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biochar enhances the cadmium tolerance in spinach (spinacia oleracea) through modification of cd uptake and physiological and biochemical attributes.cadmium (cd) has no known role in plant biology and is toxic to plants and animals. the cd mainly accumulated in agricultural soils through anthropogenic activities, such as sewage water irrigation and phosphorus fertilization. biochar (bc) has been proposed as an amendment to reduce metal toxicity in plants. the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of bc (cotton stick at a rate of 0, 3, and 5 %) on cd uptake and the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical responses of spinach ...027502564
genetic diversity and association analysis of leafminer (liriomyza langei) resistance in spinach (spinacia oleracea).leafminer (liriomyza langei) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops, including spinach (spinacia oleracea). use of genetic resistance is an efficient, economic, and environment-friendly method to control this pest. the objective of this research was to conduct association analysis and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers associated with leafminer resistance in spinach germplasm. a total of 300 usda spinach germplasm accessions were used for the association a ...201627490441
whole-transcriptome analysis of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157:h7 (sakai) suggests plant-species-specific metabolic responses on exposure to spinach and lettuce extracts.verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) can contaminate crop plants, potentially using them as secondary hosts, which can lead to food-borne infection. currently, little is known about the influence of the specific plant species on the success of bacterial colonization. as such, we compared the ability of the vtec strain, e. coli o157:h7 'sakai,' to colonize the roots and leaves of four leafy vegetables: spinach (spinacia oleracea), lettuce (lactuca sativa), vining green pea (pisum sativum), a ...201627462311
developing and optimizing bacteriophage treatment to control enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli on fresh produce.bacteriophages are potentially useful in controlling foodborne pathogens on minimally processed products since phage application is a non-destructive treatment. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a newly isolated environmental bacteriophage against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli on fresh produce, and optimize the treatment with consideration for potential application. seven anti e. coli o157:h7 edl933 bacteriophages were isolated from various sources; the most promisin ...201627454784
coumestrol inhibits proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells by regulating akt, erk1/2, and jnk mapk cell signaling cascades.coumestrol is the one of the major phytoestrogens which is abundant in soybeans, legumes, brussel sprouts, and spinach. the beneficial effects of coumestrol are well known in various biological processes including; neuroprotective effects on the nervous system, function of the female reproductive system, anti-bacterial properties, and anti-cancer effects. although the anti-tumor activity of coumestrol has been demonstrated for ovarian, breast, lung, and cervical cancers, little is known of its e ...201727431052
amino-substituted para-benzoquinones as potential herbicides.although quinones present a large array of biological activities, a few studies on the herbicidal potential of 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones have been reported to date. in this work, starting from benzoquinone, 13 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones were prepared in 46 - 93% yield. the products were fully characterized by spectroscopic analyses and their phytotoxicity against cucumis sativus and sorghum bicolor seedlings was investigated. at 100 ppm, compounds caused 10 - 88% ...201627389616
purification and some molecular properties of rice germ calmodulin.calmodulin (cam) from rice germ (oryza sativa l) was purified to homogeneity by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration. the protein showed a single spot by sds-page. this purified protein had multiple absorption maxima at 276~279, 268, 265, 258, and 253 nm. like other plant cam, the protein contained one mole of tm3lys, cysteine, and tyrosine, and tryptophan was not detected. hydrophobic properties of rice germ, spinach, and neurospora crassa cam were directly tested by an hpl ...199827388650
impact of irrigation using water containing cuo and zno nanoparticles on spinach oleracea grown in soil media.wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in rapidly growing urban centers. reuse potential of nanoparticles (nps) contaminated wastewater for irrigation of spinacia oleracea grown in soil media were assessed in this study. irrigation of plant were done with water containing cuo and zno nps as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/l) till 11 weeks. at 1000 mg/l, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 % ...201627370820
functional properties of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) phytochemicals and bioactives.overwhelming evidence indicates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against common chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease. leafy green vegetables, in particular, are recognized as having substantial health-promoting activities that are attributed to the functional properties of their nutrients and non-essential chemical compounds. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is widely regarded as a functional food due to its diverse nutritional composition, wh ...027353735
organic chelants-mediated enhanced lead (pb) uptake and accumulation is associated with higher activity of enzymatic antioxidants in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.).the spinach was tested in the present studies for its phytoextraction potential. furthermore, the study assessed whether organic chelants could reduce oxidative stress, and thus enhance growth of spinach plants under 2.42 and 4.83mm pb regimes. different organic chelates viz. ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, (edta), citric acid (ca), oxalic acid (oa), tartaric acid (ta) and malic acid (ma) were applied separately in addition to control (without chelating agents) under different pb regimes. the ...201627318732
a snare-like superfamily protein sbslsp from the halophyte salicornia brachiata confers salt and drought tolerance by maintaining membrane stability, k(+)/na(+) ratio, and antioxidant machinery.about 1000 salt-responsive ests were identified from an extreme halophyte salicornia brachiata. among these, a novel salt-inducible gene sbslsp (salicornia brachiata snare-like superfamily protein), showed up-regulation upon salinity and dehydration stress. the presence of cis-regulatory motifs related to abiotic stress in the putative promoter region supports our finding that sbslsp gene is inducible by abiotic stress. the sbslsp protein showed a high sequence identity to hypothetical/uncharact ...201627313584
natural occurrence of tomato leaf curl new delhi virus in iranian cucurbit crops.the main areas for field-grown vegetable production in iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. a total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using polyclonal antibodies produced against tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). according to the elisa results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted w ...201627298595
