Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| population vulnerability and disability in kenya's tsetse fly habitats. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat), also referred to as sleeping sickness, and african animal trypanosomaisis (aat), known as nagana, are highly prevalent parasitic vector-borne diseases in sub-saharan africa. humans acquire trypanosomiasis following the bite of a tsetse fly infected with the protozoa trypanosoma brucei (t.b.) spp. -i.e., t.b. gambiense in west and central africa and t.b. rhodesiense in east and southern africa. over the last decade hat diagnostic capacity to estimate hat preva ... | 2011 | 21347453 |
| microsatellite genotyping reveals diversity within populations of sodalis glossinidius, the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies. | the aim of this study was to develop a pcr-based microsatellite genotyping method for identifying genetic diversity in sodalis glossinidius, a symbiont associated with tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. allelic polymorphism at three loci, investigated on 40 fly gut extracts, evidenced eight alleles and the existence of five genotypes. this novel approach was shown to be efficient and suitable for routine large-scale genotyping of s. glossinidius presen ... | 2011 | 21334833 |
| identification of the meiotic life cycle stage of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly. | elucidating the mechanism of genetic exchange is fundamental for understanding how genes for such traits as virulence, disease phenotype, and drug resistance are transferred between pathogen strains. genetic exchange occurs in the parasitic protists trypanosoma brucei, t. cruzi, and leishmania major, but the precise cellular mechanisms are unknown, because the process has not been observed directly. here we exploit the identification of homologs of meiotic genes in the t. brucei genome and demon ... | 2011 | 21321215 |
| progress towards the eradication of tsetse from the loos islands, guinea. | the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis is the main vector of sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis - hat) in west africa, in particular in littoral guinea where this disease is currently very active. the loos islands constitute a small archipelago some 5 km from mainland guinea, where g. p. gambiensis is well known as a nuisance and potential disease vector by inhabitants of the three main islands, fotoba, room, and kassa. the national control program against hat of guinea has de ... | 2011 | 21310074 |
| disappearance of some human african trypanosomiasis transmission foci in zambia in the absence of a tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control program over a period of forty years. | we conducted a situation analysis of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in zambia from january 2000 to april 2007. the aim of this survey was to identify districts in zambia that were still recording cases of hat. three districts namely, mpika, chama, and chipata were found to be still reporting cases of hat and thus lay in hat transmission foci in north eastern zambia. during the period under review, 24 cases of hat were reported from these three districts. we thereafter reviewed literature on ... | 2011 | 21276598 |
| the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes (diptera: glossina) harbours a surprising diversity of bacteria other than symbionts. | three different bacterial species are regularly described from tsetse flies. however, no broad screens have been performed to investigate the existence of other bacteria in this medically and agriculturally important vector insect. utilising both culture dependent and independent methods we show that kenyan populations of glossina fuscipes fuscipes harbour a surprising diversity of bacteria. bacteria were isolated from 72% of flies with 23 different bacterial species identified. the firmicutes p ... | 2011 | 21203841 |
| tbunc119 and its binding protein complex are essential for propagation, motility, and morphogenesis of trypanosoma brucei procyclic form cells. | flagellum-mediated motility of trypanosoma brucei is considered to be essential for the parasite to complete stage development in the tsetse fly vector, while the mechanism by which flagellum-mediated motility is controlled are not fully understood. we thus compared t. brucei whole gene products (amino acid sequence) with caenorhabditis elegans unc (uncoordinated) proteins, in order to find uncharacterized motility-related t. brucei genes. through in silico analysis, we found 88 gene products wh ... | 2010 | 21203515 |
| spatio-temporal distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso. | in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso, the main vectors of african animal trypanosomoses are glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood (diptera: glossinidae), both of which are riverine tsetse species. the aim of our study was to understand the impact of landscape anthropogenic changes on the seasonal dynamics of vectors and associated trypanosomosis risk. three sites were selected on the basis of the level of disturbance of tsetse habitats and predominant tse ... | 2010 | 21198714 |
| a new transmission risk index for human african trypanosomiasis and its application in the identification of sites of high transmission of sleeping sickness in the fontem focus of southwest cameroon. | a new index for the risk for transmission of human african trypanosomiasis was developed from an earlier index by adding terms for the proportion of tsetse infected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 and the contribution of animals to tsetse diet. the validity of the new index was then assessed in the fontem focus of southwest cameroon. averages of 0.66 and 4.85 glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) were caught per trap/day at the end of one rainy season (november) and the sta ... | 2010 | 21198712 |
| molecular bases of cytoskeleton plasticity during the trypanosoma brucei parasite cycle. | african trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites responsible for sleeping sickness and transmitted by tsetse flies. the accomplishment of their parasite cycle requires adaptation to highly diverse environments. these transitions take place in a strictly defined order and are accompanied by spectacular morphological modifications in cell size, shape and positioning of organelles. to understand the molecular bases of these processes, parasites isolated from different tissues of the tsetse ... | 2011 | 21159115 |
| functional analysis of the twin-arginine translocation pathway in sodalis glossinidius, a bacterial symbiont of the tsetse fly. | this study demonstrates a functional twin-arginine (tat) translocation pathway present in the tsetse fly symbiont sodalis glossinidius and its potential to export active heterologous proteins to the periplasm. functionality was demonstrated using green fluorescent protein (gfp) fused to the tat signal peptide of escherichia coli trimethylamine n-oxide reductase (tora). | 2010 | 21148698 |
