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nectar minerals as regulators of flower visitation in stingless bees and nectar hoarding wasps.various nectar components have a repellent effect on flower visitors, and their adaptive advantages for the plant are not well understood. persea americana (avocado) is an example of a plant that secretes nectar with repellent components. it was demonstrated that the mineral constituents of this nectar, mainly potassium and phosphate, are concentrated enough to repel honey bees, apis mellifera, a pollinator often used for commercial avocado pollination. honey bees, however, are not the natural p ...201424888745
electrophysiological assessment of water stress in fruit-bearing woody plants.development and evaluation of a real-time plant water stress sensor, based on the electrophysiological behavior of fruit-bearing woody plants is presented. continuous electric potentials are measured in tree trunks for different irrigation schedules, inducing variable water stress conditions; results are discussed in relation to soil water content and micro-atmospheric evaporative demand, determined continuously by conventional sensors, correlating this information with tree electric potential m ...201424877671
persea declinata (bl.) kosterm bark crude extract induces apoptosis in mcf-7 cells via g0/g1 cell cycle arrest, bcl-2/bax/bcl-xl signaling pathways, and ros generation.persea declinata (bl.) kosterm is a member of the lauraceae family, widely distributed in southeast asia. it is from the same genus with avocado (persea americana mill), which is widely consumed as food and for medicinal purposes. in the present study, we examined the anticancer properties of persea declinata (bl.) kosterm bark methanolic crude extract (pdm). pdm exhibited a potent antiproliferative effect in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, with an ic50 value of 16.68 µg/ml after 48 h of treatm ...201424808916
effect of persea americana (avocado) fruit extract on the level of expression of adiponectin and ppar-γ in rats subjected to experimental hyperlipidemia and obesity.persea americana, commonly known as avocado, is traditionally consumed fruit which possesses body fat lowering capacity. adiponectin plays an important role in regulating obesity. in this study, the effect of hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of p. americana (haepa) on the level of blood lipids, glutathione, lipid peroxidation products, adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (ppar)-γ expressions was investigated in rats fed a high-fat diet (hfd).201424770838
anti-trypanosoma cruzi activity of 10 medicinal plants used in northeast mexico.the aim of this study was to screen the trypanocidal activity of plants used in traditional mexican medicine for the treatment of various diseases related to parasitic infections. cultured trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were incubated for 96h with different concentrations of methanolic extracts obtained from artemisia mexicana, castela texana, cymbopogon citratus, eryngium heterophyllum, haematoxylum brasiletto, lippia graveolens, marrubium vulgare, persea americana, ruta chalepensis and schinu ...201424742906
do cancer cells in human and meristematic cells in plant exhibit similar responses toward plant extracts with cytotoxic activities?we examined the effect of water extracts of persea americana fruit, and of the leaves of tabernamontana divericata, nerium oleander and annona cherimolia (positive control) on vicia faba root cells. we had confirmed in our previously published data the cytotoxicity of these plant extracts on four human cancer cell lines: liver (hepg-2), lung (a549), colon (ht-29) and breast (mcf-7). vicia faba roots were soaked in plant extracts at dilutions of 100, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000 ppm for 4 ...201524705601
hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of the aqueous extract of persea americana seeds on alloxan-induced albino rats.the tissue-protective potential of persea americana necessitated a look into the histopathological effects of the plant extract on the pancreas, liver, and kidneys. this study was conceived and designed based on the gaps in the research that has been performed and what is known about the plant. the hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of hot aqueous persea americana (avocado pear) seed extracts on alloxan-induced albino rats were investigated.201324643349
de novo sequencing, assembly, and analysis of the root transcriptome of persea americana (mill.) in response to phytophthora cinnamomi and flooding.avocado is a diploid angiosperm containing 24 chromosomes with a genome estimated to be around 920 mb. it is an important fruit crop worldwide but is susceptible to a root rot caused by the ubiquitous oomycete phytophthora cinnamomi. phytophthora root rot (prr) causes damage to the feeder roots of trees, causing necrosis. this leads to branch-dieback and eventual tree death, resulting in severe losses in production. control strategies are limited and at present an integrated approach involving t ...201424563685
a new species of tamarixia mercet (hymenoptera, eulophidae), parasitoid of trioza aguacate hollis & martin (hemiptera, triozidae) in mexico.tamarixia aguacatensis yefremova, sp. n. (hymenoptera: eulophidae: tetrastichinae) is described from mexico as a parasitoid of the avocado psyllid, trioza aguacate hollis & martin (hemiptera: triozidae). trioza aguacate is a serious pest of avocado, persea americana miller. a key to the species of tamarixia mercet in mexico is given.201424478580
reversible effects of moderately elevated temperature on the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems of photosynthesis in intact avocado leaves.initial (fo), maximum (fm) and steady-state (fs) levels of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact avocado leaves (persea americana mill.) during state 1-state 2 transitions using a combination of modulated and non-modulated lights with synchronized detection. under normal temperature conditions (20°c), transition from state 2 to state 1 was associated with a substantial increase (about 20%) in fm and fo whereas the fm/fo ratio remained constant, reflecting increased absorptio ...198724430668
persea americana mill. seed: fractionation, characterization, and effects on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.methanolic avocado (persea americana mill., lauraceae) seed extracts were separated by preparative hsccc. partition and hsccc fractions were principally characterized by lc-esi-ms/ms analysis. their in vitro influence was investigated on proliferation, differentiation, cell viability, and gene expression on hacat and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (nhek) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (nhdf). the methanol-water partition (m) from avocado seeds and hsccc fraction 3 (m.3) were mostly co ...201324371457
antibacterial activity of defensin padef from avocado fruit (persea americana var. drymifolia) expressed in endothelial cells against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus.antimicrobial therapy is a useful tool to control infectious diseases in general and rising antibiotic resistant microorganisms in particular. alternative strategies are desirable, and antimicrobial peptides (amp) represent attractive control agents. mexican avocado (persea americana var. drymifolia) is used in traditional medicine; however, the amp production has not been reported in this plant. we obtained a cdna library from avocado fruit and clone padef was identified, which has a cdna (249 ...201324319695
