Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| synthesis of new c5-(1-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-4 or 5-yl)-2'-deoxyuridines and their antiviral evaluation. | the synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of c5-(1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazolo)-nucleoside derivatives is described. the key steps of this synthesis are regioselective huisgen's 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, using either copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (cuaac) or ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (ruaac) under microwave activation. some compounds among the 5a-l series possess activity against herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, human ... | 2010 | 21232828 |
| vaccination against seasonal influenza a/h3n2 virus reduces the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza a/h5n1 virus infection in ferrets. | infection with seasonal influenza viruses induces a certain extent of protective immunity against potentially pandemic viruses of novel subtypes, also known as heterosubtypic immunity. here we demonstrate that infection with a recent influenza a/h3n2 virus strain induces robust protection in ferrets against infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h5n1 subtype. prior h3n2 virus infection reduced h5n1 virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, as well as clinical sig ... | 2011 | 21228239 |
| development of two types of rapid diagnostic test kits to detect the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein of the swine-origin pandemic influenza a virus h1n1. | since its emergence in april 2009, pandemic influenza a virus h1n1 (h1n1 pdm), a new type of influenza a virus with a triple-reassortant genome, has spread throughout the world. initial attempts to diagnose the infection in patients using immunochromatography (ic) relied on test kits developed for seasonal influenza a and b viruses, many of which proved significantly less sensitive to h1n1 pdm. here, we prepared monoclonal antibodies that react with h1n1 pdm but not seasonal influenza a (h1n1 an ... | 2011 | 21228147 |
| influenza a virus ns1 gene mutations f103l and m106i increase replication and virulence. | to understand the evolutionary steps required for a virus to become virulent in a new host, a human influenza a virus (iav), a/hong kong/1/68(h3n2) (hk-wt), was adapted to increased virulence in the mouse. among eleven mutations selected in the ns1 gene, two mutations f103l and m106i had been previously detected in the highly virulent human h5n1 isolate, a/hk/156/97, suggesting a role for these mutations in virulence in mice and humans. | 2011 | 21226922 |
| [study on the genome sequence of influenza virus subtype a/h3n2 strains circulated in zhejiang province during 1998 to 2009.] | objective: to analyze the relationship between influenza epidemic and genetic characteristic on the whole genome of influenza virus subtype a/h3n2 strains isolated in zhejiang province during 1998 to 2009. methods: all of the eight genes from the 19 zhejiang influenza virus isolates, circulated during 1998 to 2009, were amplified by rt-pcr and sequenced. the obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed with the vaccine strains being used in the last 10 years. results: the highest mutation happen ... | 2010 | 21223666 |
| interaction of the influenza a virus polymerase pb2 c-terminal region with importin alpha isoforms provides insights into host adaptation and polymerase assembly. | in the adaptation of avian viruses to mammalian hosts, mutations in the viral polymerase, notably in the pb2 subunit, play an important role. a pb2 c-terminal domain rich in putative host adaptation residues has been shown to bind importin α nuclear import receptors. adaptation has been proposed to involve binding of pb2 to importins of the new host. to date pb2-importin complexes have been characterized semiquantitatively with no precise measurement of binding parameters. to investigate the eff ... | 2011 | 21216958 |
| [traceability of the a/h3n2 virus borne influenza pandemic in zhejiang province, 1998.] | objective: to trace back to the influenza pandemic caused by a/h3n2 virus happened in zhejiang province, 1998. methods: the whole genome of three isolates related to zhejiang influenza virus was amplified through rt-pcr, and the identified sequences were aligned with the sequences downloaded from genbank of the h3n2 strains which were circulating in other regions during 1995 to 1998. the crossing hai titers of the reference strains were measured by hai test and antigenic ratios were calculated. ... | 2010 | 21215085 |
| a comparison of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of seasonal influenza a and 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in guatemala. | a new influenza a (h1n1) virus was first found in april 2009 and proceeded to cause a global pandemic. we compare the epidemiology and clinical presentation of seasonal influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) (ph1n1) using a prospective surveillance system for acute respiratory disease in guatemala. | 2010 | 21209850 |
| prevalence of antibodies against seasonal influenza a and b viruses in children in netherlands. | to gain insight into the age at which children become infected with influenza viruses for the first time, we analyzed the seroprevalence of antibodies against influenza viruses in children 0 to 7 years of age in the netherlands. serum samples were collected during a cross-sectional population-based study in 2006 and 2007 and were tested for the presence of antibodies against influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b viruses representative of viruses present in previous influenza seasons using the hemagglu ... | 2011 | 21209157 |
| novel h1n2 swine influenza reassortant strain in pigs derived from the pandemic h1n1/2009 virus. | swine influenza monitoring programs have been in place in italy since the 1990 s and from 2009 testing for the pandemic h1n1/2009 virus (h1n1pdm) was also performed on all the swine samples positive for type a influenza. this paper reports the isolation and genomic characterization of a novel h1n2 swine influenza reassortant strain from pigs in italy that was derived from the h1n1pdm virus. in may 2010, mild respiratory symptoms were observed in around 10% of the pigs raised on a fattening farm ... | 2010 | 21208754 |
| association between nasal shedding and fever that influenza a (h3n2) induces in dogs. | avian origin canine influenza virus was reported in korea. the dog to dog contact transmission of the avian origin canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 and civ h3n8 was shown by experimental contact transmission. this study was focused on viral excretion and fever in order to elucidate the epidemiological associations which might be helpful to control the disease transmissions in civ outbreak in dogs. | 2011 | 21205327 |