| effect of host pregnancy on pupal production by the tsetse fly. | 1966 | 21108521 | |
| tsetse fly control and trypanosomiasis in africa, quo vadis? | national and international efforts to eradicate tsetse fly-borne human and animal trypanosomiasis are critically evaluated, and possible reasons for their failure in many cases are discussed. some formerly performed campaigns in specific areas with positive results cannot be taken as examples to solve the main problems. in future, a significant reduction of trypanosomiasis cases will be possible to achieve only if a concerted long-term pan-african approach, based on financial security, the conti ... | 2010 | 21104211 |
| fine structure of the female reproductive system in a viviparous insect, glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera, glossinidae). | the female reproductive system of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans is analysed by scanning electron microscopy (sem). the study focuses in particular on the choriothete, a peculiar uterine structure involved in the viviparous mode of reproduction of glossina morsitans morsitans. under light microscopy, the choriothete appears formed by numerous tongue-like folds projecting towards the uterine lumen and lined by a thin cuticle. sem analysis highlights for the first time a distinctive n ... | 2010 | 21094964 |
| theoretical levels of control as a function of mean temperature and spray efficacy in the aerial spraying of tsetse fly. | the hypothetical impact of aerial spraying on tsetse fly populations is investigated. spray cycles are scheduled at intervals two days short of the first interlarval period and halted once the last of the female flies that originated from pre-spray-deposited pupae have been sprayed twice. the effect of temperature on the aerial spraying of tsetse, through its reproductive cycle and general population dynamics, is of particular interest, given that cooler weather is preferred for the settling of ... | 2010 | 21087595 |
| the prevalence of african animal trypanosomoses and tsetse presence in western senegal. | in 2005, the government of senegal initiated a tsetse eradication campaign in the niayes and la petite côte aiming at the removal of african animal trypanosomosis (aat), which is one of the main constraints to the development of more effective cattle production systems. the target area has particular meteorological and ecological characteristics that provide great potential for animal production, but it is unfortunately still infested by the riverine tsetse species glossina palpalis gambiensis v ... | 2010 | 21073148 |
| a note on the noise-making ability of the tsetse-fly, glossina palpalis rob.-desv. (diptera, glossinidae), while in flight. | 1946 | 21022159 | |
| tsetse-flies in liberia; distribution and ecology; possibilities of control. | 1946 | 21003284 | |
| human trypanosomiasis in liberia, 1941-1944. | 1946 | 21003283 | |
| human trypanosomiasis and tsetse-flies in liberia. | 1946 | 21003282 | |
| an artificially isolated generation of tsetse flies (diptera). | 1946 | 21000966 | |
| salivation by glossina morsitans on to glass slides; a technique for isolating infected flies. | 1946 | 20997896 | |
| the sex ratio of infected flies found in transmission-experiments with glossina morsitans and trypanosoma rhodesiense. | 1946 | 20984394 | |
| incubation of tsetse pupae: increased transmission-rate of trypanosoma rhodesiense in glossina morsitans. | 1946 | 20984390 | |
| universal primers for rapid detection of hytrosaviruses. | hytrosaviridae is a proposed virus family encompassing viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy (sgh) syndrome in infected insects and reduce the fertility in their dipteran insect hosts. they contain a large, double stranded dna genome of 120-190 kbp. to date, these viruses have been detected only in adult diptera. these include hytrosaviruses detected in various tsetse fly species (glossina spp.), the narcissus bulb fly merodon equestris and the house fly musca domestica. the limited numb ... | 2010 | 20923688 |
| [glossina feeding habits and diversity of species of trypanosomes in an active focus of human african trypanosomiasis in gabon]. | feeding host is an important factor upon which depend the glossina infection rate and the proportion of different species of trypanosome. glossina feed both upon animals and humans. in order to identify species of trypanosomes present in the komo-mondah focus and to verify whether there is any relationship between the prevalence of sleeping sickness and the feeding habits of glossina, we have carried out an entomological survey in this focus of gabon. flies were dissected and organs were analyse ... | 2010 | 20821180 |
| trypanosomiasis and tsetse fly control. | 1933 | 20777391 | |
| discovery and verification of osteopontin and beta-2-microglobulin as promising markers for staging human african trypanosomiasis. | human african trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease endemic in sub-saharan africa, transmitted to humans through the bite of a tsetse fly. the first or hemolymphatic stage of the disease is associated with presence of parasites in the bloodstream, lymphatic system, and body tissues. if patients are left untreated, parasites cross the blood-brain barrier and invade the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain parenchyma, giving rise to the second or meningoencephalitic stage. sta ... | 2010 | 20724469 |
| proteomic analysis of glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus virions for immune intervention in tsetse fly colonies. | many species of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) can be infected by a virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy (sgh). the genomes of viruses isolated from glossina pallidipes (gpsghv) and musca domestica (mdsghv) have recently been sequenced. tsetse flies with sgh have reduced fecundity and fertility which cause a serious problem for mass rearing in the frame of sterile insect technique (sit) programmes to control and eradicate tsetse populations in the wild. a potential intervention stra ... | 2010 | 20719992 |
| stratified entomological sampling in preparation for an area-wide integrated pest management program: the example of glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) in the niayes of senegal. | the riverine tsetse species glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera: glossinidae) inhabits riparian forests along river systems in west africa. the government of senegal has embarked on a project to eliminate this tsetse species, and african animal trypanosomoses, from the niayes area using an area-wide integrated pest management approach. a stratified entomological sampling strategy was therefore developed using spatial analytical tools and mathematical modeling. a preliminary ph ... | 2010 | 20695269 |