elucidation of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus outbreaks in austria by complementary epidemiological and microbiological investigations, 2013.identifying bacillus cereus as the causative agent of a foodborne outbreak still poses a challenge. we report on the epidemiological and microbiological investigation of three outbreaks of food poisoning (a, b, and c) in austria in 2013. a total of 44% among 32 hotel guests (a), 22% among 63 employees (b) and 29% among 362 residents of a rehab clinic (c) fell sick immediately after meal consumption. b. cereus isolated from left overs or retained samples from related foods were characterized by t ...201627257745
the influence of atmospheric particles on the elemental content of vegetables in urban gardens of sao paulo, brazil.although urban horticulture provides multiple benefits to society, the extent to which these vegetables are contaminated by the absorption of chemical elements derived from atmospheric deposition is unclear. this study was designed to evaluate the influence of air pollution on leafy vegetables in community gardens of sao paulo, brazil. vegetable seedlings of brassica oleracea var. acephala (collard greens) and spinacia oleracea (spinach) obtained in a non-polluted rural area and growing in vesse ...201627249450
overexpression of spinach non-symbiotic hemoglobin in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no content and lowered nitrate and other abiotic stresses tolerance.a class 1 non-symbiotic hemoglobin family gene, sohb, was isolated from spinach. qrt-pcr showed that sohb was induced by excess nitrate, polyethylene glycol, nacl, h2o2, and salicylic acid. besides, sohb was strongly induced by application of nitric oxide (no) donor, while was suppressed by no scavenger, nitrate reductase inhibitor, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. overexpression of sohb in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no level and sensitivity to nitrate stress, as shown by reduced root ...201627211528
in vivo tracing of organochloride and organophosphorus pesticides in different organs of hydroponically grown malabar spinach (basella alba l.).an in vivo uptake and elimination tracing study based on solid phase microextraction (spme) was conducted to investigate the accumulation, persistence and distribution of organochloride pesticides (ocps) and organophosphorus pesticides (opps) in malabar spinach (basella alba l.) plants. uptake and elimination of the pesticides were traced in leaves, stems and roots of living malabar spinach plants. root concentration factor (rcf), distribution concentration factor (dcf) and transpiration stream ...201627209519
first report of the carolina spiral nematode, scutellonema brachyurus, from soil of a garden in crete, greece.members of the genus scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated plants directly by feeding ectoparasitically on plant roots (bridge et al., 2005; coyne et al., 2006). in may 2015, a soil sample from a house garden from heraklion city in crete, greece, was sent for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. in this place, there had been cactus (opuntia sp.) plants (probably imported), which were uprooted 3 to 4 years earlier. after that, the area was cropped with cuc ...201627168646
spinachdb: a well-characterized genomic database for gene family classification and snp information of spinach.spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), which originated in central and western asia, belongs to the family amaranthaceae. spinach is one of most important leafy vegetables with a high nutritional value as well as being a perfect research material for plant sex chromosome models. as the completion of genome assembly and gene prediction of spinach, we developed spinachdb (http://222.73.98.124/spinachdb) to store, annotate, mine and analyze genomics and genetics datasets efficiently. in this study, all of ...201627148975
heavy metals phyto-assessment in commonly grown vegetables: water spinach (i. aquatica) and okra (a. esculentus).the growth response, metal tolerance and phytoaccumulation properties of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica) and okra (abelmoschus esculentus) were assessed under different contaminated spiked metals: control, 50 mg pb/kg soil, 50 mg zn/kg soil and 50 mg cu/kg soil. the availability of pb, zn and cu metals in both soil and plants were detected using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. the concentration and accumulation of heavy metals from soil to roots and shoots (edible parts) were evaluated in ...201627119073
aggregative adherence fimbriae i (aaf/i) mediate colonization of fresh produce and abiotic surface by shiga toxigenic enteroaggregative escherichia coli o104:h4.the shiga toxigenic escherichia coli o104:h4 isolated during the 2011 european outbreak expresses shiga toxin 2a and possess virulence genes associated with the enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) pathotype. it produces plasmid encoded aggregative adherence fimbriae i (aaf/i) which mediate cell aggregation and biofilm formation in human intestine and promote shiga-toxin adsorption, but it is not clear whether the aaf/i fimbriae are involved in the colonization and biofilm formation on food and envi ...201627099984
nitrogen hurdle of host alternation for a polyphagous aphid and the associated changes of endosymbionts.low proportion of essential amino acids (eaas) is one of the barriers for animals to use phloem as a diet. endosymbionts with eaas synthesis functions are considered crucial for ameliorating the lack of eaas in insects' diets. in this study, we transferred the insects from a cabbage-reared myzus persicae population onto 3 new plant species including eggplant, tobacco and spinach. the performance on these plants was evaluated and the dynamics of endosymbionts in relation to this host alternation ...201627094934
metrics proposed to prevent the harvest of leafy green crops exposed to floodwater contaminated with escherichia coli.the california leafy green products handler marketing agreement (lgma) requires leafy green crops within 9 m of the edge of a flooded field not be harvested due to potential contamination (california leafy green products handler marketing board, commodity specific flood safety guidelines for the production and harvest of lettuce and leafy greens, 2012). further, previously flooded soils should not be replanted for 60 days. in this study, the suitability of the lgma metrics for farms in the mid-a ...201627084022
the hevea brasiliensis xip aquaporin subfamily: genomic, structural and functional characterizations with relevance to intensive latex harvesting.x-intrinsic proteins (xip) were recently identified in a narrow range of plants as a full clade within the aquaporins. these channels reportedly facilitate the transport of a wide range of hydrophobic solutes. the functional roles of xip in planta remain poorly identified. in this study, we found three xip genes (hbxip1;1, hbxip2;1 and hbxip3;1) in the hevea brasiliensis genome. comprehensive bioinformatics, biochemical and structural analyses were used to acquire a better understanding of this ...201627068521
an experimental platform using human intestinal epithelial cell lines to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins.human intestinal epithelial cell lines (t84, caco-2, and hct-8) grown on permeable transwell™ filters serve as models of the gastrointestinal barrier. in this study, this in vitro model system was evaluated for effectiveness at distinguishing between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. indicators of cytotoxicity (ldh release, mtt conversion), monolayer barrier integrity ([(3)h]-inulin flux, horseradish peroxidase flux, trans-epithelial electrical resistance [teer]), and inflammation (il-8, il- ...201627060235