| n-linked glycosylation facilitates sialic acid-independent attachment and entry of influenza a viruses into cells expressing dc-sign or l-sign. | it is widely recognized that sialic acid (sa) can mediate attachment of influenza virus to the cell surface, and yet the specific receptors that mediate virus entry are not known. for many viruses, a definitive demonstration of receptor function has been achieved when nonpermissive cells are rendered susceptible to infection following transfection of the gene encoding a putative receptor. for influenza virus, such approaches have been confounded by the abundance of sa on mammalian cells so that ... | 2010 | 21191006 |
| vaccination inducing broad and improved cross protection against multiple subtypes of influenza a virus. | development of an influenza vaccine that provides broadly cross-protective immunity has been a scientific challenge for more than half a century. this study presents an approach to overcome strain-specific protection by supplementing conventional vaccines with virus-like particles (vlps) containing the conserved m2 protein (m2 vlps) in the absence of adjuvants. we demonstrate that an inactivated influenza vaccine supplemented with m2 vlps prevents disease symptoms without showing weight loss and ... | 2010 | 21187388 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent single dose seasonal influenza vaccine containing pandemic a(h1n1) antigen in younger and elderly subjects: a phase iii open-label single-arm study. | during the pandemic of the 2009 a(h1n1) influenza virus strain, 20-40% of the population in some areas were infected. infection with a(h1n1) may be mild, with an average case fatality rate below 0.25%, but severe disease is not limited to patients with underlying medical conditions. since a(h1n1) is expected to continue to circulate it is included in the seasonal influenza vaccines for the 2010-2011 winter season. we investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a preservative-free non-adjuvante ... | 2010 | 21167116 |
| m-specific reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus. | since the initial outbreak in march 2009, the novel pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus has affected individuals worldwide and caused over 18,138 deaths. there is an urgent need for the development of an easy, accurate and simple method for the diagnosis of this novel pandemic virus. | 2010 | 21155764 |
| projection of seasonal influenza severity from sequence and serological data. | severity of seasonal influenza a epidemics is related to the antigenic novelty of the predominant viral strains circulating each year. support for a strong correlation between epidemic severity and antigenic drift comes from infectious challenge experiments on vaccinated animals and human volunteers, field studies of vaccine efficacy, prospective studies of subjects with laboratory-confirmed prior infections, and analysis of the connection between drift and severity from surveillance data. we sh ... | 2010 | 21152078 |
| a sero-survey of subtype h3 influenza a virus infection in dogs and cats in japan. | a sero-epidemiological survey of human and equine h3 influenza a virus infections in dogs and cats using the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and neuraminidase inhibition (ni) tests was conducted. serum samples were collected from 582 dogs and 237 cats in japan during the periods 2002-2008 and 1997-2008, respectively. although no hi antibodies against equine h3 virus were detected, 9 (3.8%) from cats and 12 (2.1%) from dogs were hi-positive against human h3 virus. only one serum each from dogs a ... | 2010 | 21150133 |
| trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in african adults infected with human immunodeficient virus: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. | data on the efficacy of trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) in hiv-infected adults, particularly in africa, are limited. this study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of tiv in hiv-infected adults. | 2011 | 21148531 |
| characterization of influenza virus sialic acid receptors in minor poultry species. | it is commonly accepted that avian influenza viruses (aivs) bind to terminal α2,3 sialic acid (sa) residues whereas human influenza viruses bind to α2,6 sa residues. by a series of amino acid changes on the ha surface protein, aivs can switch receptor specificity and recognize α2,6 sa positive cells, including human respiratory epithelial cells. animal species, like pigs and japanese quail, that contain both α2,3 and α2,6 sa become ideal environments for receptor switching. here, we describe the ... | 2010 | 21143937 |
| determination of serum neutralization antibodies against seasonal influenza a strain h3n2 and the emerging strains 2009 h1n1 and avian h5n1. | humoral virus neutralizing activity is crucial in preventing influenza virus infection. however, the influenza neutralizing activity in the general population remains unclear. | 2010 | 21142624 |
| emergency surveillance of influenza during 2009 in the chinese city of qingdao. | in april, 2009, a new influenza pandemic caused by a swine-origin h1n1 subtype influenza virus was imminent. we thereby carried out an emergency surveillance study in a chinese city of qingdao. | 2010 | 21138541 |
| pandemic influenza 1918 h1n1 and 1968 h3n2 dna vaccines induce cross-reactive immunity in ferrets against infection with viruses drifted for decades. | alternative influenza vaccines and vaccine production forms are needed as the conventional protein vaccines do not induce broad cross-reactivity against drifted strains. furthermore, fast vaccine production is especially important in a pandemic situation, and broader vaccine reactivity would diminish the need for frequent change in the vaccine formulations. | 2010 | 21138536 |
| absence of cross-reactive antibodies to influenza a (h1n1) 2009 before and after vaccination with 2009 southern hemisphere seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months-9 years: a prospective study. | early outbreaks of the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus predominantly involved young children, who fuelled transmission through spread in homes and schools. seroprevalence studies conducted on stored serum collections indicated low levels of antibody to the novel strain in this age group, leading many to recommend priority immunisation of paediatric populations. | 2010 | 21138535 |
| proteomics-based characterization of hemagglutinins in different strains of influenza virus. | infection with influenza a (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2) or b viruses results in over half a million deaths worldwide every year. frequent antigenic changes (drift) in two major viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase lead to the constant emergence of antigenically distinct virus strains against which there is sub-optimal immunity in the population. consequently the suitability of the viral strains included in the trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) has to be re-evaluated annually. ... | 2009 | 21137000 |
| network analysis of global influenza spread. | although vaccines pose the best means of preventing influenza infection, strain selection and optimal implementation remain difficult due to antigenic drift and a lack of understanding global spread. detecting viral movement by sequence analysis is complicated by skewed geographic and seasonal distributions in viral isolates. we propose a probabilistic method that accounts for sampling bias through spatiotemporal clustering and modeling regional and seasonal transmission as a binomial process. a ... | 2010 | 21124942 |