| bottlenecks and the maintenance of minor genotypes during the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes are digenetic parasites that undergo part of their developmental cycle in mammals and part in tsetse flies. we established a novel technique to monitor the population dynamics of trypanosoma brucei throughout its life cycle while minimising the confounding factors of strain differences or variation in fitness. clones derived from a single trypanosome were tagged with short synthetic dna sequences in a non-transcribed region of the genome. infections were initiated with mixtu ... | 2010 | 20686656 |
| a landscape and climate data logistic model of tsetse distribution in kenya. | trypanosoma spp, biologically transmitted by the tsetse fly in africa, are a major cause of illness resulting in both high morbidity and mortality among humans, cattle, wild ungulates, and other species. however, tsetse fly distributions change rapidly due to environmental changes, and fine-scale distribution maps are few. due to data scarcity, most presence/absence estimates in kenya prior to 2000 are a combination of local reports, entomological knowledge, and topographic information. the avai ... | 2010 | 20676406 |
| mobile genetic element proliferation and gene inactivation impact over the genome structure and metabolic capabilities of sodalis glossinidius, the secondary endosymbiont of tsetse flies. | genome reduction is a common evolutionary process in symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. this process has been extensively characterized in bacterial endosymbionts of insects, where primary mutualistic bacteria represent the most extreme cases of genome reduction consequence of a massive process of gene inactivation and loss during their evolution from free-living ancestors. sodalis glossinidius, the secondary endosymbiont of tsetse flies, contains one of the few complete genomes of bacteria at t ... | 2010 | 20649993 |
| bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of bench maji zone, south western ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was carried out from november 2008 to february 2009 in guraferda and sheko districts of bench maji zone, south western ethiopia. the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the density of its vectors. an overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in the study area was 4.4%. trypanosoma congolense (36.36%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by trypanosoma vivax (18.18%) and trypanosoma brucei (9.09%). mean packed cell ... | 2010 | 20577803 |
| a novel phosphatase cascade regulates differentiation in trypanosoma brucei via a glycosomal signaling pathway. | in the mammalian bloodstream, the sleeping sickness parasite trypanosoma brucei is held poised for transmission by the activity of a tyrosine phosphatase, tbptp1. this prevents differentiation of the transmissible "stumpy forms" until entry into the tsetse fly, whereupon tbptp1 is inactivated and major changes in parasite physiology are initiated to allow colonization of the arthropod vector. using a substrate-trapping approach, we identified the downstream step in this developmental signaling p ... | 2010 | 20551176 |
| landmarks in the evolution of technologies for identifying trypanosomes in tsetse flies. | understanding what the trypanosome pathogens are, their vectors and mode of transmission underpin efforts to control the disease they cause in both humans and livestock. the risk of transmission is estimated by determining what proportion of the vector population is carrying the infectious pathogens. this risk also depends on the infectivity of the trypanosomes to humans and livestock. most livestock pathogens are not infective to humans, whereas the two sub-species that infect humans also infec ... | 2010 | 20542733 |
| tsetse fly blood meal modification and trypanosome identification in two sleeping sickness foci in the forest of southern cameroon. | the blood meal origins of 222 tsetse flies (213 glossina palpalis palpalis, 7 glossina pallicera pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca and one glossina caliginea) caught in 2008 in two human african trypanosomiasis foci (bipindi and campo) of south cameroon were investigated. 88.7% of tsetse flies blood meals were identified using the heteroduplex method and the origin of the remaining blood meals (11.3%) was identified by sequencing the cytochrome b gene. most of the meals were from humans (45.9%) ... | 2010 | 20541513 |
| population genetics as a tool to select tsetse control strategies: suppression or eradication of glossina palpalis gambiensis in the niayes of senegal. | the government of senegal has initiated the "projet de lutte contre les glossines dans les niayes" to remove the trypanosomosis problem from this area in a sustainable way. due to past failures to sustainably eradicate glossina palpalis gambiensis from the niayes area, controversies remain as to the best strategy implement, i.e. "eradication" versus "suppression." to inform this debate, we used population genetics to measure genetic differentiation between g. palpalis gambiensis from the niayes ... | 2010 | 20520795 |
| amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis of closely related wild and captive tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans) populations. | abstract: | 2010 | 20504326 |
| regulation of high-affinity iron acquisition homologues in the tsetse fly symbiont sodalis glossinidius. | sodalis glossinidius is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is a secondary symbiont of the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae). since studies with other facultative intracellular bacteria have shown that high-affinity iron acquisition genes are upregulated in vivo, we investigated the regulation of several sodalis genes that encode putative iron acquisition systems. these genes, sg1538 (hemt) and sg1516 (sita), are homologous to genes encoding periplasmic heme and iron/manganese transporter ... | 2010 | 20494987 |
| sleeping sickness in southeastern uganda: a spatio-temporal analysis of disease risk, 1970-2003. | sleeping sickness is a major threat to human health in sub-saharan africa. southeastern uganda has experienced a number of significant epidemics in the past 100 years, most recently from 1976 to 1989. recent and continued spread of the disease has highlighted gaps in the ability of current research to explain and predict the distribution of infection. vegetation cover and changes in vegetation may be important determinants of transmission and disease risk because of the habitat preferences of th ... | 2010 | 20482341 |
