Publications

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for the identification of bacteria and yeasts in a clinical microbiological laboratory: a review.	recently, maldi-tof ms devices designed for use in clinical laboratories have been commercially introduced in various large centres worldwide. all published studies conclude that maldi-tof ms can be implemented easily for routine identification of bacteria and yeasts in a clinical microbiological laboratory. although all data show that maldi-tof ms correctly identifies the great majority of isolates processed routinely, it cannot yet identify every such isolate. until today, maldi-tof ms is inap ...	2011	21938981
[Investigation of verotoxigenic escherichia coli O157:H7 incidence in gastroenteritis patients].	Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most common serotype among verotoxigenic E.coli (VTEC) strains that cause haemolytic uremic syndrome. Although sporadic VTEC cases originating from Turkey and small outbreaks have been reported from our country, VTEC has not been routinely investigated in most of the diagnostic microbiology laboratories in Turkey and studies related to this topic are limited. In this study, the incidence of E.coli O157:H7 in patients who were admitted to Alanya Research and Applic ...	2011	21935785
shigella flexneri infection generates the lipid pi5p to alter endocytosis and prevent termination of egfr signaling.	the phosphoinositide metabolic pathway, which regulates cellular processes implicated in survival, motility, and trafficking, is often subverted by bacterial pathogens. shigella flexneri, a bacterium that causes dysentery, injects ipgd, a phosphoinositide phosphatase that generates the lipid phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (pi5p), into host cells, thereby activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-akt survival pathway. we show that epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is required for pi5p-depe ...	2011	21934107
Sepsis-related myocardial calcification.		2011	21934087
Third-generation cephalosporin resistance in clinical isolate of Shigella sonnei in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.		2011	21918310
microbiological quality of drinking water from dispensers in roadside restaurants of bangladesh.	the microbiological status of water from dispensers in different roadside restaurants of dhaka city and savar area was analyzed in this study. seven samples from dhaka and 8 samples of savar were checked. the heterotrophic plate count was in a range of 1.0 x 10(3) cfu ml(-1) to 2.0 x 10(4) cfu ml(-1) (from new bottles), 1.0 x 10(3) to 1.5 x 10(4) cfu ml(-1) (after dispensation), and 1.5 x 10(3) cfu ml(-1) to 1.0 x l0(5) cfu ml(-1) (from serving glass). in several of the samples, the heterotrophi ...	2011	21916267
[Dysentery and amoebiasis in Poland in 2009].	Only 30 cases were notified (incidence rate 0.08/100 000 population) in the year 2009, while the 33 cases were notified in 2008 (incidence rate 0.09/100 000), and median in the 2003-2007 years was 74 cases, incidence rate 0.19/100 000 population. Since 2000 no one-death case was notified. In the period of low frequency of Shigella infections, the external quality assessment control of the quality of bacteriological media, laboratory and prae-laboratory procedures for detection of different Shige ...	2011	21913464
[Antibacterial activity of nanostructured silver gel].	Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of L-cysteine silver gel against various species of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms.	2011	21913399
Mucosal immunization with Shigella flexneri outer membrane vesicles induced protection in mice.	Vaccination appears to be the only rational prophylactic approach to control shigellosis. Unfortunately, there is still no safe and efficacious vaccine available. We investigated the protection conferred by a new vaccine containing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Shigella flexneri with an adjuvant based on nanoparticles in an experimental model of shigellosis in mice. OMVs were encapsulated in poly(anhydride) nanoparticles prepared by a solvent displacement method with the copolymer PMV/MA. ...	2011	21911022
molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing shigella isolates from humans in south africa, 2003-2009.		2012	21903820
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of major foodborne pathogens in imported seafood.	Seafood is a leading commodity implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Seafood importation rose dramatically in the past 3 decades and now contributes to more than 80% of the total U.S. seafood supply. However, limited data are available on the microbiological safety of imported seafood. In this study, we obtained a total of 171 salmon, shrimp, and tilapia samples imported from 12 countries in three retail stores in Baton Rouge, LA. The total microbial population and the ...	2011	21902913
Differentiation between Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and noninvasive Escherichia coli.	Shigella causes bacillary dysentery and is classified into four species based on their antigen characteristics. This classification does not reflect genetic relatedness; in fact, Shigella species are so related to Escherichia coli , they should be classified as one distinctive species in the genus Escherichia. The differentiation of Shigella and E. coli is even more complicated with the description of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). EIEC are strains that possess some of the biochemical characteri ...	2011	21901636
characterization of a vii-like phage specific to escherichia coli o157:h7.	phage vb_ecom_cba120 (cba120), isolated against escherichia coli o157:h7 from a cattle feedlot, is morphologically very similar to the classic phage vii of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. until recently, little was known genetically or physiologically about the vii-like phages, and none targeting e. coli have been described in the literature. the genome of cba120 has been fully sequenced and is highly similar to those of both vii and the shigella phage ag3. the core set of structural and repl ...	2011	21899740
A gyrB-targeted PCR for rapid identification of Salmonella.	Salmonella causes the majority of infections in humans and homeothermic animals. This article describes a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method developed for a rapid identification of Salmonella. A gyrB-targeted species-specific primer pair, S-P-for (5'-GGT GGT TTC CGT AAA AGT A-3') and S-P-rev (5'-GAA TCG CCT GGT TCT TGC-3'), was successfully designed. PCR with all the Salmonella strains produced a 366- bp DNA fragment that was absent from all the non-Salmonella strains tested. The de ...	2011	21892633
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei among men who have sex with men, Canada, 2010.	In 2010, we observed isolates with matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from 13 cases of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei in Montréal. We report on the emergence of this resistance type and a study of resistance mechanisms. The investigation suggested local transmission among men who have sex with men associated with sex venues.	2011	21888811