| guinea pig model for evaluating the potential public health risk of swine and avian influenza viruses. | the influenza viruses circulating in animals sporadically transmit to humans and pose pandemic threats. animal models to evaluate the potential public health risk potential of these viruses are needed. | 2010 | 21124850 |
| intranasal immunization with influenza vlps incorporating membrane-anchored flagellin induces strong heterosubtypic protection. | we demonstrated previously that the incorporation of a membrane-anchored form of flagellin into influenza virus-like particles (vlps) improved the immunogenicity of vlps significantly, inducing partially protective heterosubtypic immunity by intramuscular immunization. because the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is highly dependent on an adjuvant, and is particularly effective for preventing mucosal infections such as influenza, we determined whether the membrane-anchored flagellin is an efficie ... | 2010 | 21124769 |
| a novel sequence-based antigenic distance measure for h1n1, with application to vaccine effectiveness and the selection of vaccine strains. | h1n1 influenza causes substantial seasonal illness and was the subtype of the 2009 influenza pandemic. precise measures of antigenic distance between the vaccine and circulating virus strains help researchers design influenza vaccines with high vaccine effectiveness. we here introduce a sequence-based method to predict vaccine effectiveness in humans. historical epidemiological data show that this sequence-based method is as predictive of vaccine effectiveness as hemagglutination inhibition assa ... | 2010 | 21123189 |
| genetic diversity of h9n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china: a potential threat to human health? | pandemic strains of influenza a virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (a-j) genotypes in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swi ... | 2010 | 21115230 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of swine influenza in spain. | swine influenza is caused by type a influenza virus. pigs can be infected by both avian and human influenza viruses; therefore, the influenza virus infection in pigs is considered an important public health concern. the aims of present study were to asses the seroprevalence of swine influenza subtypes in spain and explore the risk factors associated with the spread of those infections. serum samples from 2151 pigs of 98 randomly selected farms were analyzed by an indirect elisa for detection of ... | 2010 | 21112702 |
| [preparation of vero cell-adapted influenza h5n1 virus strain by genetic reassortment]. | to prepare vero cell-adapted influenza h5n1 virus strain by genetic reassortment and produce influenza h5n1 vaccine using vero cell as a substrate. | 2010 | 21110431 |
| the i222v neuraminidase mutation has a compensatory role in replication of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus a/h3n2 e119v mutant. | oseltamivir-resistant a/h3n2 influenza isolates with or without the e119v and i222v neuraminidase (na) mutations were recovered from an immunocompromised patient. based on plaque size, yield assays, and na activity, the impaired viral fitness of the e119v mutant was partially restored by the i222v na mutation. | 2010 | 21106781 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of influenza virus mutants selected with the sialidase fusion protein das181. | influenza viruses (ifvs) frequently achieve resistance to antiviral drugs, necessitating the development of compounds with novel mechanisms of action. das181 (fludase), a sialidase fusion protein, may have a reduced potential for generating drug resistance due to its novel host-targeting mechanism of action. | 2010 | 21097900 |
| replicon particle vaccine protects swine against influenza. | an alphavirus derived replicon particle (rp) vaccine expressing the cluster iv h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) hemagglutinin (ha) gene induced protective immunity against homologous influenza virus challenge. however, pigs with maternal antibody had no protective immunity against challenge after vaccination with rp vaccines expressing ha gene alone or in combination with nucleoprotein gene. | 2010 | 21094422 |
| a diagnostic algorithm for detection of antibodies to influenza a viruses in dogs in italy (2006-2008). | since 2004, there have been several reports of influenza a virus (fluav) infection in dogs. dogs have been infected with equine influenza h3n8, avian influenza h3n2 and h5n1, and the pandemic h1n1 virus. because of recent avian and equine influenza outbreaks in italy, the objectives of the present study were to estimate the level of exposure of italian dogs to influenza a viruses and to assess a diagnostic algorithm for detection of fluav exposure in dogs. sera collected from 6,858 dogs from 200 ... | 2010 | 21088175 |
| selective pressure to increase charge in immunodominant epitopes of the h3 hemagglutinin influenza protein. | the evolutionary speed and the consequent immune escape of h3n2 influenza a virus make it an interesting evolutionary system. charged amino acid residues are often significant contributors to the free energy of binding for protein-protein interactions, including antibody-antigen binding and ligand-receptor binding. we used markov chain theory and maximum likelihood estimation to model the evolution of the number of charged amino acids on the dominant epitope in the hemagglutinin protein of circu ... | 2010 | 21086120 |
| transmission of a 2009 pandemic influenza virus shows a sensitivity to temperature and humidity similar to that of an h3n2 seasonal strain. | in temperate regions of the world, influenza epidemics follow a highly regular seasonal pattern, in which activity peaks in midwinter. consistently with this epidemiology, we have shown previously that the aerosol transmission of a seasonal h3n2 influenza virus is most efficient under cold, dry conditions. with the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, an exception to the standard seasonality of influenza developed: during 2009 in the northern hemisphere, an unusually high level of influenza virus activity over t ... | 2010 | 21084485 |
| phylogenetic analysis of swine influenza viruses isolated in poland. | swine influenza virus (siv) of h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes are dominated in european pigs population. "classical swine" h1n1 subtype was replaced by "avian-like" h1n1 subtype. it co-circulates with h3n2 reassortant possessing "avian" genes. in the present study, 41 siv strains isolated from pigs with pneumonia, raised in 20 polish farms, were identified and characterised. since it was evidenced that isolates from the same geographic district and the same year of isolation are in 100% similar, 15 stra ... | 2010 | 21077429 |
| singleplex real-time rt-pcr for detection of influenza a virus and simultaneous differentiation of a/h1n1v and evaluation of the realstar influenza kit. | a novel influenza a virus, subtype a/h1n1v emerged in april 2009 and caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. reliable detection and differentiation from seasonal influenza viruses is mandatory for appropriate case management as well as public health. | 2010 | 21075679 |
| efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination compared to each monotherapy for seasonal influenza: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. | neuraminidase inhibitors are thought to be efficacious in reducing the time to alleviation of symptoms in outpatients with seasonal influenza. the objective of this study was to compare the short-term virological efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination versus each monotherapy plus placebo. | 2010 | 21072246 |
| localization of epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies that neutralized the h3n2 influenza viruses in man. | through extensive isolation of neutralizing mabs against h3n2 influenza viruses representing the in vivo repertoire in a human donor, we examined the relationships between antigenic drift of influenza virus and protective antibodies generated in an infected individual. the majority of mabs isolated from a donor born in 1960 were divided into three major groups with distinct strain specificity: 1968-1973, 1977-1993 and 1997-2003. in the present study, we developed a new method that allowed us to ... | 2010 | 21068214 |
| origin of the 1918 pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus as studied by codon usage patterns and phylogenetic analysis. | the pandemic of 1918 was caused by an h1n1 influenza a virus, which is a negative strand rna virus; however, little is known about the nature of its direct ancestral strains. here we applied a broad genetic and phylogenetic analysis of a wide range of influenza virus genes, in particular the pb1 gene, to gain information about the phylogenetic relatedness of the 1918 h1n1 virus. we compared the rna genome of the 1918 strain to many other influenza strains of different origin by several means, in ... | 2010 | 21068184 |
| protective efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination against seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection during 2009 in hong kong. | the relationship between seasonal influenza vaccine and susceptibility to 2009 pandemic a/h1n1 virus infection is not fully understood. | 2010 | 21067351 |
| determinants of glycan receptor specificity of h2n2 influenza a virus hemagglutinin. | the h2n2 subtype of influenza a virus was responsible for the asian pandemic of 1957-58. however, unlike other subtypes that have caused pandemics such as h1n1 and h3n2, which continue to circulate among humans, h2n2 stopped circulating in the human population in 1968. strains of h2 subtype still continue to circulate in birds and occasionally pigs and could be reintroduced into the human population through antigenic drift or shift. such an event is a potential global health concern because of t ... | 2010 | 21060797 |
| discovery of novel benzoquinazolinones and thiazoloimidazoles, inhibitors of influenza h5n1 and h1n1 viruses, from a cell-based high-throughput screen. | a highly reproducible and robust cell-based high-throughput screening (hts) assay was adapted for screening of small molecules for antiviral activity against influenza virus strain a/vietnam/1203/2004 (h5n1). the nih molecular libraries small molecule repository (mlsmr) molecular libraries screening centers network (mlscn) 100,000-compound library was screened at 50 µm. the "hit" rate (>25% inhibition of the viral cytopathic effect) from the single-dose screen was 0.32%. the hits were evaluated ... | 2010 | 21059874 |
| evaluation of the cellular immune responses induced by a non-adjuvanted inactivated whole virus a/h5n1/vn/1203 pandemic influenza vaccine in humans. | in the present study the homologous and heterologous type and subtype specific cellular immune response induced by a wild type inactivated whole virus h5n1 influenza (a/vietnam/1203/2004) vaccine was evaluated. two immunizations with the vero cell derived h5n1 influenza vaccine on day 0 and day 21 induced significant h5n1 vaccine specific and h5 haemagglutinin specific clade and cross-clade reactive cd4(+) t cell responses, which were maintained at significant levels for at least 6 months. the h ... | 2010 | 21055500 |
| [cross immunity study of two different influenza a3 virus vaccine strain]. | to explore the cross immunity response between two similar strains of influenza a3 virus vaccine from 2007 to 2008. | 2010 | 21055127 |
| evaluation of a new rapid influenza a diagnostic test for detection of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza a virus. | rapid influenza a diagnostic tests (ridts) play an important role in the clinical setting, especially in the influenza post-pandemic era with three influenza a viruses in circulation. | 2010 | 21051280 |
| oseltamivir-resistant influenza a and b viruses pre- and postantiviral therapy in children and young adults with cancer. | immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to influenza infection and can have prolonged viral shedding, which is a risk factor for the development of antiviral resistance. | 2011 | 21048522 |
| in vitro and in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of diarylheptanoids isolated from alpinia officinarum. | diarylheptanoids (ao-0002 [7-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4e-hepten-3-one] and ao-0011 [(5s)-5-hydroxy-7-(4''-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone]) isolated from alpinia officinarum have been reported to exhibit anti-influenza virus activity in vitro. hence, efficacies against influenza virus infection and the mode of antiviral action were evaluated in vivo and in vitro, respectively. | 2010 | 21045258 |
| [analysis of the situation of swine influenza in the districts upper bavaria, swabia, freiburg and tübingen based on antibody profiles of piglets from bavarian breeding farms]. | a total of 1026 serum samples from 388 pigs from three bavarian rearing farms in the region of swabia were investigated in the course of investigations into the development of antibodies against influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 by haemagglutination inhibition test during the period from november 2002 to february 2004. there were no signs of respiratory disease during this period. the antibody titres decreased steadily in this period which corresponds to the kinetics of maternally-d ... | 2010 | 21043147 |
| prolonged shedding of amantadine- and oseltamivir-resistant influenza a(h3n2) virus with dual mutations in an immunocompromised infant. | in this study, we report a case of multidrug-resistant influenza a(h3n2) virus isolated from an immunosuppressed patient with prolonged viral shedding. we also describe the genetic characterization of the haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and m2 influenza genes. the virus contained the substitutions e119v in neuraminidase and v27a in m2, which produce resistance to oseltamivir and adamantanes, respectively. this is the first report of this dual mutation pattern in multidrug-resistant influenza a(h3n ... | 2010 | 21041923 |