| the trypanosoma brucei life cycle switch tbptp1 is structurally conserved and dephosphorylates the nucleolar protein nopp44/46. | trypanosoma brucei adapts to changing environments as it cycles through arrested and proliferating stages in the human and tsetse fly hosts. changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, including nopp44/46, accompany t. brucei development. moreover, inactivation of t. brucei protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 (tbptp1) triggers differentiation of bloodstream stumpy forms into tsetse procyclic forms through unknown downstream effects. here, we link these events by showing that nopp ... | 2010 | 20444707 |
| nutrient provisioning facilitates homeostasis between tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) symbionts. | host-associated microbial interactions may involve genome complementation, driving-enhanced communal efficiency and stability. the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), the obligate vector of african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei subspp.), harbours two enteric gammaproteobacteria symbionts: wigglesworthia glossinidia and sodalis glossinidius. host coevolution has streamlined the wigglesworthia genome to complement the exclusively sanguivorous tsetse lifestyle. comparative genomics reveal that th ... | 2010 | 20356887 |
| identification of a tsetse fly salivary protein with dual inhibitory action on human platelet aggregation. | tsetse flies (glossina sp.), the african trypanosome vectors, rely on anti-hemostatic compounds for efficient blood feeding. despite their medical importance, very few salivary proteins have been characterized and functionally annotated. | 2010 | 20351782 |
| evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of pyramidal, modified pyramidal and monoscreen traps for the control of the tsetse fly, glossina fuscipes fuscipes, in uganda. | several trap designs have been used for sampling and control of the tsetse fly, glossina fuscipes fuscipes, newstead (diptera: glossinidae) based on preferences of individual researchers and program managers with little understanding of the comparative efficiency and cost-effectiveness of trap designs. this study was carried out to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four commonly used trap designs: monoscreen, modified pyramidal and pyramidal, relative to the standard biconical trap. the study w ... | 2007 | 20345292 |
| prospects for the development of odour baits to control the tsetse flies glossina tachinoides and g. palpalis s.l. | field studies were done of the responses of glossina palpalis palpalis in côte d'ivoire, and g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides in burkina faso, to odours from humans, cattle and pigs. responses were measured either by baiting (1.) biconical traps or (2.) electrocuting black targets with natural host odours. the catch of g. tachinoides from traps was significantly enhanced ( approximately 5x) by odour from cattle but not humans. in contrast, catches from electric targets showed inconsistent res ... | 2010 | 20300513 |
| repellent properties of delta-octalactone against the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | delta-octalactone, produced by several bovidae, has been suggested as a potential repellant of tsetse fly attack. racemic delta-octalactone was synthesized via an abbreviated route. the product was assayed against 3-day old starved teneral female tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans wiedemann (diptera: glossinidae), in a choice wind tunnel and found to be a potent tsetse repellent at doses >or=0.05 mg in 200 microl of paraffin oil (0.05 >p >0.01). | 2008 | 20298116 |
| tsetse fly control and sleeping sickness in the sudan. | 1945 | 20293978 | |
| tsetse fly repellents. | 1946 | 20286131 | |
| the maintenance of cattle under conditions of tsetse fly infestation in the field. | 1947 | 20273229 | |
| nutrition of the african in tsetse-fly areas. | 1947 | 20271152 | |
| d.d.t. and the aeroplane in the control of the tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis in south africa. | 1947 | 20267547 | |
| tsetse ep protein protects the fly midgut from trypanosome establishment. | african trypanosomes undergo a complex developmental process in their tsetse fly vector before transmission back to a vertebrate host. typically, 90% of fly infections fail, most during initial establishment of the parasite in the fly midgut. the specific mechanism(s) underpinning this failure are unknown. we have previously shown that a glossina-specific, immunoresponsive molecule, tsetse ep protein, is up regulated by the fly in response to gram-negative microbial challenge. here we show by kn ... | 2010 | 20221444 |
| transcriptome analysis of reproductive tissue and intrauterine developmental stages of the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans). | tsetse flies, vectors of african trypanosomes, undergo viviparous reproduction (the deposition of live offspring). this reproductive strategy results in a large maternal investment and the deposition of a small number of progeny during a female's lifespan. the reproductive biology of tsetse has been studied on a physiological level; however the molecular analysis of tsetse reproduction requires deeper investigation. to build a foundation from which to base molecular studies of tsetse reproductio ... | 2010 | 20214793 |
| evidence that low endocytic activity is not directly responsible for human serum resistance in the insect form of african trypanosomes. | abstract: | 2010 | 20205710 |
| a trk/hkt-type k+ transporter from trypanosoma brucei. | the molecular mechanisms of k(+) homeostasis are only poorly understood for protozoan parasites. trypanosoma brucei subsp. parasites, the causative agents of human sleeping sickness and nagana, are strictly extracellular and need to actively concentrate k(+) from their hosts' body fluids. the t. brucei genome contains two putative k(+) channel genes, yet the trypanosomes are insensitive to k(+) antagonists and k(+) channel-blocking agents, and they do not spontaneously depolarize in response to ... | 2010 | 20190075 |
| population structuring of the tsetse glossina tachinoides resulting from landscape fragmentation in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso. | the impact of landscape fragmentation resulting from human- and climate-mediated factors on the structure of a population of glossina tachinoides westwood (diptera: glossinidae) in the mouhoun river basin, burkina faso, was investigated. allele frequencies at five microsatellite loci were compared in four populations. the average distance between samples was 72 km. the sampling points traversed an ecological cline in terms of rainfall and riverine forest ecotype, along a river loop that enlarged ... | 2010 | 20141594 |