influence of extracellular cellulose and colanic acid production on the survival of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli on spinach and lettuce after chlorine treatment.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains produce extracellular cellulose and colanic acid, which may influence stress tolerance. this study investigates the role of these extracellular polymers on the tolerance of stec to chlorine treatment after attachment to lettuce and spinach. four stec strains, two wild-type cellulose-producing and their cellulose-deficient derivatives, were used. one strain pair produced colanic acid in addition to cellulose. spinach and lettuce with attached ...201627052873
comparison of assurance gds(®) mpx id for top stec with reference culture methods for the detection of e. coli top 6 stec; direct confirmation of top 6 stec from isolation plates and determination of equivalence of pickpen(®) and fsis octomacs™ concentration protocols.assurance gds(®) mpx id for top shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec; mpx id) was validated according to the aoac international methods committee guidelines for validation of microbiological methods for foods and environmental surfaces as (1) a secondary screening method for specific detection of the top 6 stec serogroups (o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145) in raw beef trim, raw ground beef, raw spinach, and on stainless steel; and (2) as a confirmatory method for the identification o ...201726997139
assessing the growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in spinach, lettuce, parsley and chard extracts at different storage temperatures.the objective of this work was to study the growth potential of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in leafy vegetable extracts at different temperature conditions.201626950043
effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach.in this study, we analyzed seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological aspects after treatment with high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), a green leafy vegetable known to have low germination rate. both germination and dry weight of seedlings increased after high voltage pulse shots were applied to spinach seeds. however seeds treated with many shots (10 shots) showed a decrease in germination rate and seedling growth. seeds treate ...201626944552
genetic features of human and bovine escherichia coli o157:h7 strains isolated in argentina.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are important food-borne pathogens associated with human diseases. in argentina, o157:h7 is the dominant serotype in hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) cases. previously, we have described the almost exclusive circulation of human e. coli o157 strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8 in neuquén province. the aim of the present study was to investigate, by a broad molecular characterization, if this particular distribution of e. coli o157 clades in ...201626935026
characterization of soil suppressiveness to root-knot nematodes in organic horticulture in plastic greenhouse.the fluctuation of meloidogyne population density and the percentage of fungal egg parasitism were determined from july 2011 to july 2013 in two commercial organic vegetable production sites (m10.23 and m10.55) in plastic greenhouses, located in northeastern spain, in order to know the level of soil suppressiveness. fungal parasites were identified by molecular methods. in parallel, pot tests characterized the level of soil suppressiveness and the fungal species growing from the eggs. in additio ...201626925080
microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the eastern shore of maryland, united states of america.the aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the eastern shore of maryland, usa. a total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (apc), total coliforms, escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (e. coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella), using standard methods. presumptive pathogenic isolates ...201626919815
it is rocket science - why dietary nitrate is hard to 'beet'! part ii: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate-nitrite-no pathway.dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate-nitrite-no pathway. dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in part i, we explore the more recent developments which have s ...201726914827
municipal composts reduce the transfer of cd from soil to vegetables.cadmium (cd) is a non-essential trace element that accumulates in agricultural soils through the application of cd-rich phosphate fertiliser. vegetables can accumulate cd to concentrations that sometimes exceed food safety standards. we investigated the potential of low-cost soil amendments to reduce cd uptake by spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) and onion (allium cepa l.). batch sorption experiments revealed the relative sorption of cd by biosolids, charcoal, lignite, ...201626874314
de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves under heat stress.spinach (spinacia oleracea) has cold tolerant but heat sensitive characteristics. the spinach variety 'island,' is suitable for summer periods. there is lack molecular information available for spinach in response to heat stress. in this study, high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analyses were carried out at different spinach variety 'island' leaves (grown at 24 °c (control), exposed to 35 °c for 30 min (s1), and 5 h (s2)). a total of 133,200,898 clean reads were ...201626857466
reversible, partial inactivation of plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by betaine aldehyde: mechanism and possible physiological implications.in plants, the last step in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (gb) is the nad(+)-dependent oxidation of betaine aldehyde (bal) catalysed by some aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) 10 enzymes that exhibit betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) activity. given the irreversibility of the reaction, the short-term regulation of these enzymes is of great physiological relevance to avoid adverse decreases in the nad(+):nadh ratio. in the present study, we report that the spinacia olerace ...201626792760
nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities.the nutritional composition of ten leafy vegetables (chicory, green lettuce, lamb's lettuce, mizuna, red chard, red lettuce, rocket, spinach, swiss chard, and tatsoi) and quality traits of the selected leafy vegetables in relation to the light intensity (low and high photosynthetically active radiation; par) at time of harvest were determined. irrespective of the light intensity at time of harvest, the highest leaf dry matter (dm), proteins, nitrate, p, k and ca contents were observed in rocket ...201626776027
expression of spinach ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase using tandem t7 promoters and application of the purified protein for in vitro light-dependent thioredoxin-reduction system.thioredoxins (trxs) regulate the activity of target proteins in the chloroplast redox regulatory system. in vivo, a disulfide bond within trxs is reduced by photochemically generated electrons via ferredoxin (fd) and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (ftr: ec 1.8.7.2). ftr is an αβ-heterodimer, and the β-subunit has a 4fe-4s cluster that is indispensable for the electron transfer from fd to trxs. reconstitution of the light-dependent fd/trx system, including ftr, is required for the biochemical c ...201626773743
