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comparison of standardised versus non-standardised methods for testing the in vitro potency of oxytetracycline against mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida.the in vitro pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline was established for six isolates of each of the calf pneumonia pathogens mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) and bacterial time-kill curves were determined in two matrices, mueller hinton broth (mhb) and calf serum. geometric mean mic ratios, serum:mhb, were 25.2:1 (m. haemolytica) and 27.4:1 (p. multocida). the degree of binding of oxytetracycline to se ...201627938710
limitations of mic as sole metric of pharmacodynamic response across the range of antimicrobial susceptibilities within a single bacterial species.the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of an antimicrobial drug for a bacterial pathogen is used as a measure of the bacterial susceptibility to the drug. however, relationships between the antimicrobial concentration, bacterial susceptibility, and the pharmacodynamic (pd) inhibitory effect on the bacterial population are more complex. the relationships can be captured by multi-parameter models such as the emax model. in this study, time-kill experiments were conducted with a zoonotic pathog ...201627905408
a novel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method for detecting toxigenic pasteurella multocida in nasal swabs from swine.progressive atrophic rhinitis (par) in pigs is caused by toxigenic pasteurella multocida. in switzerland, par is monitored by selective culture of nasal swabs and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening of bacterial colonies for the p. multocida toxa gene. a panel of 203 nasal swabs from a recent par outbreak were used to evaluate a novel quantitative real-time pcr for toxigenic p. multocida in porcine nasal swabs.201627903273
use of molecular pathogenicity indices to identify pathogenic strains of pasteurella multocida.in addition to being the causative agent of fowl cholera (fc), pasteurella multocida is also one of the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens associated with respiratory diseases in various hosts. however, understanding of the traits that distinguish the virulent isolates that cause fc is still limited. the objective of this study was to characterize p. multocida isolates of brazil by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis in order to determine if strain-type correlate ...201627902916
a naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in a multicopy plasmid produces a reversible increase in antibiotic resistance.cole1 plasmids are small mobilizable replicons that play an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance in pasteurellaceae in this study, we describe how a natural single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) near the origin of replication of the cole1-type plasmid pb1000 found in a pasteurella multocida clinical isolate generates two independent plasmid variants able to coexist in the same cell simultaneously. using the haemophilus influenzae rd kw20 strain as a model system, we combined anti ...201727895020
clinico-pathology and hemato-biochemistry responses in buffaloes infected with pasteurella multocida type b:2 immunogen outer membrane protein.the aim of this study was to investigate the clinico-pathology and haemato-biochemistry alterations in buffaloes inoculated with pasteurella multocida type b:2 immunogen outer membrane protein via subcutaneous and oral routes. nine buffalo heifers were divided equally into 3 treatment groups. group 1 was inoculated orally with 10 ml of phosphate buffer saline (pbs); group 2 and 3 were inoculated with 10 ml of outer membrane protein broth subcutaneously and orally respectively. group 2 buffaloes ...201727894962
biofilm inhibitors targeting the outer membrane protein a of pasteurella multocida in swine.pasteurella multocida (pm) is the causative agent of atrophic rhinitis in swine. this study aimed to discover biofilm inhibitors against swine pm to counteract antibiotic resistance and decrease virulence. the virulence factor outer membrane protein a (ompa) was targeted. a library of drugs approved by the food and drug administration (fda) was used to perform virtual screening against pmompa. the top-scoring compounds had no effect on the growth of pm serotype a or d. mycophenolate mofetil show ...201727892689
a large potentiation effect of serum on the in vitro potency of tulathromycin against mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida.the antimicrobial properties of tulathromycin were investigated for m. haemolytica and p. multocida. three in vitro indices of antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) and time-kill curves, were established for six isolates of each organism. each index was measured in two growth media: mueller-hinton broth (mhb) and calf serum. it was shown that mics and mbcs were markedly lower in serum than in mhb. mhb:serum ratios for mic were 47 ...201627891615
pasteurella multocida bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient.we present the case of a 61-year-old caucasian gentleman who presented with a one-day history of fever, chills, and altered mental status. his symptoms were initially thought to be secondary to cellulitis. blood cultures grew pasteurella multocida, a rare pathogen to cause bacteremia. our patient was treated with ciprofloxacin for two weeks and made a complete and uneventful recovery. our patient's uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease put him at a higher risk for developing ...201627847521
a rare case of glossitis due to pasteurella multocida after a cat scratch.pasteurella is one of the zoonotic pathogens that can cause variety of serious infections in animals and humans such as bacteremia, septic shock, endocarditis, meningitis, prosthetic and native valve infections, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, and even pneumonia with empyema. however, there have been few reports of upper respiratory involvements like tonsillitis and epiglottitis in humans. we present a case of recurrent pasteurella glossitis after a cat scratch which h ...201627840749
the relationship between capsular type and ompa of pasteurella multocida is associated with the outcome of disease.the genes encoding ompa of pasteurella multocida recovered from diseased and apparently healthy animals have been characterized. the nucleotide sequence revealed orfs of 1047-1077 bp encoding proteins of 349-360 amino acids. domain analysis of ompa showed signal peptide, n-terminal ompa domain and c-terminal ligand binding domain. the transmembrane topology of ompa showed short turns at the periplasmic end and longer irregular loops at the extracellular end. the phylogenetic analysis based on om ...201627838388
evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant ptfa of avian pasteurella multocida.avian pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera, a disease much affecting the poultry industry. in order to study the efficacy of the recombinant subunit vaccine constructed with ptfa gene of avian p. multocida, the ptfa gene fragment amplified by pcr from avian p. multocida was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pet32a and the recombinant plasmid pet32a-ptfa was obtained. the pet32a-ptfa was expressed in escherichiacoli bl21(de3) and the target protein rptfa was pu ...201627822232