crosslinking of (cytosine-5)-dna methyltransferase ssoii and its complexes with specific dna duplexes provides an insight into their structures.	(cytosine-5)-dna methyltransferase ssoii (m.ssoii) functions as a methyltransferase and also as a transcription factor. chemical and photochemical crosslinking was used for exploring the structure of m.ssoii-dna complexes and m.ssoii in the absence of dna. photocrosslinking with 4-(n-maleimido)benzophenone demonstrated that in the m.ssoii complex with dna containing the regulatory site, the m.ssoii region responsible for methylation was bound to dna flanking the regulatory site, which contained ...	2011	21888553
waterlogsy nmr experiments in conjunction with molecular-dynamics simulations identify immobilized water molecules that bridge peptide mimic mdwnmhaa to anticarbohydrate antibody sya/j6.	x-ray crystallographic data of the carbohydrate mimic mdwnmhaa when bound to an anti-shigella flexneri y mab sya/j6 indicate the immobilization of water molecules, that is, the presence of "bound" waters, in the active site. water ligand observed via gradient spectroscopy (waterlogsy) was used in conjunction with saturation transfer difference (std)-nmr spectroscopy to probe the existence of immobilized water molecules in the complex of mdwnmhaa 1 bound to mab sya/j6. molecular dynamics simulati ...	2011	21887835
Development of a multiplex PCR assay targeting O-antigen modification genes for molecular serotyping of Shigella flexneri.	Shigella flexneri is the major Shigella species that causes diarrheal disease in developing countries. It is further subdivided into 15 serotypes based on O-antigen structure. Serotyping of S. flexneri is important for epidemiological purposes. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay targeting the O-antigen synthesis gene wzx and the O-antigen modification genes gtrI, gtrIC, gtrII, oac, gtrIV, gtrV, and gtrX for molecular serotyping of S. flexneri. The multiplex PCR assay contained eig ...	2011	21880974
rational design of an artificial genetic switch: co-option of the h-ns-repressed prou operon by the virb virulence master regulator.	the h-ns protein represses the transcription of hundreds of genes in gram-negative bacteria. derepression is achieved by a multitude of mechanisms, many of which involve the binding of a protein to dna at the repressed promoter in a manner that compromises the maintenance of the h-ns-dna nucleoprotein repression complex. the principal virulence gene promoters in shigella flexneri, the cause of bacillary dysentery, are repressed by h-ns. virb, a protein that closely resembles members of the parb ...	2011	21873493
antimicrobial and toxicological activities of five medicinal plant species from cameroon traditional medicine.	infectious diseases caused by multiresistant microbial strains are on the increase. fighting these diseases with natural products may be more efficacious. the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic, ethylacetate (etoac) and hexanic fractions of five cameroonian medicinal plants (piptadeniastum africana, cissus aralioides, hileria latifolia, phyllanthus muellerianus and gladiolus gregasius) against 10 pathogenic microorganisms of the urogenital and ...	2011	21867554
emergence of a novel shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o serogroup cross-reacting with shigella boydii type 10.	this is the first report of the isolation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains whose o antigens were genetically and serologically identical to those of shigella boydii type 10, from human feces. the novel stec o serogroup may be widespread in japan and associated with diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis.	2011	21865424
Control of an outbreak of diarrhoea in a vascular surgery unit caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 106.	This report describes an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in a vascular surgery ward in 2009 caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant ribotype 106. A case of CDI was defined as a patient with diarrhoea, positive for C. difficile toxin and negative for other enteric pathogens. Cultures were sent to the Scottish Salmonella Shigella and Clostridium difficile Reference Laboratory (SSSCDRL) for PCR ribotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing and PCR detection of ermB. The mean ...	2011	21864938
chemical and antidiarrheal studies of plinia cauliflora.	plinia cauliflora (mart.) kausel, widespread in south america, has edible fruits, and its bark is commonly used against diarrhea and other disorders, on account of its astringency. because diarrhea is still one of the most important causes of illness and death among children in developing countries, where the population turns to traditional medicine for its treatment, the present study determined the composition of fruit and leaf extracts of p. cauliflora, analyzed the activity against diarrhea ...	2011	21861716
antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. isolated in the state of pará, brazil.	shigella spp. are gram-negative, nonsporulating, rod-shaped bacteria that belong to the family enterobacteriaceae and are responsible for shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality.	2011	21860994
The iron-responsive Fur/RyhB regulatory cascade modulates the Shigella outer membrane protease IcsP.	Actin-based motility is central to the pathogenicity of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella. Two Shigella outer membrane proteins, IcsA and IcsP, are required for efficient actin-based motility in the host cell cytoplasm, and the genes encoding both proteins are carried on the large virulence plasmid. IcsA triggers actin polymerization on the surface of the bacterium, leading to the formation of an actin tail that allows both intra- and intercellular spread. IcsP, an outer membrane pro ...	2011	21859852
wide dissemination of multidrug-resistant shigella isolates in china.	to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and selected antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in shigella isolates recovered in outpatients from 1997 to 2009 in china.	2011	21859815
recombinant shiga toxin b subunit elicits protection against shiga toxin via mixed th type immune response in mice.	shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of the third commonest bacterial disease for childhood diarrhoea and responsible for millions of deaths per year. it produces potent toxin termed shiga toxin which is listed in category b biological warfare agent of cdc, usa. earlier we have reported production of recombinant shiga toxin b subunit that produced antibodies which neutralized shiga toxin toxicity in hela cells. in the present study, we have evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of rstx ...	2011	21856355