an integrated paper-based sample-to-answer biosensor for nucleic acid testing at the point of care.with advances in point-of-care testing (poct), lateral flow assays (lfas) have been explored for nucleic acid detection. however, biological samples generally contain complex compositions and low amounts of target nucleic acids, and currently require laborious off-chip nucleic acid extraction and amplification processes (e.g., tube-based extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)) prior to detection. to the best of our knowledge, even though the integration of dna extraction and amplificatio ...201626759062
impacts of climate and management variables on the contamination of preharvest leafy greens with escherichia coli.the observed seasonality of foodborne disease suggests that climatic conditions play a role and that changes in the climate may affect the presence of pathogens. however, it is hard to determine whether this effect is direct or whether it works indirectly through other factors, such as farm management. this study aimed to identify the climate and management variables that are associated with the contamination (presence and concentration) of leafy green vegetables with e. coli. this study used da ...201626735025
mimicking respiratory phosphorylation using purified enzymes.the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation is a striking example of the functional association of multiple enzyme complexes, working together to form atp from cellular reducing equivalents. these complexes, such as cytochrome c oxidase or the atp synthase, are typically investigated individually and therefore, their functional interplay is not well understood. here, we present methodology that allows the co-reconstitution of purified terminal oxidases and atp synthases in synthetic liposomes. the ...201626707617
light-up and fret aptamer reporters; evaluating their applications for imaging transcription in eukaryotic cells.the regulation of rna transcription is central to cellular function. changes in gene expression drive differentiation and cellular responses to events such as injury. rna trafficking can also have a large impact on protein expression and its localization. thus, the ability to image rna transcription and trafficking in real time and in living cells is a worthwhile goal that has been difficult to achieve. the availability of "light-up" aptamers that cause an increase in fluorescence of their ligan ...201626707205
an oxalate selective electrode based on modified pvc-membrane with tetra-butylammonium--clinoptilolite nanoparticles.a modified pvc-membrane electrode with tetra-butylammonium bromide - clinoptilolite nano-particles (tba-ncp) showed good nernstian slope (29.9±0.6 mv per decade of oxalate concentration) in concentration range of 3.1×10(-7)-8.3×10(-1) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 1.5×10(-7) mol l(-1). the best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of 31.5% pvc, 62.5% dop and 6% tba-ncp in the temperature range of 20-35 °c and the ph range of 4-9. the fast response time and good reproducibil ...201626706514
assessment of different washing treatments to mitigate imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues in spinach.agricultural crops treated with pesticides retain toxic residues that can cause various health disorders upon consumption. the present research project was designed to assess pesticide residues in contaminated spinach (spinacia oleracea). the efficiency of chemical solutions (acetic acid, citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) of different concentrations (% w/v) along with tap water for the dissolution of pesticide residues in spinach was studied. after various dip ...026678536
crystal diagnostics xpress™ e7 stec kit for the rapid multiplex detection of e. coli o157 and non-o157 shiga toxin-producing e. coli.the crystal diagnostics (cdx) xpress e7 stec kit is a rapid and sensitive detection assay for the detection of escherichia coli o157 and six non-o157 shiga toxin-producing e. coli (serogroups o26, o45, o1o3, o111, o121, and o145, collectively referred to as stec) at 1 cfu/325 g of raw ground beef and raw beef trim, or 200 g of spinach. the system comprises an automatic crystal diagnostics xpress system reader that integrates immunochemical and optical processes for the liquid crystal-based detec ...201526651567
de novo and comparative transcriptome analysis of cultivated and wild spinach.spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is an economically important green leafy vegetable crop. in this study, we performed deep transcriptome sequencing for nine spinach accessions: three from cultivated s. oleracea, three from wild s. turkestanica and three from wild s. tetrandra. a total of approximately 100 million high-quality reads were generated, which were de novo assembled into 72,151 unigenes with a total length of 46.5 mb. by comparing sequences of these unigenes against different protein dat ...201526635144
molecular diversity of turncurtoviruses in iran.turnip curly top virus (tctv) is the only member of the newly established genus turncurtovirus (family geminiviridae). as part of an ongoing study to identify additional plant hosts and the diversity of turncurtoviruses, between 2012 and 2014, we sampled symptomatic turnip plants and other crops in the provinces fars and khorasan razavi (southern and northeastern iran, respectively). infection by turncurtoviruses was tested by pcr and/or rolling-circle amplification (rca) coupled with restrictio ...201626611911
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis, chlorophyll content and antioxidant properties of native and defatted foliage of green leafy vegetables.ftir analysis for five selected green leafy vegetables (glvs) viz., hibiscus cannabinus l., (kenaf), h. sabdariffa l., (roselle), basella alba l., (vine spinach), b. rubra l. (malabar spinach) and rumex vesicarius l., (sorrel) confirmed the presence of free alcohol, intermolecular bonded alcohol, intramolecular bonded alcohol, alkane, aromatic compounds, imine or oxime or ketone or alkene, phenol and amine stretching. the chlorophyll content was higher in native leaves of b. alba (2.96 g/kg) tha ...201526604386
assessment of fertilizer potential of the struvite produced from the treatment of methanogenic landfill leachate using low-cost reagents.leachates generated in methanogenic landfills contain high strength of ammonium nitrogen which removal is hard to be accomplished by means of conventional techniques. the chemical precipitation of struvite, which is a mineral that could be reused as a slow-release fertilizer, is an effective process in the removal and recovery of nh4 amount of high-concentrated wastewaters. in this paper, a struvite precipitation process using unconventional reagents is proposed for a sustainable recovery of nit ...026604197
effects of phosphorus on chemical forms of cd in plants of four spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) cultivars differing in cd accumulation.in order to clarify how cadmium (cd) chemical forms in planta relate to the genotype difference in cd accumulation of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), two low-cd and two high-cd cultivars were compared under a hydroponic experiment with two concentrations of cd (8.98 or 44.71 μmol cd l(-1)). the concentrations of phosphorus in the hydroponic system were also adjusted to two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mmol l(-1)) to investigate the influence of phosphorus on the forms and accumulation of cd in the tested ...201626585453