a pasteurella multocida strain affecting nulliparous heifers and calves in different ways.pasteurella multocida isolates from dairy cattle on a farm in spain were associated with pneumonia of calves (six isolates) and mastitis of heifers (five isolates). the objective was to determine if the p. multocida isolates retrieved from both disease scenarios were the same strain or whether more than one strain was present. the isolates were identified by a species-specific polymerase chain (pcr) assay, serotyped by the heddleston scheme and then typed by a number of molecular genotyping assa ...201627771064
the tale of two thumbs, a dog, and a wooden table.a 55 year-old african american man presented to the emergency room with acute-onset fevers, chills, and bilateral thumb pain, swelling, and redness. mri revealed extensive cellulitis involving bilateral hands and wrists, along with fluid collection and carpal bone erosion on the left. given concerns for septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, patient underwent surgical debridement revealing an abscess in the wrist without osteomyelitis. blood cultures grew pasteurella multocida. subsequently, patien ...201627768833
pharmacokinetics (pk), pharmacodynamics (pd), and pk-pd integration of ceftiofur after a single intravenous, subcutaneous and subcutaneous-la administration in lactating goats.bacterial pneumonia in goats is usually caused by mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. another important infection disease in lactating goats is intramammary infection producing mastitis, usually associated with coagulase-negative staphylococcus spp. however, treatment of bacterial pneumonia in goats not affected by mastitis problems should be restricted to antimicrobials with scant penetration to milk in order to avoid long withdrawal times. ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalos ...201627737655
histopathological and immunohistochemical approaches for the diagnosis of pasteurellosis in swine population of punjab.infectious porcine bronchopneumonia, caused by pasteurella multocida, is a widespread disease of major economic significance. thus, the aim of the present study was to diagnose swine pasteurellosis using gross, histopathological, and immunopathological approaches in the swine population of punjab and to compare the efficacy of immunohistochemical (ihc) techniques with conventional diagnostic techniques.201627733801
serological patterns of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis in pig herds affected by pleuritis.respiratory illness is traditionally regarded as the disease of the growing pig, and has historically mainly been associated to bacterial infections with focus on mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. these bacteria still are of great importance, but continuously increasing herd sizes have complicated the scenario and the influence of secondary invaders may have been increased. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of a. pleuropneumoniae and m. hyopneumoniae, ...201627716292
a serosurvey of greater sage-grouse ( centrocercus urophasianus ) in nevada, usa.to better understand the potential avian diseases in greater sage-grouse ( centrocercus urophasianus ) in the great basin in nevada, us, we collected 31 blood samples march-april 2014 and tested for antibodies to eight viruses and two bacteria. specifically, sera were tested for antibodies to avian leukosis virus type a, b, and j (alv-a, alv-b, and alv-j, respectively), infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reticuloendothelial virus, avian influenza virus (aiv), west nile ...201727705104
péritonite à pasteurella multocida. 201627694073
how respiratory pathogens contribute to lamb mortality in a poorly performing bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) herd.we evaluated bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) ewes and their lambs in captivity to examine the sources and roles of respiratory pathogens causing lamb mortality in a poorly performing herd. after seven consecutive years of observed december recruitments of <10%, 13 adult female bighorn sheep from the remnant gribbles park herd in colorado, us were captured and transported to the thorne-williams wildlife research center in wyoming in march 2013. ewes were sampled repeatedly over 16 mo. in april ...201727690193
infantile pasteurella multocida meningitis. 201627679756
feed exposure to fb1 can aggravate pneumonic damages in pigs provoked by p. multocida.the possible interaction between pasteurella multocida and the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1), recognised as one of the most often food/feed contaminant, was studied with the aim to evaluate whether and how fb1 can influence and/or complicate the development and severity of various pathological damages provoked by pasteurella multocida in some internal organs of pigs. heavier lung pathology was seen in pigs experimentally infected with pasteurella multocida, when the same were exposed to 20ppm die ...201627663368
pasteurella multocida pleural effusion: a case report and review of literature.we describe a man who developed pleural effusion with pasteurella multocida, and review the reported literature concerning this entity. we identified 21 such cases, including our own. most patients with p. multocida pleural effusions are immunocompromised and/or have significant co-morbidities. these effusions are typically complicated parapneumonic effusions that are grossly purulent (87%) with a low pleural fluid ph (mean 6.8), high protein (mean 4.8 g/dl) and high ldh (mean 1911 u/l) and low ...201627635382
mortality and disease in wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo silvestris) in ontario, canada, from 1992 to 2014: a retrospective review.wild turkeys ( meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were extirpated from ontario, canada, in the early 1900s due to unregulated over-hunting and habitat loss. despite a successful reintroduction program and strong population numbers, information regarding the health of wild turkeys in ontario is scarce. a 22-yr (1992-2014) retrospective study was performed to evaluate diagnostic data, including the cause(s) and contributors to death, in wild turkeys submitted to the ontario-nunavut node of the canadi ...201627610724
antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of dermatological bacterial pathogens isolated from diseased dogs and cats across europe (compath results).the compath project is a pan-european programme dedicated to the monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from diseased dogs and cats using standardized methods and centralized minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) determination. here, the susceptibility of major pathogens is reported from antimicrobial nontreated animals with acute clinical signs of skin, wound or ear infections in 2008-2010.201627593360
septicemic pasteurellosis in farmed elk (cervus canadensis) in alberta.septicemic pasteurellosis is a bacterial disease of domestic and wild animals including bison, elk, and pronghorn antelope caused by pasteurella multocida. here we report 2 cases of septicemic pasteurellosis in farmed elk. pasteurella multocida serogroup b was isolated from multiple tissues in both animals. gene sequencing (16s ribosomal rna) and blast query confirmed that the sequence is 99% to 100% homologous to the p. multocida sequences in the database.201627587888