cellulase gene expression in ripening avocado fruit: the accumulation of cellulase mrna and protein as demonstrated by cdna hybridization and immunodetection.a cdna library was constructed from poly(a)(+)rna of ripe avocado fruit. colony hybridization identified a number of ripening specific clones of which one, pav5, was shown to be specific for cellulase. hybrid selection with pav5 provided a message from ripe fruit that on in vitro translation yielded a polypeptide of 53kd, comigrating with purified avocado cellulase on sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the translation product was selectively immunoprecipitated by antiserum to purified avoca ...198424310572
acute toxicity and genotoxic activity of avocado seed extract (persea americana mill., c.v. hass).the use of vegetal extracts requires toxicological and genotoxic evaluations to establish and verify safety before being added to human cosmetic, pharmaceutical medicine, or alimentary products. persea americana seeds have been used in traditional medicine as treatment for several diseases. in this work, the ethanolic seed extract of persea americana was evaluated with respect to its genotoxic potential through micronucleus assay in rodents. the frequency of micronuclei in groups of animals trea ...201324298206
purification and characterization of peroxidase from avocado (persea americana mill, cv. hass).avocado (persea americana mill, cv. hass) fruit ranks tenth in terms of the most important products for mexico. avocado products are quite unstable due to the presence of oxidative enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. the present study is to characterize the activity of purified avocado peroxidase from avocado in order to ascertain the biochemical and kinetic properties and their inhibition conditions.201424288244
a randomized 3×3 crossover study to evaluate the effect of hass avocado intake on post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin levels, and subsequent energy intake in overweight adults.the behavioral outcome of food ingestion is a complex process that involves psychological and biological factors. avocados are nutrient dense with properties that may favorably impact energy balance. this study sought to evaluate if incorporating approximately one half of a hass avocado by addition or inclusion into a lunch meal will influence post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin response, and subsequent energy intake among overweight adults.201324279738
avocado cellulase: nucleotide sequence of a putative full-length cdna clone and evidence for a small gene family.a cdna library was prepared from ripe avocado fruit (persea americana mill. cv. hass) and screened for clones hybridizing to a 600 bp cdna clone (pav5) coding for avocado fruit cellulase. this screening led to the isolation of a clone (pav363) containing a 2021 nucleotide transcribed sequence and an approximately 150 nucleotide poly(a) tail. hybridization of pav363 to a northern blot shows that the length of the homologous message is approximately 2.2 kb. the nucleotide sequence of this putative ...198724276968
gene expression during fruit ripening in avocado.the poly(a) (+)rna populations from avocado fruit (persea americana mill cv. hass) at four stages of ripening were isolated by two cycles of oligo-dt-cellulose chromatography and examined by invitro translation, using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of the resulting translation products. three mrnas increased dramatically with the climacteric rise in ...198224271626
duplicated phosphoglucose isomerase genes in avocado.avocado (persea americana) cultivars were assayed for phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) isozymes using starch gel electrophoresis. three pgi genes were identified: one monomorphic locus, pgi-i, coding for the plastid isozyme and two independently assorting loci, pgi-2 and pgi-3, coding for the cytosolic isozymes. the genetic analysis was based on comparisons of pgi zymograms from somatic and pollen tissue and on mendelian analysis of progeny from selfed trees. the isozymic variability for pgi can b ...198524247459
determination of changes in the metabolic profile of avocado fruits (persea americana) by two ce-ms approaches (targeted and non-targeted).a cze method with two different ms detection conditions (mrm and full scan) was developed to determine qualitative and quantitative changes in the metabolic profile of avocado fruits (persea americana). lods in mrm approach were found between 20.1 and 203.0 ppb for abscisic acid and perseitol, respectively, whilst in full scan, varied within the range 0.22–1.90 ppm for the same metabolites. the rsds for reproducibility test did not exceed 11.45%. the two ms approaches were used to quantify 10 me ...201324228266
effect of chipping on emergence of the redbay ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) and recovery of the laurel wilt pathogen from infested wood chips.significant mortality ofredbay trees (persea borbonia (l.) spreng.) in the southeastern united states has been caused by raffaelea lauricola, t.c. harr., fraedrich, & aghayeva (harrington et al. 2008), a fungal symbiont of the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus, eichhoff (fraedrich et al. 2008). this pathogen causes laurel wilt, which is an irreversible disease that can kill mature trees within a few weeks in summer. r. lauricola has been shown to be lethal to most native species ...201324224251
immunogold localization of acyl carrier protein in plants and escherichia coli: evidence for membrane association in plants.immunogold labelling was used to study the distribution of acyl carrier protein (acp) in escherichia coli and a variety of plant tissues. in e. coli, acp is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, confirming the observation of s. jackowski et al. (1985, j. bacteriol., 162, 5-8_. in the mesocarp of avocado (persea americana) and maturing seeds of oil-seed rape (brassica napus cv. jet neuf), over 95% of the acp is localised to plastids. the protein is almost exclusively located in the chloroplasts o ...198824221708
avocado fruit protoplasts: a cellular model system for ripening studies.mesocarp protoplasts were isolated from mature avocado fruits (persea americana cv. hass) at varying stages of propylene-induced ripening. qualitative changes in the pattern of radiolabel incorporation into polypeptides were observed in cells derived from fruit at the different stages. many of these differences correlate with those observed during radiolabeling of polypeptides from fresh tissue slices prepared from unripe and ripe fruit. protoplasts isolated from fruit treated with propylene for ...199124221285
activity-guided identification of acetogenins as novel lipophilic antioxidants present in avocado pulp (persea americana).avocado fruit is a rich source of health-related lipophilic phytochemicals such as monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenes, acetogenins and sterols. however, limited information is available on the contribution of specific phytochemicals to the overall antioxidant capacity (aoc) of the fruit. centrifugal partition chromatography was used as fractionation tool, guided by an in vitro chemical assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac). subsequent experiments focused on isolatio ...201324211333