evaluation of ultrasound based sterilization approaches in terms of shelf life and quality parameters of fruit and vegetable juices.the present work evaluates the performance of ultrasound based sterilization approaches for processing of different fruit and vegetable juices in terms of microbial growth and changes in the quality parameters during the storage. comparison with the conventional thermal processing has also been presented. a novel approach based on combination of ultrasound with ultraviolet irradiation and crude extract of essential oil from orange peels has been used for the first time. identification of the mic ...201626585014
combining spinach-tagged rna and gene localization to image gene expression in live yeast.although many factors required for the formation of export-competent mrnps have been described, an integrative view of the spatiotemporal coordinated cascade leading mrnps from their site of transcription to their site of nuclear exit, at a single cell level, is still partially missing due to technological limitations. here we report that the rna spinach aptamer is a powerful tool for mrna imaging in live s. cerevisiae with high spatial-temporal resolution and no perturbation of the mrna biogene ...201526582123
selection of intracellularly functional rna mimics of green fluorescent protein using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) was exploited to isolate escherichia coli cells that were highly fluorescent due to the expression of rna aptamers that induce fluorescence of 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone. two different aptamers, named zt-26 and zt-324, were identified by this method and compared to the fluorescence-signaling properties of spinach, a previously reported rna aptamer. aptamer zt-26 exhibits significantly enhanced fluorescence over spinach only in vitro ...201526573804
determination of lutein from fruit and vegetables through an alkaline hydrolysis extraction method and hplc analysis.a simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of lutein content, successfully used for cereal matrices, was evaluated in fruit and vegetables. the method involved the determination of lutein after an alkaline hydrolysis of the sample matrix, followed by extraction with solvents and analysis by normal phase hplc. the optimized method was simple, precise, and accurate and it was characterized by few steps that could prevent loss of lutein and its degradation. the optimized method was ...201526540023
analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of a medicinal plant, dianthus superbus var. longicalyncinus, from a comparative genomics perspective.dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus is an economically important traditional chinese medicinal plant that is also used for ornamental purposes. in this study, d. superbus was compared to its closely related family of caryophyllaceae chloroplast (cp) genomes such as lychnis chalcedonica and spinacia oleracea. d. superbus had the longest large single copy (lsc) region (82,805 bp), with some variations in the inverted repeat region a (ira)/lsc regions. the irs underwent both expansion and constri ...201526513163
spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) modulates its proteome differentially in response to salinity, cadmium and their combination stress.cadmium (cd) contamination and salinity are common stressors in agricultural soils all over the globe. sensitivity and modulation of plant proteome lead to proper signal execution and adaptation to abiotic stress via molecular responses, which strengthen plant defence system. a comparative proteomic study, employing 2de-maldi tof/tof ms, of spinacia oleracea plants exposed to cadmium (50 μg cdcl2 g(-1) soil), salinity (10 mg nacl g(-1) soil) and their combination (nacl + cd) was conducted to und ...201526497449
contribution to the traditional uses of medicinal plants of turgutlu (manisa--turkey).the aim of this study is to document and describe important ethnobotanical features of 14 villages of turgutlu (manisa - turkey).201526494509
highly efficient cyp167a1 (epok) dependent epothilone b formation and production of 7-ketone epothilone d as a new epothilone derivative.since their discovery in the soil bacterium sorangium cellulosum, epothilones have emerged as a valuable substance class with promising anti-tumor activity. because of their benefits in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, epothilones are targets for drug design and pharmaceutical research. the final step of their biosynthesis - a cytochrome p450 mediated epoxidation of epothilone c/d to a/b by cyp167a1 (epok) - needs significant improvement, in particular regarding the effici ...201526445909
determination of cadmium, lead and zinc in vegetables in jaipur (india).an atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc in vegetables grown in and around jaipur food stuffs irrigated with industrial waste water. vegetable samples were collected after maturity, and analyzed, such as spinach (spinacia oleracea), ladyfinger (abelmoschus esulentus), pepper mint (menthe pipereta), brinjal (solanum melongena), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cauliflower (brassica oleracea), onion (allium cepa), radish (raphanus sativus), ...201426445755
nutrient-rich versus nutrient-poor foods for depressed patients based on iranian traditional medicine resources.considering the positive effects of certain nutrients on depression, increasingly prevalent in the contemporary societies, we investigated the nutritional content of prescribed and prohibited foodstuffs for depressed patients in iranian traditional medicine resources.201726445711
inhibition of bacterial pathogens in medium and on spinach leaf surfaces using plant-derived antimicrobials loaded in surfactant micelles.encapsulation of hydrophobic plant essential oil components (eoc) into surfactant micelles can assist the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. loading of eugenol and carvacrol into surfactant micelles of polysorbate 20 (tween 20), surfynol® 485w, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), and cytoguard® la 20 (cg20) was determined by identification of the eoc/surfactant-specific maximum additive concentration (mac). rheological behavior of dilute eoc- ...201526444985
survival of salmonella enterica in dried turkey manure and persistence on spinach leaves.concerns about the microbiological safety of fresh produce have attracted attention in the past three decades due to multiple foodborne outbreaks. animal manure contaminated with enteric pathogens has been identified as an important preharvest pathogen source. this study investigated the survival of salmonella enterica in dust particles of dehydrated turkey manure and how association with manure dust may enhance the survival of salmonellae on leafy greens in the field. the survival of a cocktail ...201526408127
application of metagenomic sequencing to food safety: detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli on fresh bagged spinach.culture-independent diagnostics reduce the reliance on traditional (and slower) culture-based methodologies. here we capitalize on advances in next-generation sequencing (ngs) to apply this approach to food pathogen detection utilizing ngs as an analytical tool. in this study, spiking spinach with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) following an established fda culture-based protocol was used in conjunction with shotgun metagenomic sequencing to determine the limits of detection, sensi ...201526386062
moderate water stress prevents the postharvest decline of ascorbic acid in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) but not in spinach beet (beta vulgaris l.).babyleaf salads such as spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and spinach beet (beta vulgaris l. subsp. cicla var. cicla) are an important dietary source of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin c). such compounds may be important in disease prevention in consumers but the level of these compounds in leaves frequently declines after harvest. as such, methods to maintain antioxidant levels in fresh produce are being sought.201626381599
evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate.uranyl acetate (uac) has been generally used not only as a superb staining reagent for ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded biological materials, but also as high-contrast negative stains for biological macromolecules such as particles of protein or virus. however, the use and purchase of radioactive uac have been restricted. in this study, we determine the performance of ytterbium triacetate, lutetium triacetate, samarium triacetate and gadolinium triacetate as new staining reagents for biolo ...201526374081
broad and efficient control of major foodborne pathogenic strains of escherichia coli by mixtures of plant-produced colicins.enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) is one of the leading causes of bacterial enteric infections worldwide, causing ∼100,000 illnesses, 3,000 hospitalizations, and 90 deaths annually in the united states alone. these illnesses have been linked to consumption of contaminated animal products and vegetables. currently, other than thermal inactivation, there are no effective methods to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in food. colicins are nonantibiotic antimicrobial proteins, produced by e. coli ...201526351689
biodegradable pla (polylactic acid) hinged trays keep quality of fresh-cut and cooked spinach.this work examines the effects of packaging using two different polymeric trays with hinged lids, polyethylene terephthalate (pet) and polylactic acid (pla), on fresh-cut and cooked spinach (spinacia oleracea). samples were stored in a cold room for 16 days at 4 °c. chemical (total pigments, total polyphenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity), physical (water activity), technological (colour evaluation), sensorial (aroma, visual appearance and water accumulation) and microbial (total aerobic ...201526345011
exploiting single-molecule transcript sequencing for eukaryotic gene prediction.we develop a method to predict and validate gene models using pacbio single-molecule, real-time (smrt) cdna reads. ninety-eight percent of full-insert smrt reads span complete open reading frames. gene model validation using smrt reads is developed as automated process. optimized training and prediction settings and mrna-seq noise reduction of assisting illumina reads results in increased gene prediction sensitivity and precision. additionally, we present an improved gene set for sugar beet (bet ...201526328666
monograph of coccinia (cucurbitaceae).this monograph deals with all 95 names described in the cucurbitaceae genus coccinia and recognizes 25 species. taxonomic novelties are cocciniaadoensisvar.aurantiaca (c.jeffrey) holstein, stat. nov., cocciniasessilifoliavar.variifolia (a.meeuse) holstein, stat. nov., and cocciniaadoensisvar.jeffreyana holstein, var. nov. for the 25 species 3157 collections were examined, of which 2024 were georeferenced to produce distribution maps. all species are distributed in sub-saharan africa with one spe ...201526312043
analysis of electron donors in photosystems in oxygenic photosynthesis by photo-cidnp mas nmr.both photosystem i and photosystem ii are considerably similar in molecular architecture but they operate at very different electrochemical potentials. the origin of the different redox properties of these rcs is not yet clear. in recent years, insight was gained into the electronic structure of photosynthetic cofactors through the application of photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-cidnp) with magic-angle spinning nmr (mas nmr). non-boltzmann populated nuclear spin states ...201526282679
application of bacillus subtilis to the roots of leafy greens, in the presence of listeria innocua and salmonella newport, induces closure of stomata.plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium bacillus subtilis ud1022 has been shown to trigger an induced systemic response in arabidopsis thaliana. this interaction causes plant stomata to close, protecting the plant from infection by plant pathogens and thereby increasing crop yield. the purpose of this study was to determine whether ud1022 applied to the roots of plants is able to induce stomata closure in leafy greens as well as influence the persistence of human pathogens (listeria and salmonella ...201526270607
redox regulation of the antimycin a sensitive pathway of cyclic electron flow around photosystem i in higher plant thylakoids.the chloroplast must regulate supply of reducing equivalents and atp to meet rapid changes in downstream metabolic demands. cyclic electron flow around photosystem i (cef) is proposed to balance the atp/nadph budget by using reducing equivalents to drive plastoquinone reduction, leading to the generation of proton motive force and subsequent atp synthesis. while high rates of cef have been observed in vivo, isolated thylakoids show only very slow rates, suggesting that the activity of a key comp ...201626235611
the use of contact mode atomic force microscopy in aqueous medium for structural analysis of spinach photosynthetic complexes.to investigate the dynamics of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in vascular plants at high resolution in an aqueous environment, membrane-protruding oxygen-evolving complexes (oecs) associated with photosystem ii (psii) on spinach (spinacia oleracea) grana membranes were examined using contact mode atomic force microscopy. this study represents, to our knowledge, the first use of atomic force microscopy to distinguish the putative large extrinsic loop of photosystem ii cp47 reaction cent ...201526220954
postharvest survival of porcine sapovirus, a human norovirus surrogate, on phytopathogen-infected leafy greens.leafy greens are increasingly being recognized as an important vehicle for human noroviruses (hunov), which cause recurring gastroenteritis outbreaks. leafy greens often become infected by phytopathogens in the field, which may cause symptoms on the edible parts. whether plant pathogen infections enhance the survival of hunov on leafy greens is unknown. lettuce and spinach plants were infected with a bacterium, xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians strain 701a, and with cucumber mosaic virus strain ...201526219360
determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and escherichia coli o157:h7 and non-o157 in buffer and a spinach homogenate.produce has been associated with a rising number of foodborne illness outbreaks. while much produce is consumed raw, some is treated with mild heat, such as blanching or cooking. the objectives of this research were to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7, and non-o157 stec in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs; ph 7.2) and a spinach homogenate and to provide an estimate of the safety of mild h ...201526219359
role of cellulose and colanic acid in attachment of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli to lettuce and spinach in different water hardness environments.this study investigated the role of extracellular cellulose production by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) on attachment to lettuce and spinach in different water hardness environments. two cellulose-producing wild-type stec strains, 19 (o5:h-) and 49 (o103:h2), and their cellulose-deficient derivatives were used. strain 49 also produced colanic acid as a constituent of its extracellular polymeric substances. attached cells were determined by plate counts on the surface and cut edge ...201526219358