a survey of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) associated pathogens among commercial pig farms of korea via oral fluid method.oral fluid analysis for monitoring herd is an interest in commercial pig farms in korea. the aim of this study was to investigate the positive rates and correlation of eight pathogens associated with porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) by analyzing oral fluid samples from 214 pig groups from 56 commercial farms. the samples collected by rope-chewing method were analyzed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) or standard pcr depending on microorganisms. the pathogens ...201627586468
determination of bacterial aetiologic factor on tracheobronchial lavage in relation to clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease.this study aimed to determine the occurrence of mannheimiahaemolytica, pasteurella multocida and mycoplasma spp., in relation to clinical signs of respiratory disease. tracheobronchial lavage samples were collected from 96 (healthy and unhealthy) cattle in the state of são paulo, brazil. mycoplasma spp. (12.5 %) and pasteurellamultocida (15.50 %) were the most prevalent species. bacillus sp., staphylococcus sp., escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoni ...201627582268
aortic endograft infection by pasteurella multocida: a rare case.infection of an aortic endograft is a rare complication following endovascular aneurysm repair. these patients have been treated with explantation of the graft to obtain source control followed by an extra-anatomic bypass to restore circulation. the present case study describes an interesting case of pasteurella infection involving an aortic endograft managed nonoperatively by percutaneous drainage and graft preservation.201627581225
[pasteurella multocida cellulitis after cat bite and subsequent erythema nodosum]. 201627562330
injecting epidemiology into population viability analysis: avian cholera transmission dynamics at an arctic seabird colony.infectious diseases have the potential to spread rapidly and cause high mortality within populations of immunologically naïve hosts. the recent appearance of avian cholera, a highly virulent disease of birds caused by the bacterium pasteurella multocida, at remote arctic seabird colonies is an emerging conservation concern. determining disease risk to population viability requires a quantitative understanding of transmission potential and the factors that regulate epidemic persistence. estimates ...201627548394
the diagnostic accuracy of acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in sheep with pneumonic pasteurellosis.the goal of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in sheep with pneumonic pasteurellosis. blood samples were collected from 56 sheep (36 naturally infected with pasteurella multocida and 20 healthy controls) belonging to one farm in eastern region, saudi arabia. serum samples were evaluated for acute phase proteins (haptoglobin (hp), serum amyloid a (saa) and fibrinogen (fb)), and the proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins (il-1α, ...201627547520
prosthetic joint infection caused by pasteurella multocida: a case series and review of literature.pasteurella multocida is a well-recognized zoonotic agent following dog or cat bites or scratches. nevertheless, prosthetic joint infection caused by p. multocida are rarely reported.201627544345
occupationally acquired pasteurella multocida pneumonia in a healthy abattoir worker.an otherwise healthy male abbatoir worker presented to his general practitioner with acute hypoxemia due to bronchopneumonia. his only occupational exposure was cleaning cow carcasses being prepared for consumption. blood cultures were eventually positive for pasteurella multocida. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pasteurella multocida pneumonia in an abattoir worker, and illustrates the importance of considering this infection in patients with animal exposures.201627536550
observations on macrolide resistance and susceptibility testing performance in field isolates collected from clinical bovine respiratory disease cases.the objectives of this study were; first, to describe gamithromycin susceptibility of mannheimia haemolytica, pasteurella multocida, and histophilus somni isolated from cattle diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (brd) and previously treated with either gamithromycin for control of brd (mass medication=mm) or sham-saline injected (control=con); second, to describe the macrolide resistance genes present in genetically typed m. haemolytica isolates; third, use whole-genome sequencing (wgs) to ...201627527782
differential analysis of the nasal microbiome of pig carriers or non-carriers of staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus is presently regarded as an emerging zoonotic agent due to the spread of specific methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) clones in pig farms. studying the microbiota can be useful for the identification of bacteria that antagonize such opportunistic veterinary and zoonotic pathogen in animal carriers. the aim of this study was to determine whether the nasal microbiome of pig s. aureus carriers differs from that of non-carriers. the v3-v5 region of the 16s rrna gene was sequ ...201627509169
[bacterial resistance in bacteria isolated from the nasal cavity of swiss dairy calves].fifty-six e. coli, 37 p. multocida und 8 m. haemolytica were isolated from 157 nasal swabs taken from calves in 52 dairy herds. the antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms was determined by measurement of the minimal inhibitory concentrations. of the 56 e. coli isolates, 55.3% exhibited resistance to tetracyclines, 55.3% to sulfonamides, 39.3% to beta-lactams, 30.3% to aminoglycosides, 8.9% to fluorochinolones and 3.5% to 3rd generation cephalosporins. the 3rd generation cephalosporin- resist ...201627504835
standard pk/pd concepts can be applied to determine a dosage regimen for a macrolide: the case of tulathromycin in the calf.the pharmacokinetic (pk) profile of tulathromycin, administered to calves subcutaneously at the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, was established in serum, inflamed (exudate), and noninflamed (transudate) fluids in a tissue cage model. the pk profile of tulathromycin was also established in pneumonic calves. for mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida, tulathromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) were approximately 50 times lower in calf serum than in mueller-hinton broth. the breakpoint va ...201727501187
selective membrane redistribution and depletion of gαq-protein by pasteurella multocida toxin.pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), the major virulence factor responsible for zoonotic atrophic rhinitis, is a protein deamidase that activates the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric g proteins. initial activation of g alpha-q-coupled phospholipase c-beta-1 signaling by pmt is followed by uncoupling of g alpha-q-dependent signaling, causing downregulation of downstream calcium and mitogenic signaling pathways. here, we show that pmt decreases endogenous and exogenously expressed g alpha-q protein c ...201627490568
lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type-2 infection in estonia.the present study describes the reasons of post-weaning distress in estonian pig herds. here we examined the natural cases of lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection and co-infections. the presence of l. intracellularis in swine herds were tested by pcr and by histopathological methods, whereas pcv2 was detected by real-time-pcr and immunohistochemical stainings. seven of the 11 investigated herds with signs of post-weaning wasting were infected with l. intracellularis ...201627487502
a pelagic outbreak of avian cholera in north american gulls: scavenging as a primary mechanism for transmission?avian cholera, caused by the bacterium pasteurella multocida , is an endemic disease globally, often causing annual epizootics in north american wild bird populations with thousands of mortalities. from december 2006 to march 2007, an avian cholera outbreak caused mortality in marine birds off the coast of atlantic canada, largely centered 300-400 km off the coast of the island of newfoundland. scavenging gulls ( larus spp.) were the primary species detected; however, mortality was also identifi ...201627455197
retrospective analysis of bacterial and viral co-infections in pneumocystis spp. positive lung samples of austrian pigs with pneumonia.aim of this study was the retrospective investigation of viral (porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), torque teno sus virus type 1 and 2 (ttsuv1, ttsuv2)) and bacterial (bordetella bronchiseptica (b. b.), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. h.), and pasteurella multocida (p. m.)) co-infections in 110 pneumocystis spp. positive lung samples of austrian pigs with pneumonia. fifty-one % were positive for pcv2, 7% for prrsv, 22% for ttsuv1, 48% for t ...201627428002
expression of the bovine nk-lysin gene family and activity against respiratory pathogens.unlike the genomes of many mammals that have a single nk-lysin gene, the cattle genome contains a family of four genes, one of which is expressed preferentially in the lung. in this study, we compared the expression of the four bovine nk-lysin genes in healthy animals to animals challenged with pathogens known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (brd) using transcriptome sequencing (rna-seq). the expression of several nk-lysins, especially nk2c, was elevated in challenged relative t ...201627409794
salvage of upper extremity in an aggressive case of pasteurella multocida infection. 201627401594
rapid and sensitive detection of mycoplasma synoviae by an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction-based assay on a field-deployable device.mycoplasma synoviae (ms), causing respiratory diseases, arthritis, and eggshell apex abnormalities in avian species, is an important pathogen in the poultry industry. implementation of a biosecurity plan is important in ms infection management. working on a field-deployable pockit™ device, an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) assay has a potential for timely ms detection on the farm. the ms iipcr assay had limit of detection 95% of about 9 genome equivalents by testing seria ...201727389062
variability of pasteurella multocida isolated from icelandic sheep and detection of the toxa gene.pasteurella multocida can be part of the upper respiratory flora of animals, but under conditions of stress or immunocompromisation, the bacteria can cause severe respiratory symptoms. in this study, we compared 10 p. multocida isolates from icelandic sheep with respiratory symptoms and 19 isolates from apparently healthy abattoir sheep. we examined capsule type, genetic variability and the presence of the toxa gene in the two groups. surprisingly, we found that all ovine p. multocida isolates e ...201627381564
pasteurella multocida bacteremia with associated knee arthroplasty infection in an 80-year-old caucasian man.to identify the gram-negative rods grown from blood cultures and a right-knee fluid aspirate from an 80-year-old caucasian man who had undergone a total right knee arthroplastic procedure 6 years ago, and to assess the genetic similarity between the 2 isolates.201627378482
antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of bacterial pathogens isolated from respiratory tract infections in dogs and cats across europe: compath results.compath is a pan-european resistance monitoring programme collecting bacterial pathogens from dogs and cats. we present data for respiratory tract infection (rti) isolates collected between 2008 and 2010. antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined and susceptibility calculated following clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi) standards for veterinary medicine. the main pathogen from dogs was staphylococcus intermedius group (49/215, 22.8%) which was >90% suscep ...201627374906
genetic basis for hyper production of hyaluronic acid in natural and engineered microorganisms.hyaluronic acid, or ha, is a rigid and linear biopolymer belonging to the class of the glycosaminoglycans, and composed of repeating units of the monosaccharides glucuronic acid and n-acetylglucosamine. ha has multiple important functions in the human body, due to its properties such as bio-compatibility, lubricity and hydrophilicity, it is widely applied in the biomedical, food, health and cosmetic fields. the growing interest in this molecule has motivated the discovery of new ways of obtainin ...201627370777
a case of polyarticular pasteurella multocida septic arthritis.a 76-year-old man with a history of osteoarthritis presents with right leg erythema and inability to weight-bear and pain in his right shoulder. synovial fluid cell count of the knee and shoulder showed abundant neutrophils, and cultures of the knee showed growth of pasteurella multocida. the patient owned four cats with which he had frequent contact, but history and physical examination elicited no evidence of scratches or bites. this case highlights the invasive potential of pasteurella multoc ...201627366169
antimicrobial resistance genes in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, haemophilus parasuis and pasteurella multocida isolated from australian pigs.to identify genes associated with the observed antimicrobial resistance in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, haemophilus parasuis and pasteurella multocida isolated from australian pigs.201627349882
auxotrophic actinobacillus pleurpneumoniae grows in multispecies biofilms without the need for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nad) supplementation.actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, which causes important worldwide economic losses in the swine industry. several respiratory tract infections are associated with biofilm formation, and a. pleuropneumoniae has the ability to form biofilms in vitro. biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that are attached to an abiotic or biotic surface. virtually all bacteria can grow as a biofi ...201627349384
