presence of leishmania dna and blood feeding sources in phlebotomine sand fly species commonly present in sicily were investigated. a total of 1,866 female sand flies including 176 blood fed specimens were sampled over two seasons in five selected sites in sicily (southern italy). sergentomyia minuta (n = 1,264) and phlebotomus perniciousus (n = 594) were the most abundant species at all the sites, while three other species from the genus phlebotomus (i.e., p. sergenti n = 4, ...202032155171
biochemical characterisation and application of keratinase from bacillus thuringiensis mt1 to enable valorisation of hair wastes through biosynthesis of vitamin b-complex.this study reports on the exploitation of keratinous hydrolysate by keratinase enzymes to produce vitamin b-complex. toward this end, keratinase enzyme was produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain mt1, newly isolated from cattle-yard utilising donkey hairs. scanning electron microscope (sem) and fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (ftir) analyses demonstrated hairs disintegration and the disruption of the disulphide bonds of the keratin structure, respectively. the biochemical characte ...202032151720
the prevalence of uveitis in a population of donkeys in the uk.uveitis is reported to be a leading cause of blindness in horses. little work has been undertaken to date to investigate whether donkeys are affected by a similar disease prevalence.202032145036
bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains.the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ...202032122608
understanding the attitudes of communities to the social, economic, and cultural importance of working donkeys in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas of ethiopia.working donkeys (equus africanus asinus) are vital to the development and support of people's livelihoods in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas of ethiopia. however, despite their critical role in providing transport, food security, and income generation to some of the poorest and most marginalized households, donkey contributions to human livelihoods have been largely unexplored. donkey users, veterinary surgeons, business owners, and civil servants were interviewed to investigate the role huma ...202032118074
col2a1 and caspase-3 as promising biomarkers for osteoarthritis prognosis in an equus asinus model.osteoarthritis (oa) is one of the most degenerative joint diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. the objective of the present study was the early diagnosis of oa in donkeys using a reliable grading of the disease based on clinical, chemical, and molecular alterations. oa was induced by intra-articular injection of 25 mg monoiodoacetate (mia) as a single dose into the left radiocarpal joint of nine donkeys. animals were clinically evaluated through the assessment of lameness score, radio ...202032111016
childhood horse and donkey bites; a single tertiary health center experience in a rural area.the aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department in a rural province of turkey due to horse and donkey bites and to analyze whether these features differ from those of more common animal bites in rural areas.202032110542
monitoring acute pain in donkeys with the equine utrecht university scale for donkeys composite pain assessment (equus-donkey-compass) and the equine utrecht university scale for donkey facial assessment of pain (equus-donkey-fap).objective pain assessment in donkeys is of vital importance for improving welfare in a species that is considered stoic. this study presents the construction and testing of two pain scales, the equine utrecht university scale for donkey composite pain assessment (equus-donkey-compass) and the equine utrecht university scale for donkey facial assessment of pain (equus-donkey-fap), in donkeys with acute pain. a cohort follow-up study using 264 adult donkeys (n = 12 acute colic, n = 25 acute orthop ...202032098391
equine milk production and valorization of marginal areas-a review.the equine dairy chain is renewing the interest toward horse and donkey breeding for the production of milk with potential health promoting properties. the dairy equine chain for human consumption could contribute to the rural eco-sustainable development for the micro-economies of those areas threatened by marginalization. as a part of the whole equine industry, and its possible impact in the modern and future society, the main traits of the equine dairy enterprise are reviewed with a special fo ...202032098374
coprological detection of equine nematodes among slaughtered donkeys (equus asinus) in kaltungo, nigeria.this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of nematode infection among slaughtered donkeys in kaltungo, nigeria.201932095040
genetic characterization of piroplasms in donkeys and horses from nigeria.equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a tick-borne disease of equids, caused by the two haemoprotozoal parasites: theileria equi and babesia caballi. nigeria constitutes a major crossroads of animal transport in west africa and may serve as a factor in ep dissemination in the region. the study aim was to characterize ep parasites in donkeys and horses in northern nigeria using a molecular approach. blood was collected from 57 donkeys and 47 horses. ep infection was detected and characterized by polymeras ...202032085574
high risk for human exposure to rift valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: a cross-sectional survey in kenya.multiple outbreaks of rift valley fever (rvf) with devastating effects have occurred in east africa. these outbreaks cause disease in both livestock and humans and affect poor households most severely. communities living in areas practicing nomadic livestock movement may be at higher risk of infection. this study sought to i) determine the human exposure to rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in populations living within nomadic animal movement routes in kenya; and ii) identify risk factors for rvfv ...202032084127
immersion foot syndrome in 6 equids exposed to hurricane floodwaters.prolonged exposure to water, known as immersion foot syndrome in humans, is a phenomenon first described in soldiers during world war i and characterized by dermal ischemic necrosis. in this report, we describe the pathologic findings of a condition resembling immersion foot syndrome in 5 horses and 1 donkey with prolonged floodwater exposure during hurricane harvey. at necropsy, all animals had dermal defects ventral to a sharply demarcated "water line" along the lateral trunk. in 5 animals, hi ...202032081085
mortality and operational attributes relative to feral horse and burro capture techniques based on publicly available data from 2010-2019.management of excessive feral horse (equus ferus caballus) and burro (equus asinus) populations in the united states and globally has been a controversial subject for decades. i reviewed all available us federal feral horse and burro daily gather reports from 2010 to 2019 to extract equine species, technique (bait trapping or helicopter gathering), reason (emergency or other), number gathered, number of mortalities, and mortality attributes (acute or chronic/pre-existing condition, specific caus ...202032067672
evaluation of a marketed polyherbal dewormer against intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys.the study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercially available polyherbal dewormer to control intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys. the animals were allotted to two groups: treated with the herbal dewormer (n=8) according to manufacturer recommendations and untreated control group (n=6). fecal samples were taken from each animal on days 0 (day of treatment), 14, 21 (day of second additional treatment), 35, and 42. faecal egg count reduction tests showed very negligible or no re ...202032063744
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