pathogen enrichment device (ped) enables one-step growth, enrichment and separation of pathogen from food matrices for detection using bioanalytical platforms.the bottleneck for accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is separation of target analytes from complex food matrices. currently used sample preparation methods are cumbersome, arduous and lengthy; thus, a user-friendly system is desirable. a hand-held sample preparation system designated pathogen enrichment device (ped) was built that contains a growth chamber, filters, and an ion exchange cartridge to deliver bacteria directly onto the detection platforms. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonel ...201526211638
effect of spinach aqueous extract on wound healing in experimental model diabetic rats with streptozotocin.chronic ulcer is still a serious issue for diabetic patients. diabetes is a prevalent cause of ulcer regeneration delay and (or) disruption. since spinacia oleracea extract contains compounds with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, this may be effective in accelerating the healing process of ulcers, especially diabetic ulcers. hence, this study examined the effect of spinacia oleracea aqueous extract on ulcer regeneration in an experimental animal model.201626201288
identification of interactions between abscisic acid and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.abscisic acid ((+)-aba) is a phytohormone involved in the modulation of developmental processes and stress responses in plants. a chemical proteomics approach using an aba mimetic probe was combined with in vitro assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), x-ray crystallography and in silico modelling to identify putative (+)-aba binding-proteins in crude extracts of arabidopsis thaliana. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) was identified as a putative aba-binding prote ...201526197050
the broad spectrum 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitor n-oxalylglycine is present in rhubarb and spinach leaves.2-oxoglutarate (2og) and ferrous iron dependent oxygenases are involved in many biological processes in organisms ranging from humans (where some are therapeutic targets) to plants. these enzymes are of significant biomedicinal interest because of their roles in hypoxic signaling and epigenetic regulation. synthetic n-oxalylglycine (nog) has been identified as a broad-spectrum 2og oxygenase inhibitor and is currently widely used in studies on the hypoxic response and chromatin modifications in a ...201526196940
metazoan trna introns generate stable circular rnas in vivo.we report the discovery of a class of abundant circular noncoding rnas that are produced during metazoan trna splicing. these transcripts, termed trna intronic circular (tric)rnas, are conserved features of animal transcriptomes. biogenesis of tricrnas requires anciently conserved trna sequence motifs and processing enzymes, and their expression is regulated in an age-dependent and tissue-specific manner. furthermore, we exploited this biogenesis pathway to develop an in vivo expression system f ...201526194134
rubrolides as model for the development of new lactones and their aza analogs as potential photosynthesis inhibitors.natural phytotoxins and their synthetic analogs are a potential source of new bioactive compounds for agriculture. analogs of rubrolides, a class of γ-alkylidene-γ-lactones isolated from different ascidians, have been shown to interfere with the photosynthetic electron-transport chain, yet their activity needs to be improved. with this aim, ten 5-aryl-6-benzyl-4-bromopyridazin-3(2h)-ones were prepared in yields ranging from 44 to 88% by reaction of their correspondent γ-alkylidene-γ-lactones wit ...201526172321
phosphorus amendment competitively prevents chromium uptake and mitigates its toxicity in spinacea oleracea l.in this study, we assessed the role of phosphorus in preventing chromium uptake by plants. two-factor complete randomized pot experiment (5x5 pattern) was conducted hydroponically with spinacea oleracea l. (spinach), for 28 days in green house. five concentrations of cr (2.0, 3.5, 5.0, 6.5 and 8.0 mm), each amended with five concentrations of phosphorus (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm) were supplied. with the phosphorus amendment in the growth medium, accumulation of chromium decreased up to 55% in ...201526155680
cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and food allergens.in patients with respiratory allergy, cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and foods may induce food allergy, symptoms ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe anaphylaxis. clinical entities due to ige sensitization to cross-reactive aeroallergen and food allergen components are described for many sources of plant origin (pollen-food syndromes and associations, such as birch-apple, cypress-peach and celery-mugwort-spice syndromes, and mugwort-peach, mugwort-chamomile, mugwort-mustard, ragw ...201526140270
solution nmr and molecular dynamics reveal a persistent alpha helix within the dynamic region of psbq from photosystem ii of higher plants.the extrinsic proteins of photosystem ii of higher plants and green algae psbo, psbp, psbq, and psbr are essential for stable oxygen production in the oxygen evolving center. in the available x-ray crystallographic structure of higher plant psbq residues s14-y33 are missing. building on the backbone nmr assignment of psbq, which includes this "missing link", we report the extended resonance assignment including side chain atoms. based on nuclear overhauser effect spectra a high resolution soluti ...201526138376
toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in spinach (spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment.the impact of heavy metal toxicity on the shoot and root lengths, total protein, fiber characteristics, moisture content and nutrient composition of spinach (spinacia oleracea) was evaluated. plants were grown in pots containing soil and treated with different concentrations (mg/kg) of lead (pb; 300, 400 and 500), cadmium (cd; 0.5, 1 and 1.5) and zinc (zn; 250, 500, and 700) as well as mixtures of cd and pb (0.5/300, 1/400, 1.5/500), cd and zn (0.5/250, 1/500, 1.5/700), and pb and zn (300/250, 4 ...201526133131
espresso coffee residues as a nitrogen amendment for small-scale vegetable production.espresso coffee grounds constitute a residue which is produced daily in considerable amounts, and is often pointed out as being potentially interesting for plant nutrition. two experiments (incubations and field experiments) were carried out to evaluate the potential nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) supply for carrot (daucus carota l.), spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) nutrition.201526123995
spatial and temporal factors associated with an increased prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in spinach fields in new york state.while rain and irrigation events have been associated with an increased prevalence of foodborne pathogens in produce production environments, quantitative data are needed to determine the effects of various spatial and temporal factors on the risk of produce contamination following these events. this study was performed to quantify these effects and to determine the impact of rain and irrigation events on the detection frequency and diversity of listeria species (including l. monocytogenes) and ...201526116668
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in fresh produce--a food safety dilemma.produce contains high levels of mixed microflora, including coliforms and escherichia coli, but occasionally pathogens may also be present. enterotoxigenic e. coli and shigatoxin-producing e. coli (stec) have been isolated from various produce types, especially spinach. the presence of stec in produce is easily detected by pcr for the shiga toxin (stx) gene, stx, but this is insufficient for risk analysis. stec comprises hundreds of serotypes that include known pathogenic serotypes and strains t ...201426104197