dose dependency of outcomes of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in new rabbit empyema models.the incidence of empyema (emp) is increasing worldwide; emp generally occurs with pleural loculation and impaired drainage is often treated with intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (ipft) or surgery. a number of ipft options are used clinically with empiric dosing and variable outcomes in adults. to evaluate mechanisms governing intrapleural fibrinolysis and disease outcomes, models of pasteurella multocida and streptococcus pneumoniae were generated in rabbits and the animals were treated with ei ...201627343192
identification of the crp gene in avian pasteurella multocida and evaluation of the effects of crp deletion on its phenotype, virulence and immunogenicity.pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) is an important veterinary pathogen that can cause severe diseases in a wide range of mammals and birds. the global regulator crp gene has been found to regulate the virulence of some bacteria, and crp mutants have been demonstrated to be effective attenuated vaccines against salmonella enterica and yersinia enterocolitica. here, we first characterized the crp gene in p. multocida, and we report the effects of a crp deletion.201627343075
microbial flora of odontogenic abscesses in pet guinea pigs.abscesses of odontogenic origin in guinea pigs pose a serious health problem and need to be treated with a combination of surgical and medical therapy. the aim of this prospective study was to describe the microbial flora of odontogenic abscesses associated with osteomyelitis in 24 pet guinea pigs, to perform antibiotic sensitivity testing, and to make recommendations for practitioners on the antibiotics of first choice. inclusion criteria for the study included the animal being diagnosed with a ...201627339145
differences in virulence between bovine-derived clinical isolates of pasteurella multocida serotype a from the uk and the usa in a model of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.the time of onset and subsequent degree and progression of clinical signs, bacterial colonization and tissue pathology during experimental disease induced by intratracheal inoculation of either a uk or usa isolate of pasteurella multocida serotype a recovered from clinical cases of bovine pneumonia were determined. calves aged 8 weeks were challenged with 300 ml phosphate buffered saline (pbs) alone (group 1, n = 3, negative control) or containing 7.1 × 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of uk iso ...201627338785
deadly case of pasteurella multocida aortitis and mycotic aneurysm following a cat bite.animal bites are frequently encountered in the emergency department (ed). aortitis leading to mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare and potentially deadly complication of pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) following an animal bite. we present the case of a 68-year-old male who presented to the ed after falling at home. he complained of weakness and abdominal pain. he was in septic shock and was treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics and intravenous fluids. he reported previo ...201627326399
a novel mycoplasma sp. associated with phallus disease in goose breeders: pathological and bacteriological findings.in april 2014, poor fertility in a major commercial goose breeder operation in california triggered the submission of six live affected toulouse ganders ( anser anser ) to the california animal health and food safety laboratory, turlock branch (university of california-davis). toulouse were principally affected among all breeds, and their egg fertility dropped from 65.7% to less than 33.9% in the first 40 days of the 2014 breeding season. the flock consisted of 410 adult birds, 90 males and 320 ...201627309284
purpura fulminans and severe sepsis due to pasteurella multocida infection in an immunocompetent patient.a 75-year-old woman was admitted into the intensive care unit, with severe sepsis and renal failure. she developed purpura fulminans (pf) of bilateral upper and lower extremities along with gangrene on the tips of her fingers and toes. blood cultures confirmed pasteurella multocida as the causative organism. despite aggressive supportive measures, the patient remained dependent on high doses of vasopressors and the gangrene progressed. she ultimately succumbed to her underlying severe sepsis. pf ...201627298290
waterbird susceptibility to avian cholera at hayward marsh, california, usa.we characterized past avian cholera outbreaks in waterbirds at hayward marsh, california, us. in 2013, we surveyed populations and determined the presence of disease using several diagnostic methods, including behavioral and physical observations, field necropsy, and bacterial culture. we compiled this information with data from previous outbreaks from 1990-2012 to compare waterbird abundance to various measures of mortality, including percentage of mortality and percentage of difference between ...201627258407
an angry cat causing pasteurella multocida endocarditis and aortic valve replacement-a case report.cat bite infections usually involve a mix of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria including species of pasteurella, streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacteroides, and fusobacterium. we report a case of pasteurella multocida infection from cat bites leading to endocarditis and subsequent aortic valve replacement.201627232293
fusobacterium necrophorum in north american bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) pneumonia.fusobacterium necrophorum has been detected in pneumonic bighorn sheep (bhs; ovis canadensis ) lungs, in addition to the aerobic respiratory pathogens mannheimia haemolytica , bibersteinia trehalosi , pasteurella multocida , and mycoplasma ovipneumoniae . similar to m. haemolytica , f. necrophorum produces a leukotoxin. leukotoxin-induced lysis and degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) and macrophages are responsible for acute inflammation and lung tissue damage characteristic of ...201627224212
development of omp based indirect elisa to gauge the antibody titers in bovines against pasteurella multocida.pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) is an important pathogen of various domestic animals. the outer membrane proteins (omps) play a major role in pathogenesis and immunogenicity of p. multocida. the aim of the study was to develop indirect enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay (elisa) based on omps to ascertain the antibody titers in animals post-infection or to gauge the potency of vaccine. the omps were extracted and purified from p. multocida p:52 (vaccine strain) and p. multocida b:2 isolated ...201527175202
evaluation of immunopathologic effects of aqueous extract of echinacea purpurea in mice after experimental challenge with pasteurella multocida serotype a.in order to assess the immunopathological effects of aqueous echinacea purpurea extract (epe) on mice experimentally challenged with pasteurella multocida serotype a, forty female balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups. the groups included a control group (received sterile distilled water 2 times/week for 2 weeks, intraperitoneally and then 100 µl sterile saline intranasally), a pma group (received sterile distilled water as the control group and after 2 weeks, 5.6 × 10(3) cfu/ml of ...201427175135