pro-apoptotic effect of persea americana var. hass (avocado) on jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells.abstract context: therapy for leukemia has a limited efficacy. there is a need to search for alternative anti-leukemia therapies. persea americana mill var. hass (lauraceae) is a tropical fruit (avocado) that might be used against cancer. objective: to investigate whether p. americana induces death in jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells. materials and methods: four ethanol extracts (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/ml) from avocado fruit (endocarp, whole seed, seed and leaves) were analyzed against jurka ...201324188375
intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme in c 3 plants.the aim of this work was to determine the maximum catalytic activity and intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme (ec 1.1.1.40) in c3 plants. appreciable activities, ranging from 80 to 712 nmol · (gfw)(-1) · min(-1), were found in a wide range of tissues (roots and leaves of pisum sativum l., cotyledons of cucurbit a pepo alef., developing seeds of brassica napus l., mesocarp of persea americana gaertn., and suspension cultures of glycine max l.). overall, activity showed a rough po ...199124186419
pistil starch reserves at anthesis correlate with final flower fate in avocado (persea americana).a common observation in different plant species is a massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets even after adequate pollination, but little is known as to the reason for this drop. previous research has shown the importance of nutritive reserves accumulated in the flower on fertilization success and initial fruit development but direct evidence has been elusive. avocado (persea americana) is an extreme case of a species with a very low fruit to flower ratio. in this work, the implications of st ...201324167627
integrating transient heterogeneity of non-photochemical quenching in shade-grown heterobaric leaves of avocado (persea americana l.): responses to co2 concentration, stomatal occlusion, dehydration and relative humidity.long-lived shade leaves of avocado had extremely low rates of photosynthesis. gas exchange measurements of photosynthesis were of limited use, so we resorted to chl fluorescence imaging (cfi) and spot measurements to evaluate photosynthetic electron transport rates (etrs) and non-photochemical quenching (npq). imaging revealed a remarkable transient heterogeneity of npq during photosynthetic induction in these hypostomatous, heterobaric leaves, but was adequately integrated by spot measurements, ...201324078766
evaluation of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry as an alternative to gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry: avocado fruit as example.although gc-apci-ms was developed more than 40 years ago this coupling is still far from being a routine technique. one of the reasons explaining the limited use of gc-apci so far is the lack of spectral database which facilitates the identification of the compounds under study. the first application of a very recently developed gc-apci database to identify as many compounds as possible in a complex matrix such as avocado fruit is presented here. the results achieved by using this database has b ...201324054422
terpenoid variations within and among half-sibling avocado trees, persea americana mill. (lauraceae).chemical analyses were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative differences in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in plant material from avocado trees, persea americana mill. (lauraceae). the initial study analyzed plant material sampled from the trunk to the leaves through different branch diameters to quantify proximo-distal spatial differences within a tree. all trees were seedlings initiated from a single maternal tree. two-way analysis of variance was conducted on 34 chemicals t ...201324039994
merging a sensitive capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection method with chemometric exploratory data analysis for the determination of phenolic acids and subsequent characterization of avocado fruit.herein we present the development of a powerful ce-uv method able to detect and quantify an important number of phenolic acids in 13 varieties of avocado fruits at 2 ripening stages. all the variables involved in ce separation were exhaustively optimized and the best results were obtained with a capillary of 50 μm i.d. × 50 cm effective length, sodium tetraborate 40 mm at a ph of 9.4, 30 kv, 25 °c, 10s of hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi) and uv detection at 254 nm. this optimal methodology was f ...201323993512
fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov.--a symbiotic fungus of euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in israel and california.the invasive asian ambrosia beetle euwallacea sp. (coleoptera, scolytinae, xyleborini) and a novel fusarium sp. that it farms in its galleries as a source of nutrition causes serious damage to more than 20 species of live trees and pose a serious threat to avocado production (persea americana) in israel and california. adult female beetles are equipped with mandibular mycangia in which its fungal symbiont is transported within and from the natal galleries. damage caused to the xylem is associate ...201323928415
self-assembled films containing crude extract of avocado as a source of tyrosinase for monophenol detection.this paper reports on the use of the crude extract of avocado (cea) fruit (persea americana) as a source of tyrosinase enzyme. cea was immobilized via layer by layer (lbl) technique onto indium tin oxide (ito) substrates and applied in the detection of monophenol using a potentiometric biosensor. poly(propylene imine) dendrimer of generation 3 (ppi-g3) was used as a counter ion in the layer by layer process due to its highly porous structure and functional groups suitable for enzyme linkage. aft ...201323910293
isolation and structure elucidation of avocado seed (persea americana) lipid derivatives that inhibit clostridium sporogenes endospore germination.avocado fruit extracts are known to exhibit antimicrobial properties. however, the effects on bacterial endospores and the identity of antimicrobial compounds have not been fully elucidated. in this study, avocado seed extracts were tested against clostridium sporogenes vegetative cells and active endospores. bioassay-guided purification of a crude extract based on inhibitory properties linked antimicrobial action to six lipid derivatives from the family of acetogenin compounds. two new structur ...201323829335
identification of a new class of lipid droplet-associated proteins in plants.lipid droplets in plants (also known as oil bodies, lipid bodies, or oleosomes) are well characterized in seeds, and oleosins, the major proteins associated with their surface, were shown to be important for stabilizing lipid droplets during seed desiccation and rehydration. however, lipid droplets occur in essentially all plant cell types, many of which may not require oleosin-mediated stabilization. the proteins associated with the surface of nonseed lipid droplets, which are likely to influen ...201323821652
analysis of expressed sequence tags (ests) from avocado seed (persea americana var. drymifolia) reveals abundant expression of the gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide snakin.avocado is one of the most important fruits in the world. avocado "native mexicano" (persea americana var. drymifolia) seeds are widely used in the propagation of this plant and are the primary source of rootstocks globally for a variety of avocado cultivars, such as the hass avocado. here, we report the isolation of 5005 ests from the 5' ends of p. americana var. drymifolia seed cdna clones representing 1584 possible unigenes. these avocado seed ests were compared with the avocado flower est li ...201323811120