real-time multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, shigella and yersinia species in fecal samples.	diarrheal diseases due to notifiable bacterial infections require rapid diagnosis of the causative pathogens. to facilitate detection, a real-time multiplex pcr was developed that identifies common diarrhea-causing bacteria in fecal samples. on the basis of published sequence data, sets of primers and probes were designed that were specific for campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, shigella/enteroinvasive escherichia coli eiec, and yersinia species, suitable for use in a one-tube pcr assay. the assa ...	2011	21855409
the effect of the potential phoq histidine kinase inhibitors on shigella flexneri virulence.	phoq/phop is an important two-component system that regulates shigella virulence. we explored whether the phoq/phop system is a promising target for new antibiotics against s. flexneri infection. by using a high-throughput screen and enzymatic activity coupled assay, four compounds were found as potential phoq inhibitors. these compounds not only inhibited the activity of sf-phoqc autophosphorylation but also displayed high binding affinities to the sf-phoqc protein in the surface plasmon resona ...	2011	21853073
structural segregation of gut microbiota between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers.	despite a long-suspected role in the development of human colorectal cancer (crc), the composition of gut microbiota in crc patients has not been adequately described. in this study, fecal bacterial diversity in crc patients (n=46) and healthy volunteers (n=56) were profiled by 454 pyrosequencing of the v3 region of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. both principal component analysis and unifrac analysis showed structural segregation between the two populations. forty-eight operational taxonomic units ...	2011	21850056
the inhibitory activity of lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk on gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria of nosocomial origin.	milk acts as a mean for transporting many essential substances from the mother to the child. in human beings, milk includes several predominant bacteria, such as staphylococci, streptococci, micrococci, lactobacilli, enterococci, lactococci and bifidobacteria. besides, its intake favors the predominance of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the child's intestinal microbiota. the present work explores the isolation and selection of lactobacilli strains with probiotic potential, focusing in their ...	2011	21846506
epidemiology and molecular mechanism of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in shigella.	integrons are gene capture and expression systems that are characterized by the presence of an integrase gene. this encodes an integrase, a recombined site, and a promoter. they are able to capture gene cassettes from the environment and incorporate them using site-specific recombination. the role of integrons and gene cassettes in the dissemination of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria is significant. in shigella species, antimicrobial resistance is often associated with the presenc ...	2011	21842348
the rickettsia surface cell antigen 4 applies mimicry to bind to and activate vinculin.	pathogenic rickettsiae species cause high morbidity and mortality, especially r. prowazekii the causative agent of typhus. like many intracellular pathogens, rickettsiae exploit the cytoskeleton to enter and spread within the host cell. here we report that the cell surface antigen sca4 of rickettsiae colocalizes with vinculin in cells at sites of focal adhesions, and that sca4 binds to and activates vinculin through two vinculin binding sites (vbss) that are conserved across all rickettsia. rema ...	2011	21841197
epidemiology of food-borne disease outbreaks in the french armed forces: a review of investigations conducted from 1999 to 2009.	objective: aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of food-borne disease outbreaks (fbdos) in the french armed forces from 1999 to 2009. methods: fbdos are reported to the military epidemiological surveillance system, which concerns all active military personnel. investigation reports published from 1999 to 2009 were reviewed. results: among the 180 fbdos reported, 48.3% occurred overseas. the mean reporting rate was 2.4 outbreaks p.100,000 in france and 26.7 p.100,000 oversea ...	2011	21840337
single nucleotide polymorphism (snp)-based differentiation of shigella isolates by pyrosequencing.	analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) is an important genetic tool that provides molecular markers for rapid differentiation of closely related strains. we have applied snp discovery and analysis for distinguishing each of the four shigella serogroups (boydii, dysenteriae, flexneri, and sonnei) and for discriminating individual strains within the same serogroup by using 24 snps selected from nine genes. five snps were identified from sequence analysis of two housekeeping genes (gapa ...	2011	21839856
structural characterization and membrane localization of exsb from the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that employs a finely tuned type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject toxins directly into the cytoplasm of target cells. exsb is a 15.6-kda protein encoded in a t3ss transcription regulation operon that displays high sequence similarity to yscw, a lipoprotein from yersinia spp. whose genetic neighborhood also involves a transcriptional regulator, and has been shown to play a role in the stabilization of the outer membrane ring of the t3 ...	2011	21839744
epidemiology and outcome of shigella, salmonella and campylobacter infections in travellers returning from the tropics with fever and diarrhoea.	during a study on fever after a stay in the tropics, we aimed at investigating the epidemiology and outcome of invasive bacterial enteritis due to shigella, salmonella or campylobacter spp. in patients diagnosed with febrile traveller's diarrhoea.	2011	21837926
a multi-center randomized trial to assess the efficacy of gatifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of shigellosis in vietnamese children.	the bacterial genus shigella is the leading cause of dysentery. there have been significant increases in the proportion of shigella isolated that demonstrate resistance to nalidixic acid. while nalidixic acid is no longer considered as a therapeutic agent for shigellosis, the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is the current recommendation of the world health organization. resistance to nalidixic acid is a marker of reduced susceptibility to older generation fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. w ...	2011	21829747
the effect of quercus castaneifolia extract on pathogenic enteric bacteria.	the family of enterobacteriaceae is a major group of gram negative bacteria, some of these microorganisms are pathogen and could cause disease mainly gastroenteritis. recently, due to drug resistant nature of these bacteria specially in developing countries treatment of the patient considered as important investigate. quercus castaneifolia is a native plant of yasuj province in iran, which the people who living in this area consume the fruit of this plant for treatment of enteric disease. hence, ...	2011	21827865