one-step multiplex rt-qpcr assay for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus, capripoxvirus, pasteurella multocida and mycoplasma capricolum subspecies (ssp.) capripneumoniae.respiratory infections, although showing common clinical symptoms like pneumonia, are caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic agents. these are often reported in sheep and goats populations and cause huge economic losses to the animal owners in developing countries. detection of these diseases is routinely done using elisa or microbiological methods which are being reinforced or replaced by molecular based detection methods including multiplex assays, where detection of different pathogens is ca ...201627123588
monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from diseased cattle and pigs across europe, 2009-2012: vetpath results.vetpath is an ongoing pan-european antibiotic susceptibility monitoring programme that collects pathogens from diseased cattle, pigs and poultry. in the current study, 996 isolates from cattle and pig respiratory tract infections were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities. non-replicate lung samples or nasopharyngeal/nasal swabs were collected from animals with acute clinical signs in 10 countries during 2009-2012. pasteurella multocida, mannheimia haemolytica and histophilus somni fro ...201627102206
breast prosthesis infection and pets: a case report and review of the literature.pets are not always the human's best friends, particularly in the presence of comorbidities such as wounds. the following case report describes a pasteurella multocida infection of a reconstructive breast implant due to a close contact between a cat and its owner.201627084983
computational prediction of immunodominant epitopes on outer membrane protein (omp) h of pasteurella multocida toward designing of a peptide vaccine.contemporary vaccine design necessitates discrimination between the immunogenic and non-immunogenic components within a pathogen. to successfully target a humoral immune response, the vaccine antigen should contain not only b-cell epitopes but abounding th-cell agretopes and mhc-ii binding regions as well. no single computational method is available that allows the identification of such regions on antigens with good reliability. a consensus approach based on several prediction methods can be ad ...201627076289
florfenicol as a modulator enhancing antimicrobial activity: example using combination with thiamphenicol against pasteurella multocida.synergistic effects between the same class of antibiotics are rarely reported. our previous study found synergistic-like interaction between florfenicol (ffc) and thiamphenicol (tap) against staphylococcus aureus. here, the enhanced antimicrobial activity was evaluated in 97 clinical isolates of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. susceptible strains were initially identified by checkerboard microdilution assay (fractional inhibitory concentration index [fici] ≤ 0.625), followed by co ...201627065961
clinico-pathology, hematology, and biochemistry responses toward pasteurella multocida type b: 2 via oral and subcutaneous route of infections.pasteurella multocida a gram-negative bacterium has been identified as the causative agent of many economically important diseases in a wide range of hosts. hemorrhagic septicemia is a disease caused by p. multocida serotype b:2 and e:2. the organism causes acute, a highly fatal septicemic disease with high morbidity and mortality in cattle and more susceptible in buffaloes. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs, blood parameters, post mortem and histopathology c ...201527065648
occurrence of virulence-associated genes in pasteurella multocida isolates obtained from different hosts.pasteurella multocida infects a wide range of animals and the infection may spread to human through animal bites and scratches. pasteurella multocida isolates, obtained from several clinically healthy and diseased animals (bovine, sheep, goat, poultry, dog and cat), were investigated for capsule biosynthesis (capa, b, d, e and f) and expression of 22 virulence-associated genes using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). multiplex pcr results revealed expression of capa, capd and capb genes in 81 (61. ...201627057674
bronchoalveolar lavage is an ideal tool in evaluation of local immune response of pigs vaccinated with pasteurella multocida bacterin vaccine.the aim was to study the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) technique in evaluating the local immune response of pig immunized with pasteurella multocida bacterin vaccine.201527047111
the origin of pasteurella multocida impacts pathology and inflammation when assessed in a mouse model.host-pathogen interactions of pasteurella multocida isolates of different origin were studied in a mouse model, focusing on pathology, bacterial load and expression of the metalloproteinase mmp9 and its inhibitor timp1. intranasal inoculation with one of three doses (10(6), 10(4), 10(2)cfu) of an isolate from porcine pneumonia or fowl cholera showed marked differences between the two isolates. the avian isolate was highly pathogenic with severe signs of necrotizing pneumonia, liver necrosis and ...201627033923
genome sequencing of a virulent avian pasteurella multocida strain gx-pm reveals the candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis.pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) was first shown to be the causative agent of fowl cholera by louis pasteur in 1881. first genomic study was performed on an avirulent avian strain pm70, and until 2013, two genomes of virulent avian strains x73 and p1059 were sequenced. comparative genome study supplied important information for further study on the pathogenesis of fowl cholera. in the previous study, a capsular serotype a strain gx-pm was isolated from the liver of a chicken, which died duri ...201627033902
pheno- and genotypic characterization of pasteurella multocida isolated from cats, dogs and rabbits from brazil.pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of many diseases of economic importance in veterinary medicine and is characterized by high zoonotic potential. pet animals can be infected and play a major role as carriers. this study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of p. multocida isolated from dogs, cats and rabbits, and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. a total of 620 animals were studied; 51 were positive for p. multocida and 92 strains were isolated. 60.9% of ...201627012921
non-clostridium perfringens infectious agents producing necrotic enteritis-like lesions in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) produced by clostridium perfringens is amongst the most prevalent enteric diseases of chickens and turkeys. however, several other bacterial, parasitic and viral agents can cause clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in poultry very similar to those of ne and the diseases produced by those agents need to be differentiated from ne. the main differential diagnoses for c. perfringens ne include bacterial (clostridium colinum, clostridium sordellii, clostridium diffic ...201627009483
characterization of bifunctional l-glutathione synthetases from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and actinobacillus succinogenes for efficient glutathione biosynthesis.glutathione (gsh), an important bioactive substance, is widely applied in pharmaceutical and food industries. in this work, two bifunctional l-glutathione synthetases (gshf) from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (gshfap) and actinobacillus succinogenes (gshfas) were successfully expressed in escherichia coli bl-21(de3). similar to the gshf from streptococcus thermophilus (gshfst), gshfap and gshfas can be applied for high titer gsh production because they are less sensitive to end-product inhibit ...201626996628