| the protease resistant surface (prs) glycoconjugate from trypanosoma congolense has an inositol-acylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, containing a significant proportion of myristate at the sn-2 position. | in the tsetse fly, the surface of trypanosoma congolense parasites is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include epgengt procyclin and protease resistant surface molecule (prs), as well as congolense epimastigote-specific protein, cesp, and glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp). the gpi structures of epgengt and garp have been partially elucidated, but very little is known about prs. we now purified prs and analyzed its gpi lipid str ... | 2010 | 20138924 |
| molecular characterization of two novel milk proteins in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans). | milk proteins are an essential component of viviparous reproduction in the tsetse fly. milk proteins are synthesized in and secreted from the milk gland tissue and constitute 50% of the secretions from which the intrauterine larva derives its nourishment. to understand milk protein function and regulation during viviparous reproduction, milk proteins need to be identified and characterized. | 2010 | 20136662 |
| trypanosoma brucei: reduction of gpi-phospholipase c protein during differentiation is dependent on replication of newly transformed cells. | the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei lives in the bloodstream of vertebrates or in a tsetse fly. expression of a gpi-phospholipase c polypeptide (gpi-plcp) in the parasite is restricted to the bloodstream form. events controlling the amount of gpi-plcp expressed during differentiation are not completely understood. our metabolic "pulse-chase" analysis reveals that gpi-plcp is stable in bloodstream form. however, during differentiation of bloodstream to insect stage (procyclic) t. brucei, tr ... | 2010 | 20109448 |
| epidemiological study of canine trypanosomosis in an urban area of ivory coast. | following confirmed cases of trypanosomosis in military working dogs, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the source of infection and determine the prevalence of canine infection with trypanosoma congolense in the urban focus of abidjan, ivory coast. blood from 123 dogs were collected and subjected to pcr using specific primers for trypanosoma congolense "forest type". in addition, an entomological study was conducted in an urban area near the forest surronding the military camp. ... | 2009 | 20092062 |
| [eco-distribution and trypanosoma infection of glossina palpalis palpalis in the banco forest of and its relics, abidjan (côte d'ivoire)]. | in order to implement an anti-vector programme in the suburb of abidjan (côte d'ivoire), investigations were conducted to assess the tsetse fly densities as well as infection with trypanosomes. catches were carried out during the rainy season and dry season with vavoua traps laid during four consecutive days in different sites (banco forest, abidjan zoological park, area of the university of abobo-adjamé). one species of tsetse fly (glossina polpalis palpalis) and two species of trypanosomes (tr ... | 2009 | 20092060 |
| diversity and spatial distribution of vectors and hosts of t. brucei gambiense in forest zones of, southern cameroon: epidemiological implications. | host and vector distribution of trypanosoma brucei gambiense was studied in relation to habitat types and seasons. six (19.35%) of the 31 mammal species recorded in bipindi were reservoir hosts. cercopithecus nictitans was confined to the undisturbed forest and the low intensive shifting cultivation zones, while cephalophus monticola, cephalophus dorsalis, cricetomys gambianus, atherurus africanus and nandinia binotata occurred in all the habitat types. as for vectors of human african trypanosom ... | 2010 | 20067756 |
| evaluation of deltamethrin applications in the control of tsetse and trypanosomosis in the southern rift valley areas of ethiopia. | a study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of deltamethrin (0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on formulation) in controlling tsetse and trypanosomosis was carried out in two selected 10km x 10km universal transverse mercator grids of the southern tsetse eradication project (step) area in the southern rift valley of ethiopia. the grids selected were h3 (site i) and g5 (site ii) in two districts of the wolaita zone. the trial was underway from september 2003 to april 2004. the strategy followed t ... | 2010 | 20060647 |
| population structure of glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) between river basins in burkina faso: consequences for area-wide integrated pest management. | african animal trypanosomosis is a major obstacle to the development of more efficient and sustainable livestock production systems in west africa. riverine tsetse species such as glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank are their major vectors. a wide variety of control tactics is available to manage these vectors, but their elimination will only be sustainable if control is exercised following area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) principles, i.e. the control effort is targeting an ent ... | 2010 | 20060501 |
| characterisations of odorant-binding proteins in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | odorant-binding proteins (obps) play an important role in insect olfaction by mediating interactions between odorants and odorant receptors. we report for the first time 20 obp genes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. qrt-pcr revealed that 8 of these genes were highly transcribed in the antennae. the transcription of these genes in the antennae was significantly lower in males than in females and there was a clear correlation between obp gene transcription and feeding status. starva ... | 2010 | 20012146 |
| tsetse and trypanosomosis in africa: the challenges, the opportunities. | tsetse-fly and the disease it transmits, trypanosomosis, remain an enormous disease challenge in the 37 countries of sub-saharan africa where the impact continues to be manifest in disease burden, increased level of poverty and decreased agricultural productivity. the impact also extends over an estimated 10 million km2 (a third of the african continent) of land area, a third of which contains some well-watered part of the continent, thus denying humans and livestock of potentially rich arable a ... | 2009 | 19967926 |
| maturation of a trypanosoma brucei infection to the infectious metacyclic stage is enhanced in nutritionally stressed tsetse flies. | we report on the effect of tsetse fly starvation on the maturation of an established trypanosoma brucei brucei midgut infection, i.e., the development of procyclic infection into the infectious metacyclic parasites in the tsetse fly salivary glands. glossina morsitans morsitans flies were nutritionally stressed 10 d after the uptake of a t. b. brucei-infected bloodmeal by depriving these flies from feeding for seven consecutive days, whereas the control fly group (nonstarved group) continued to ... | 2009 | 19960695 |
