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diagnosis and management of bovine babesiosis outbreaks in cattle in punjab state.the aim of the present study was to diagnose severe outbreaks of bovine babesiosis in punjab state, in the year 2015 and to suggest control and preventive measures to animal owners.201628096607
a case-control study of risk sources for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in hubei province, china.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts), an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus, was discovered in rural areas of central china in 2009.201728088586
arsenic bio-accessibility and bioaccumulation in aged pesticide contaminated soils: a multiline investigation to understand environmental risk.bio-accessibility and bioavailability of arsenic (as) in historically as-contaminated soils (cattle tick pesticide), and pristine soils were assessed using 3 different approaches. these approaches included human bio-accessibility using an extraction test replicating gastric conditions (in vitro physiologically-based extraction test); an operationally defined bioaccessibility extraction test - 1.0m hcl extraction; and a live organism bioaccumulation test using earthworms. a sequential extraction ...201728065542
in vivo efficacy of a biotherapic and eugenol formulation against rhipicephalus microplus.the control of rhipicephalus microplus is essential to prevent cattle discomfort and economic losses. however, increased resistance and acaricides inefficiency lead producers to adopt strategies that could result in the accumulation of chemical residues in meat and milk with possibilities of poisoning in animals and people. this scenario demonstrates the necessity of research into the identification of novel, effective and environmentally safe therapeutic options for cattle tick control. the obj ...201728058537
molecular and functional characterization of bm05br antigen from rhipicephalus microplus.rhipicephalus microplus is a cattle-specific tick, causing considerable losses in the livestock industry. the identification of molecules responsible for modulation of host defenses during different parasite stages can help in the development of alternative methods, such as vaccination, to control tick infestations. hq05, a protein of unknown function identified in the tick haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, induced a significant protective immune response when used as a vaccine in sheep. in the presen ...201728043800
insecticide and repellent mixture pour-on protects cattle against animal trypanosomosis.african animal trypanosomosis (aat), transmitted by tsetse flies and tick-borne diseases are the main constraints to livestock production in sub-saharan africa. vector control methods such as pour-on offer individual protection against ticks but not against tsetse so far, for which protection has always been communal, through a reduction of their density. the latter requires the treatment of a large part of the herd in a given landscape and is not instantaneous.201628027324
occurrence of ticks in cattle in the new pastoral farming areas in rufiji district, tanzania.ticks and tick-borne diseases plus trypanosomosis are a constraint to cattle rearing in tanzania. rufiji district was not known for important ticks infesting cattle because inhabitants were not engaged in keeping livestock. not only has settlement of pastoralists and cattle in rufiji increased the number of cattle but also cattle have been the source of bringing in and spreading of ticks. this study investigated tick species that have been introduced and managed to establish themselves in the ne ...201627990463
interaction of plant essential oil terpenoids with the southern cattle tick tyramine receptor: a potential biopesticide target.an outbreak of the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, (canestrini), in the united states would have devastating consequences on the cattle industry. tick populations have developed resistance to current acaricides, highlighting the need to identify new biochemical targets along with new chemistry. furthermore, acaricide resistance could further hamper control of tick populations during an outbreak. botanically-based compounds may provide a safe alternative for efficacious ...027986436
assessment of different lippia sidoides genotypes regarding their acaricidal activity against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to select different genotypes of lippia sidoides with the highest activity against larvae and engorged females of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the germplasms studied were lsid006, lsid102, lsid103 and lsid104. the lsid104 genotype, that presented carvacrol as a major constituent, was the germplasm with the worst larvicide effect (lc50 2.99 mg/ml). the lsid006 genotype was the least effective against engorged females (lc50 12.46 mg/ml), and it was chemic ...201627982301
molecular detection and characterization of zoonotic and veterinary pathogens in ticks from northeastern china.tick-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals in china. in this study, ixodes persulcatus (n = 1699), haemaphysalis concinna (n = 412), haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 390), dermacentor nuttalli (n = 253), and dermacentor silvarum (n = 204) ticks were collected by flagging from northeastern china, and detected for infection with anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia, and hepatozoon spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing analysis. an ...201627965644
inhibition of bovine platelets aggregation in response to hyalomma anatolicum salivary gland proteins/peptides.ticks are obligate ectoparasites that have an impact on wide range of vertebrates and also act as a potential vector for the transmission of tropical theileriosis, babesiosis, etc., causing significant loss to livestock production worldwide. while feeding, they introduce their saliva containing different bioactive molecules into the host. these molecules have the capability to counteract the host hemostatic mechanism to suck host blood successfully. therefore, the study was aimed to isolate anti ...201627956779
anaplasma species of veterinary importance in japan.anaplasma species of the family anaplasmataceae, order rickettsiales are tick-borne organisms that can cause disease in animals and humans. in japan, all recognized species of anaplasma (except for anaplasma ovis) and a potentially novel anaplasma sp. closely related to anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported. most of these detected tick-borne pathogens are believed to be lowly pathogenic in animals in japan although the zoonotic a. phagocytophilum has recently been reported to cause clinic ...201627956767
shifts in the distribution of ixodid ticks parasitizing cattle in zimbabwe.in an attempt to update information on the ecological distribution of ixodid ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) in zimbabwe, a cross-sectional survey was carried out between september 2013 and may 2015 at 322 dip tanks. a total of 15 tick species were collected, namely: amblyomma hebraeum koch (65.2%, n = 210/322), amblyomma variegatum fabricius (14.9%, n = 48/322), hyalomma rufipes koch (62.4%, n = 201/322), hyalomma truncatum koch (37.9%, n = 122/322), rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann (60.6%, n = 1 ...201727935088
susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to fluazuron (2.5mg/kg) and a combination of novaluron (2.0mg/kg)+eprinomectin (0.36mg/kg) in field studies in brazil.the present study aimed to determine the susceptibility of 32 r. (b.) microplus populations from southeast, midwest and south regions of brazil, to fluazuron (2.5mg/kg), administered topically (pour-on). additionally, five populations (southeast and midwest regions) of the southern cattle tick were evaluated using in vivo field studies, regarding their susceptibility to a new combination of novaluron (2.0mg/kg)+eprinomectin (0.36mg/kg), administered subcutaneously, compared with two positive con ...201627931932
in vitro acaricide activity of ocotea aciphylla (nees) mez. (lauraceae) extracts and identification of the compounds from the active fractions.the in vitro acaricide activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of ocotea aciphylla leaves was investigated by means of an immersion tests using rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus engorged females and larvae. all extracts were shown effective against the different stages of the parasite, and the ethanol extract (50mg/ml concentration) was the most active (more than 90% efficacy in both assays). the ethanolic extract was fractionated using column chromatography with silica gel as s ...201727916582
arsenic solid-phase speciation and reversible binding in long-term contaminated soils.historic arsenic contamination of soils occurs throughout the world from mining, industrial and agricultural activities. in australia, the control of cattle ticks using arsenicals from the late 19th to mid 20th century has led to some 1600 contaminated sites in northern new south wales. the effect of aging in as-mobility in two dip-site soil types, ferralitic and sandy soils, are investigated utilizing isotopic exchange techniques, and synchrotron x-ray adsorption spectroscopy (xas). findings sh ...201727916260
transfected babesia bovis expressing a tick gst as a live vector vaccine.the rhipicephalus microplus tick is a notorious blood-feeding ectoparasite of livestock, especially cattle, responsible for massive losses in animal production. it is the main vector for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and parasites, including babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis. this study describes the development and testing of a live b. bovis vaccine expressing the protective tick antigen glutathione-s-transferase from hae ...201627911903
does the effect of a metarhizium anisopliae isolate on rhipicephalus microplus depend on the tick population evaluated?the filamentous fungus metarhizium anisopliae is an arthropod pathogen used in the biological control of pests in agriculture and livestock. the effect of the fungus m. anisopliae on ticks has been shown in experiments in vitro. the aim of the present study was to compare the susceptibility of different field isolates of rhipicephalus microplus to m. anisopliae. a total of 67 field isolates were evaluated. rhipicephalus microplus larvae were immersed in an m. anisopliae suspension (10(8) conidia ...201727908773
experiences in tick control by acaricide in the traditional cattle sector in zambia and burkina faso: possible environmental and public health implications.livestock, especially cattle, play a paramount role in agriculture production systems, particularly in poor countries throughout the world. ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) have an important impact on livestock and agriculture production in sub-saharan africa. the authors review the most common methods used for the control of ticks and tbds. special emphasis is given to the direct application of acaricides to the host animals. the possible environmental and public health adverse effects (i.e ...201627882313
comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is considered as one of the most widely distributed tick species ecto-parasitizing on livestock and causes fatal diseases with significant production loss. to address the problem of controlling acaricide resistant tick infestations on animals, attention has been paid to develop eco-friendly phyto-acaricides. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative anti-tick activities of commercially available herbal and chemical products with chemically c ...201627876990
peripheral cellular and humoral responses to infestation with the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus in santa gertrudis cattle.resistance to cattle tick infestation in single-host ticks is primarily manifested against the larval stage and results in the immature tick failing to attach successfully and obtain a meal. this study was conducted to identify immune responses that characterize the tick-resistant phenotype in cattle. thirty-five tick-naïve santa gertrudis heifers were used in this study, thirty of which were artificially infested for thirteen weeks with tick larvae while five animals remained at a tick-free qua ...201727862028
in vitro effect of seven essential oils on the reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus). engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of southern brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (juniperus communis), palmarosa (cymbopogon martinii), cedar (cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus), ginger (zingiber officinale), geranium (pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (citrus aurantium var bergamia) ...201627857849
the genome of the crustacean parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion.the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. we have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding rnas that will enhance ongoing functional studies. parhyale is a member of the malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. we analysed the immunity related genes of parhyale as an important comparative system for the ...201627849518
a recombinant multi-antigen vaccine formulation containing babesia bovis merozoite surface antigens msa-2a1, msa-2b and msa-2c elicits invasion-inhibitory antibodies and ifn-γ producing cells.babesia bovis is a tick-transmitted protozoan hemoparasite and the causative agent of bovine babesiosis, a potential risk to more than 500 million cattle worldwide. the vaccines currently available are based on attenuated parasites, which are difficult to produce, and are only recommended for use in bovines under one year of age. when used in older animals, these vaccines may cause life-threatening clinical symptoms and eventually death. the development of a multi-subunit recombinant vaccine aga ...201627842609
rna-seq analyses of the midgut from blood- and serum-fed ixodes ricinus ticks.adult females of the genus ixodes imbibe blood meals exceeding about 100 times their own weight within 7‒9 days. during this period, ticks internalise components of host blood by endocytic digest cells that line the tick midgut epithelium. using rna-seq, we aimed to characterise the midgut transcriptome composition in adult ixodes ricinus females during early and late phase of engorgement. to address specific adaptations to the haemoglobin-rich diet, we compared the midgut transcriptomes of gene ...201627824139