[nutrition value of tropical and subtropical fruits].the article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition of tropical and subtropical fruit (avocado, papaya and mango), which are now in great numbers are on the appeared on the russian market. due to use technology tropical and subtropical fruits can be implemented in almost all areas and regions of the country. relatively low cost makes these products quite popular among the people. in domestic scientific literature there are no systematic data describing the chemical composition of the ...201323808277
antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of persea americana seeds.persea americana seeds are widely used in traditional mexican medicine to treat rheumatism, asthma, infectious processes as well as diarrhea and dysentery caused by intestinal parasites.201323680126
hass avocado composition and potential health effects.hass avocados, the most common commercial avocado cultivars in the world, contain a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals. although the official avocado serving is one-fifth of a fruit (30 g), according to nhanes analysis the average consumption is one-half an avocado (68 g), which provides a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of the following: dietary fiber (4.6 g), total sugar (0.2 g), potassium (345 mg), sodium (5.5 mg), magnesium (19.5 mg), vitamin a (43 μ ...201323638933
effect of semisolid formulation of persea americana mill (avocado) oil on wound healing in rats.the aim of this study was to evaluate the wound-healing activity of a semisolid formulation of avocado oil, ssfao 50%, or avocado oil in natura, on incisional and excisional cutaneous wound models in wistar rats. an additional objective was to quantify the fatty acids present in avocado oil. on the 14th day, a significant increase was observed in percentage wound contraction and reepithelialization in the groups treated with 50% ssfao or avocado oil compared to the petroleum jelly control. anti- ...201323573130
novel anticancer alkene lactone from persea americana.persea americana mill (lauraceae) root bark is used in ethnomedicine for a variety of diseases including cancer.201323570517
avocado (persea americana) seed as a source of bioactive phytochemicals.the pulp of avocado (persea americana, lauraceae) has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular health effects. avocado oil is used for dermatological applications and its unsaponifiable portion is reported to have beneficial effects against osteoarthritis. although the seed represents a considerable percentage of the total fruit, scientific research on the phytochemistry and biological effects of avocado seeds is in the nascent stages,. currently, the seed represents an under-utilized res ...201323448442
investigating alternatives to traditional insecticides: effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi and bacillus thuringiensis against citrus thrips and avocado thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae).citrus thrips, scirtothrips citri (moulton) (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a plant-feeding pest most widely recognized for causing damage to citrus (citrus spp. l. [rutaceae]) and mango (mangifera indica l. [anacardiaceae]) fruits. this insect has recently broadened its known host range to become a significant pest of california grown blueberries. avocado thrips, scirtothrips. perseae nakahara (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a recent, invasive pest of california avocados, persea americana mill. (la ...201323448016
differential activation of ammonium transporters during the accumulation of ammonia by colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its effect on appressoria formation and pathogenicity.ammonium secreted by the post-harvest pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides during host colonization accumulates in the host environment due to enhanced fungal nitrogen metabolism. two types of ammonium transporter-encoding genes, amet and mep, are expressed during pathogenicity. gene disruption of amet, a gene modulating ammonia secretion, showed twofold reduced ammonia secretion and 45% less colonization on avocado fruit, suggesting a contribution to pathogenicity. mepb, a gene modulating am ...201323387470
analysis of 136 pesticides in avocado using a modified quechers method with lc-ms/ms and gc-ms/ms.a simple and high-throughput screening method for the analysis of 136 pesticides in avocado ( persea americana ) by lc-(+)-esi-ms/ms and gc-ms/ms is presented. a modified quechers sample preparation method was developed to improve the extraction recovery of highly lipophilic pesticides. extracts from minced avocados after acetonitrile (mecn) extraction were directly injected to lc-ms/ms, whereas other gc-amenable compounds were treated with the modified quechers procedure for gc-ms/ms analysis. ...201323362971
cold tolerance and disinfestation of bactrocera invadens (diptera: tephritidae) in 'hass' avocado.bactrocera invadens (diptera: tephritidae) has spread rapidly across africa and currently poses a phytosanitary threat to the fruit industry of south africa. in reaction a cold mitigating treatment to provide phytosanitary security to importing countries was developed in nairobi, kenya. using laboratory reared fruit flies, the rate of development in 'hass' avocado (persea americana miller) was determined at 28 degrees c. fruit ripeness or softness was found to be a factor improving larval fruit ...201223356059
xyleborus glabratus, x. affinis, and x. ferrugineus (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae): electroantennogram responses to host-based attractants and temporal patterns in host-seeking flight.the redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff, is an exotic wood-boring insect that vectors the mycopathogen responsible for laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease of trees in the lauraceae, including avocado (persea americana mill.). effective semiochemical-based detection and control programs for x. glabratus will require an understanding of the chemical ecology and host-seeking behaviors of this new invasive pest. this study 1) presents an electroantennography (eag) method develope ...201223321108
population genetic structure of phytophthora cinnamomi associated with avocado in california and the discovery of a potentially recent introduction of a new clonal lineage.phytophthora root rot (prr) of avocado (persea americana), caused by phytophthora cinnamomi, is the most serious disease of avocado worldwide. previous studies have determined that this pathogen exhibits a primarily clonal reproductive mode but no population level studies have been conducted in the avocado-growing regions of california. therefore, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism based on 22 polymorphic loci and mating type to investigate pathogen diversity from 138 isolates collec ...201323228146
decreased photochemical efficiency of photosystem ii following sunlight exposure of shade-grown leaves of avocado: because of, or in spite of, two kinetically distinct xanthophyll cycles?this study resolved correlations between changes in xanthophyll pigments and photosynthetic properties in attached and detached shade-grown avocado (persea americana) leaves upon sun exposure. lutein epoxide (lx) was deepoxidized to lutein (l), increasing the total pool by δl over 5 h, whereas violaxanthin (v) conversion to antheraxanthin (a) and zeaxanthin (z) ceased after 1 h. during subsequent dark or shade recovery, de novo synthesis of l and z continued, followed by epoxidation of a and z b ...201323213134