recovery and characterization of environmental variants of shigella flexneri from surface water in bangladesh.	little is known about the distribution, survival, and transmission of shigella in environmental surface waters. to gain more insight into the environmental biology of shigella we isolated five bacterial strains serotyped as shigella flexneri 2b from a freshwater lake in bangladesh using a modified nutrient broth supplemented with nucleic acid bases. the biochemical properties of the isolates, including inability to ferment lactose and a negative lysine decarboxylase test, indicated common physio ...	2011	21826486
acquired antibiotic resistance: are we born with it?	the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (ar) is a major public health concern. recent findings on the prevalence of foodborne antibiotic resistant (art) commensal bacteria in ready-to-consume food products suggested that daily food consumption likely serves as a major avenue for disseminating art bacteria from the food chain to the human hosts. to properly assess the impact of various factors including the food chain on ar development in hosts, it is important to determine the baseline of a ...	2011	21821748
outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella flexneri 2a, induces protective immune response in a mouse model.	in our earlier studies 34 kda outer membrane protein (omp) of shigella flexneri 2a has been identified as an efficient immunostimulant.	2011	21818362
analysis of distribution and significance of simple sequence repeats in enteric bacteria shigella dysenteriae sd197.	we have explored the possible role of ssr density in genome to generate biological information. in our study, we have checked the ssr (simple sequence repeats) status in virulent and non virulent genes of enteric bacteria to see whether the ssrs distribution contributes to virulence. the genome, plasmid and virulent genes sequences in fasta format were downloaded from ncbi genbank and vfdb. the sequences were subjected to ssr analysis using software tool ssr.exe. the resulting data was pasted in ...	2011	21814393
the future is cold: cryo-preparation methods for transmission electron microscopy of cells.	our knowledge of the organization of the cell is linked, to a great extent, to light and electron microscopy. choosing either photons or electrons for imaging has many consequences on the image obtained, as well as on the experiment required in order to generate the image. one apparent effect on the experimental side is in the sample preparation, which can be quite elaborate for electron microscopy. in recent years, rapid freezing, cryo-preparation and cryo-electron microscopy have been more wid ...	2011	21812762
a live noninvasive shigella dysenteriae 1 strain induces homologous protective immunity in a guinea pig colitis model.	a noninvasive live transconjugant shigella hybrid (ltsh?stx) strain was constructed from a shiga toxin gene deleted mutant of shigella dysenteriae 1 by introducing a plasmid vector ppr1347 that carried a lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene (rfb and rfc) of salmonella typhimurium. in guinea pigs, four successive oral administrations of ltsh?stx showed complete protection against rectal challenge with wild type s. dysenteriae 1 strain. exponential increase of the serum igg and iga titer against l ...	2011	21806676
[waterborne outbreak of shigella sonnei caused by consumption of public supply water.]	objective: to investigate a waterborne outbreak in the population of valència d'àneu (lleida, spain). methods: a cohort study of consumption of mains water, bottled water and spring water was carried out. the sample was obtained by telephone contact with all private numbers in the municipality. we surveyed 58.3% of the population census (105/180) for water consumption, number of glasses drunk daily and symptoms. the water supply in the municipal system was sampled, and the presence of enterobact ...	2011	21802793
physical, chemical and microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in greece and its public health implications.	ice used for direct human consumption or to preserve foods and cool down drinks can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and may potentially become a vehicle for consumer's infection. to evaluate physical, chemical and microbiological quality of commercial ice and ice used for fish and seafood, 100 ice samples collected at 10 different retail points in the region of epirus were studied. the following microbiological parameters were determined: total coliforms, fecal coliforms, salmonel ...	2011	21802520
the role of tecpr1 in selective autophagy as a cargo receptor.	bacterial intrusion of host cells can be recognized by the innate immune system, including autophagy, via multiple cellular pathways. we have identified tecpr1 as an atg5-binding partner, and found that tecpr1 interacts with the atg12-atg5-atg16l1 complex via binding to atg5. in shigella infected cells, tecpr1 colocalizes with atg5 and lc3 at shigella-containing phagophores. tecpr1 activity is required for efficient autophagy to target bacteria, but a deficiency of tecpr1 in host cells does not ...	2011	21795850
synthesis and studies of novel 2-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl amino)-4-(quinoline-4-yloxy)-6-(piperazinyl/piperidinyl)-s-triazines as potential antimicrobial, antimycobacterial and anticancer agents.	a series of novel s-triazine analogs were synthesized and characterized by ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, (19)f nmr spectroscopy and elemental analysis. preliminary screening of target compounds against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneria), four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus clavatus, candida albicans) and mycobacterium tuberculosis ...	2011	21794959
multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.	clin microbiol infect abstract: many different definitions for multidrug-resistant (mdr), extensively drug-resistant (xdr) and pandrug-resistant (pdr) bacteria are being used in the medical literature to characterize the different patterns of resistance found in healthcare-associated, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. a group of international experts came together through a joint initiative by the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) and the centers for disease control and p ...	2011	21793988
use of pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the effects of probiotics and essential oil blends on digestive microflora in broilers under mixed eimeria infection.	abstract a protective digestive microflora helps prevent and reduce broiler infection and colonization by enteropathogens. in the current experiment, broilers fed diets supplemented with probiotics and essential oil (eo) blends were infected with a standard mixed eimeria spp. to determine effects of performance enhancers on ileal and cecal microbial communities (mcs). eight treatment groups included four controls (uninfected-unmedicated [uu], unmedicated-infected, the antibiotic bmd plus the ion ...	2011	21793655