| alanine aminotransferase of trypanosoma brucei--a key role in proline metabolism in procyclic life forms. | african trypanosomes possess high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ec 2.6.1.2), although the function of their activity remains enigmatic, especially in slender bloodstream forms where the metabolism of ketoacids does not occur. therefore, the gene for alanine aminotransferase enzyme in trypanosoma brucei (tbaat) was characterized and its function assessed using a combination of rna interference and gene knockout approaches. surprisingly, as much as 95% or more of the activity appears to be u ... | 2009 | 19895576 |
| tripartite interactions between tsetse flies, sodalis glossinidius and trypanosomes--an epidemiological approach in two historical human african trypanosomiasis foci in cameroon. | epidemiological surveys were conducted in two historical human african trypanosomiasis foci in south cameroon, bipindi and campo. in each focus, three sampling areas were defined. in bipindi, only glossina palpalis was identified, whereas four species were identified in campo, g. palpalis being highly predominant (93%). for further analyses, 75 flies were randomly chosen among the flies trapped in each of the six villages. large and statistically significant differences were recorded between bot ... | 2010 | 19879380 |
| transcriptome analysis of differentiating trypanosomes reveals the existence of multiple post-transcriptional regulons. | trypanosome gene expression is regulated almost exclusively at the post-transcriptional level, with mrna degradation playing a decisive role. when trypanosomes are transferred from the blood of a mammal to the midgut of a tsetse fly, they transform to procyclic forms: gene expression is reprogrammed, changing the cell surface and switching the mode of energy metabolism. within the blood, trypanosomes can pre-adapt for tsetse transmission, becoming growth-arrested stumpy forms. we describe here t ... | 2009 | 19857263 |
| molecular characterization of the key switch f provides a basis for understanding the rapid divergence of the sex-determining pathway in the housefly. | the housefly, musca domestica, is an excellent model system to study the diversification of the pathway that specifies the sexual fate. a number of different mechanisms have been described in the housefly, which reflects in part the broad diversity of sex-determining strategies used in insects. in this study we present the molecular identification and characterization of f, which acts as the master switch in the housefly pathway. we provide evidence that f corresponds to the transformer ortholog ... | 2010 | 19841093 |
| first isolation of enterobacter, enterococcus, and acinetobacter spp. as inhabitants of the tsetse fly (glossina palpalis palpalis) midgut. | this paper reports the first evidence of the presence of bacteria, other than the three previously described as symbionts, wigglesworthia glossinidia, wolbachia, and sodalis glossinidius, in the midgut of glossina palpalis palpalis, the tsetse fly, a vector of the chronic form of human african trypanosomiasis in sub-saharan african countries. based on the morphological, nutritional, physiological, and phylogenetic results, we identified enterobacter, enterococcus, and acinetobacter spp. as inhab ... | 2009 | 19800031 |
| the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in rumphi district, malawi: a ten year retrospective study. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is caused by two species of the tsetse fly vectored protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to trypanosma brucei, namely t.b gambiense which predominates in western africa and follows a chronic disease course and t.b rhodensiense which is more prevalent in southern and eastern africa, malawi included, and follows a more acute and aggressive disease course. previous studies in the democratic republic of congo, angola, uganda and sudan have demonstrated that the pre ... | 2009 | 19780474 |
| the heart of darkness: growth and form of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly. | the first description of african trypanosomes was made over a century ago. the importance of the tsetse in transmission and cyclic development of trypanosomes was discovered soon afterwards, and has been the focus of numerous studies since. however, investigation of trypanosomes in tsetse flies requires high resource investment and unusual patience; hence, many facets of trypanosome biology in the tsetse remain to be characterised despite the long history of research. here, current knowledge and ... | 2009 | 19747880 |
| an alternative approach to detect trypanosoma in glossina (diptera, glossinidae) without dissection. | determining if a tsetse fly is infected by trypanosomes and thus potentially able to transmit trypanosome-related human and animal diseases is an extremely laborious and time-consuming task to perform, especially under field conditions. in this study we tested a possible alternative approach that uses the entire insect vector for dna extraction and pcr analysis to detect and identify trypanosoma spp. in field collected tsetse flies. | 2008 | 19736390 |
| influence of habitat and seasonal variation on wild mammal diversity and distribution with special reference to the trypanosoma brucei gambiense host-reservoir in bipindi (cameroon). | to evaluate the role of wildlife in the resurgence and perenisation of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), we investigated the influence of habitat and seasonal variations on the diversity and spatial distribution of wild mammals, with special reference to those recognised as potential host-reservoirs of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in bipindi (southwestern cameroon). to achieve this, we carried out transect surveys in four habitat types over two years. a total of 31 mammal species were recorde ... | 2009 | 19732737 |
| monitoring the pleomorphism of trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates in mouse: impact on its transmissibility to glossina palpalis gambiensis. | substantial differences have been observed between the cyclical transmission of three trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in glossina palpalis gambiensis (ravel et al., 2006). differences in the pleomorphism of these isolates in rodent used to provide the infective feed to glossina, could explain such results, since stumpy forms are preadapted for differentiation to procyclic forms when taken up in a tsetse bloodmeal. to assess this possibility, mice were immunosuppressed and inoculated ... | 2009 | 19720159 |