| investigation of the influence of eps® 7630, a herbal drug preparation from pelargonium sidoides, on replication of a broad panel of respiratory viruses. | the pelargonium sidoides extract eps® 7630 is an approved drug for the treatment of acute bronchitis in germany. the postulated mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of eps® 7630 in bronchitis patients include immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects, inhibition of interaction between bacteria and host cells, and increase of cilliary beat frequency on respiratory cells. here, we investigated the influence of eps® 7630 on replication of a panel of respiratory viruses. determination of virus ... | 2010 | 21036571 |
| [in vivo efficacy of ingavirin against pandemic a (h1n1/09)v influenza virus]. | ingavirin was shown to be efficient in inhibition of the pandemic influenza virus strains a/california/04/2009 (h1n1)v, a/california/07/2009 (h1n1)v, a/moscow/225/2009 (h1n1)v and a/moscow/226/2009 (h1n1)v. as well as the influenza virus strain a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) in the lungs of the infected mice. after oral administration of ingavirin the titers of the influenza virus strains in the lung homogenates lowered. | 2010 | 21033472 |
| one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays for detecting and subtyping pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009, seasonal influenza a/h1n1, and seasonal influenza a/h3n2 viruses. | pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 (a/h1n1pdm) virus has caused significant outbreaks worldwide. a previous one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assay for detecting a/h1n1pdm virus (h1pdm rrt-pcr assay) was improved since the former probe had a low melting temperature and low tolerance to viral mutation. to help with the screening of the a/h1n1pdm virus, rrt-pcr assays were also developed for detecting human seasonal a/h1n1 (h1 rrt-pcr assay) and a/h3n2 influenza viruses (h3 rrt-pc ... | 2010 | 21029748 |
| outbreaks of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza a (h3n2) on cruise ship. | to determine the extent and pattern of influenza transmission and effectiveness of containment measures, we investigated dual outbreaks of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and influenza a (h3n2) that had occurred on a cruise ship in may 2009. of 1,970 passengers and 734 crew members, 82 (3.0%) were infected with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus, 98 (3.6%) with influenza a (h3n2) virus, and 2 (0.1%) with both. among 45 children who visited the ship's childcare center, infection rate for pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was hi ... | 2010 | 21029531 |
| single-dose mucosal immunization with a candidate universal influenza vaccine provides rapid protection from virulent h5n1, h3n2 and h1n1 viruses. | the sudden emergence of novel influenza viruses is a global public health concern. conventional influenza vaccines targeting the highly variable surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase must antigenically match the emerging strain to be effective. in contrast, "universal" vaccines targeting conserved viral components could be used regardless of viral strain or subtype. previous approaches to universal vaccination have required protracted multi-dose immunizations. here we evaluate a ... | 2010 | 20976273 |
| genomic signature-based identification of influenza a viruses using rt-pcr/electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms) technology. | the emergence and rapid spread of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza a virus (h1n1pdm) in humans highlights the importance of enhancing the capability of existing influenza surveillance systems with tools for rapid identification of emerging and re-emerging viruses. one of the new approaches is the rt-pcr electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) technology, which is based on analysis of base composition (bc) of rt-pcr amplicons from influenza "core" genes. combination of the bc si ... | 2010 | 20967258 |
| potential role of viral surface glycoproteins in the replication of h3n2 triple reassortant influenza a viruses in swine and turkeys. | the h3n2 triple reassortant (tr) influenza viruses emerged in swine in 1998 and then in turkeys in 2003. it was then hypothesized that these viruses crossed the species barrier and transmitted from pigs to turkeys. in previous work we identified viruses with different transmission behavior between the two species, of which a/turkey/ohio/313053/04 (tk04) transmitted both ways between swine and turkeys, and a/swine/north carolina/03 (sw03) did not transmit either way between the two species. utili ... | 2010 | 20965669 |
| modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple-reassortant influenza virus to generate live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic h1n1 viruses. | on 11 june 2009, the world health organization (who) declared that the outbreaks caused by novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus had reached pandemic proportions. the pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus is the predominant influenza virus strain in the human population. it has also crossed the species barriers and infected turkeys and swine in several countries. thus, the development of a vaccine that is effective in multiple animal species is urgently needed. we have previously demonstrated that ... | 2010 | 20962084 |
| analysis of synonymous codon usage bias in 09h1n1. | a novel subtype of influenza a virus 09h1n1 has rapidly spread across the world. evolutionary analyses of this virus have revealed that 09h1n1 is a triple reassortant of segments from swine, avian and human influenza viruses. in this study, we investigated factors shaping the codon usage bias of 09h1n1 and carried out cluster analysis of 60 strains of influenza a virus from different subtypes based on their codon usage bias. we discovered that more preferentially used codons of 09h1n1 are a-ende ... | 2010 | 20960179 |
| transmission of influenza a viruses between pigs and people, iowa, 2002-2004. | triple-reassortant (tr) viruses of human, avian, and swine origin, including h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes, emerged in north american swine herds in 1998 and have become predominant. while sporadic human infections with classical influenza a (h1n1) and with tr-swine influenza viruses have been reported, relatively few have been documented in occupationally exposed swine workers (sw). | 2010 | 20958933 |
| vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct viral subtypes. | current influenza virus vaccines protect mostly against homologous virus strains; thus, regular immunization with updated vaccine formulations is necessary to guard against the virus' hallmark remodeling of regions that mediate neutralization. development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine would mark a significant advance in human infectious diseases research. antibodies with broad neutralizing activity (nabs) against multiple influenza virus strains or subtypes have been reported to bind ... | 2010 | 20956293 |
