Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| video-rate volumetric functional imaging of the brain at synaptic resolution. | neurons and neural networks often extend hundreds of micrometers in three dimensions. capturing the calcium transients associated with their activity requires volume imaging methods with subsecond temporal resolution. such speed is a challenge for conventional two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, because it depends on serial focal scanning in 3d and indicators with limited brightness. here we present an optical module that is easily integrated into standard two-photon laser-scanning microscopes ... | 2017 | 28250408 |
| development of an anti-ferret cd4 monoclonal antibody for the characterisation of ferret t lymphocytes. | the ferret is an established animal model for a number of human respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus and more recently, ebola virus. however, a paucity of immunological reagents has hampered the study of cellular immune responses. here we describe the development and characterisation of a novel monoclonal antibody (mab) against the ferret cd4 antigen and the characterisation of ferret cd4 t lymphocytes. recombinant production and purification of the ferret cd4 ectodomain soluble ... | 2017 | 28216237 |
| safe recombinant outer membrane vesicles that display m2e elicit heterologous influenza protection. | recombinant, escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles (romvs), which display heterologous protein subunits, have potential as a vaccine adjuvant platform. one drawback to romvs is their lipopolysaccharide (lps) content, limiting their translatability to the clinic due to potential adverse effects. here, we explore a unique romv construct with structurally remodeled lipids containing only the lipid iva portion of lps, which does not stimulate human tlr4. the romvs are derived from a genet ... | 2017 | 28215994 |
| occurrence and molecular genotyping of giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. in wild mesocarnivores in spain. | there is a surprisingly scarce amount of epidemiological and molecular data on the prevalence, frequency, and diversity of the intestinal protozoan parasites giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife in general and mesocarnivore species in particular. consequently, the extent of the cyst/oocyst environmental contamination attributable to these wild host species and their potential implications for public veterinary health remain largely unknown. in this molecular epidemiological su ... | 2017 | 28215875 |
| evolution and divergence of h3n8 equine influenza viruses circulating in the united kingdom from 2013 to 2015. | equine influenza viruses (eiv) are a major cause of acute respiratory disease in horses worldwide and occasionally also affect vaccinated animals. like other influenza a viruses, they undergo antigenic drift, highlighting the importance of both surveillance and virus characterisation in order for vaccine strains to be kept up to date. the aim of the work reported here was to monitor the genetic and antigenic changes occurring in eiv circulating in the uk from 2013 to 2015 and to identify any evi ... | 2017 | 28208721 |
| selection of multi-drug resistant influenza a and b viruses under zanamivir pressure and their replication fitness in ferrets. | intravenous zanamivir has been used to treat patients with severe influenza. because the majority of cases (including immunocompromised patients) require the drug for an extended period of treatment, there is a higher risk that the virus will develop resistance. therefore, knowing the possible amino acid substitutions that may arise in recently circulating influenza strains under prolonged zanamivir exposure and their impact on antiviral susceptibility is important. | 2017 | 28195559 |
| defining the antibody cross-reactome directed against the influenza virus surface glycoproteins. | infection with influenza virus induces antibodies to the viral surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and these responses can be broadly protective. to assess the breadth and magnitude of antibody responses, we sequentially infected mice, guinea pigs and ferrets with divergent h1n1 or h3n2 subtypes of influenza virus. we measured antibody responses by elisa of an extensive panel of recombinant glycoproteins representing the viral diversity in nature. guinea pigs developed high ti ... | 2017 | 28192418 |
| study of nuclear morphometry on cytology specimens of benign and malignant breast lesions: a study of 122 cases. | breast cancer has emerged as a leading site of cancer among women in india. fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) has been routinely applied in assessment of breast lesions. cytological evaluation in breast lesions is subjective with a "gray zone" of 6.9-20%. quantitative evaluation of nuclear size, shape, texture, and density parameters by morphometry can be of diagnostic help in breast tumor. | 2017 | 28182052 |
| novel urease-negative helicobacter sp. 'h. enhydrae sp. nov.' isolated from inflamed gastric tissue of southern sea otters. | a total of 31 sea otters enhydra lutris nereis found dead or moribund (and then euthanized) were necropsied in california, usa. stomach biopsies were collected and transected with equal portions frozen or placed in formalin and analyzed histologically and screened for helicobacter spp. in gastric tissue. helicobacter spp. were isolated from 9 sea otters (29%); 58% (18 of 31) animals were positive for helicobacter by pcr. the helicobacter sp. was catalase- and oxidase-positive and urease-negative ... | 2017 | 28177288 |
| invasive histiocytic sarcoma of the lumbar spine in a ferret (mustela putorius furo). | this report describes the history, clinical examination and histopathology of a histiocytic sarcoma in a domestic ferret. clinical signs were acute paraplegia and dysuria. physical examination revealed a firm, smooth, touch-sensitive mass in and around the lumbar vertebral column. neurologic examination was consistent with a lesion between spinal cord segments t3 and l3. magnetic resonance images revealed bone lesions of l2 and l3 combined with compression of the spinal cord due to a homogenous, ... | 2017 | 28160308 |
| pathophysiological analyses of periventricular nodular heterotopia using gyrencephalic mammals. | although periventricular nodular heterotopia (pnh) is often found in the cerebral cortex of people with thanatophoric dysplasia (td), the pathophysiology of pnh in td is largely unknown. this is mainly because of difficulties in obtaining brain samples of td patients and a lack of appropriate animal models for analyzing the pathophysiology of pnh in td. here we investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of pnh in the cerebral cortex of td by utilizing a ferret td model which we recently devel ... | 2017 | 28158406 |
| inactivated recombinant rabies viruses displaying canine distemper virus glycoproteins induce protective immunity against both pathogens. | the development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. both canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rabv) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. while rabv vaccines are inactivated, the live-attenuated cdv vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. in this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vac ... | 2017 | 28148801 |