simultaneous detection of nonpolar and polar compounds by heat-assisted laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.a heat-assisted laser ablation electrospray ionization (ha-laesi) method for the simultaneous mass spectrometric analysis of nonpolar and polar analytes was developed. the sample was introduced using mid-infrared laser ablation of a water-rich target. the ablated analytes were ionized with an electrospray plume, which was intercepted by a heated nitrogen gas jet that enhanced the ionization of analytes of low polarity. the feasibility of ha-laesi was tested by analyzing, e.g., naphtho[2,3-a]pyre ...201323199051
hass avocado modulates postprandial vascular reactivity and postprandial inflammatory responses to a hamburger meal in healthy volunteers.hass avocados are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) and antioxidants (carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols) and are often eaten as a slice in a sandwich containing hamburger or other meats. hamburger meat forms lipid peroxides during cooking. after ingestion, the stomach functions as a bioreactor generating additional lipid peroxides and this process can be inhibited when antioxidants are ingested together with the meat. the present pilot study was conducted to investigate the po ...201323196671
in vitro activity of extracts of persea americana leaves on acyclovir-resistant and phosphonoacetic resistant herpes simplex virus.the lyophilized aqueous crude extract (lace) from leaves of persea americana (lauraceae) species showed a strong inhibitory effect on acyclovir (acg(r)4 and dlsp tk mutants) and paa-resistant (paa(r)5 mutant) herpes simplex virus. after exhaustive washing of lace using methanol, the soluble fraction was chromatographed on a reverse-phase column giving 11 fractions that were revealed by thin-layer chromatography. analysis of the antiviral effect of the fractions showed the extract contained compo ...199723195586
from ecophysiology to phenomics: some implications of photoprotection and shade-sun acclimation in situ for dynamics of thylakoids in vitro.half a century of research into the physiology and biochemistry of sun-shade acclimation in diverse plants has provided reality checks for contemporary understanding of thylakoid membrane dynamics. this paper reviews recent insights into photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection from studies of two xanthophyll cycles in old shade leaves from the inner canopy of the tropical trees inga sapindoides and persea americana (avocado). it then presents new physiological data from avocado on the time ...201223148277
ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in south-western nigeria.the ethnobotanical study surveyed the different types of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in the south-western region of nigeria.201223085021
identification of avocado (persea americana) pulp proteins by nano-lc-ms/ms via combinatorial peptide ligand libraries.avocado (persea americana) proteins have been scarcely studied despite their importance, especially in food related allergies. the proteome of avocado pulp was explored in depth by extracting proteins with capture by combinatorial peptide ligand libraries at ph 7.4 and under conditions mimicking reverse-phase capture at ph 2.2. the total number of unique gene products identified amounts to 1012 proteins, of which 174 are in common with the control, untreated sample, 190 are present only in the c ...201223019098
secondary metabolites from the unripe pulp of persea americana and their antimycobacterial activities.the fruits of persea americana (avocado) are nowadays used as healthy fruits in the world. bioassay-guided fractionation of the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction has led to the isolation of five new fatty alcohol derivatives, avocadenols a-d (1-4) and avocadoin (5) from the unripe pulp of p. americana, along with 12 known compounds (6-17). these structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. among the isolates, avocadenol a (1), avocadenol b (2), (2r,4r)-1,2,4-trihydroxynonadecane (6) ...201222980888
ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in edo state of nigeria.a study was undertaken in 12 local government areas (lgas) of edo state located in central southern nigeria, representing 66.6% coverage, in order to obtain an inventory of the major medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension. one hundred and eighty nine respondents who were mainly traditional medical practitioners and were knowledgeable in the medicinal plants for treating hypertension were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained interv ...201222975417
export of commercial hass avocados from argentina poses negligible risk of ceratitis capitata (diptera: tephritidae) infestation.argentina has to meet quarantine restrictions because of the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann) (diptera: tephritidae), to export 'hass' avocados, persea americana miller, to certain countries. hass avocado at the hard, mature green stage is potentially a conditional nonhost for c. capitata and could open export markets without the need for a quarantine treatment. trapping data from 1998 to 2006 showed that c. capitata was present in avocado orchards, particularly early in t ...201222928296
determination of antioxidant properties of 26 chilean honeys and a mathematical association study with their volatile profile.radical scavenging activity (rsa), antioxidant content (teac), total phenolic compounds content (tpcc) and volatile profile (vocs) were measured in 26 honeys obtained from the valparaiso region (chile). persea americana honey was the most interesting sample according to these evaluated parameters. a projection to latent structures (pls) based algorithm was used to model the possible relationship between antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds content and volatile profile. concerning the v ...201222908591
effect of harvest date on the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity in 'hass' avocado during storage.the effect of harvest date on nutritional compounds and antioxidant activity (aoc) in avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) fruit during storage was determined. the fruits were harvested at seven different dates and ripened at 25 °c following 21 or 35 days of cold storage. the results indicated that the phenolic and glutathione contents were increased and the ascorbic acid content was not significantly different in early harvested fruit (january to march), and the phenolic, ascorbic acid and ...201222868147
cardiotoxicity of acetogenins from persea americana occurs through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways.acetogenins are cell-membrane permeable, naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants such as annonaceae, lauraceae and other related phylogenic families. they belong to the chemical derivatives of polyketides, which are synthesized from fatty acid precursors. although acetogenins have displayed diverse biological activities, the anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cells has been widely reported. acetogenins are inhibitors of complex i in the electron transport chain therefore they ...201222733015