host body size and the diversity of tick assemblages on neotropical vertebrates.identifying the factors that influence the species diversity and distribution of ticks (acari: ixodida) across vertebrate host taxa is of fundamental ecological and medical importance. host body size is considered one of the most important determinants of tick abundance, with larger hosts having higher tick burdens. the species diversity of tick assemblages should also be greater on larger-bodied host species, but empirical studies testing this hypothesis are lacking. here, we evaluate this rela ...201627812506
novel rickettsia raoultii strain isolated and propagated from austrian dermacentor reticulatus ticks.continuous culture of tick cell lines has proven a valuable asset in isolating and propagating several different vector-borne pathogens, making it possible to study these microorganisms under laboratory conditions and develop serological tests to benefit public health. we describe a method for effective, cost- and labor-efficient isolation and propagation of rickettsia raoultii using generally available laboratory equipment and rhipicephalus microplus cells, further demonstrating the usefulness ...201627809928
secondary metabolite gene clusters in the entomopathogen fungus metarhizium anisopliae: genome identification and patterns of expression in a cuticle infection model.the described species from the metarhizium genus are cosmopolitan fungi that infect arthropod hosts. interestingly, while some species infect a wide range of hosts (host-generalists), other species infect only a few arthropods (host-specialists). this singular evolutionary trait permits unique comparisons to determine how pathogens and virulence determinants emerge. among the several virulence determinants that have been described, secondary metabolites (sms) are suggested to play essential role ...201627801295
molecular detection and genotyping of coxiella-like endosymbionts in ticks that infest horses in south korea.members of the genus coxiella can be transmitted from ticks to humans during contact with animals; coxiella may thus spread from the infected horses or ticks to humans. in this study, the presence of coxiella burnetii and coxiella-like endosymbionts (cle) in ticks found on infested horses was determined using pcr and genotyping. a total of 213 ticks were randomly collected from 51 horses (4-5 ticks per horse) raised on jeju island, korea, between 2009 and 2013. all ticks were morphologically ide ...201627792764
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in patients suspected of having scrub typhus.to determine prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in south korea, we examined serum samples from patients with fever and insect bite history in scrub typhus-endemic areas. during the 2013 scrub typhus season, prevalence of this syndrome among patients suspected of having scrub typhus was high (23.0%), suggesting possible co-infection.027767909
acaricidal activity of metarhizium anisopliae isolated from paddocks in the mexican tropics against two populations of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the acaricidal effects of 55 strains of metarhizium anisopliae (metschnikoff) sorokin, 1883 (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) isolated from paddocks of cattle farms were evaluated in two rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini 1887) (ixodida: ixodidae) populations, of which one was multi-resistant and one was susceptible to chemical acaricides. percentage mortality and reproductive efficiency indices in r. microplus were evaluated by adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 10(8) conidia/ml for each fung ...201727759176
population dynamics of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in a subtropical subhumid region of argentina for use in the design of control strategies.the population dynamics of rhipicephalus microplus (ixodida: ixodidae) in northwest argentina was analysed to support the design of strategic methods for its control. both parasitic and non-parasitic phases were studied. the seasonal activity of r. microplus in its parasitic phase was characterized by three peaks in abundance: the first in mid-late spring; the second in summer, and the third in autumn. the non-parasitic phase of r. microplus was characterized by a long total non-parasitic period ...201727747901
bacteriological analysis of saliva from partially or fully engorged female adult rhipicephalus microplus by next-generation sequencing.tick-borne diseases are a major epidemiological problem worldwide. the aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial composition of saliva obtained from engorged adult rhipicephalus microplus females. saliva samples collected from partially or fully engorged adult female ticks were analysed using an ultra-high-throughput illumina hiseq 2500 sequencing system. to elucidate the possible routes of bacterial transmission, the bacterial flora from whole ticks were also investigated. proteobacter ...201727744637
characterisation of tropomyosin and paramyosin as vaccine candidate molecules for the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae.dermanyssus gallinae is the most economically important haematophagous ectoparasite in commercial egg laying flocks worldwide. it infests the hens during the night where it causes irritation leading to restlessness, pecking and in extreme cases anaemia and increased cannibalism. due to an increase in the occurrence of acaricide-resistant d. gallinae populations, new control strategies are required and vaccination may offer a sustainable alternative to acaricides. in this study, recombinant forms ...201627733192
identification of immunogenic proteins from ovarian tissue and recognized in larval extracts of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, through an immunoproteomic approach.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle and act as vectors for disease-causing microorganisms. conventional tick control is based on the use of chemical acaricides; however, their uncontrolled use has increased tsresistant tick populations, as well as food and environmental contamination. alternative immunological tick control has shown to be partially effective. the only anti-tick vaccine commercially available at present in the world is ba ...201627729251
multiple resistance to acaricides in field populations of rhipicephalus microplus from rio grande do sul state, southern brazil.acaricide resistance is a major obstacle to the control of rhipicephalus microplus. historically, the indiscriminate use of chemical compounds has contributed to the selection of populations resistant to different classes of acaricides. therefore, multiple acaricide resistance is an important threat to the chemical control of the cattle tick. to investigate the occurrence and extent of multiple resistance to acaricides in southern brazil we performed larval tests with cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos ...201727717758
acaricidal efficacies of lippia gracilis essential oil and its phytochemicals against organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.plant-derived natural products can serve as an alternative to synthetic compounds for control of ticks of veterinary and medical importance. lippia gracilis is an aromatic plant that produces essential oil with high content of carvacrol and thymol monoterpenes. these monoterpenes have high acaricidal activity against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. however, there are no studies that show efficacy differences of essential oils between susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of r. ( ...027692332