| experimental hendra virus infection of dogs: virus replication, shedding and potential for transmission. | characterisation of experimental hendra virus (hev) infection in dogs and assessment of associated transmission risk. | 2017 | 28124415 |
| targeting alpha toxin to mitigate its lethal toxicity in ferret and rabbit models of staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia. | the role broad-spectrum antibiotics play in the spread of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with their effect on the healthy microbiome, has led to advances in pathogen-specific approaches for the prevention or treatment of serious bacterial infections. one approach in clinical testing is passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody (mab) targeting alpha toxin for the prevention or treatment of staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. passive immunization with the human anti-alpha toxin mab, medi4893 ... | 2017 | 28115346 |
| acute inactivation of primary auditory cortex causes a sound localisation deficit in ferrets. | the objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of acute inactivation of brain areas by cooling in the behaving ferret and to demonstrate that cooling auditory cortex produced a localisation deficit that was specific to auditory stimuli. the effect of cooling on neural activity was measured in anesthetized ferret cortex. the behavioural effect of cooling was determined in a benchmark sound localisation task in which inactivation of primary auditory cortex (a1) is known to impair perf ... | 2017 | 28099489 |
| swine influenza virus (h1n2) characterization and transmission in ferrets, chile. | phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (ha) has suggested that commercial pigs in chile harbor unique human seasonal h1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. we isolated influenza virus (h1n2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in central chile and demonstrated that the ha gene was identical to that in a previous report. its ha and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human h1 and n2 viruses f ... | 2017 | 28098524 |
| [pain therapy in small pets]. | although many advances in pain therapy have been made in recent years, pain therapy is more difficult in the small domestic animal than in cats and dogs. however, there is the ethical obligation that these animals also receive adequate pain therapy. an analgesic is rarely authorized for use in small pets, with pharmacological investigations often lacking and dosages frequently only determined empirically. the small size of the animals often requires a higher dose per kilogram bodyweight compared ... | 2017 | 28097286 |
| visual stimulus speed does not influence the rapid emergence of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex. | sensory experience is necessary for the development of some receptive field properties of neurons in primary sensory cortical areas. however, it remains unclear whether the parameters of an individual animal's experience play an instructive role and influence the tuning parameters of cortical sensory neurons as selectivity emerges, or rather whether experience merely permits the completion of processes that are fully seeded at the onset of experience. here we have examined whether the speed of v ... | 2017 | 28069921 |
| relative salience of spectral and temporal features in auditory long-term memory. | in order to explore the representation of sound features in auditory long-term memory, two groups of ferrets were trained on go vs nogo, 3-zone classification tasks. the sound stimuli differed primarily along the spectral and temporal dimensions. in group 1, two ferrets were trained to (i) classify tones based on their frequency (tone-task), and subsequently learned to (ii) classify white noise based on its amplitude modulation rate (am-task). in group 2, two ferrets were trained to classify ton ... | 2016 | 28040019 |
| enhanced virulence of clade 2.3.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 viruses in ferrets. | sporadic avian to human transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses necessitates the analysis of currently circulating and evolving clades to assess their potential risk. following the spread and sustained circulation of clade 2 viruses across multiple continents, numerous subclades and genotypes have been described. to better understand the pathogenesis associated with the continued diversification of clade 2a(h5n1) influenza viruses, we investigated the relative vi ... | 2017 | 28038412 |
| proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis in chickens. | proliferative enteropathy (pe) is an infectious disease caused by lawsonia intracellularis (li), an obligate intracellular bacterium. pe is endemic in swine herds and has been reported in a variety of mammals including horses, hamsters, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, foxes, dogs, sheep, deer and non-human primates. avian cases are reported only in ratite birds, including emus and ostriches. some studies show an absence of lawsonia spp. infection in chickens. in this study, we performed mor ... | 2017 | 28034455 |
| recent h3n2 viruses have evolved specificity for extended, branched human-type receptors, conferring potential for increased avidity. | human and avian influenza viruses recognize different sialic acid-containing receptors, referred to as human-type (neuacα2-6gal) and avian-type (neuacα2-3gal), respectively. this presents a species barrier for aerosol droplet transmission of avian viruses in humans and ferrets. recent reports have suggested that current human h3n2 viruses no longer have strict specificity toward human-type receptors. using an influenza receptor glycan microarray with extended airway glycans, we find that h3n2 vi ... | 2017 | 28017661 |
| shifting clade distribution, reassortment, and emergence of new subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5) viruses collected from vietnamese poultry from 2012 to 2015. | whole-genome sequences of representative highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5) viruses from vietnam were generated, comprising samples from poultry outbreaks and active market surveillance collected from january 2012 to august 2015. six hemagglutinin gene clades were characterized. clade 1.1.2 was predominant in southern mekong provinces throughout 2012 and 2013 but gradually disappeared and was not detected after april 2014. clade 2.3.2.1c viruses spread rapidly during 2012 and were detected ... | 2017 | 28003481 |
| evaluation of a candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine prepared in changchun bcht (china) for safety and efficacy in ferrets. | we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) product in ferrets. the bcht laiv product was significantly less virulent than wild-type h1n1 virus, when evaluated by comparing virus shedding and histopathologic lesions. the data indicated strong evidence for an attenuated phenotype of laiv. furthermore, the vaccine induced robust humoral immune responses in seronegative ferrets, and protected ferrets against development of fever, weight loss and turbinate infl ... | 2016 | 27997342 |