prediction of protein targets of kinetin using in silico and in vitro methods: a case study on spinach seed germination mechanism.kinetin, a cytokinin which promotes seed germination by inhibiting the action of abscisic acid, is an important molecule known to trigger various molecular mechanisms by interacting with an array of proteins shown from experimental observations in various model organisms. we report here the prediction of most probable protein targets of kinetin from spinach proteome using in silico approaches. inverse docking and ligand-based similarity search was performed using kinetin as molecule. the former ...201526101551
accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of dehradun, india with reference to human health risk.the present study on accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables viz. beta vulgaris, phaseolus vulgaris, spinacea oleracea, and brassica oleracea var. botrytis grown in the wastewater-irrigated soil near the bindal river, dehradun, has shown the maximum accumulation of metals for pb (196.91 ± 8.13 mg/kg), cu (36.75 ± 6.19 mg/kg), zn (305.54 ± 14.30 mg/kg), ni (125.48 ± 5.97 mg/kg), cd (29.58 ± 4.26 mg/kg), and cr (93.06 ± 3.25 mg/kg) in agricultural soil irrigated with wastewater. the enrichm ...201526092239
flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants.the concentrations of flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) were determined in 22 plant materials (9 vegetables, 5 fruits, and 8 medicinal plant organs). the materials were extracted with acidified methanol (methanol/hcl, 100:1, v/v) and analyzed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (rp-hplc) with uv detection. the total flavonols contents varied significantly (p<0.05) among vegetables, fruits and medicinal plant organs ranged from 0 to 1720.5, 459.9 to 3575.4, and 2. ...200826065748
total and individual carotenoids and phenolic acids content in fresh, refrigerated and processed spinach (spinacia oleracea l.).the carotenoid and phenolic acid contents in fresh, stored and processed (blanched, frozen and boiled) spinach were comparatively determined by spectrophotometric and hplc analyses. the major carotenoids identified after hplc analysis in saponified samples were lutein (37-53μg/kg), β-carotene (18-31μg/kg), violaxanthin (9-23μg/kg) and neoxanthin (10-22μg/kg). these carotenoids were all affected by storage and/or heating. the content of carotenoids was best preserved after storage for one day at ...200826059144
modeling of the redox state dynamics in photosystem ii of chlorella pyrenoidosa chick cells and leaves of spinach and arabidopsis thaliana from single flash-induced fluorescence quantum yield changes on the 100 ns-10 s time scale.the time courses of the photosystem ii (psii) redox states were analyzed with a model scheme supposing a fraction of 11-25 % semiquinone (with reduced [formula: see text]) rcs in the dark. patterns of single flash-induced transient fluorescence yield (sfitfy) measured for leaves (spinach and arabidopsis (a.) thaliana) and the thermophilic alga chlorella (c.) pyrenoidosa chick (steffen et al. biochemistry 44:3123-3132, 2005; belyaeva et al. photosynth res 98:105-119, 2008, plant physiol biochem 7 ...201526049407
statistical characteristics of selected elements in vegetables from kosovo.zinc, copper, iron, chromium and cobalt are essential elements for human health, showing toxicity only in high concentrations, while lead and cadmium are extremely toxic even as traces. therefore, it is important to monitor the contents of toxic metals in vegetables. large number of vegetables is grown and used in nutrition, in kosovo. the concentrations of selected elements in vegetables (radish, onion, garlic and spinach) from kosovo were determined using icp-oes method. oral intake of metals ...201526024749
synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkoxyphenyl-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides.a series of fifteen new n-alkoxyphenylanilides of 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid was prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant s. aureus strains, mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. some of the tested compounds showed antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity against the tested strains comparable with or higher than that of the standards ...201526023938
synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxamides.a series of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)pyrazine-2-carboxamides and their n-alkyl-3-chloropyrazine-2-carboxamide precursors were prepared. all compounds were characterized by analytical methods and tested for antimicrobial and antiviral activity. the antimycobacterial mic values against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv of the most effective compounds, 3-(hexylamino)-, 3-(heptylamino)- and 3-(octylamino)-n-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamides 14‒16, was 25 μg/ml. the compounds inhibited photosystem 2 photosy ...201526007174
combination treatment of chlorine dioxide gas and aerosolized sanitizer for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves and tomatoes.the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas and aerosolized sanitizer, when applied alone or in combination, on the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto spinach leaves and tomato surfaces. spinach leaves and tomatoes were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of the three foodborne pathogens. clo2 gas (5 or 10 ppmv) and aerosolized peracetic acid (paa) (80 ppm) w ...201526001524
ammonium reduces oxalate accumulation in different spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) genotypes by inhibiting root uptake of nitrate.excessive accumulation of oxalate negatively affects nutritional value of many vegetables, such as spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). mixed solution of ammonium and nitrate could effectively reduce oxalate accumulation, while the mechanism involved remains unknown. high (heizhenzhu) and low (weilv) oxalate-accumulated spinach genotypes were used in this study to investigate the association of oxalate accumulation and root uptake of nitrogen. exposure of increasing nitrate or mixed-nitrogen (nitrate ...025976827
imaging metabolite dynamics in living cells using a spinach-based riboswitch.riboswitches are natural ligand-sensing rnas typically that are found in the 5' utrs of mrna. numerous classes of riboswitches have been discovered, enabling mrna to be regulated by diverse and physiologically important cellular metabolites and small molecules. here we describe spinach riboswitches, a new class of genetically encoded metabolite sensor derived from naturally occurring riboswitches. drawing upon the structural switching mechanism of natural riboswitches, we show that spinach can b ...201525964329
resonance assignment of psbp: an extrinsic protein from photosystem ii of spinacia oleracea.psbp (23 kda) is an extrinsic eukaryotic protein of photosystem ii found in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants and green algae. it has been proven to be indispensable for proper functioning of the oxygen evolving complex. by interaction with other extrinsic proteins (psbq, psbo and psbr), it modulates the concentration of two cofactors of the water splitting reaction, ca(2+) and cl(-). the crystallographic structure of psbp from spinacia oleracea lacks the n-terminal part as well as two inn ...201525903141
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