acaricidal activity of methanol extract of acmella oleracea l. (asteraceae) and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae).we evaluated the acaricidal activity of acmella oleracea methanol extract and spilanthol on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens. the extract was made through maceration with methanol. from this extract, a dichloromethane fraction with 99% spilanthol was obtained and tested on r. microplus larvae and engorged females and d. nitens larvae. for evaluation against larvae, the modified larval packet test was used, and both the methanol extract and dichloromethane fraction were tested at co ...201627692316
synergistic action of fatty acids, sulphides and stilbene against acaricide-resistant rhipicephalus microplus ticks.six compounds in a methanolic extract of petiveria alliacea stem (cis-stilbene; benzyl disulphide; benzyl trisulphide; and methyl esters of hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecenoic acid) are known to exercise acaricide activity against cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus larvae and adults. the synergistic effect of 57 combinations of these six compounds on acaricide activity against r. microplus was evaluated. larvae immersion tests produced the lethal concentrations needed to ki ...201627692312
phage display as a promising approach for vaccine development.bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. these viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. phages are well-matched for vaccine design due to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammali ...201627680328
virus discovery using tick cell lines.while ticks have been known to harbor and transmit pathogenic arboviruses for over 80 years, the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies has revealed that ticks also appear to harbor a diverse range of endogenous tick-only viruses belonging to many different families. almost nothing is known about these viruses; indeed, it is unclear in most cases whether the identified viral sequences are derived from actual replication-competent viruses or from endogenous virus elements incorpor ...201627679414
expression of 6-cys gene superfamily defines babesia bovis sexual stage development within rhipicephalus microplus.babesia bovis, an intra-erythrocytic tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, is one of the causative agents of bovine babesiosis. its life cycle includes sexual reproduction within cattle fever ticks, rhipicephalus spp. six b. bovis 6-cys gene superfamily members were previously identified (a, b, c, d, e, f) where their orthologues in plasmodium parasite have been shown to encode for proteins required for the development of sexual stages. the current study identified four additional 6-cys genes (g, h ...201627668751
arbovirosis and potential transmission blocking vaccines.infectious diseases caused by arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods) are undergoing unprecedented epidemic activity and geographic expansion. with the recent introduction of west nile virus (1999), chikungunya virus (2013) and zika virus (2015) to the americas, stopping or even preventing the expansion of viruses into susceptible populations is an increasing concern. with a few exceptions, available vaccines protecting against arboviral infections are nonexistent and current disease pre ...201627664127
use of molecular markers to improve relationship information in the genetic evaluation of beef cattle tick resistance under pedigree-based models.the selection of genetically superior individuals is conditional upon accurate breeding value predictions which, in turn, are highly depend on how precisely relationship is represented by pedigree. for that purpose, the numerator relationship matrix is essential as a priori information in mixed model equations. the presence of pedigree errors and/or the lack of relationship information affect the genetic gain because it reduces the correlation between the true and estimated breeding values. thus ...201727658502
expression pattern of suba in different tissues and blood-feeding status in haemaphysalis flava.tick-borne-diseases (tbd) pose a huge threat to the health of both humans and animals worldwide. tick vaccines constitute an attractive alternative for tick control, due to their cost-efficiency and environmental-friendliness. subolesin, a protective antigen against ticks, is reported to be a promising candidate for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines. however, the entire length of its gene, suba, and its gene expression pattern in different tissues and blood-feeding status (or different ...201627631766
concurrent micro-rna mediated silencing of tick-borne flavivirus replication in tick vector and in the brain of vertebrate host.tick-borne viruses include medically important zoonotic pathogens that can cause life-threatening diseases. unlike mosquito-borne viruses, whose impact can be restrained via mosquito population control programs, for tick-borne viruses only vaccination remains the reliable means of disease prevention. for live vaccine viruses a concern exists, that spillovers from viremic vaccinees could result in introduction of genetically modified viruses into sustainable tick-vertebrate host transmission cycl ...201627620807
seroepidemiology of rickettsial infections in northeast india.resurgence of scrub typhus was reported in northeast india in 2010 after a gap of 67 years since world war ii. however, the presence of other rickettsial infections remained unknown from this region. a seroepidemiological investigation was undertaken in the scrub typhus affected areas from 2013-2015 in assam, arunachal pradesh and nagaland to assess the exposure to other rickettsial diseases besides scrub typhus.201627618917
anaplasma marginale: diversity, virulence, and vaccine landscape through a genomics approach.in order to understand the genetic diversity of a. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. this rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant a ...201627610385
molecular characterization and expression analysis of three novel autophagy-related genes from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite of major importance for the livestock industry. it shows a remarkable ability to survive over long periods without feeding. however, the mechanisms used to endure long-term starvation are poorly understood. it is believed that autophagy, a process of intracellular protein degradation, may play a significant role to confront adverse environmental conditions. to advance our understanding of autophagy in r. microplu ...201627609093
fenvalerate resistance status in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) from punjab, india.larval packet test was used for evaluating the resistance levels in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from different districts of central plain zone of punjab state, india against fenvalerate. the regression graphs of probit mortality of larvae plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of fenvalerate were utilized for the estimation of lethal concentration for 50 % (lc50) and 95 % (lc95) values against various field isolates of r. (b.) microplus. the slope ...201627605769