| exploiting interspecific olfactory communication to monitor predators. | olfaction is the primary sense of many mammals and subordinate predators use this sense to detect dominant species, thereby reducing the risk of an encounter and facilitating coexistence. chemical signals can act as repellents or attractants and may therefore have applications for wildlife management. we devised a field experiment to investigate whether dominant predator (ferret mustela furo) body odor would alter the behavior of three common mesopredators: stoats (mustela erminea), hedgehogs (e ... | 2017 | 27983773 |
| large-scale phylogenomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary history of rabies virus in multiple carnivore hosts. | the natural evolution of rabies virus (rabv) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence. using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of rabv, we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in viruses sampled from multiple primary host shifts that occurred on various continents. two major phylogenetic groups, bat-related rabv and dog-related rabv, experiencing markedly differen ... | 2016 | 27977811 |
| generation of influenza a viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. | the conversion of life-threatening viruses into live but avirulent vaccines represents a revolution in vaccinology. in a proof-of-principle study, we expanded the genetic code of the genome of influenza a virus via a transgenic cell line containing orthogonal translation machinery. this generated premature termination codon (ptc)-harboring viruses that exerted full infectivity but were replication-incompetent in conventional cells. genome-wide optimization of the sites for incorporation of multi ... | 2016 | 27934767 |
| differences in the mechanical properties of the developing cerebral cortical proliferative zone between mice and ferrets at both the tissue and single-cell levels. | cell-producing events in developing tissues are mechanically dynamic throughout the cell cycle. in many epithelial systems, cells are apicobasally tall, with nuclei and somata that adopt different apicobasal positions because nuclei and somata move in a cell cycle-dependent manner. this movement is apical during g2 phase and basal during g1 phase, whereas mitosis occurs at the apical surface. these movements are collectively referred to as interkinetic nuclear migration, and such epithelia are c ... | 2016 | 27933293 |
| predictive ensemble decoding of acoustical features explains context-dependent receptive fields. | a primary goal of auditory neuroscience is to identify the sound features extracted and represented by auditory neurons. linear encoding models, which describe neural responses as a function of the stimulus, have been primarily used for this purpose. here, we provide theoretical arguments and experimental evidence in support of an alternative approach, based on decoding the stimulus from the neural response. we used a bayesian normative approach to predict the responses of neurons detecting rele ... | 2016 | 27927954 |
| risk assessment of recent egyptian h5n1 influenza viruses. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype are enzootic in poultry populations in different parts of the world, and have caused numerous human infections in recent years, particularly in egypt. however, no sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses has yet been reported. we tested nine naturally occurring egyptian h5n1 viruses (isolated in 2014-2015) in ferrets and found that three of them transmitted via respiratory droplets, causing a fatal infection in on ... | 2016 | 27922116 |
| neoplastic diseases in the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) in italy: classification and tissue distribution of 856 cases (2000-2010). | the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and tissue distribution of neoplasms in italian ferrets, compared to the epidemiological data previously reported in usa and japan. | 2016 | 27919252 |
| animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalisation of infants, worldwide, and is also responsible for significant morbidity in adults and excess deaths in the elderly. there is no licensed hrsv vaccine or effective therapeutic agent. however, there are a growing number of hrsv vaccine candidates that have been developed targeting different populations at risk of hrsv infection. animal models of hrsv play an important role in the preclinical testi ... | 2017 | 27908639 |
| antiviral efficacy of verdinexor in vivo in two animal models of influenza a virus infection. | influenza a virus (iav) causes seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness that can cause mild to severe illness and potentially death. antiviral drugs are an important countermeasure against iav; however, drug resistance has developed, thus new therapeutic approaches are being sought. previously, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of a novel nuclear export inhibitor drug, verdinexor, to reduce influenza replication in vitro and pulmonary virus burden in mice. in this study, in vivo efficacy o ... | 2016 | 27893810 |
| a mouse model for mers coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel virus that emerged in 2012, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), severe pneumonia-like symptoms and multi-organ failure, with a case fatality rate of ∼36%. limited clinical studies indicate that humans infected with mers-cov exhibit pathology consistent with the late stages of ards, which is reminiscent of the disease observed in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. models of mers-c ... | 2016 | 27892925 |
| evidence of disseminated infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in a pet ferret (mustela putorius furo). | the infection caused by the zoonotic opportunistic pathogen mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (mah) was reported for the first time in a pet ferret. both owners were hiv-positive. euthanasia of the pet was recommended due to medical reasons and as a preventive action. disseminated and open tuberculosis lesions were observed in the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems of the ferret. ecographic and radiographic surveys showed a severe generalized lymphadenopathy, strong thickening of the ... | 2016 | 27892873 |
| ferret oncology: diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutics. | neoplastic disease is common in ferrets. approximately half of all tumors diagnosed in ferrets are located in the endocrine or hemolymphatic system. many factors may influence the choice of treatment. medical management of adrenal tumors has a greater disease-free period compared to adrenalectomy. in ferrets with an insulinoma, no difference is seen in the mean survival time of medically and surgically treated patients. aside from medical and surgical treatment modalities, chemotherapy and radia ... | 2017 | 27890288 |
| cell type-specific expression of foxp2 in the ferret and mouse retina. | although the anatomical and physiological properties of subtypes of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) have been extensively investigated, their molecular properties are still unclear. here, we examined the expression patterns of foxp2 in the retina of ferrets and mice. we found that foxp2 was expressed in small subsets of neurons in the adult ferret retina. foxp2-positive neurons in the ganglion cell layer were divided into two groups. large foxp2-positive neurons expressed brn3a and were retrograde ... | 2017 | 27888071 |