| nutritional stress affects the tsetse fly's immune gene expression. | tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis poses a serious threat to human and animal health in sub-saharan africa. the majority of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in a natural population will not develop a mature infection of either trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei sp. because of refractoriness, a phenomenon that is affected by different factors, including the tsetse fly's immune defence. starvation of tsetse flies significantly increases their susceptibility to the establishment of a trypanos ... | 2009 | 19712150 |
| serratia glossinae sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis. | we report the isolation of a novel bacterium, strain c1(t), from the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis, one of the vector insects responsible for transmission of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in sub-saharan african countries. strain c1(t) is a motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-like bacterium (0.8-1.0 microm in diameter; 2-6 microm long) that grows as single cells or in chains. optimum growth occurred at 25-35 degrees c, at ph 6.7-8.4 and in medium containin ... | 2010 | 19667382 |
| trypanosoma brucei amp-activated kinase subunit homologs influence surface molecule expression. | the african trypanosome, trypanosoma brucei, can gauge its environment by sensing nutrient availability. for example, procyclic form (pf) trypanosomes monitor changes in glucose levels to regulate surface molecule expression, which is important for survival in the tsetse fly vector. the molecular connection between glycolysis and surface molecule expression is unknown. here we partially characterize t. brucei homologs of the beta and gamma subunits of the amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), and ... | 2009 | 19647733 |
| olfactory and behavioural responses of tsetse flies, glossina spp., to rumen metabolites. | herbivores provide tsetse flies with a blood meal, and both wild and domesticated ruminants dominate as hosts. as volatile metabolites from the rumen are regularly eructed with rumen gas, these products could serve tsetse flies during host searching. to test this, we first established that the odour of rumen fluid is attractive to hungry glossina pallidipes in a wind tunnel. we then made antennogram recordings from three tsetse species (g. pallidipes morsitans group, g. fuscipes palpalis group a ... | 2009 | 19626328 |
| evidence for a discrete evolutionary lineage within equatorial guinea suggests that the tsetse fly glossina palpalis palpalis exists as a species complex. | tsetse flies of the palpalis group are major vectors of human african trypanosomiasis in africa. accurate knowledge of species identity is essential for vector control. here, we combine ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1), mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (coi) and microsatellites to determine the population structure and phylogenetic relations of glossina p. palpalis in equatorial guinea. co1 sequence data suggest that g. p. palpalis in equatorial guinea is a distinct subspecies fr ... | 2009 | 19619197 |
| experimental demonstration of possible cryptic female choice on male tsetse fly genitalia. | a possible explanation for one of the most general trends in animal evolution - rapid divergent evolution of animal genitalia - is that male genitalia are used as courtship devices that influence cryptic female choice. but experimental demonstrations of stimulatory effects of male genitalia on female reproductive processes have generally been lacking. previous studies of female reproductive physiology in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans suggested that stimulation during copulation triggers ovul ... | 2009 | 19607835 |
| [distribution and ecology of the savannah human african trypanosomiasis vectors in disturbed forest zone in south cameroon: about case in the doumé forest]. | vector control through trapping in the foci of humid forest areas is rather difficult because of the wide spreading of tsetse flies and transmission sites of human african trypanosomiasis. in fact, traps should be a priori set up everywhere to stop the transmission. the identification of the disease transmission sites enables efficient trapping through localisation of dangerous tsetse flies habitats needing vector control measures. the study of adult tsetse flies and teneral tsetse flies spatial ... | 2009 | 19583032 |
| improving the cost-effectiveness of artificial visual baits for controlling the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes. | tsetse flies, which transmit sleeping sickness to humans and nagana to cattle, are commonly controlled by stationary artificial baits consisting of traps or insecticide-treated screens known as targets. in kenya the use of electrocuting sampling devices showed that the numbers of glossina fuscipes fuscipes (newstead) visiting a biconical trap were nearly double those visiting a black target of 100 cm x 100 cm. however, only 40% of the males and 21% of the females entered the trap, whereas 71% an ... | 2009 | 19582138 |
| the trypanosoma brucei flagellum: moving parasites in new directions. | african trypanosomes are devastating human and animal pathogens. trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t. b. gambiense subspecies cause the fatal human disease known as african sleeping sickness. it is estimated that several hundred thousand new infections occur annually and the disease is fatal if untreated. t. brucei is transmitted by the tsetse fly and alternates between bloodstream-form and insect-form life cycle stages that are adapted to survive in the mammalian host and the insect vector, re ... | 2009 | 19575562 |
| optimum land cover products for use in a glossina-morsitans habitat model of kenya. | tsetse flies are the primary vector for african trypanosomiasis, a disease that affects both humans and livestock across the continent of africa. in 1973 tsetse flies were estimated to inhabit 22% of kenya; by 1996 that number had risen to roughly 34%. efforts to control the disease were hampered by a lack of information and costs associated with the identification of infested areas. given changing spatial and demographic factors, a model that can predict suitable tsetse fly habitat based on lan ... | 2009 | 19563674 |
| adaptations in the glucose metabolism of procyclic trypanosoma brucei isolates from tsetse flies and during differentiation of bloodstream forms. | procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei isolated from the midguts of infected tsetse flies, or freshly transformed from a strain that is close to field isolates, do not use a complete krebs cycle. furthermore, short stumpy bloodstream forms produce acetate and are apparently metabolically preadapted to adequate functioning in the tsetse fly. | 2009 | 19542311 |