coxiella symbionts are widespread into hard ticks.ticks are blood-feeding arthropods and can harbor several bacteria, including the worldwide zoonotic disease q-fever agent coxiella burnetii. recent studies have reported a distinct group of coxiella mostly associated with ixodidae ticks, including the primary endosymbionts of amblyomma americanum. in the present work, a screening for coxiella infection was performed by 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) gene analyses in 293 tick samples of 15 different species sampled worldwide, including brazil, colombi ...201627595990
detection of rickettsiae in fleas and ticks from areas of costa rica with history of spotted fever group rickettsioses.outbreaks of spotted fevers have been reported in costa rica since the 1950s, although vectors responsible for transmission to humans have not been directly identified. in this study, species of rickettsia were detected in ectoparasites from costa rica, mostly from five study sites where cases of spotted fevers have been reported. ticks and fleas were collected using drag cloths or directly from domestic and wild animals and pooled according to species, host, and location. pools were analyzed in ...201627592065
prevalence and genetic characterization of anaplasma marginale in zebu cattle (bos indicus) and their ticks (amblyomma variegatum, rhipicephalus microplus) from madagascar.tick-borne bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), is a major constraint to cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions. from madagascar, clinical cases were published but data based on molecular methods regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity of this pathogen on the island are lacking. the aims of this study were to investigate (1) the prevalence of a. marginale in malagasy zebu cattle (bos indicus ...201627592064
management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of são paulo state.dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all brazilian's regions. parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. this study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the state of são paulo. the aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control ...201627580398
identification of peptide mimics of a glycan epitope on the surface of parasitic nematode larvae.phage display was used to identify peptide mimics of an immunologically protective nematode glycan (carla) by screening a constrained c7c peptide library for ligands that bound to an anti-carla mab (pab1). characterisation of these peptide mimotopes revealed functional similarities with an epitope that is defined by pab1. mimotope vaccinations of mice with three selected individual phage clones facilitated the induction of antibody responses that recognised the purified, native carla molecule wh ...201627579674
new insights from molecular characterization of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in brazil.the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus complex currently consists of five taxa, namely r. australis, r. annulatus, r. (b.) microplus clade a sensu, r. microplus clade b sensu, and r. (b.) microplus clade c sensu. mitochondrial dna-based methods help taxonomists when they are facing the morpho-taxonomic problem of distinguishing members of the r. (b.) microplus complex. the purpose of this study was to perform molecular characterization of ticks in all five regions of brazil and infer their phyl ...201627579530
genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of new ethyl-carbamates with ixodicidal activity.the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test was used on the peripheral blood of wistar rats exposed to two new ethyl-carbamates: ethyl-4-bromophenyl-carbamate (lqm 919) and ethyl-4-chlorophenyl-carbamate (lqm 996) to analyze their genotoxic potential. the mitotic index and cell proliferation kinetics in human lymphocyte cultures in the presence of these ethyl-carbamates were used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cytostaticity respectively. exposure to greater acute doses (300mg/kg) and to all of the ...201627542710
molecular detection of anaplasma spp. in pangolins (manis javanica) and wild boars (sus scrofa) in peninsular malaysia.anaplasma spp. infects a wide variety of wildlife and domestic animals. this study describes the identification of a novel species of anaplasma (candidatus anaplasma pangolinii) from pangolins (manis javanica) and anaplasma bovis from wild boars (sus scrofa) in malaysia. based on 16s rrna gene sequences, candidatus anaplasma pangolinii is identified in a distinct branch within the family anaplasmataceae, exhibiting the closest sequence similarity with the type strains of anaplasma bovis (97.7%) ...201627523941
emerging borreliae - expanding beyond lyme borreliosis.lyme borreliosis (or lyme disease) has become a virtual household term to the exclusion of other forgotten, emerging or re-emerging borreliae. we review current knowledge regarding these other borreliae, exploring their ecology, epidemiology and pathological potential, for example, for the newly described b. mayonii. these bacteria range from tick-borne, relapsing fever-inducing strains detected in some soft ticks, such as b. mvumii, to those from bat ticks resembling b. turicatae. some of these ...201727523487
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...201627518203
saliva of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) inhibits classical and alternative complement pathways.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is the main ectoparasite affecting livestock worldwide. for a successful parasitism, ticks need to evade several immune responses of their hosts, including the activation of the complement system. in spite of the importance of r. microplus, previous work only identified one salivary molecule that blocks the complement system. the current study describes complement inhibitory activities induced by r. microplus salivary components and mechanisms elicited by puta ...201627515662
identification of a novel β-adrenergic octopamine receptor-like gene (βaor-like) and increased atp-binding cassette b10 (abcb10) expression in a rhipicephalus microplus cell line derived from acaricide-resistant ticks.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an economically important parasite of livestock. effective control of ticks using acaricides is threatened by the emergence of resistance to many existing compounds. several continuous r. microplus cell lines have been established and provide an under-utilised resource for studies into acaricide targets and potential genetic mutations associated with resistance. as a first step to genetic studies using these resources, this study aimed to de ...201627484910
amitraz and its metabolite differentially activate α- and β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptors.amitraz is a formamidine acaricide and insecticide used to control ticks, mites and fleas. n(2) -(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-n(1) -methyformamidine (dpmf), a metabolite of amitraz, is thought to be an active agent that exerts acaricidal and insecticidal effects by acting as an agonist on octopamine receptors. the emergence of cattle ticks resistant to amitraz is a serious problem that requires urgent attention. the objective of this research was to determine which type of octopamine receptor is the pri ...201727484898