| using galleria mellonella as an infection model for campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis. | nonmammalian model systems of infection have been employed recently to study bacterial virulence. for instance, galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) has been shown to be susceptible to infection by many bacterial pathogens including the enteric pathogen campylobacter jejuni. in contrast to the traditional animal models for c. jejuni such as the chick colonization model and ferret diarrheal model, the galleria mellonella infection model has the advantages of lower cost, ease of use and no a ... | 2017 | 27885606 |
| repeated unpredictable threats without harm impair spatial working memory in the barnes maze. | psychological stressors elicit the anticipation of homeostatic challenge, whereas physical stressors are direct threats to homeostasis. many rodent models of stress include both types of stressors, yet deficits, like those reported for working memory, are often attributed to psychological stress. to empirically test whether intermittent psychological stressors, such as repeated threats, are solely sufficient to impair spatial working memory, we developed a novel rodent model of stress that is re ... | 2017 | 27884756 |
| research on reproduction is essential for captive breeding of endangered carnivore species. | assisted reproductive technology (art) has great potential for conservation, but its successful application in captive breeding programmes of endangered species is often compromised by limited background on species' biology. although carnivore species benefit from knowledge obtained in domesticated species (dogs, cats and ferrets), the focus of research is different. in pet animals, research in reproduction has mainly been focused on ovarian function and contraception, although substantial progr ... | 2017 | 27862396 |
| an amino acid in the stalk domain of n1 neuraminidase is critical for enzymatic activity. | neuraminidase (na) is a sialidase expressed on the surface of influenza a viruses that releases progeny viruses from the surface of infected cells and prevents viruses becoming trapped in mucus. it is a homotetramer, with each monomer consisting of a transmembrane region, a stalk, and a globular head with sialidase activity. we recently characterized two swine viruses of the pandemic h1n1 lineage, a/swine/virginia/1814-1/2012 (ph1n1low-1) and a/swine/virginia/1814-2/2012 (ph1n1low-2), with almos ... | 2017 | 27847354 |
| involvement of the different lung compartments in the pathogenesis of ph1n1 influenza virus infection in ferrets. | severe cases after ph1n1 infection are consequence of interstitial pneumonia triggered by alveolar viral replication and an exacerbated host immune response, characterized by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the influx of inflammatory leukocytes to the lungs. different lung cell populations have been suggested as culprits in the unregulated innate immune responses observed in these cases. this study aims to clarify this question by studying the different induction of innate im ... | 2016 | 27825367 |
| amino acids in hemagglutinin antigenic site b determine antigenic and receptor binding differences between a(h3n2)v and ancestral seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses. | influenza a h3n2 variant [a(h3n2)v] viruses, which have caused human infections in the united states in recent years, originated from human seasonal h3n2 viruses that were introduced into north american swine in the mid-1990s, but they are antigenically distinct from both the ancestral and current circulating h3n2 strains. a reference a(h3n2)v virus, a/minnesota/11/2010 (mn/10), and a seasonal h3n2 strain, a/beijing/32/1992 (bj/92), were chosen to determine the molecular basis for the antigenic ... | 2017 | 27807224 |
| detection, prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of demodex spp and further skin prostigmata mites (acari, arachnida) in wild and domestic mammals. | this study was conceived to detect skin mites in social mammals through real-time qpcr, and to estimate taxonomic demodex and further prostigmata mite relationships in different host species by comparing sequences from two genes: mitochondrial 16s rrna and nuclear 18s rrna. we determined the mite prevalence in the hair follicles of marmots (13%) and bats (17%). the high prevalence found in marmots and bats by sampling only one site on the body may indicate that mites are common inhabitants of th ... | 2016 | 27802314 |
| dual microrna screens reveal that the immune-responsive mir-181 promotes henipavirus entry and cell-cell fusion. | hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are bat-borne viruses that cause fatal disease in humans and a range of other mammalian species. gaining a deeper understanding of host pathways exploited by henipaviruses for infection may identify targets for new anti-viral therapies. here we have performed genome-wide high-throughput agonist and antagonist screens at biosafety level 4 to identify host-encoded micrornas (mirnas) impacting henipavirus infection in human cells. ... | 2016 | 27783670 |
| driving forces behind the evolution of the aleutian mink disease parvovirus in the context of intensive farming. | aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes plasmacytosis, an immune complex-associated syndrome that affects wild and farmed mink. the virus can also infect other small mammals (e.g., ferrets, skunks, ermines, and raccoons), but the disease in these hosts has been studied less. in 2007, a mink plasmacytosis outbreak began on the island of newfoundland, and the virus has been endemic in farms since then. in this study, we evaluated the molecular epidemiology of amdv in farmed and wild animals of n ... | 2016 | 27774297 |
| ferrets that help fight the flu. | 2016 | 27763617 | |
| the temporal-spatial dynamics of feature maps during monocular deprivation revealed by chronic imaging and self-organization model simulation. | experiments on the adult visual cortex of cats, ferrets and monkeys have revealed organized spatial relationships between multiple feature maps which can also be reproduced by the kohonen and elastic net self-organization models. however, attempts to apply these models to simulate the temporal kinetics of monocular deprivation (md) during the critical period, and their effects on the spatial arrangement of feature maps, have led to conflicting results. in this study, we performed md and chronic ... | 2016 | 27746342 |
| behavioural benefits of multisensory processing in ferrets. | enhanced detection and discrimination, along with faster reaction times, are the most typical behavioural manifestations of the brain's capacity to integrate multisensory signals arising from the same object. in this study, we examined whether multisensory behavioural gains are observable across different components of the localization response that are potentially under the command of distinct brain regions. we measured the ability of ferrets to localize unisensory (auditory or visual) and spat ... | 2017 | 27740711 |
| evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza a/h7n9 virus in pb2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures. | novel avian h7n9 virus emerged in china in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. amino acid substitutions in pb2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of h7n9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. in this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution pb2-627k or compensatory changes at pb2-591k and pb2-701n, on the tropism and replication competence of h7n9 viruses for huma ... | 2016 | 27739468 |
| genetic evolution of hepatitis e virus. | comparative analysis of the genomic sequences of multiple hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates has revealed extensive genomic diversity among them. recently, a variety of genetically distinct hev variants have also been isolated and identified from large numbers of animal species, including birds, rabbits, rats, ferrets, bats, cutthroat trout, and camels, among others. furthermore, it has been reported that recombination in hev genomes takes place in animals and in human patients. also, chronic hev ... | 2016 | 27738980 |
| a novel class of small molecule agonists with preference for human over mouse tlr4 activation. | the best-characterized toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) ligands are lipopolysaccharide (lps) and its chemically modified and detoxified variant, monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). although both molecules are active for human tlr4, they demonstrate a potency preference for mouse tlr4 based on data from transfected cell lines and primary cells of both species. after a high throughput screening process of small molecule libraries, we have discovered a new class of tlr4 agonist with a species preference profi ... | 2016 | 27736941 |
| simple and specific method for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in mammalian species. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, a food- and water-borne disease. in developed countries, consumption of meats from pigs, wild boars and deer is a major source of infection. although hev and hev-related viruses have been detected in many animal species, their zoonotic potential and prevalence has not been completely understood. to detect anti-hev antibody in mammalian species, a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was established using extract from cell ... | 2016 | 27732880 |
| effects of ginseng-spikenard heart-nourishing capsule on inactivation of c-type kv1.4 potassium channel. | this research is to explore the effects of traditional chinese medicine ginseng-spikenard heart-nourishing capsule on the inactivation of c-type kv1.4 channels (kv1.4∆n) in xenopus laevis oocytes with two-electrode voltageclamp technique. defolliculated oocytes (stage v-vi) were injected with transcribed crnas of ferret kv1.4δn channels. during recording, oocytes were continuously perfused with nd96 solution (control group) and solution prepared from ginseng-spikenard heart-nourishing capsule (e ... | 2016 | 27731805 |
| morbillivirus experimental animal models: measles virus pathogenesis insights from canine distemper virus. | morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. since the canine distemper virus (cdv) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate ... | 2016 | 27727184 |
| a ferret model of copd-related chronic bronchitis. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is the third leading cause of death in the us. the majority of copd patients have symptoms of chronic bronchitis, which lacks specific therapies. a major impediment to therapeutic development has been the absence of animal models that recapitulate key clinical and pathologic features of human disease. ferrets are well suited for the investigation of the significance of respiratory diseases, given prior data indicating similarities to human airway phys ... | 2016 | 27699245 |
| effect of residual bacteria on the outcome of pulp regeneration in vivo. | it is not known to what extent residual infection may interfere with the success of pulp regeneration procedures. the aim of this study was to determine, radiographically and histologically, the effect of residual bacteria on the outcome of pulp regeneration mediated by a tissue-engineered construct as compared with traditional revascularization. periapical lesions were induced in 24 canine teeth of 6 ferrets. after disinfection with 1.25% naocl and triple antibiotic paste, ferret dental pulp st ... | 2017 | 27694153 |
| insights into the central pathways involved in the emetic and behavioural responses to exendin-4 in the ferret. | glp-1 receptor agonists are utilised for the treatment of type-2 diabetes but can be associated with undesirable effects of nausea and vomiting. | 2017 | 27692857 |
| pathogenesis and transmission assessments of two h7n8 influenza a viruses recently isolated from turkey farms in indiana using mouse and ferret models. | avian influenza a h7 viruses have caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry throughout north america, resulting in occasional infections of humans in close contact with affected birds. in early 2016, the presence of h7n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses and closely related h7n8 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses was confirmed in commercial turkey farms in indiana. these h7n8 viruses represent the first isolation of this subtype in domestic poultry in north america, ... | 2016 | 27681133 |
| antigen targeting to human hla class ii molecules increases efficacy of dna vaccination. | it has been difficult to translate promising results from dna vaccination in mice to larger animals and humans. previously, dna vaccines encoding proteins that target ag to mhc class ii (mhc-ii) molecules on apcs have been shown to induce rapid, enhanced, and long-lasting ag-specific ab titers in mice. in this study, we describe two novel dna vaccines that as proteins target hla class ii (hla-ii) molecules. these vaccine proteins cross-react with mhc-ii molecules in several species of larger mam ... | 2016 | 27671110 |
| mono- and quadri-subtype virus-like particles (vlps) containing h10 subtype elicit protective immunity to h10 influenza in a ferret challenge model. | avian-origin influenza represents a global public health concern. in 2013, the h10n8 virus caused documented human infections for the first time. currently, there is no approved vaccine against h10 influenza. recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) represent a promising vaccine approach. in this study, we evaluated h10 vlps containing hemagglutinin from h10n8 virus as an experimental vaccine in a ferret challenge model. in addition, we evaluated quadri-subtype vlps co-localizing h5, h7, h9 and h ... | 2016 | 27663671 |
| profile of antiemetic activity of netupitant alone or in combination with palonosetron and dexamethasone in ferrets and suncus murinus (house musk shrew). | chemotherapy-induced acute and delayed emesis involves the activation of multiple pathways, with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht; serotonin) playing a major role in the initial response. substance p tachykinin nk1 receptor antagonists can reduce emesis induced by disparate emetic challenges and therefore have a clinical utility as broad inhibitory anti-emetic drugs. in the present studies, we investigate the broad inhibitory anti-emetic profile of a relatively new nk1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, ... | 2016 | 27630563 |