whole genome sequence analysis of pig respiratory bacterial pathogens with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations for macrolides.macrolides are often used to treat and control bacterial pathogens causing respiratory disease in pigs. this study analyzed the whole genome sequences of one clinical isolate of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, haemophilus parasuis, pasteurella multocida, and bordetella bronchiseptica, all isolated from australian pigs to identify the mechanism underlying the elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for erythromycin, tilmicosin, or tulathromycin. the h. parasuis assembled genome had a n ...201626981707
surveillance for pasteurella multocida in ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus) after an outbreak of avian cholera and apparently successful antibiotic treatment.avian cholera is a significant disease of domestic and wild birds caused by the bacterium pasteurella multocida (pm). in poultry, a major source of pm infection is chronic carriers, domestic birds that have become infected and recovered or had subclinical infections. although outbreaks of avian cholera in ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus) have been reported, the potential for chronic carriers is unknown. to address this, we conducted surveillance for pm in a flock of captive ring-necke ...201626953951
molecular versus conventional culture for detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in poultry.acute respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms allover the world. six pathogens; escherichia coli, mycoplasma gallisepticum, staphylococcus aureus, pasteurella multocida, mannheimia haemolytica and pseudomonas aeruginosa were involved in respiratory infections in poultry. herein, conventional identification procedures and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were applied for detection of the most common respiratory bacterial pathogens in clinical specimens of poul ...201626950451
infective exacerbation of pasteurella multocida.an 89-year-old lady presented with a one-day history of shortness of breath as well as a cough productive of brown sputum. her medical history was significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). she was in severe type one respiratory failure and blood tests revealed markedly raised inflammatory markers; however her chest x-ray was clear. on examination there was bronchial breathing with widespread crepitations and wheeze. she was treated as per an infective exacerbation of copd. su ...201626942025
first high-quality draft genome sequence of pasteurella multocida sequence type 128 isolated from infected bone.we report here the first high-quality draft genome sequence of pasteurella multocida sequence type 128, which was isolated from the infected finger bone of an adult female who was bitten by a domestic dog. the draft genome will be a valuable addition to the scarce genomic resources available for p. multocida.201626941132
characterization of udp-glucose dehydrogenase from pasteurella multocida cvcc 408 and its application in hyaluronic acid biosynthesis.hyaluronic acid (ha), a vital acid mucopolysaccharide, has immense applied value in foodstuffs, medicaments, and cosmetics among others. udp-glucose dehydrogenase (ugdh, ec 1.1.1.22) is an essential enzyme for ha synthesis. in this study, a ugdh (pmuhasb, 45.9 kda) from pasteurella multocida cvcc 408 was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3). it was purified by two chromatographic columns with a specific activity of 6.58 iu/mg. the optimum ph and temperature were determined to be 10.0 and 37° ...201626920483
vaccination of turkeys in the wattles (dewlap) with turkey meningo-encephalitis live vaccine and pasteurella multocida killed-in-oil vaccine.vaccination of turkeys via the wattle has been introduced as a novel route of vaccination using attenuated live viral turkey meningo-encephalitis (tme) and killed-in-oil bacterial (pasteurella multocida) vaccines. the efficacy of the immunization was evaluated by the haemagglutination-inhibition test for tme and by challenge for tme and p. multocida. immunization via the wattle route was comparable or better as compared with the conventional routes, intramuscular and subcutaneous, for p. multoci ...199926911605
a study of the use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis as a typing tool in fowl cholera outbreaks.multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) was compared with restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and ribotyping as a method for differentiating isolates of pasteurella multocida in a retrospective study of eight fowl cholera outbreaks on seven turkey farms. mlee typing matched the results previously obtained by rea and ribotyping, except that the two outbreaks linked by rea and ribotyping were not linked by mlee typing. mlee appears to be a useful technique for investigations of fowl cholera o ...199926911505
invasive pasteurella multocida infections - report of five cases at a minnesota hospital, 2014.during october 2014, the minnesota department of health was notified of five hospital a patients with pasteurella multocida bacteraemia; three had died. human soft tissue infection with p. multocida typically results from cat or dog bites or scratches. invasive infection, defined as a p. multocida isolate from a usually sterile site, is rare. we evaluated p. multocida isolations at hospital a, compared with other minnesota hospitals to understand invasive infection trends. a case was defined as ...201626892817
protective efficacy afforded by live pasteurella multocida vaccines in chickens is independent of lipopolysaccharide outer core structure.pasteurella multocida is a major animal pathogen that causes a range of diseases including fowl cholera. p. multocida infections result in considerable losses to layer and breeder flocks in poultry industries worldwide. both killed whole-cell and live-attenuated vaccines are available; these vaccines vary in their protective efficacy, particularly against heterologous strains. moreover, until recently there was no knowledge of p. multocida lps genetics and structure to determine precisely how lp ...201626892738
virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry and swine.pasteurella multocida causes atrophic rhinitis in swine and fowl cholera in birds, and is a secondary agent in respiratory syndromes. pathogenesis and virulence factors involved are still poorly understood. the aim of this study was to detect 22 virulence-associated genes by pcr, including capsular serogroups a, b and d genes and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of p. multocida strains from poultry and swine. omph, oma87, plpb, psl, exbd-tonb, fur, hgba, nanb, soda, sodc, ptfa were d ...201726887247