| transforming growth factor-β: activation by neuraminidase and role in highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza pathogenesis. | transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-β), a multifunctional cytokine regulating several immunologic processes, is expressed by virtually all cells as a biologically inactive molecule termed latent tgf-β (ltgf-β). we have previously shown that tgf-β activity increases during influenza virus infection in mice and suggested that the neuraminidase (na) protein mediates this activation. in the current study, we determined the mechanism of activation of ltgf-β by na from the influenza virus a/gray teal ... | 2010 | 20949074 |
| influenza antigen-sparing by immune stimulation with gram-positive enhancer matrix (gem) particles. | gram-positive enhancer matrix (gem) particles, produced from non-genetically modified lactococcus lactis bacteria have an inherent immunostimulatory activity. it was investigated whether co-administration of gem particles can reduce the amount of influenza subunit vaccine (ha) necessary to protect mice from viral infection. decreasing ha amounts of 5, 1, 0.2 and 0.04μg admixed with gem particles were tested in intramuscular immunizations. combinations of gem and seasonal ha (a/wisconsin/67/2005 ... | 2010 | 20946860 |
| cationic lipid/dna complex-adjuvanted influenza a virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity. | influenza a virus is a negative-strand segmented rna virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) major viral surface proteins. an ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza a virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and t-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which an immune response to antigens from a particular viral subtype (e.g., h3n2) would protect against other viral subtypes ( ... | 2010 | 20943978 |
| combination of peramivir and rimantadine demonstrate synergistic antiviral effects in sub-lethal influenza a (h3n2) virus mouse model. | efficacy of combination of the intramuscularly administered neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, peramivir, and the orally administered m2 ion channel blocker, rimantadine was evaluated in mouse influenza a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) model. mice were challenged with a sub-lethal virus dose (0-40% mortality in placebo group) and changes in body weights were analyzed by three-dimensional effect analysis to assess mode of drug interactions. compounds were administered in a 5-day treatment course starting 1h bef ... | 2010 | 20943201 |
| multiplexed, rapid detection of h5n1 using a pcr-free nanoparticle-based genomic microarray assay. | for more than a decade there has been increasing interest in the use of nanotechnology and microarray platforms for diagnostic applications. in this report, we describe a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle (np)-based genomic microarray assay for specific identification of avian influenza virus h5n1 and its discrimination from other major influenza a virus strains (h1n1, h3n2). | 2010 | 20942949 |
| possible role of aerosol transmission in a hospital outbreak of influenza. | we examined the role of aerosol transmission of influenza in an acute ward setting. | 2010 | 20942655 |
| inhibition of lectin-mediated innate host defences in vivo modulates disease severity during influenza virus infection. | host-mediated recognition of mannose-rich glycans on the surface of pathogens represents an ancient mechanism of innate immune defence. in this study, we demonstrate that the virus strains that differ in the degree of n-linked glycosylation on the globular head of their hemagglutinin glycoprotein also differed in their (i) sensitivity to neutralization by a mannose-specific lectin in mouse lung fluids and (ii) ability to infect (and, therefore, to be destroyed) by airway macrophages. virus strai ... | 2010 | 20938455 |
| glycan shielding of the influenza virus hemagglutinin contributes to immunopathology in mice. | pandemic influenza viruses historically have had few potential sites for n-linked glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) on emergence from the avian reservoir. gain of glycans within antigenic sites of the ha during adaptation to the mammalian lung facilitates immune evasion. | 2010 | 20935106 |
| influenza a virus strains that circulate in humans differ in the ability of their ns1 proteins to block the activation of irf3 and interferon-β transcription. | we demonstrate that influenza a virus strains that circulate in humans differ markedly in the ability of their ns1 proteins to block the activation of irf3 and interferon-β transcription. strong activation occurs in cells infected with viruses expressing ns1 proteins of seasonal h3n2 and h2n2 viruses, whereas activation is blocked in cells infected with viruses expressing ns1 proteins of some, but not all seasonal h1n1 viruses. the ns1 proteins of the 2009 h1n1 and h5n1 viruses also block these ... | 2010 | 20934196 |
| contrasting substitution patterns between ha proteins of avian and human influenza viruses: implication for monitoring human influenza epidemics. | the ha1 domain of influenza a viruses is critical for immune escape and host receptor recognition. however, the association between ha1 evolution and host species-specific adaptations remains unclear. we have identified the amino acid sites that are related to the host species-specific adaptations by systematically comparing the evolutionary dynamics of ha1 between human and avian hosts for both h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. we can thus refine the "positively selected sites" in the ha1 domain of these ... | 2010 | 20933040 |
| influence of an additional amino group on the potency of aminoadamantanes against influenza virus a. ii - synthesis of spiropiperazines and in vitro activity against influenza a h3n2 virus. | spiro[piperidine-2,2'-adamantane] 4 is one of the most potent synthetic anti-influenza a aminoadamantanes or other cage structure amines tested so far. based on previous results tataridis et al. (2007) [5h] which demonstrate the boost of in vitro potency by the presence of an additional amino group, we examined whether the incorporation of a second amino group into this heterocycle would increase the anti-influenza a virus activity. the new synthetic molecules 5-7 are capable of forming two hydr ... | 2010 | 20926112 |
| characterization of an h3n2 triple reassortant influenza virus with a mutation at the receptor binding domain (d190a) that occurred upon virus transmission from turkeys to pigs. | the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus mediates essential viral functions including the binding to host receptor and virus entry. it also has the antigenic sites required for virus neutralization by host antibodies. here, we characterized an h3n2 triple reassortant (tr) influenza virus (a/turkey/ohio/313053/04) with a mutation at the receptor binding domain (asp190ala) that occurred upon virus transmission from turkeys to pigs in an experimental infection study. the mutant virus repli ... | 2010 | 20920297 |
| seroprevalence of seasonal and pandemic influenza a viruses in domestic cats. | infection of domestic cats with pandemic h1n1 influenza virus has recently been documented. we conducted a seroprevalence survey and found that 17 of 78 (21.8%) cats sampled during the 2009-2010 influenza season had antibody titers ≥40 against the novel h1n1 strain by hemagglutinin-inhibition assay, compared to only 1 of 39 (2.6%) sampled in 2008 prior to emergence of the pandemic (p = 0.006). seroprevalance of seasonal h1n1 (41.9%) and h3n2 (25.6%) viruses was similarly high. these data reflect ... | 2010 | 20878192 |
| pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h3n2 influenza infection in the human population show different distributions of viral loads, which substantially affect the performance of rapid influenza tests. | a wide range of sensitivity has been reported for rapid influenza antigen tests (riat). in this study, we analyzed the viral loads of 778 pandemic h1n1- and 227 seasonal h3n2-virus positive clinical specimens collected during the same period and found that viral loads in pandemic h1n1 viruses was characterized by lower copy numbers than seasonal h3n2 viruses. among various factors including the timing of specimen collection, patient age, patient gender and subtype of influenza, we found that the ... | 2010 | 20875469 |
| comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and cellular signal transduction in human macrophages infected with different influenza a viruses. | influenza a virus infection of macrophages and virus-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression are regarded to contribute to severity of influenza a virus-caused diseases. although some data are available on cytokine production by influenza a virus-infected macrophages, systematic comparisons of the virus types are currently considered to be of high relevance in humans (pandemic h1n1/2009, seasonal h1n1, seasonal h3n2, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1) on pro-inflammatory potential, and rel ... | 2010 | 20865277 |
| detection of excess influenza severity: associating respiratory hospitalization and mortality data with reports of influenza-like illness by primary care physicians. | we explored whether excesses in influenza severity can be detected by combining respiratory syndromic hospital and mortality data with data on influenza-like illness (ili) cases obtained from general practitioners. | 2010 | 20864730 |
| redundancy of the influenza a virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in hla-b*2705 transgenic mice limits the impact of a mutation in the immunodominant np(383-391) epitope on influenza pathogenesis. | during the 1993-1994 flu season, influenza a/h3n2 viruses emerged with an amino acid substitution (r384g) at the anchor residue of the hla-b*2705 restricted np(383-391) epitope located in the nucleoprotein (np). the r384g substitution reached fixation rapidly and abrogated recognition of a/h3n2 viruses by np(383-391)-specific cd8+ t cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) completely. to test the impact of the r384g substitution in the immunodominant np(383-391) epitope in vivo, influenza a viruses that di ... | 2010 | 20863862 |
| a highly sensitive immuno-pcr assay for detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus. | with an aim at detecting the ultra-low concentration of avian influenza virus (aiv), a highly sensitive hybrid assay based on immunology and polymerase chain reaction was developed. the topyield microtiter plates were coated with ten-fold serial dilutions of h5n1 subtype aiv ranging from 10 eid(50 )ml(-1)~10(-4) eid(50) ml(-1),which was recognized by mouse anti-aiv h5 monoclonal antibody (mab) that was directly linked with reporter dna using a heterobifunctional cross-linker. after extensive was ... | 2011 | 20862550 |
| immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in children with pediatric rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive agents. | children with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy are a high-risk group for influenza virus infection; however, few data are available regarding the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine for those individuals. | 2011 | 20861757 |
| rapid evolution of low-pathogenic h9n2 avian influenza viruses following poultry vaccination programmes. | to investigate whether currently circulating h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in domestic poultry have evolved in korean poultry since 2007, genetic and serological comparisons were conducted of h9n2 isolates from poultry slaughterhouses from january 2008 to december 2009. the isolation rate was relatively low in 2008 but increased gradually from january 2009 onwards. genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that reassortant viruses had emerged, generating at least five novel genotypes, mos ... | 2011 | 20861321 |
| influenza a virus replication induces cell cycle arrest in g0/g1 phase. | many viruses interact with the host cell division cycle to favor their own growth. in this study, we examined the ability of influenza a virus to manipulate cell cycle progression. our results show that influenza a virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1) replication results in g(0)/g(1)-phase accumulation of infected cells and that this accumulation is caused by the prevention of cell cycle entry from g(0)/g(1) phase into s phase. consistent with the g(0)/g(1)-phase accumulation, the amount of hyperphosphorylated ... | 2010 | 20861262 |
| development of a novel bead-based multiplex pcr assay for combined subtyping and oseltamivir resistance genotyping (h275y) of seasonal and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses. | the identification of influenza a virus subtypes in clinical specimens is becoming increasingly important for clinical laboratories since seasonal h1n1, h3n2 and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses can have defined antiviral resistance patterns and subtyping can be used as a surrogate for antiviral resistance testing. | 2010 | 20846903 |
| an influenza b outbreak during the 2007/2008 winter among appropriately immunized elderly people living in a nursing home. | the study evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a trivalent subunit mf59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (a/wisconsin/67/05 (h3n2), a/solomon islands/3/06 (h1n1) and b/malaysia/2506/04) in preventing serologically diagnosed infections in a group of 67 institutionalized elderly volunteers during 2007/2008 winter, characterized by co-circulation of drifted a/h3n2, a/h1n1 and b influenza viruses. influenza vaccination induced a significant increase in the amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting ... | 2010 | 20846530 |
| [history of pandemic influenza in japan]. | in japan, influenza like epidemics were described many times since heian era. however, spanish flu as the modern medicine invaded japan in 1918, thus almost infected 390,000 patients died with associated pneumonia. after the discovery of influenza virus in 1933, japan experienced pandemic influenza--asian flu(h2n2) in 1957. after about 10 years, hong kong flu (h3n2) came to japan at 1968. however, we had many reliable antibiotics but had not any antiviral drug at the early time. after year 2000, ... | 2010 | 20845733 |
| a comprehensive surveillance of adamantane resistance among human influenza a virus isolated from mainland china between 1956 and 2009. | adamantane-derived drugs have been used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza a virus infection for many years worldwide. rapid surveillance of antiviral drug resistance is important for appropriate clinical guideline development. here, we retrospectively assessed adamantane resistance among different influenza a subtypes (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) over 53 years (1956-2009) in mainland china. | 2010 | 20834097 |