selective factors associated with the evolution of codon usage in natural populations of arboviruses.arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses) have life cycles that include both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with substantial differences in vector and host specificity between different viruses. most arboviruses utilize rna for their genetic material and are completely dependent on host trnas for their translation, suggesting that virus codon usage could be a target for selection. in the current study we analyzed the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) patterns of 26 arboviruses together with ...201627455096
unexpected activity of a novel kunitz-type inhibitor: inhibition of cysteine proteases but not serine proteases.kunitz-type (kt) protease inhibitors are low molecular weight proteins classically defined as serine protease inhibitors. we identified a novel secreted kt inhibitor associated with the gut and parenchymal tissues of the infective juvenile stage of fasciola hepatica, a helminth parasite of medical and veterinary importance. unexpectedly, recombinant kt inhibitor (rfhkt1) exhibited no inhibitory activity toward serine proteases but was a potent inhibitor of the major secreted cathepsin l cysteine ...201627422822
biological parameters of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) fed on rabbits, sheep, and cattle.in order to determine the effect of various hosts on feeding performance of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, we used 3 mammalian species as hosts, cattle (qinchuan), sheep (t an), and rabbits (japanese white rabbit) for infest-ing ticks. five hundreds of r. microplus larvae were exposed to each animal (3 animals/host species). tick recoveries were 11.0%, 0.47%, and 5.5% from cattle, sheep, and rabbits, respectively. the averages of tick feeding periods were not significantly different on cat ...201627417084
synergism of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol in larvae of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, and brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.the effects of combinations of the monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol and the phenylpropanoid eugenol in larvae of rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1888) (acari: ixodidae) and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (acari: ixodidae) were assessed by the larval packet test. the compusyn program was used to make qualitative assessments of the effects (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) of the associations. the effects of all combinations tested against r. microplus larvae were synergis ...201627392803
hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) of livestock in nicaragua, with notes about distribution.we document the species of ticks that parasitize livestock in nicaragua. the study was based on tick collection on cattle and horses from 437 farms in nine departments. of 4841 animals examined (4481 cows and 360 horses), 3299 were parasitized, which represent 68 % of the bovines and 67 % of the equines in study: 59 cows and 25 horses were parasitized by more than one species. in addition, 280 specimens of the entomological museum in león were examined. the ticks found on cattle were rhipicephal ...201627392740
evasins: therapeutic potential of a new family of chemokine-binding proteins from ticks.blood-sucking parasites, such as ticks, remain attached to their hosts for relatively long periods of time in order to obtain their blood meal without eliciting an immune response. one mechanism used to avoid rejection is the inhibition of the recruitment of immune cells, which can be achieved by a class of chemokine-binding proteins (ckbps) known as evasins. we have identified three distinct evasins produced by the salivary glands of the common brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. they dis ...201627375615
sarcoptes scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology.the common scabies mite, sarcoptes scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite of humans and other mammals. an annotated genome of sarcoptes scabiei var. canis has been deposited in the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) and vectorbase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies and eggs from this strain has been reported. here we mined the data to identify predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes in other animals.201627371026
repellent effects of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against cattle tick larvae (rhipicephalus australis) when formulated as emulsions and in β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.rhipicephalus australis (formerly boophilus microplus) is a one host tick responsible for major economic loss in tropical and subtropical cattle production enterprises. control is largely dependent on the application of acaricides but resistance has developed to most currently registered chemical groups. repellent compounds that prevent initial attachment of tick larvae offer a potential alternative to control with chemical toxicants. the repellent effects of melaleuca alternifolia oil (tto) emu ...201627369582
evaluation of tea tree oil for controlling rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows.our research aimed to test the effects of melaleuca alternifolia oil (pure and in nanocapsules) in the control of rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle. for this purpose, the in vivo studies used 15 cows distributed in three different groups with the same number of animals. five cows remained untreated (group a), representing the control group; other five cows were sprayed with tto (at 5%) in its pure form (group b); and five cows were sprayed with nanocapsules of tto (at 0.75%) (group c). on ...201627369577
rift valley fever virus nss protein functions and the similarity to other bunyavirus nss proteins.rift valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. the nonstructural (ns) protein, which is a major virulence factor for rift valley fever virus (rvfv), is encoded on the s-segment. through the cullin 1-skp1-fbox e3 ligase complex, the nss protein promotes the degradation of at least two host proteins, the tfiih p62 and the pkr proteins. nss protein bridges the fbox protein with subsequent substrates, and facilitates the transfer of ubiquitin. the sap3 ...201627368371
host specificity in a diverse neotropical tick community: an assessment using quantitative network analysis and host phylogeny.host specificity is a fundamental determinant of tick population and pathogen transmission dynamics, and therefore has important implications for human health. tick host specificity is expected to be particularly high in the tropics, where communities of ticks, hosts and pathogens are most diverse. yet the degree to which tropical tick species are host-specific remains poorly understood. combining new field data with published records, we assessed the specificity of tick-host associations in pan ...201627357506
unveiling the oxidative metabolism of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) experimentally exposed to entomopathogenic fungi.rhipicephalus microplus is an important tick in tropical regions due to the high economic losses caused by its parasitism. metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana are well-known entomopathogenic fungi that can afflict r. microplus ticks. the development of new targets and strategies to control this parasite can be driven by studies of this tick's physiology. recently, it was reported that when exposed to adverse physiological conditions, ticks can activate fermentative pathways, indicating ...201627354113