effect of tree species and end seal on attractiveness and utility of cut bolts to the redbay ambrosia beetle and granulate ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae).the redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff, is a non-native invasive pest and vector of the fungus that causes laurel wilt disease in certain trees of the family lauraceae. this study assessed the relative attractiveness and suitability of cut bolts of several tree species to x. glabratus. in 2009, female x. glabratus were equally attracted to traps baited with swampbay (persea palustris (rafinesque) sargent) and camphortree (cinnamomum camphora (l.) j. presl), which were more attr ...201222606816
surveys for stenoma catenifer (lepidoptera: elachistidae) and associated parasitoids infesting avocados in perú.surveys for stenoma catenifer walsingham, the avocado seed moth, and its associated larval parasitoids were conducted in the departments of junín, huánuco, cusco, and madre de dios in perú. fruit infestation levels in some areas ranged from 0 to 58%, and parasitism of s. catenifer larvae in junín and huánuco was 23%. five species of hymenopteran parasitoid in two families, braconidae (apanteles sp., hypomicrogaster sp., and chelonus sp.) and ichneumonidae (pristeromerus sp. and xiphosomella sp.) ...201222606810
fatty acid profile and elemental content of avocado (persea americana mill.) oil--effect of extraction methods.interest in vegetable oil extracted from idioblast cells of avocado fruit is growing. in this study, five extraction methods to produce avocado oil have been compared: traditional solvent extraction using a soxhlet or ultrasound, soxhlet extraction combined with microwave or ultra-turrax treatment and supercritical fluid extraction (sfe). traditional soxhlet extraction produced the most reproducible results, 64.76 ± 0.24 g oil/100 g dry weight (dw) and 63.67 ± 0.20 g oil/100 g dw for hass and fu ...201222494376
phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant capacity of persea americana mill. peels and seeds of two varieties.avocado processing by the food and cosmetic industries yields a considerable amount of phenolic-rich byproduct such as peels and seeds. utilization of these byproducts would be favorable from an economic point of view. methanolic (80%) extracts obtained from lyophilized ground peels and seeds of avocado (persea americana mill.) of the hass and shepard varieties were characterized for their phenolic compound profiles using the hplc-pad technique. the structures of the identified compounds were su ...201222494370
anti-diabetic activity of extract from persea americana mill. leaf via the activation of protein kinase b (pkb/akt) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.the leaves of persea americana mill. (lauraceae) have been popularly used in the treatment of diabetes in countries in latin america and africa.201222472105
remnant b-cell-stimulative and anti-oxidative effects of persea americana fruit extract studied in rats introduced into streptozotocin - induced hyperglycaemic state.insulin-stimulative and anti-oxidative effects of persea americana fruit extract were evaluated using streptozotocin (stz). ethanol extract of p. americana in the concentration of 300 mg/kg body weight/rat /day was orally administered to rats introduced into stz-induced hyperglycaemic state for a period of 30 days. after the treatment with avocado fruit extract, the elevated levels of blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood urea and serum creatinine seen in the hyperglycaemic rats, revert ...201122467999
ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial activity of plants used in the altiplane region of mexico for the treatment of oral cavity infections.the ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed 47 plant species used in the altiplane region of mexico for the treatment of dental diseases such as toothache, dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis.201222465591
a colored avocado seed extract as a potential natural colorant.there is an increasing consumer demand for and scientific interest in new natural colorants. avocado (persea americana) seed when crushed with water develops an orange color (= 480 nm) in a time-dependent manner. heat treatment of the seed prevented color development, whereas the addition of exogenous polyphenol oxidase (ppo), but not peroxidase restored color development. color development was also inhibited by the addition of tropolone, an inhibitor of ppo. color formation resulted in a decrea ...201522416696
hypolipidemic effect of avocado (persea americana mill) seed in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model.avocado seed contains elevated levels of phenolic compounds and exhibits antioxidant properties. we investigated the effect of avocado seed flour (asf) on the lipid levels in mice on a hyperlipidemic diet. the concentration of phenols was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, antioxidant activity was evaluated using the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity method, and dietary fiber was measured using the association of official analytical chemists (aoac) method. the ld50 of asf ...201222383066
inhibition of cholesterol oxidation products (cops) formation in emulsified porcine patties by phenolic-rich avocado (persea americana mill.) extracts.the effect of phenolic-rich extracts from avocado peel on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (cops) in porcine patties subjected to cooking and chill storage was studied. eight cops (7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, cholestanetriol, 5,6β-epoxycholesterol, and 5,6α-epoxycholesterol) were identified and quantified by gc-ms. the addition of avocado extracts (∼600 gae/kg patty) to patties significantly inhibi ...201222292505
the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of persea americana mill.over the past decades, herbal medicine has become a thing of global significance with medicinal and economic implications. wide spread use of herbs throughout the globe has raised serious concerns over its quality, safety, and efficacy. thus, exact scientific assessment has become a precondition for acceptance of herbal health claims. persea americana mill. (avocado) is a tree, native to central america, cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates around the world, belonging to the family la ...201022228945
complete genome sequence of a double-stranded rna virus from avocado.a number of avocado (persea americana) cultivars are known to contain high-molecular-weight double-stranded rna (dsrna) molecules for which a viral nature has been suggested, although sequence data are not available. here we report the cloning and complete sequencing of a 13.5-kbp dsrna virus isolated from avocado and show that it corresponds to the genome of a new species of the genus endornavirus (family endornaviridae), tentatively named persea americana endornavirus (paev).201222205720
EST sequencing and gene expression profiling of defence-related genes from Persea americana infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi.ABSTRACT:201122108245
ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the central region of togo.the tem tribe in the central region of togo is a population with an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants. however, little is known about their medical practices, principally the use of plants in the management of diabetes mellitus (dm) and hypertension (htn).201122077164