| a model of pupal water loss in glossina. | the results of a long-established investigation into pupal transpiration are used as a rudimentary data set. these data are then generalised to all temperatures and humidities by invoking the property of multiplicative separability, as well as by converting established relationships in terms of constant humidity at fixed temperature, to alternatives in terms of a calculated water loss. in this way a formulation which is a series of very simple, first order, ordinary differential equations is dev ... | 2009 | 19527739 |
| the impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse abundance on the plateau of eastern zambia. | tsetse-transmitted human or livestock trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints to rural development in sub-saharan africa. the epidemiology of the disease is determined largely by tsetse fly density. a major factor, contributing to tsetse population density is the availability of suitable habitat. in large parts of africa, encroachment of people and their livestock resulted in a destruction and fragmentation of such suitable habitat. to determine the effect of habitat change on tsetse den ... | 2009 | 19523702 |
| identification of a functional antigen5-related allergen in the saliva of a blood feeding insect, the tsetse fly. | our previous screening of a glossina morsitans morsitans lamdagt11 salivary gland expression library with serum of a tsetse fly exposed rabbit identified a cdna encoding tsetse antigen5 (tag5, 28.9 kda), a homologue of antigen5 sting venom allergens. recombinant tag5 was produced in sf9 cells in order to assess its immunogenic properties in humans. plasma from a patient that previously exhibited anaphylactic reactions against tsetse fly bites contained circulating anti-tag5 and anti-saliva iges. ... | 2009 | 19507303 |
| experimental modifications imply a stimulatory function for male tsetse fly genitalia, supporting cryptic female choice theory. | one of the most sweeping of all patterns in morphological evolution is that animal genitalia tend to diverge more rapidly than do other structures. abundant indirect evidence supports the cryptic female choice (cfc) explanation of this pattern, which supposes that male genitalia often function to court females during copulation; but direct experimental demonstrations of a stimulatory function have been lacking. in this study, we altered the form of two male genital structures that squeeze the fe ... | 2009 | 19467130 |
| hytrosaviridae: a proposal for classification and nomenclature of a new insect virus family. | salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (sghvs) have been identified from different dipteran species, such as the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (gpsghv), the housefly musca domestica (mdsghv) and the narcissus bulbfly merodon equestris (mesghv). these viruses share the following characteristics: (i) they produce non-occluded, enveloped, rod-shaped virions that measure 500-1,000 nm in length and 50-100 nm in diameter; (ii) they possess a large circular double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome ranging in si ... | 2009 | 19458899 |
| population sizes and dispersal pattern of tsetse flies: rolling on the river? | the west african trypanosomoses are mostly transmitted by riverine species of tsetse fly. in this study, we estimate the dispersal and population size of tsetse populations located along the mouhoun river in burkina faso where tsetse habitats are experiencing increasing fragmentation caused by human encroachment. dispersal estimated through direct (mark and recapture) and indirect (genetic isolation by distance) methods appeared consistent with one another. in these fragmented landscapes, tsetse ... | 2009 | 19457176 |
| nutritional stress of adult female tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) affects the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. | the epidemiology of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis depends, among other factors, on the proportion of infected flies in a tsetse population. a wide range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors seem to determine the ability of a tsetse fly to become infected and to transmit the parasite. in this paper, we investigated the effect of nutritional stress of reproducing female glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility of their offspring to trypanosomal infections. adult female flies that were ... | 2009 | 19445895 |
| a surface transporter family conveys the trypanosome differentiation signal. | microbial pathogens use environmental cues to trigger the developmental events needed to infect mammalian hosts or transmit to disease vectors. the parasites causing african sleeping sickness respond to citrate or cis-aconitate (cca) to initiate life-cycle development when transmitted to their tsetse fly vector. this requires hypersensitization of the parasites to cca by exposure to low temperature, conditions encountered after tsetse fly feeding at dusk or dawn. here we identify a carboxylate-t ... | 2009 | 19444208 |
| transcriptional profiling of cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense highlights gene expression signatures underlying trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility. | african animal trypanosomiasis (aat) caused by tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa of the genus trypanosoma is a major constraint on livestock and agricultural production in africa and is among the top ten global cattle diseases impacting on the poor. here we show that a functional genomics approach can be used to identify temporal changes in host peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) gene expression due to disease progression. we also show that major gene expression differences exist between cat ... | 2009 | 19409086 |
| tsetse elimination: its interest and feasibility in the historical sleeping sickness focus of loos islands, guinea. | guinea is the west african country which is currently the most prevalent for sleeping sickness. the littoral area is the region where most of the recent sleeping sickness cases have been described, especially the mangrove sleeping sickness foci of dubreka and boffa where glossina palpalis gambiensis is the vector. loos islands constitute a small archipelago 5 km apart from the capital, conakry. medical, animal, and entomological surveys were implemented in these islands in oct-nov 2006. no patho ... | 2009 | 19353949 |
| [population growth and global warming: impacts on tsetse and trypanosomoses in west africa]. | demographic evolution, climatic change and economical development that happened in west africa during the xxth century had a lot of consequences on human settlement and landscape. these changes have in turn an impact on the pathogenic system of human and animal trypanosomoses. since last century, the northern tsetse distribution limit has shifted towards the south, probably due to a decrease in rainfall combined to the impact of human pressure. sleeping sickness (ss) foci have also shifted from ... | 2009 | 19353946 |