| human monoclonal antibody 81.39a effectively neutralizes emerging influenza a viruses of group 1 and 2 hemagglutinins. | the pandemic threat posed by emerging zoonotic influenza a viruses necessitates development of antiviral agents effective against various antigenic subtypes. human monoclonal antibody (hmab) targeting the hemagglutinin (ha) stalk offers a promising approach to control influenza virus infections. here, we investigated the ability of the hmab 81.39a to inhibit in vitro replication of human and zoonotic viruses, representing 16 ha subtypes. the majority of viruses were effectively neutralized by 81 ... | 2016 | 27630240 |
| the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose quenches campylobacter jejuni-induced inflammation in human epithelial cells hep-2 and ht-29 and in mouse intestinal mucosa. | campylobacter jejuni causes diarrhea worldwide; young children are most susceptible. binding of virulent c. jejuni to the intestinal mucosa is inhibited ex vivo by α1,2-fucosylated carbohydrate moieties, including human milk oligosaccharides (hmoss). | 2016 | 27629573 |
| oscillatory dynamics in the frontoparietal attention network during sustained attention in the ferret. | sustained attention requires the coordination of neural activity across multiple cortical areas in the frontoparietal network, in particular the prefrontal cortex (pfc) and posterior parietal cortex (ppc). previous work has demonstrated that activity in these brain regions is coordinated by neuronal oscillations of the local field potential (lfp). however, the underlying coordination of activity in terms of organization of single unit (su) spiking activity has remained poorly understood, particu ... | 2016 | 27626658 |
| squalene-containing licensed adjuvants enhance strain-specific antibody responses against the influenza hemagglutinin and induce subtype-specific antibodies against the neuraminidase. | while seasonal influenza vaccines are usually non-adjuvanted, h1n1pdm09 vaccines were formulated with different squalene-containing adjuvants, to enable the reduction of antigen content thus increasing the number of doses available. to comparatively assess the effects of these adjuvants on antibody responses against matched and mismatched strains, and to correlate antibody levels with protection from disease, ferrets were immunized with 2μg of commercial h1n1pdm09 vaccine antigen alone or formul ... | 2016 | 27616472 |
| the controlled cortical impact model of experimental brain trauma: overview, research applications, and protocol. | controlled cortical impact (cci) is a commonly used and highly regarded model of brain trauma that uses a pneumatically or electromagnetically controlled piston to induce reproducible and well-controlled injury. the cci model was originally used in ferrets and it has since been scaled for use in many other species. this chapter will describe the historical development of the cci model, compare and contrast the pneumatic and electromagnetic models, and summarize key short- and long-term consequen ... | 2016 | 27604719 |
| oral and dental diseases in a population of domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | domestic ferrets have been used for many purposes, but recently their popularity as companion animals has increased greatly. however, data on their oral and dental diseases are rare. the objective of this study was therefore to describe oral and dental diseases in a population of client-owned domestic ferrets. | 2016 | 27604062 |
| sterilizing immunity to influenza virus infection requires local antigen-specific t cell response in the lungs. | sterilizing immunity is a unique immune status, which prevents effective virus infection into the host. it is different from the immunity that allows infection but with subsequent successful eradication of the virus. pre-infection induces sterilizing immunity to homologous influenza virus challenge in ferret. in our antigen-specific experimental system, mice pre-infected with pr8 influenza virus through nasal route are likewise resistant to reinfection of the same strain of virus. the virus is c ... | 2016 | 27596047 |
| resting state network topology of the ferret brain. | resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfmri) has emerged as a versatile tool for non-invasive measurement of functional connectivity patterns in the brain. rsfmri brain dynamics in rodents, non-human primates, and humans share similar properties; however, little is known about the resting state functional connectivity patterns in the ferret, an animal model with high potential for developmental and cognitive translational study. to address this knowledge-gap, we performed rsfmri ... | 2016 | 27596024 |
| crouching to fit in: the energetic cost of locomotion in tunnels. | animals that are specialized for a particular habitat or mode of locomotion often demonstrate locomotor efficiency in a focal environment when compared to a generalist species. however, measurements of these focal habitats or behaviors are often difficult or impossible to do in the field. in this study, the energetics and kinematics of simulated tunnel locomotion by two unrelated semi-fossorial mammals, the ferret and degu, were analyzed using open-flow respirometry and digital video. animals we ... | 2016 | 27591314 |
| highly pathogenic reassortant avian influenza a(h5n1) virus clade 2.3.2.1a in poultry, bhutan. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1), clade 2.3.2.1a, with an h9-like polymerase basic protein 1 gene, isolated in bhutan in 2012, replicated faster in vitro than its h5n1 parental genotype and was transmitted more efficiently in a chicken model. these properties likely help limit/eradicate outbreaks, combined with strict control measures. | 2016 | 27584733 |
| the second spiking threshold: dynamics of laminar network spiking in the visual cortex. | most neurons have a threshold separating the silent non-spiking state and the state of producing temporal sequences of spikes. but neurons in vivo also have a second threshold, found recently in granular layer neurons of the primary visual cortex, separating spontaneous ongoing spiking from visually evoked spiking driven by sharp transients. here we examine whether this second threshold exists outside the granular layer and examine details of transitions between spiking states in ferrets exposed ... | 2016 | 27582693 |
| clinical, cytological, histological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous mast cell tumours in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | cutaneous mast cell tumours (cmcts) are one of the most common cutaneous tumours in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). however, limited information is available regarding cytological and histological features of these tumours and studies evaluating kit expression are lacking in this species. the aims of this prospective study were to describe the most common clinical, cytological and histological features of cmcts in ferrets and to compare the usefulness of different staining techniques in the dia ... | 2016 | 27578524 |