regulating iron storage and metabolism with rna: an overview of posttranscriptional controls of intracellular iron homeostasis.	iron (fe) is a double-edged sword for most living organisms. although it is essential for the catalytic activity of a large number of enzymes, ferrous iron (fe(2+) ) becomes cytotoxic in the presence of normal respiratory by-products such as h(2) o(2) . because of this toxicity, intracellular iron concentrations ought to be regulated by elaborated homeostasis systems that, despite decades of extensive studies, have not yet revealed all of their surprising arrays of mechanistic details. within th ...	2011	21793218
the vibrio cholerae vctpdgc system transports catechol siderophores and a siderophore-free iron ligand.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has an absolute requirement for iron. it transports the catechol siderophores vibriobactin, which it synthesizes and secretes, and enterobactin. these siderophores are transported across the inner membrane by one of two periplasmic binding protein-dependent abc transporters, vctpdgc or viupdgc. we show here that one of these inner membrane transport systems, vctpdgc, also promotes iron acquisition in the absence of siderophores. plasmids carrying ...	2011	21790806
safety, and immunogenicity of an intranasal shigella flexneri 2a invaplex 50 vaccine.	background: shigella flexneri 2a invaplex 50 is a nasally delivered subunit vaccine consisting of a macromolecular complex composed of lps, ipab, ipac and ipad. the current study examined vaccine safety and immunogenicity across a dose range and the clinical performance of a new intranasal delivery device. methods: volunteers (n=36) were randomized to receive vaccine via the dolphin™ (valois of america, congers, new york) intranasal spray device at one of three doses (240, 480, and 690µg) on day ...	2011	21787825
pathogenic bacteria prime the induction of toll-like receptor signalling in human colonic cells by the gal/galnac lectin carbohydrate recognition domain of entamoebahistolytica.	in mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and enteropathogenic bacteria, which are wide-spread in areas of endemic amebiasis, interaction between the pathogens could be an important factor in the occurrence of invasive disease. it has been reported that exposure of human colonic cells to enteropathogenic bacteria increased trophozoite adherence to the cells and their subsequent damage. we report here that the carbohydrate recognition domain (crd) of the amebic gal/ga ...	2011	21787776
rodz regulates the post-transcriptional processing of the shigella sonnei type iii secretion system.	the expression of the type iii secretion system-a main determinant of virulence in shigella-is controlled by regulator cascades virf-inve (virb) and cpxar two-component system. a screen for mutants that restore virulence in the cpxa background led to the isolation of a mutant of rodz, a cytoskeletal protein that maintains the rod-shaped morphology of bacilli. inve is normally repressed at 30 °c because of decreased messenger rna (mrna) stability, but rodz mutants markedly increase inve-mrna stab ...	2011	21779005
multi-functional characteristics of the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii needle-tip protein, pcrv; comparison to orthologs in other gram-negative bacteria.	pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to intoxicate host cells and evade innate immunity. this virulence-related machinery consists of a molecular syringe and needle assembled on the bacterial surface, which allows delivery of t3 effector proteins into infected cells. to accomplish a one-step effector translocation, a tip protein is required at the top end of the t3 needle structure. strains lacking expression of the functional tip protein fail to intoxicate host ce ...	2011	21772833
anti-enteric bacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of the seed kernel extract of mangifera indica linnaeus against shigella dysenteriae (shiga, corrig.) castellani and chalmers.	to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-bacterial efficacy of the seed kernel extract of mangifera indica (m. indica) against the enteropathogen, shigella dysenteriae (s. dysenteriae), isolated from the diarrhoeal stool specimens.	2011	21771473
serine protease autotransporters from shigella flexneri and pathogenic escherichia coli target a broad range of leukocyte glycoproteins.	the serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) are secreted by pathogenic gram-negative bacteria through the autotransporter pathway. we previously classified spate proteins into two classes: cytotoxic (class 1) and noncytotoxic (class 2). here, we show that pic, a class 2 spate protein produced by shigella flexneri 2a, uropathogenic and enteroaggregative escherichia coli strains, targets a broad range of human leukocyte adhesion proteins. substrate specificity was restricte ...	2011	21768350
antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella species over five years at a tertiary-care teaching hospital in north india.		2011	21766566
molecular identification of bacteria by total sequence screening: determining the cause of death in ancient human subjects.	research of ancient pathogens in ancient human skeletons has been mainly carried out on the basis of one essential historical or archaeological observation, permitting specific pathogens to be targeted. detection of ancient human pathogens without such evidence is more difficult, since the quantity and quality of ancient dna, as well as the environmental bacteria potentially present in the sample, limit the analyses possible. using human lung tissue and/or teeth samples from burials in eastern s ...	2011	21765907
rapid concentration and molecular enrichment approach for sensitive detection of escherichia coli/shigella in potable water samples.	in this work, we used a rapid, simple, and efficient concentration and recovery procedure combined with a dna enrichment method (dubbed crename), that we coupled to an escherichia coli/shigella-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay targeting the tuf gene, to sensitively detect e. coli/shigella in water. this integrated method was compared to the usepa culture-based method 1604 on mi agar in terms of analytical specificity, ubiquity, detection limit, and rapidity. none of the 179 non-e. coli/shige ...	2011	21764965
burden of rotavirus and other enteropathogens among children with diarrhea in burkina faso.	objective: there is limited information available regarding the etiology of gastrointestinal infections in burkina faso. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in young children, with a focus on rotavirus, and to investigate the levels of malnutrition and other clinical factors in association with the severity of diarrhea. methods: a prospective study was undertaken from may 2009 to march 2010, covering the rainy and ...	2011	21763172