| reassortant between human-like h3n2 and avian h5 subtype influenza a viruses in pigs: a potential public health risk. | human-like h3n2 influenza viruses have repeatedly been transmitted to domestic pigs in different regions of the world, but it is still uncertain whether any of these variants could become established in pig populations. the fact that different subtypes of influenza viruses have been detected in pigs makes them an ideal candidate for the genesis of a possible reassortant virus with both human and avian origins. however, the determination of whether pigs can act as a "mixing vessel" for a possible ... | 2010 | 20830295 |
| enhanced immunogenicity of stabilized trimeric soluble influenza hemagglutinin. | the recent swine-origin h1n1 pandemic illustrates the need to develop improved procedures for rapid production of influenza vaccines. one alternative to the current egg-based manufacture of influenza vaccine is to produce a hemagglutinin (ha) subunit vaccine using a recombinant expression system with the potential for high protein yields, ease of cloning new antigenic variants, and an established safety record in humans. | 2010 | 20824188 |
| molecular characteristics of the human pandemic influenza a virus (h1n1). | the outbreak of the human pandemic influenza a (h1n1) has caused a considerable public concern. the aim of this review was to improve our understanding of this novel virus by analyzing the relationships between its molecular characteristics and pathogenic properties. results of this analysis indicate that the human pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus is a new re-assorted virus, which combines genetic materials from the avian flu (h1n1) virus, classical swine flu (h1n1) virus, human flu (h3n2) viru ... | 2010 | 20822307 |
| amantadine resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza a(h3n2) viruses in iran. | the aminoadamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used to prevent and treat influenza a virus infections for many years. several reports have shown an increased level of resistance to these drugs, particularly among influenza a(h3n2) subtype viruses, during recent years. we observed an increase in amantadine resistance, due to a ser31asn mutation in the m2 channel protein, among a(h3n2) viruses circulating in iran during 2005-2007. sequence analyses of the haemagglutinin and neuraminid ... | 2010 | 20816700 |
| neonates investigated for influenza-like illness during the outbreak of pandemic h1n1 2009: trivial infections but major triage implications. | we report eight cases of neonates (from birth to 25 days) admitted to the neonatal service of a teaching hospital with influenza-like illness during the outbreak of pandemic h1n1 2009, and discuss their management and infection control issues. empirical antibiotics were often promptly initiated and timely stopped when sepsis was ruled out. also, there was no pandemic h1n1-09 but influenza a (h3n2, n = 1), parainfluenza (type 3, n = 3) and respiratory syncytial virus (n = 1) have been isolated. t ... | 2010 | 20814838 |
| serological response in rt-pcr confirmed h1n1-2009 influenza a by hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays: an observational study. | we describe the serological response following h1n1-2009 influenza a infections confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 2010 | 20814575 |
| genetic divergence of influenza a ns1 gene in pandemic 2009 h1n1 isolates with respect to h1n1 and h3n2 isolates from previous seasonal epidemics. | the influenza a pandemic sustained by a new h1n1 variant (h1n1v) started in mexico and the usa at the end of april 2009 spreading worldwide in a few weeks. in this study we investigate the variability of the ns1 gene of the pandemic h1n1v strain with respect to previous seasonal strains circulating in humans and the potential selection of virus variants through isolation in cell culture. | 2010 | 20809948 |
| policy statement--recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2010-2011. | the purpose of this statement is to update current recommendations for routine use of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) pandemic virus is expected to circulate, with infants and children at increased risk of severe illness and death. this year's trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine contains a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)-like antigen (derived from the 2009 pandemic influenza a [h1n1] v ... | 2010 | 20805143 |
| genetic content of influenza h3n2 vaccine seeds. | influenza vaccine seeds produced in chicken eggs are selected through ha and na surface glycoproteins antigenicity, as well as through high replicative ability. here we characterize the genetic content of recently used thirteen h3n2 influenza vaccine seeds. interestingly, sequence analysis of the vaccine seeds shows reassortment events leading to pr8:h3n2 segment constellations, ranging from the 6:2 to 2:6 constellations. this study shows that the h3n2 pb1 is the most frequent internal segment i ... | 2010 | 20802842 |
| production and antigenic properties of influenza virus from suspension mdck-siat7e cells in a bench-scale bioreactor. | in efforts to overcome limitations associated with egg-based influenza vaccines, mammalian cell substrates have gradually emerged as potential production platforms. recently, a suspension madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell line for influenza virus production was created by expressing the human siat7e gene. to examine the broad susceptibility of this novel cell line, the scalability of the production process, and the antigenic stability of cell-derived progeny viruses, infection experiments us ... | 2010 | 20800699 |
| [swine-origin influenza h1n1/california--passions and facts]. | analysis of pandemic caused by swine influenza virus h1n1/california showed moderate virulence of this virus compared to pandemic viruses, which caused pandemics in 1918, 1957, and 1968. during seasonal influenza epidemic in countries of southern hemisphere (june-august 2009) despite on circulation of h1n1/california strain, epidemics was caused by human influenza viruses h3n2 and h1n1. it was concluded that strain h1n1/california could not be attributed to pandemic strains of influenza viruses. | 2010 | 20795393 |
| rapid detection of respiratory tract viral infections and coinfections in patients with influenza-like illnesses by use of reverse transcription-pcr dna microarray systems. | we prospectively tested 95 nasal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates taken from 56 adults and 39 children visiting the reims university medical centre (northern france) for influenza-like illnesses (ili) during the early stage of the french influenza a/h1n1v pandemic (october 2009). respiratory samples were tested using a combination of two commercially available reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) dna microarray systems allowing rapid detection of influenza a virus strains, including the new a/h1n ... | 2010 | 20739481 |