| developing a de novo targeted knock-in method based on in utero electroporation into the mammalian brain. | genome-editing technology has revolutionized the field of biology. here, we report a novel de novo gene-targeting method mediated by in utero electroporation into the developing mammalian brain. electroporation of donor dna with the crispr/cas9 system vectors successfully leads to knock-in of the donor sequence, such as egfp, to the target site via the homology-directed repair mechanism. we developed a targeting vector system optimized to prevent anomalous leaky expression of the donor gene from ... | 2016 | 27578183 |
| selection of antigenically advanced variants of seasonal influenza viruses. | influenza viruses mutate frequently, necessitating constant updates of vaccine viruses. to establish experimental approaches that may complement the current vaccine strain selection process, we selected antigenic variants from human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus libraries possessing random mutations in the globular head of the haemagglutinin protein (which includes the antigenic sites) by incubating them with human and/or ferret convalescent sera to human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. we also selected ... | 2016 | 27572841 |
| reduction of neuraminidase activity exacerbates disease in 2009 pandemic influenza virus-infected mice. | during the first wave of the 2009 pandemic, caused by a h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1) of swine origin, antivirals were the only form of therapeutic available to control the proliferation of disease until the conventional strain-matched vaccine was produced. oseltamivir is an antiviral that inhibits the sialidase activity of the viral neuraminidase (na) protein and was shown to be effective against ph1n1 viruses in ferrets. furthermore, it was used in humans to treat infections during the pandemic ... | 2016 | 27558428 |
| a defective interfering influenza rna inhibits infectious influenza virus replication in human respiratory tract cells: a potential new human antiviral. | defective interfering (di) viruses arise during the replication of influenza a virus and contain a non-infective version of the genome that is able to interfere with the production of infectious virus. in this study we hypothesise that a cloned di influenza a virus rna may prevent infection of human respiratory epithelial cells with infection by influenza a. the di rna (244/pr8) was derived by a natural deletion process from segment 1 of influenza a/pr/8/34 (h1n1); it comprises 395 nucleotides a ... | 2016 | 27556481 |
| cross-protective efficacies of highly-pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 vaccines against a recent h5n8 virus. | to investigate cross-protective vaccine efficacy of highly-pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses against a recent hpai h5n8 virus, we immunized c57bl/6 mice and ferrets with three alum-adjuvanted inactivated whole h5n1 vaccines developed through reverse-genetics (rg): [vietnam/1194/04xpr8 (clade 1), korea/w149/06xpr8 (clade 2.2), and korea/es223n/03xpr8 (clade 2.5)]. although relatively low cross-reactivities (10-40 hi titer) were observed against heterologous h5n8 virus, immunized animals wer ... | 2016 | 27543757 |
| zeroing in on cost-cutting. organizations on 100 top hospitals list use data and standardization to ferret out savings. | 2016 | 27526470 | |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| multichannel cochlear implant for selective neuronal activation and chronic use in the free-moving mongolian gerbil. | animal models for chronic multichannel cochlear implant stimulation and selective neuronal activation contribute to a better understanding of auditory signal processing and central neural plasticity. | 2016 | 27519925 |
| viral injection and cranial window implantation for in vivo two-photon imaging. | two-photon (2p) imaging has proven to be a powerful tool for investigating neural structure and function both in brain slices and in intact systems. in vivo 2p imaging presents significant challenges in sample preparation, which are exacerbated in non-murine species. here, we describe procedures for the effective virally mediated labeling of neurons and for the implantation of cranial windows for imaging. the procedures described here are applicable to a range of species, including mice, and are ... | 2016 | 27515080 |
| spatiotemporal features of retinal waves instruct the wiring of the visual circuitry. | coordinated spontaneous activity is present in different sensory systems during early stages of development. this activity is thought to play a critical role in the development of sensory representations before the maturation of sensory experience. in the visual system, the mechanisms by which spatiotemporal properties of retinal spontaneous activity, called retinal waves, drive developmental events has been well studied. recent advancements in pharmacological, genetic, and optogenetic manipulat ... | 2016 | 27507937 |
| when the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain. | during long dives, the brain of whales and seals experiences a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia). the brain neurons of the hooded seal (cystophora cristata) are more tolerant towards low-oxygen conditions than those of mice, and also better survive other hypoxia-related stress conditions like a reduction in glucose supply and high concentrations of lactate. little is known about the molecular mechanisms that support the hypoxia tolerance of the diving brain. | 2016 | 27507242 |
| polychlorinated biphenyls in settled dust from informal electronic waste recycling workshops and nearby highways in urban centers and suburban industrial roadsides of chennai city, india: levels, congener profiles and exposure assessment. | polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were quantified in settled dust collected from informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling workshops and nearby highways in the urban centers and roadside dust from the suburban industrial belt of chennai city in india. further dust samples were subjected to a high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (fesem/edx) to characterize the shape, size and elemental composition of the dust particle ... | 2016 | 27503630 |
| peromyscus as a model system for human hepatitis c: an opportunity to advance our understanding of a complex host parasite system. | worldwide, there are 185 million people infected with hepatitis c virus and approximately 350,000 people die each year from hepatitis c associated liver diseases. human hepatitis c research has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model system. most of the in vivo research has been conducted on chimpanzees, which is complicated by ethical concerns, small sample sizes, high costs, and genetic heterogeneity. the house mouse system has led to greater understanding of a wide variety o ... | 2017 | 27498234 |
| anatomy and disorders of the oral cavity of ferrets and other exotic companion carnivores. | exotic companion carnivores such as ferrets, skunks, fennec foxes, coatimundis, raccoons, and kinkajous presented in clinical practice share similar dental anatomy, function, and diseases. the domestic ferret serves as the representative species for this group with its anatomy, diseases, and conditions described in detail. dog and cat guidelines for veterinary and home care seem to be relevant and applicable, including dental endodontic procedures. annual or biannual dental examinations and prop ... | 2016 | 27497211 |