identification and biochemical properties of two new acetylcholinesterases in the pond wolf spider (pardosa pseudoannulata).acetylcholinesterase (ache), an important neurotransmitter hydrolase in both invertebrates and vertebrates, is targeted by organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. in this study, two new aches were identified in the pond wolf spider pardosa pseudoannulata, an important predatory natural enemy of several insect pests. in total, four aches were found in p. pseudoannulata (including two aches previously identified in our laboratory). the new putative aches ppache3 and ppache4 contain most of th ...201627337188
in vitro effects of pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (ae) and ethanolic extracts (ee) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi), respectively, on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was performed to quantify these compounds. larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. five ae and ee concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg ml-1, and s ...201627334829
evaluation of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) resistance to different acaricide formulations using samples from brazilian properties.the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick is responsible for considerable economic losses in brazil, causing leather damage, weight loss and reduced milk production in cattle and results in the transmission of pathogens. currently, the main method for controlling this tick is using acaricides, but their indiscriminate use is one of the major causes of resistance dissemination. in this study, the adult immersion test (ait) was used to evaluate resistance in ticks from 28 properties located in ...201627334816
ehrlichia ruminantium infects rhipicephalus microplus in west africa.the invasion of west africa by rhipicephalus microplus during the past decade has changed the ecological situation of the agent of heartwater ehrlichia ruminantium in this area. before, its local vector, amblyomma variegatum, was the most abundant tick species found on livestock. today, the abundance of the r. microplus is one magnitude higher than that of a. variegatum in many west-african localities. we investigated the potential of this new ecological situation to impact the circulation of e. ...201627334439
pervasive microrna duplication in chelicerates: insights from the embryonic microrna repertoire of the spider parasteatoda tepidariorum.micrornas are small (∼22 nt) noncoding rnas that repress translation and therefore regulate the production of proteins from specific target mrnas. micrornas have been found to function in diverse aspects of gene regulation within animal development and many other processes. among invertebrates, both conserved and novel, lineage specific, micrornas have been extensively studied predominantly in holometabolous insects such as drosophila melanogaster however little is known about microrna repertoir ...201627324919
clinicopatho-biochemical alterations associated with subclinical babesiosis in dairy animals.present investigation is based on the clinicopatho-biochemical alteration related to natural tick borne bovine babesiosis in punjab state.201627308284
the chemosensory appendage proteome of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) reveals putative odorant-binding and other chemoreception-related proteins.proteomic analyses were done on 2 chemosensory appendages of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. proteins in the fore tarsi, which contain the olfactory haller's organ, and in the palps, that include gustatory sensilla, were compared with proteins in the third tarsi. also, male and female ticks were compared. proteins were identified by sequence similarity to known proteins, and by 3-dimensional homology modeling. proteomic data were also compared with organ-specific transcriptomes from th ...201627307202
anthelmintic effect of bacillus thuringiensis strains against the gill fish trematode centrocestus formosanus.parasitic agents, such as helminths, are the most important biotic factors affecting aquaculture, and the fluke centrocestus formosanus is considered to be highly pathogenic in various fish species. there have been efforts to control this parasite with chemical helminthicides, but these efforts have had unsuccessful results. we evaluated the anthelmintic effect of 37 strains of bacillus thuringiensis against c. formosanus metacercariae in vitro using two concentrations of total protein, and only ...201627294137
in vitro effects of pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (ae) and ethanolic extracts (ee) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi), respectively, on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was performed to quantify these compounds. larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. five ae and ee concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg ml-1, and s ...201627276670
evaluation of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) resistance to different acaricide formulations using samples from brazilian properties.the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick is responsible for considerable economic losses in brazil, causing leather damage, weight loss and reduced milk production in cattle and results in the transmission of pathogens. currently, the main method for controlling this tick is using acaricides, but their indiscriminate use is one of the major causes of resistance dissemination. in this study, the adult immersion test (ait) was used to evaluate resistance in ticks from 28 properties located in ...201627276667
cytotoxic effects of extract of acmella oleraceae (jambú) in rhipicephalus microplus females ticks.the present study analyzed the effects of different concentrations of the hexane extract of a. oleraceae (heao) (jambú) on the germ cells of semi-engorged rhipicephalus microplus female ticks, through a morpho-histological study, evaluating the effectiveness of the extract in the genesis of the individuals. to perform this analysis, 100 semi-engorged females were divided into five groups with 20 individuals each: groups i and ii, respectively constituted by distilled water control and 50% ethano ...201627271726
acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of dalbergia sissoo roxb. (fabaceae) against synthetic pyrethroid resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus against synthetic pyrethroids was assessed by larval packet test which revealed level i and ii resistance against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. adult immersion test was employed to study the acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of dalbergia sissoo (sheesham) against these ticks. mortality and fecundity of ticks exposed to sheesham leaf aqueous (sla) and ethanolic (sle) extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25 ...201627234528
environmental factors influencing tick densities over seven years in a french suburban forest.worldwide changes in socio-economic and environmental factors and the global climate are recognised causes of variation in tick distribution and density. thus it is of great importance that new studies address the changing risk of infection for exposed populations. in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are the most common vectors of several pathogens impacting veterinary and public health that have colonised suburban habitats.201627234215