avocado fruit (persea americana mill) exhibits chemo-protective potentiality against cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in human lymphocyte culture.diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been associated with reduced risks for many types of cancers. avocado (persea americana mill.) is a widely consumed fruit containing many cancer preventing nutrients, vitamins and phytochemicals. studies have shown that phytochemicals extracted from the avocado fruit selectively induce cell cycle arrest, inhibit growth, and induce apoptosis in precancerous and cancer cell lines. our recent studies indicate that phytochemicals extracted with 50% methanol f ...201122070054
developing tools to unravel the biological secrets of rosellinia necatrix, an emergent threat to woody crops.white root rot caused by rosellinia necatrix is one of the most destructive diseases of many woody plants in the temperate regions of the world, particularly in europe and asia. recent outbreaks of r. necatrix around the globe have increased the interest in this pathogen. although the ecology of the disease has been poorly studied, recent genetic and molecular advances have opened the way for future detailed studies of this fungus.201222014332
effect of seed on ripening control components during avocado fruit development.seedless avocado fruit are produced alongside seeded fruit in the cultivar arad, and both reach maturity at the same time. using this system, it was possible to show that avocado seed inhibits the ripening process: seedless fruits exhibited higher response to exogenous ethylene already at the fruitlet stage, and also at the immature and mature fruit stages. they produced higher co₂ levels, and the ethylene peak was apparent at the fruitlet stage of seedless fruit, but not of seeded ones. the exp ...201121930327
ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry for analysis of avocado fruit metabolites: method evaluation and applicability to the analysis of ripening degrees.we have developed an analytical method using uhplc-uv/esi-tof ms for the comprehensive profiling of the metabolites found in the methanolic extracts of 13 different varieties of avocado at two different ripening degrees. both chromatographic and detection parameters were optimized in order to maximize the number of compounds detected and the sensitivity. after achieving the optimum conditions, we performed a complete analytical validation of the method with respect to its linearity, sensitivity, ...201121925667
Identification of avocado (Persea americana) root proteins induced by infection with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi using a proteomic approach.Avocado root rot, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is the most important disease that limits avocado production. A proteomic approach was employed to identify proteins that are upregulated by infection with P. cinnamomi. Different proteins were shown to be differentially expressed after challenge with the pathogen by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. A densitometric evaluation of protein expression indicated differential regulation during the time-course analyzed. Some proteins induced ...201221916897
Reduction of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes with electrolyzed oxidizing water on inoculated hass avocados (Persea americana var. Hass).This study was intended to evaluate the bactericidal effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) and chlorinated water on populations of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on avocados (Persea americana var. Hass). In the first experiment, inoculated avocados were treated with a water wash applied by spraying tap water containing 1 mg/liter free chlorine for 15 s (WW); WW treatment and then spraying sodium hypochlorite in water containing 75 mg/l ...201121902927
synthesis and configuration of the nonadecenetriol isolated from seeds of persea americana.in an effort to establish the relative as well as absolute configuration of the trypanocidally active natural nonadec-6-en-1,2,4-triol isolated from persea americana, the (2s,4r), (2s,4s), and (2r,4r) isomers were synthesized. the stereogenic centers taken from enantiopure chiral epoxy building blocks derived from inexpensive and readily available d-glucolactone. the (2r,4r) isomer gave (1)h and (13)c nmr as well as specific rotation in excellent consistence with those reported for the natural t ...201121833413
water relations in culture media influence maturation of avocado somatic embryos.application of transformation and other biotechnological tools in avocado (persea americana mill.) is hampered by difficulties in obtaining mature somatic embryos capable of germination at an acceptable rate. in this work, we evaluated the effect of different compounds affecting medium water relations on maturation of avocado somatic embryos. culture media were characterized with respect to gel strength, water potential and osmotic potential. improved production of mature somatic embryos was ach ...201121807437
proliferative effects of five traditional nigerian medicinal plant extracts on human breast and bone cancer cell lines.ethnopharmacological relevance: the medicinal plants hunteria umbellata (hul), cola lepidota (ccl), persea americana leaf (pal), root bark of persea americana (rpa) and plukenetia conophora (pcl) are used in nigerian traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer and cancer related diseases. aim of the study: to scientifically evaluate the cell proliferative and apoptotic effects of the plants extracts using breast and osteocarcinoma cell lines, and also to identify the possible components via ...201121782919
effect of medicinal plants on moraxella cattarhalis.to determine the antimoraxella activity of ethiopian medicinal plants extracts.201121771437
integrating gene flow, crop biology, and farm management in on-farm conservation of avocado (persea americana, lauraceae).maintaining crop diversity on farms where cultivars can evolve is a conservation goal, but few tools are available to assess the long-term maintenance of genetic diversity on farms. one important issue for on-farm conservation is gene flow from crops with a narrow genetic base into related populations that are genetically diverse. in a case study of avocado (persea americana var. americana) in one of its centers of diversity (san jerónimo, costa rica), we used 10 dna microsatellite markers in a ...200321653337
aliphatic acetogenin constituents of avocado fruits inhibit human oral cancer cell proliferation by targeting the egfr/ras/raf/mek/erk1/2 pathway.avocado (persea americana) fruits are consumed as part of the human diet and extracts have shown growth inhibitory effects in various types of human cancer cells, although the effectiveness of individual components and their underlying mechanism are poorly understood. using activity-guided fractionation of the flesh of avocado fruits, a chloroform-soluble extract (d003) was identified that exhibited high efficacy towards premalignant and malignant human oral cancer cell lines. from this extract, ...201121596018
biology and systematics of the new world phyllocnistis zeller leafminers of the avocado genus persea (lepidoptera, gracillariidae).four new world species of phyllocnistis zeller are described from serpentine mines in persea (family lauraceae). phyllocnistis hyperpersea,new species, mines the upper leaf surfaces of avocado, persea americana mill., and red bay, persea borbonia (l.) spreng. and ranges over much of the southeastern united states into central america. phyllocnistis subpersea,new species, mines the underside and occasionally upper sides of new leaves of persea borbonia in southeastern united states. phyllocnistis ...201121594066