shigella are versatile mucosal pathogens that circumvent the host innate immune system.	the intestinal mucosa is equipped with multiple innate immune defense systems that sense bacterial infection, transmit alarm signals to the immune system, defeat intruding bacteria, and renew damaged and aging epithelial cells. nevertheless, mucosal bacterial pathogens have versatile pathogenic mechanisms that modulate the host inflammatory and immune responses, manipulate host cell death and survival signal pathways, and renovate the injured epithelium. these properties enable pathogens to adap ...	2011	21763117
lipopolysaccharide core structures and their correlation with genetic groupings of shigella strains; a novel core variant in shigella boydii type 16.	bacteria shigella, the cause of shigellosis, evolved from intestinal bacteria escherichia coli. based on structurally diverse o-specific polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides (o-antigens), three from four shigella species are subdivided into multiple serotypes. the central oligosaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide called core is usually conserved within genus but five core types called r1-r4 and k-12 have been recognized in e. coli. structural data on the shigella core are limited to ...	2011	21752864
espg of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic e. coli binds the golgi matrix protein gm130 and disrupts the golgi structure and function.	the enteric pathogens enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), enterohaemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) and shigella flexneri all translocate at least one effector protein of the espg protein family into host cells via a type iii secretion system (t3ss). the espg family comprises espg, espg2 and vira. from a y2h screen, we identified the golgi matrix protein gm130 as a potential binding partner of espg. we confirmed espg:gm130 protein interaction by affinity co-purification. in co-immunoprecipitation ...	2011	21740499
a new class of 2-(4-cyanophenyl amino)-4-(6-bromo-4-quinolinyloxy)-6-piperazinyl (piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazine analogues with antimicrobial/antimycobacterial activity.	this study presents the synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluations of novel 2-(4-cyanophenyl amino)-4-(6-bromo-4-quinolinyloxy)-6-piperazinyl (piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazines. the title compounds were assayed for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneria) and four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, a ...	2011	21740100
molecular characterization of fecal microbiota in patients with viral diarrhea.	the study provides molecular analyses of fecal microbiota of diarrhea patients infected with four different types of viruses. fecal specimens from 52 patients with viral diarrhea (13 each of adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus) and six healthy individuals were collected and etiological viral agent was confirmed by enzyme immunoassay and specific pcr. to assess the changes in microbial diversity in patients with viral diarrhea, dna from stool were extracted and characterized by pcr-d ...	2011	21739252
structural and functional studies on the n-terminal domain of the shigella type iii secretion protein mxig.	mxig is a single-pass membrane protein that oligomerizes within the inner membrane ring of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (t3ss). the mxig n-terminal domain (mxig-n) is the predominant cytoplasmic structure; however, its role in t3ss assembly and secretion is largely uncharacterized. we have determined the solution structure of mxig-n residues 6-112 (mxig-n(6-112)), representing the first published structure of this t3ss domain. the structure shows strong structural homology to ...	2011	21733840
investigating the global genomic diversity of escherichia coli using a multi-genome dna microarray platform with novel gene prediction strategies.	abstract:	2011	21733163
viral-associated thrombotic microangiopathies.	thrombotic microangiopathies encompass a group of disorders characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia associated with hyaline thrombi (comprised primarily of platelet aggregates in the microcirculation), and varying degrees of end-organ failure. many primary (genetic) and secondary etiological predisposing factors have been described-namely pregnancy, autoimmune disorders, cancer, drugs and antineoplastic therapy, bone marrow transplantation/solid organ transplantation ...	2011	21727765
a multifactor regulatory circuit involving h-ns, virf and an antisense rna modulates transcription of the virulence gene icsa of shigella flexneri.	the icsa gene of shigella encodes a structural protein involved in colonization of the intestinal mucosa by bacteria. this gene is expressed upon invasion of the host and is controlled by a complex regulatory circuit involving the nucleoid protein h-ns, the arac-like transcriptional activator virf, and a 450ôçënt antisense rna (rnag) acting as transcriptional attenuator. we investigated on the interplay of these factors at the molecular level. dnase i footprints reveal that both h-ns and virf bi ...	2011	21724612
shiga toxins induce autophagy leading to differential signalling pathways in toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant human cells.	the bacterial virulence factors shiga toxins (stxs) are expressed by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain escherichia coli strains. stxs are protein synthesis inhibitors and induce apoptosis in many cell types. stxs induce apoptosis via prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling to activate both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in human myeloid cells. studies have shown that autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, may be associated with activation of pro-survival or deat ...	2011	21722286
Natural Products Modulate Shigella-Host Cell Interaction.	This study focussed on identifying possible new options derived from natural sources for the treatment of bacterial infections. Several natural products were investigated for their potential in modulating Shigella-host cell interaction. The proliferation of Shigella sonnei was effectively inhibited inside HEp-2 cells in the presence of 4-methoxycinnamic acid and propolin D. Propolin D also significantly reduced the apopotosis of infected macrophage-like U937 cells, and moderately reduced the sec ...	2011	21719574
the yersinia enterocolitica type 3 secretion system (t3ss) as toolbox for studying the cell biological effects of bacterial rho gtpase modulating t3ss effector proteins.	the bacterial effector proteins ipgb(1) and ipgb(2) of shigella and map of escherichia coli activate the rho gtpases rac1, rhoa and cdc42, respectively, whereas yope and yopt of yersinia inhibit these rho family gtpases. we established a yersinia toolbox which allows to study the cellular effects of these effectors in different combinations in the context of yersinia type 3 secretion system (ysc)-t3ss-mediated injection into hela cells. for this purpose hybrid proteins were constructed by fusion ...	2011	21718421