molecular identification of anaplasma marginale in two autochthonous south american wild species revealed an identical new genotype and its phylogenetic relationship with those of bovines.anaplasma marginale is a well-known cattle pathogen of tropical and subtropical world regions. even though, this obligate intracellular bacterium has been reported in other host species different than bovine, it has never been documented in myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater) or hippocamelus antisense (taruca), which are two native endangered species.201627229471
functional and biochemical characterization of three recombinant human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants: zacatecas, vanua-lava and viangchan.glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency in humans causes severe disease, varying from mostly asymptomatic individuals to patients showing neonatal jaundice, acute hemolysis episodes or chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. in order to understand the effect of the mutations in g6pd gene function and its relation with g6pd deficiency severity, we report the construction, cloning and expression as well as the detailed kinetic and stability characterization of three purified clinical ...201627213370
metarhizium anisopliae for controlling rhipicephalus microplus ticks under field conditions.metarril sp organic is a product based on the fungus metarhizium anisopliae, which was developed for controlling agricultural pests. the present study evaluated the effect of metarril sp organic plus 10% mineral oil, for controlling rhipicephalus microplus under field conditions. three groups were formed: control group, which received no treatment; oil control group, which was bathed only with water, tween 80 and mineral oil; and metarril group, bathed in the oil-based formulation metarril sp or ...201627198775
novel mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of pyrethroid-resistant varroa destructor populations from the southeastern usa.the parasitic mite varroa destructor has a significant worldwide impact on bee colony health. in the absence of control measures, parasitized colonies invariably collapse within 3 years. the synthetic pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin have proven very effective at managing this mite within apiaries, but intensive control programs based mainly on one active ingredient have led to many reports of pyrethroid resistance. in europe, a modification of leucine to valine at position 925 (l925v) ...201627191597
lab-on-a-chip and sds-page analysis of hemolymph protein profile from rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) infected with entomopathogenic nematode and fungus.in the present study, lab-on-a-chip electrophoresis (loac) was suggested as an alternative method to the conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (sds-page) to analyze raw cell-free tick hemolymph. rhipicephalus microplus females were exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae senso latu ibcb 116 strain and/or to the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis indica lpp1 strain. hemolymph from not exposed or exposed ticks was collected 16 and ...201627174026
tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: a green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases?arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. a number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the devel ...201627146901
ticks infesting humans in northern misiones, argentina.this work presents records of ticks infesting humans in northern misiones province, argentina. also, notes on potential transmission of tick-borne pathogens are included. a total of 282 ticks attached to researchers were collected and identified by their morphological characters. eight tick species were found: amblyomma brasiliense, amblyomma coelebs, amblyomma dubitatum, amblyomma incisum, amblyomma ovale, haemaphysalis juxtakochi, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus. some of t ...201627135846
tick receptor for outer surface protein a from ixodes ricinus - the first intrinsically disordered protein involved in vector-microbe recognition.the tick receptor for outer surface protein a (trospa) is the only identified factor involved in tick gut colonization by various borrelia species. trospa is localized in the gut epithelium and can recognize and bind the outer surface bacterial protein ospa via an unknown mechanism. based on earlier reports and our latest observations, we considered that trospa would be the first identified intrinsically disordered protein (idp) involved in the interaction between a vector and a pathogenic micro ...201627112540
acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum collected from haryana and rajasthan states of india.acaricide resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum ticks against deltamethrin and diazinon was assessed in hisar (haryana) and its adjoining district churu (rajasthan) using adult immersion test (ait) and larval packet test (lpt). the mortality slope, lc50, lc95, 95 % confidence limit and resistance factor of field ticks were determined. results showed that r. (b.) microplus ticks collected from tohana (hisar) were found resistant to both the acaricides wh ...201627100113
evaluation of the in vitro expression of atp binding-cassette (abc) proteins in an ixodes ricinus cell line exposed to ivermectin.ticks are among the most important vectors of pathogens causing human and animal disease. acaricides are used to control tick infestation, although there are increasing reports of resistance. recently, over-expression of atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter proteins (p-glycoproteins, pgp) has been implicated in resistance to the acaricide ivermectin in the ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. ixodid tick cell lines have been used to investigate dru ...201627090214
minimum infection rate of ehrlichia minasensis in rhipicephalus microplus and amblyomma sculptum ticks in brazil.a new genotype phylogenetically close to ehrlichia canis named as ehrlichia minasensis was identified infecting cattle and deer in canada, as well as rhipicephalus microplus ticks and cattle in brazil. although it was detected in r. microplus, little is known about the epidemiology of this ehrlichiosis, especially in other tick species. this study evaluated the minimum infection rate of e. minasensis in amblyomma sculptum and r. microplus ticks from locations where naturally infected cattle were ...201627084673
design of the ataq peptide and its evaluation as an immunogen to develop a rhipicephalus vaccine.tick infestation may cause several problems including affecting domestic animal health and reducing the production of meat and milk, among others. resistance to several classes of acaricides have been reported, forcing researchers to search for alternative measures, such as vaccines against ticks, to ensure tick control while having no or at least low negative impacts on the environment and public health. however, the current commercially available vaccines in different strains of rhipicephalus ...201627084468
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