| imaging diagnosis-radiography and ultrasonography of bilateral congenital ureterovesical junction stenosis causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter in a ferret (mustela putorius furo). | an 8-month-old neutered male ferret was presented for vaccination and preventive treatment for adrenal gland disease. abdominal ultrasound revealed severe bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. excretory urography and negative contrast cystography showed bilateral ureterovesical junction stenosis. positive retrograde cystography demonstrated right ureteral reflux. a subcutaneous ureteral bypass was placed in the left kidney; however, it had to be removed 3 months later due to an obstruction a ... | 2017 | 27490371 |
| influenza virus vaccine for neglected hosts: horses and dogs. | this study provides information regarding vaccine research and the epidemiology of influenza virus in neglected hosts (horses and dogs). equine influenza virus (eiv) causes a highly contagious disease in horses and other equids, and outbreaks have occurred worldwide. eiv has resulted in costly damage to the horse industry and has the ability of cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs. canine influenza is a virus of equine or avian origin and infects companion animals that live in clos ... | 2016 | 27489801 |
| ferrets infected with bundibugyo virus or ebola virus recapitulate important aspects of human filovirus disease. | bundibugyo virus (bdbv) is the etiological agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with a case-fatality rate ranging from 25 to 36%. despite having been known to the scientific and medical communities for almost 1 decade, there is a dearth of studies on this pathogen due to the lack of a small animal model. domestic ferrets are commonly used to study other rna viruses, including members of the order mononegavirales to investigate whether ferrets were susceptible to filovirus infections, fe ... | 2016 | 27489269 |
| comparison of three preclinical models for nausea and vomiting assessment. | nausea is a subjective sensation often preceding emesis in humans. drug-induced nausea remains difficult to predict in preclinical tests. the aim of this study was to compare the effects of emetic agents in rats (pica behavior), ferrets (acute and delayed phases of emesis) or dogs (emesis and cardiovascular endpoints). | 2017 | 27477617 |
| competitive fitness of influenza b viruses possessing e119a and h274y neuraminidase inhibitor resistance-associated substitutions in ferrets. | neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) are the only antiviral drugs recommended for influenza treatment and prophylaxis. although nai-resistant influenza b viruses that could pose a threat to public health have been reported in the field, their fitness is poorly understood. we evaluated in ferrets the pathogenicity and relative fitness of reverse genetics (rg)-generated influenza b/yamanashi/166/1998-like viruses containing e119a or h274y na substitutions (n2 numbering). ferrets inoculated with na ... | 2016 | 27466813 |
| functional connectivity of resting hemodynamic signals in submillimeter orientation columns of the visual cortex. | resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly used for examining connectivity across brain regions. the spatial scale by which hemodynamic imaging can resolve functional connections at rest remains unknown. to examine this issue, deoxyhemoglobin-weighted intrinsic optical imaging data were acquired from the visual cortex of lightly anesthetized ferrets. the neural activity of orientation domains, which span a distance of 0.7-0.8 mm, has been shown to be correlated dur ... | 2016 | 27461173 |
| a review of radiation-induced coagulopathy and new findings to support potential prevention strategies and treatments. | results from our recent studies have led to the novel hypothesis that radiation-induced coagulopathy (ric) and associated hemorrhage occurring as part of the acute radiation syndrome (ars) is a major cause of death resulting from radiation exposure in large mammals, including humans. this article contains information related to ric, as well as potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of ric. in addition, new findings are reported here on the occurrence of ric biomarkers in humans ex ... | 2016 | 27459701 |
| structure and function analysis of an antibody recognizing all influenza a subtypes. | influenza virus remains a threat because of its ability to evade vaccine-induced immune responses due to antigenic drift. here, we describe the isolation, evolution, and structure of a broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibody (mab), medi8852, effectively reacting with all influenza a hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes. medi8852 uses the heavy-chain vh6-1 gene and has higher potency and breadth when compared to other anti-stem antibodies. medi8852 is effective in mice and ferrets with a therapeutic wind ... | 2016 | 27453466 |
| vaccination is more effective than prophylactic oseltamivir in preventing cns invasion by h5n1 virus via the olfactory nerve. | influenza a viruses can replicate in the olfactory mucosa and subsequently use the olfactory nerve to enter the central nervous system (cns). it is currently unknown whether intervention strategies are able to reduce or prevent influenza virus replication within the olfactory mucosa and subsequent spread to the cns. therefore, we tested the efficacy of homologous vaccination and prophylactic oseltamivir to prevent h5n1 virus cns invasion via the olfactory nerve in our ferret model. | 2016 | 27448390 |
| influenza a (h10n7) virus causes respiratory tract disease in harbor seals and ferrets. | avian influenza viruses sporadically cross the species barrier to mammals, including humans, in which they may cause epidemic disease. recently such an epidemic occurred due to the emergence of avian influenza virus of the subtype h10n7 (seal/h10n7) in harbor seals (phoca vitulina). this epidemic caused high mortality in seals along the north-west coast of europe and represented a potential risk for human health. to characterize the spectrum of lesions and to identify the target cells and viral ... | 2016 | 27448168 |
| transcript profiling of toll-like receptor mrnas in selected tissues of mink (neovison vison). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. the aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink tlrs (mtlrs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mtlrs in the antiviral immune response process. the results indicated that the mtlr partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nu ... | 2016 | 27435536 |
| possible role of fish and frogs as paratenic hosts of dracunculus medinensis, chad. | copepods infected with dracunculus medinensis larvae collected from infected dogs in chad were fed to 2 species of fish and tadpoles. although they readily ingested copepods, neither species of fish, nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) nor fathead minnow (pimephalis promelas), were found to harbor dracunculus larvae when examined 2-3 weeks later. tadpoles ingested copepods much more slowly; however, upon examination at the same time interval, tadpoles of green frogs (lithobates [rana] clamitans ... | 2016 | 27434418 |