physicochemical and microbiological assessment of recreational and drinking waters.	the present study was aimed to make an assessment of health risk due to pollution and human pathogenic bacteria associated with the recreational and drinking water sources in twin densely populated holy indian cities ayodhya and faizabad. though physicochemical studies revealed that the water available in the area is under recommended limits for human use, it is unsafe on account of poor microbiological quality of surface and ground water in the region. the most probable number (mpn) test result ...	2011	21713494
studies on the activity of cyperus rotundus linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea.	to study the antidiarrheal activity of the decoction of cyperus rotundus linn. tubers using representative assays of diarrheal pathogenesis and understand its mechanism of action.antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activities were studied. effect on adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and invasion of enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella flexneri to hep-2 cells was evaluated as a measure of effect on colonization. effect on enterotoxins such as enterotoxigenic e. ...	2011	21713044
differential response of the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line hk-2 to shiga toxin types 1 and 2.	shiga toxins (stxs) are expressed by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain serotypes of escherichia coli. stx-producing bacteria cause bloody diarrhea with the potential to progress to acute renal failure. stxs are potent protein synthesis inhibitors and are the primary virulence factors responsible for renal damage that may follow diarrheal disease. we explored the use of the immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cell line hk-2 as an in vitro model of stx-ind ...	2011	21708996
antimicrobial activity of gynostemma pentaphyllum extracts against fungi producing aflatoxin and fumonisin and bacteria causing diarrheal disease.	gynostemma pentaphyllum was investigated to determine its antimicrobial activities against human.and animal pathogens that produce aflatoxin, fumonisin, and diarrheal disease. the fungi were aspergillusflavus, aspergillus parasiticus and fusarium verticillioides. the bacteria were vibrio, salmonella, shigella, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. g. pentaphyllum was extracted by five different methods. the obtained extracts were designated extracts a, b, c, d and e. the results of the ant ...	2011	21706950
atomic structure of bacteriophage sf6 tail needle knob.	podoviridae are double-stranded dna bacteriophages that use short, non-contractile tails to adsorb to the host cell surface. within the tail apparatus of p22-like phages, a dedicated fiber known as the "tail needle" likely functions as a cell envelope-penetrating device to promote ejection of viral dna inside the host. in sf6, a p22-like phage that infects shigella flexneri, the tail needle presents a c-terminal globular knob. this knob, absent in phage p22 but shared in other members of the p22 ...	2011	21705802
in vivo versus in vitro protein abundance analysis of shigella dysenteriae type 1 reveals changes in the expression of proteins involved in virulence, stress and energy metabolism.	shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (sd1) causes the most severe form of epidemic bacillary dysentery. quantitative proteome profiling of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (sd1) in vitro (derived from lb cell cultures) and in vivo (derived from gnotobiotic piglets) was performed by 2d-lc-ms/ms and apex, a label-free computationally modified spectral counting methodology.	2011	21702961
antibacterial dimeric copper(ii) complexes with chromone-derived compounds.	a new series of six chromone-derived compounds and their cu(ii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their physical, spectral and analytical data. the ligands and their cu(ii) complexes were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains by agar-well diffusion method. the ligands were foun ...	2011	21699463
multi-pathogen waterborne disease outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on lake michigan.	summarywe report an outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on lake michigan. this took place on the same day as heavy rainfall, which resulted in 42-à4 billion liters of rainwater and storm runoff containing highly diluted sewage being released into the lake. of 72 cruise participants, 41 (57%) reported gastroenteritis. stool specimens were positive for shigella sonnei (n=3), giardia (n=3), and cryptosporidium (n=2). ice consumption was associated with illness (risk ratio 2-à2, p=0-à011). s. s ...	2011	21676362
phenylbutyrate counteracts shigella mediated downregulation of cathelicidin in rabbit lung and intestinal epithelia: a potential therapeutic strategy.	cathelicidins and defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides (amps) that are downregulated in the mucosal epithelia of the large intestine in shigellosis. oral treatment of shigella infected rabbits with sodium butyrate (nab) reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (cap-18) in the large intestinal epithelia.	2011	21673991
deaths associated with bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food: foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet), 1996-2005.	foodborne diseases are typically mild and self-limiting but can cause severe illness and death. we describe the epidemiology of deaths associated with bacterial pathogens using data from the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet) in the united states.	2011	21673037
comparative sequence analysis of acid sensitive/resistance proteins in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri.	the molecular basis for the survival of bacteria under extreme conditions in which growth is inhibited is a question of great current interest. a preliminary study was carried out to determine residue pattern conservation among the antiporters of enteric bacteria, responsible for extreme acid sensitivity especially in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. here we found the molecular evidence that proved the relationship between e. coli and s. flexneri. multiple sequence alignment of the gadc c ...	2007	21670792
atp-mediated erk1/2 activation stimulates bacterial capture by filopodia, which precedes shigella invasion of epithelial cells.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in-áhumans, invades epithelial cells, using a type iii secretory system (t3ss) to inject bacterial effectors into host cells and remodel the actin cytoskeleton. atp released through connexin hemichanels on the epithelial membrane stimulates shigella invasion and dissemination in epithelial cells. here, we show that prior to contact with the cell body, shigella is captured by nanometer-thin micropodial extensions (nmes) at a distance from the c ...	2011	21669399
shigella gets captured to gain entry.	the type iii secretion system-dependent epithelial invasion and dissemination of shigella is stimulated by atp released through hemichannels. romero et┬áal. (2011) show that prior to epithelial contact, shigella is captured by nanometer-thin micropodial extensions at a distance from the cell surface, in a process involving atp and connexin-mediated signaling.	2011	21669393
vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 u.s. sites, 1996-2010.	in the united states, contaminated food causes approximately 1,000 reported disease outbreaks and an estimated 48 million illnesses, 128,000	2011	21659984
genetic characteristics and changing antimicrobial resistance among shigella spp isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in kolkata, india.	to study the prevalence pattern and trends in the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of shigellae, we tested 212 isolates isolated from diarrhoeal patients admitted at the infectious diseases hospital, kolkata, india from november 2007 to october 2009. prevalence of shigella spp was more in more than 5 years age group (69%) than the children >5 years age group (31%). serotypes 2a, 3a and untypable isolates of the subtype s. flexneri were frequently detected. increase in the isolation of s. s ...	2011	21659504
modulation of connexin signaling by bacterial pathogens and their toxins.	inherent to their pivotal tasks in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, gap junctions, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin hemichannels are frequently involved in the dysregulation of this critical balance. the present paper specifically focuses on their roles in bacterial infection and disease. in particular, the reported biological outcome of clinically important bacteria including escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica, helicobacter pylori, bordetella pertussis, aggr ...	2011	21656255
a 9-year study of shigellosis in northeast malaysia: antimicrobial susceptibility and shifting species dominance.	aims: in malaysia, shigella spp. is the third most common bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella spp. isolated from patients admitted to the hospital universiti sains malaysia from january 2001 to december 2009. subjects and methods: a hospital-based retrospective study was used. stool samples from patients were cultured using a standard culture method. shigella spp. isolates ...	2011	21654922
gisul2, a genomic island carrying the sul2 sulphonamide resistance gene and the small mobile element cr2 found in the enterobacter cloacae subspecies cloacae type strain atcc 13047 from 1890, shigella flexneri atcc 700930 from 1954 and acinetobacter baumannii atcc 17978 from 1951.		2011	21653606
development of multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-rflp (mlamp-rflp) to detect salmonella spp. and shigella spp. in milk.	a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-rflp (mlamp-rflp) was developed and validated for simultaneous detection of salmonella strains and shigella strains in milk. in this system, two sets of lamp primers were designed to specifically target inva of salmonella spp. and ipah of shigella spp. under isothermal conditions at 63 °c, ladder pattern of dna bands could be amplified within 60 min in the presence of genomic dnas of salmonella strains and shigella strains, which could be distin ...	2011	21652102
bacteriophage-encoding cytolethal distending toxin type-v gene induced from non-clinical escherichia coli isolates.	cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is produced by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, including pathogenic serotypes of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). the cdt family comprises five variants (cdt-i to cdt-v) encoded by three genes located within the chromosome, plasmids or, in the case of cdt-i, within bacteriophages. in this study we evaluated the occurrence of cdt in a collection of 140 environmental stec isolates. cdt was detected in 12.1% of strains, of which five strains carried ...	2011	21646456
p62 and ndp52 target intracytosolic shigella and listeria to different autophagy pathways.	autophagy is an important mechanism of innate immune defense. we have recently shown that autophagy components are recruited with septins, a new and increasingly characterized cytoskeleton component, to intracytosolic shigella that have started to polymerize actin. on the other hand, intracytosolic listeria avoids autophagy recognition by expressing acta, a bacterial effector required for actin polymerization. here we exploit shigella and listeria as intracytosolic tools to characterize differen ...	2011	21646350
production of bioactive sheep β-defensin-1 in pichia pastoris.	previous research has shown that sheep β-defensin-1 (sbd-1), a small cationic peptide with a broad range of antimicrobial activities, could inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as that of fungi. in order to increase the yield of current ovine defensin purification methods, mature sbd-1 (msbd-1) was added with a 6-his tag on the c-terminus (msbd-1-t) and expressed in pichia pastoris in the presented work. the msbd-1 and msbd-1-t were expressed in the pichia ...	2011	21643707
structure-guided investigation of lipopolysaccharide o-antigen chain length regulators reveals regions critical for modal length control.	the o-antigen component of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) represents a population of polysaccharide molecules with a non-random (modal) chain length distribution. the number of the repeat o-units in each individual o-antigen polymer depends on the wzz chain-length regulator, an inner membrane protein belonging to the polysaccharide co-polymerase (pcps) family. different wzz proteins confer vastly different ranges of modal lengths (4 to >100 repeat units) despite having remarkably conserved structu ...	2011	21642455
synthesis, characterization and biological properties of thienyl derived triazole schiff bases and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes.	a new series of biologically active thienyl derived triazole schiff bases and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of physical (m.p., magnetic susceptibility and conductivity), spectral (ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, electronic and mass spectrometry) and microanalytical data. all the schiff base ligands and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been subjected to in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, shigella flexner ...	2011	21635212
complete (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift assignments of mono-, di-, and trisaccharides as basis for nmr chemical shift predictions of polysaccharides using the computer program casper.	the computer program casper uses (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift data of mono- to trisaccharides for the prediction of chemical shifts of oligo- and polysaccharides. in order to improve the quality of these predictions the (1)h and (13)c, as well as (31)p when applicable, nmr chemical shifts of 30 mono-, di-, and trisaccharides were assigned. the reducing sugars gave two distinct sets of nmr resonances due to the α- and β-anomeric forms. in total 35 (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift data sets ...	2011	21621752