comparison of the effect of two purification methods on the immunogenicity of recombinant outer membrane protein h of pasteurella multocida serovar a:1.recombinant outer membrane protein h (romph) of pasteurella multocida strain x-73 can be purified using affinity chromatography but this adversely affects its immunogenicity. the current study presents the results from an intervention study comparing the immunogenicity of romph purified using electroelution with romph purified using affinity chromatography and native omph purified using electroelution and a nonimmunized control group. chickens immunized with romph purified using electroelution p ...201626885439
the rna-binding chaperone hfq is an important global regulator of gene expression in pasteurella multocida and plays a crucial role in production of a number of virulence factors, including hyaluronic acid capsule.the gram-negative bacterium pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of economically important animal diseases, including avian fowl cholera. numerous p. multocida virulence factors have been identified, including capsule, lipopolysaccharide (lps), and filamentous hemagglutinin, but little is known about how the expression of these virulence factors is regulated. hfq is an rna-binding protein that facilitates riboregulation via interaction with small noncoding rna (srna) molecule ...201626883595
cat-induced pasteurella multocida peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic pathogen found in the oral cavities of both domestic and wild animals. although p. multocida has been involved in a wide range of human diseases, only a limited number of studies on p. multocida peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (pd) had been carried out. we herein present the case of p. multocida peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory pd, which is believed to have resulted from contact with cats. we suggest that patient ...201426877951
one year duration of immunity of the modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 fractions of vista® once sq vaccine.three studies were performed to determine the duration of immunity of the bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) fractions of a commercially prepared modified-live vaccine. vista® once sq (vista®) vaccine contains five modified-live viruses, bvdv-1, bvdv-2, bhv-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus, and two modified-live bacteria, pasteurella multocida and mannheimia haemolytica. for all three studies, ...201626859238
comparative studies for serodiagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle sera.haemorrhagic septicaemia caused by pasteurella multocida is a major epizootic disease in cattle and buffaloes in developing countries with high morbidity and mortality rate. in the present study, a total of 88 p. multocida isolates were isolated from 256 nasopharyngeal swabs and lung tissues samples (34.4%) during the period from january, 2013 to march, 2014 from different governorates located in egypt. dead calves showed the highest percentage of p. multocida isolation followed by the emergency ...201626858538
exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation by histophilus somni.the biofilm matrix of histophilus somni is a complex architecture that differs substantially in structure between a pathogenic and commensal isolate examined. overall, most pathogenic isolates produce more biofilm than commensal isolates. a major component of the biofilm is exopolysaccharide (eps), which is also produced in greater quantity in the pathogenic isolate than in the commensal isolate studied. the eps is composed of a d-mannan polymer, with occasional galactose residues present on sid ...201626853691
involvement of the nervous system following experimental infection with pasteurella multocida b:2 in buffalo (bubalus bubalis): a clinicopathological study.haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) is an acute, fatal, septicaemic disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by one of two specific serotypes of pasteurella multocida b:2 and e:2 in asian and african, respectively. it is well known that hs affect mainly the respiratory and digestive tracts. however, involvement of the nervous system in pathogenesis of hs has been reported in previous studies without details. in this study, nine buffalo calves of 8 months old were distributed into three groups. animals o ...201626850845
histophilosis as a natural disease.histophilus somni is responsible for sporadic disease worldwide in cattle and, to a lesser extent, in small ruminants, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and north american bison (bison bison). the importance of h. somni diseases can be attributed to improved clinical and laboratory recognition, combined with the growth in intensive management practices for cattle. although outbreaks of bovine histophilosis can occur year-round, in northern and southern hemispheres, it is most frequent in late fal ...201626847357
increased fucosyl glycoconjugate by mycoplasma hyopneumoniae enhances adherences of pasteurella multocida type a in the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract.the objective of this study was to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of how mycoplasma hyopneumoniae enhances secondary pasteurella multocida type a infection which leads to porcine enzootic pneumonia in infected pigs. sixteen pigs were experimentally infected with m. hyopneumoniae and then euthanized at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post inoculation. in situ hybridization for m. hyopneumoniae dna and ulex europaeus agglutinin-i (uea-i) lectin histochemistry for fucosyl glycoconjugate, was performed i ...201626841756
enhanced antibacterial effect of antibiotics in combination with silver nanoparticles against animal pathogens.antibiotic resistant bacteria are a serious health risk in both human and veterinary medicine. several studies have shown that silver nanoparticles (agnps) exert a high level of antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant strains in humans. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of a combined therapy of agnps and antibiotics against veterinary bacteria that show resistance to antibiotics. a microdilution checkerboard method was used to determine the minimal inhib ...201626832810
a chronic respiratory pasteurella multocida infection is well-controlled by long-term macrolide therapy.a 57-year-old woman with severe bronchiectasis frequently received antibiotics, including penicillin, for acute exacerbations due to pasteurella multocida. although the bacteria showed a decrease in antibiotic susceptibility, her symptoms and x-ray findings became stable, and severe exacerbations were not observed for the last few years after a low-dose erythromycin treatment was started. the development of a respiratory infection with pasteurella multocida is relatively uncommon, but it can be ...201626831030
genomic characterization of pasteurella multocida hb01, a serotype a bovine isolate from china.pasteurella multocida infects various domestic and feral animals, generally causing clinical disease. to investigate p. multocida disease in cattle, we sequenced the complete genome of p. multocida hb01 (genbank accession cp006976), a serotype a organism isolated from a cow in china. the genome is composed of a single circular chromosome of 2,416,068 base pairs containing 2212 protein-coding sequences, 6 ribosomal rrna operons, and 56 trna genes. the present study confirms that p. multocida hb01 ...201626827796
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