attraction and electroantennogram responses of male mediterranean fruit fly to volatile chemicals from persea, litchi and ficus wood.trimedlure is the most effective male-targeted lure for the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann). a similar response is elicited by plant substances that contain α-copaene, a naturally-occurring sesquiterpene. α-copaene is a complex, highly-volatile, widely-distributed plant compound, and male c. capitata respond to material from both hosts (e.g., litchi chinensis) and non-hosts (e.g., ficus benjamina) that contain α-copaene. avocado, persea americana, recently was found to co ...201121526361
avocado ( persea americana mill.) phenolics, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in porcine patties.the first aim of the present work (study 1) was to analyze ethyl acetate, 70% acetone, and 70% methanol extracts of the peel, pulp, and seed from two avocado ( persea americana mill.) varieties, namely, 'hass' and 'fuerte', for their phenolic composition and their in vitro antioxidant activity using the cuprac, dpph, and abts assays. their antimicrobial potential was also studied. peels and seeds had higher amounts of phenolics and a more intense in vitro antioxidant potential than the pulp. pee ...201121480593
lutein from deepoxidation of lutein epoxide replaces zeaxanthin to sustain an enhanced capacity for nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in avocado shade leaves in the dark.leaves of avocado (persea americana) that develop and persist in deep shade canopies have very low rates of photosynthesis but contain high concentrations of lutein epoxide (lx) that are partially deepoxidized to lutein (l) after 1 h of exposure to 120 to 350 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), increasing the total l pool by 5% to 10% (δl). deepoxidation of lx to l was near stoichiometric and similar in kinetics to deepoxidation of violaxanthin (v) to antheraxanthin (a) and zeaxanthin (z). although the v ...201121427278
profiling lc-dad-esi-tof ms method for the determination of phenolic metabolites from avocado (persea americana).a powerful hplc-dad-esi-tof ms method was established for the efficient identification of the chemical constituents in the methanolic extracts of avocado (persea americana). separation and detection conditions were optimized by using a standard mix containing 39 compounds belonging to phenolic acids and different categories of flavonoids, analytes that could be potentially present in the avocado extracts. optimum lc separation was achieved on a zorbax eclipse plus c18 analytical column (4.6×150 ...201121332177
effect of cold storage on larval and adult anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae) viability in commercially ripe, artificially infested persea americana 'hass'.commercially ripe 'hass' avocados, persea americana mill, artificially exposed to wild anastrepha ludens (loew) (diptera: tephritidae) females 24 h after harvest were placed in a cold storage facility to determine the effect of low temperature on larval survival and adult viability. fruit were left for 3, 6, 9, and 12 d in a cold room at 5 degrees c followed by a 20-25-d period at ambient temperature to allow for larval development and pupation. hass avocados and grapefruit, citrus paradisi macf ...201021309219
bitter-tasting and kokumi-enhancing molecules in thermally processed avocado (persea americana mill.).sequential application of solvent extraction and rp-hplc in combination with taste dilution analyses (tda) and comparative tda, followed by lc-ms and 1d/2d nmr experiments, led to the discovery of 10 c(17)-c(21) oxylipins with 1,2,4-trihydroxy-, 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-, and 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo motifs, respectively, besides 1-o-stearoyl-glycerol and 1-o-linoleoyl-glycerol as bitter-tasting compounds in thermally processed avocado (persea americana mill.). on the basis of quantitative data, ...201021080628
evolutionary trends in the floral transcriptome: insights from one of the basalmost angiosperms, the water lily nuphar advena (nymphaeaceae).current understanding of floral developmental genetics comes primarily from the core eudicot model arabidopsis thaliana. here, we explore the floral transcriptome of the basal angiosperm, nuphar advena (water lily), for insights into the ancestral developmental program of flowers. we identify several thousand nuphar genes with significantly upregulated floral expression, including homologs of the well-known abce floral regulators, deployed in broadly overlapping transcriptional programs across f ...201021070420
in vitro evaluation of genotoxicity of avocado (persea americana) fruit and leaf extracts in human peripheral lymphocytes.persea americana is much sought after both for the nutritional value of its fruit and the medicinal values of its various plant parts. a chromosomal aberration assay was undertaken to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of crude extracts from avocado fruits and leaves. chromosomal aberrations were observed in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to separately increasing concentrations of 50% methanolic extracts of persea americana fruit and leaves. the groups exposed to leaf and fruit e ...201020859823
developing a systems approach for thaumatotibia leucotreta (lepidoptera: tortricidae) on 'hass' avocado in south africa.thaumatotibia leucotreta (meyrick) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) is pest of the avocado, persea americana (mill.) (lauraceae), in south africa and is regarded as a phytosanitary threat. the objective of this study was to develop a systems approach for t. leucotreta on 'hass' avocado that will mitigate the pest risk. t. leucotreta males were monitored with pheromone traps, and numbers declined during the winter. field studies indicated that most of eggs were laid during january in the deerpark area, ...201020857718
dimethyl isotope labeling assisted de novo peptide sequencing.here, we explore a de novo sequencing strategy in which we combine lys-n protein digestion with differential isotopic dimethyl labeling to facilitate the (de novo) identification of multiply charged peptides in esi-ms, both under cid and etd conditions. for a large fraction of the lys-n generated peptides, all primary amines are present at the n-terminal lysine, enabling specific labeling of the n-terminus. differential derivatization of only the peptide n-terminus in combination with the simult ...201020850342
ovary starch reserves and pistil development in avocado (persea americana).in avocado, only a very small fraction of the flowers are able to set fruit. previous work in other woody perennial plant species has shown the importance of carbohydrates accumulated in the flower in the reproductive process. thus, in order to explore the implications of the nutritive status of the flower in the reproductive process in avocado, the starch content in the pistil has been examined in individual pollinated and non-pollinated flowers at anthesis and during the days following anthesi ...201020849425
non-destructive prediction of 'hass' avocado dry matter via ft-nir spectroscopy.the inability to consistently guarantee internal quality of horticulture produce is of major importance to the primary producer, marketers and ultimately the consumer. currently, commercial avocado maturity estimation is based on the destructive assessment of percentage dry matter (%dm), and sometimes percentage oil, both of which are highly correlated with maturity. in this study the utility of fourier transform (ft) near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) was investigated for the first time as a non ...201120839265
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