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sublethal propoxur toxicity to juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio l., 1758): biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and genotoxicity effects.the sublethal toxicological and genotoxic potential of propoxur, a widely used carbamate insecticide against household pests, in veterinary medicine, and in public health, was evaluated on carp as a model species (cyprinus carpio l., 1758) using the erythrocyte micronucleus test. based on the 96-h lethal concentration, 50% (lc50) data from the u.s. environmental protection agency ecotox database (10 mg/l), a sublethal exposure concentration of 5 mg/l was used under static bioassay laboratory con ...201222730006
physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of ms-222 in koi (cyprinus carpio).to evaluate the physiological effect and response to noxious stimulation at five concentrations of ms-222 in koi (cyprinus carpio).201322726125
enhancement of hsp70 synthesis protects common carp, cyprinus carpio l., against lethal ammonia toxicity.exposure to tex-oe®, a patented extract of the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica) containing chaperone-stimulating factor, was shown to protect common carp, cyprinus carpio l., fingerlings against acute ammonia stress. survival was enhanced twofold from 50% to 95% after exposure to 5.92 mg l(-1) nh(3) , a level determined in the ammonia challenge bioassay as the 1-h ld50 concentration for this species. survival of tex-oe®-pre-exposed fish was enhanced by 20% over non-exposed controls dur ...201222724455
structure and function of the median finfold in larval teleosts.this paper offers a structural and mechanical analysis of the median finfold in larval teleosts. the median finfold is strengthened by bundles of collagen fibres, known as actinotrichia. we demonstrate that these structures contribute to increase the mass of backward accelerated water during swimming. the amount, dimensions, orientation and growth of actinotrichia were measured at various locations along the finfold in several developmental stages of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish ( ...201222723474
organization and variation analysis of 5s rdna in different ploidy-level hybrids of red crucian carp × topmouth culter.through distant crossing, diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (carassius auratus red var., rcc♀, cyprininae, 2n = 100) × topmouth culter (erythroculter ilishaeformis bleeker, tc♂, cultrinae, 2n = 48) were successfully produced. diploid hybrids possessed 74 chromosomes with one set from rcc and one set from tc; triploid hybrids harbored 124 chromosomes with two sets from rcc and one set from tc; tetraploid hybrids had 148 chromosomes with two sets from rcc and two sets fr ...201222720007
comparison of the exomes of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and zebrafish (danio rerio).research on common carp, cyprinus carpio, is beneficial for zebrafish research because of resources available owing to its large body size, such as the availability of sufficient organ material for transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. here we describe the shot gun sequencing of a clonal double-haploid common carp line. the assembly consists of 511891 scaffolds with an n50 of 17 kb, predicting a total genome size of 1.4-1.5 gb. a detailed analysis of the ten largest scaffolds indicates ...201222715948
elevated expressions of gh/igf axis genes in triploid crucian carp.growth hormone (gh), growth hormone receptor (ghr) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) are pivotal signaling factors of the gh/igf axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating growth in vertebrates. in this study, gh, ghr and igf-1 cdnas were cloned from triploid and tetraploid crucian carp. in addition, mrna expression levels were characterized in diploid red crucian carp, triploids and tetraploids. reverse transcriptase pcr indicated that gh genes were only expressed in the pituitary, w ...201222713693
a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model for florfenicol in crucian carp and oral-to-intramuscular extrapolation.in this study, an oral physiologically based pharmacokinetics (pbpk) model was developed for florfenicol in crucian carp (carassius auratus). subsequently, oral-to-intramuscular extrapolation was performed and the two models were used to predict florfenicol concentrations in the edible tissues of crucian carp. the oral model gave good predictions in most tissues, except for kidney and liver in which the florfenicol concentrations were underestimated at the later time points. in contrast, using t ...201322712485
molecular identification and real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for rapid detection of thelohanellus kitauei, a myxozoan parasite causing intestinal giant cystic disease in the israel carp.intestinal giant-cystic disease (igcd) of the israel carp (cyprinus carpio nudus) has been recognized as one of the most serious diseases afflicting inland farmed fish in the republic of korea, and thelohanellus kitauei has been identified as the causative agent of the disease. until now, studies concerning igcd caused by t. kitauei in the israel carp have been limited to morphological and histopathological examinations. however, these types of diagnostic examinations are relatively time-consumi ...201222711920
the complete mitochondrial genome of the crucian carp, carassius carassius (cypriniformes, cyprinidae).the complete mitochondrial genome of carassius carassius was determined to be 16,597 bp long circular molecule with a typical gene arrangement of vertebrate mitochondrial dna. its control region contains two copies of unit (ttcycaatataa) at 3' ends, which has never been reported before for carassius species. phylogenetic trees based on 12 protein-coding genes on heavy strand confirmed that the complete mtdna sequence of crucian carp was reported in this study for the first time.201222708851
thyroid endocrine dysregulation and erythrocyte dna damage associated with pbde exposure in juvenile crucian carp collected from an e-waste dismantling site in zhejiang province, china.in the present study, 40 juvenile crucian carp (carassius auratus) were caught from a river close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 80 km away from the e-waste site (control group) in zhejiang, china. results indicated that muscle levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median pbdes, 235.98 ng/g wet wt; range, 7.70-703.31 ng/g wet wt), serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (median tsh, 2.32 µiu/ml; range, 2.05-2.72 µiu/ml) and erythrocyte dna damag ...201222707201
development of an es-like cell culture system (resc) from rohu, labeo rohita (ham.).an embryonic stem (es)-like cell culture system resc from a commercially important freshwater carp, labeo rohita, was developed using blastula stage embryos. the cells were cultured in leibovitz-15 (l-15) medium in gelatin-coated cell culture flask supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum along with 10 ng ml(-1) basic fibroblast growth factor at 28 °c under feeder-free conditions. the es-like cells were characterized by their unique morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, embryoid body forma ...201222707190
an interlaboratory comparison study for the determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in environmental and biological samples.a series of interlaboratory comparison exercises were conducted to assess the accuracy of dialkyl phthalate ester (dpe) concentration measurements in environmental and biological samples. five laboratories participated in analyses to determine dpe concentrations in standard test solutions; marine sediments; three certified reference materials, including carp-2 (fish muscle) and bcr-07 (fortified milk powder); and several livestock samples (sheep's milk, liver, and muscle). in addition, one labor ...201222707032
diversification of ifnγ-inducible cxcb chemokines in cyprinid fish.we earlier identified two cxcl8-like lineages in cyprinid fish, which are functional homologues of the mammalian cxcl8, but with diverged functions. we here investigated whether the carp ifn-γ-inducible cxcb gene, related to the mammalian cxcl9, -10 and -11 chemokines, was subject to a similar diversification. on the zebrafish genome, a cluster of seven cxcb genes was found on chromosome five. analysis of the promoter of the zebrafish cxcb genes suggests a partially shared, but differential indu ...201222705555
assessment of the sublethal toxicity of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio).this study is aimed at evaluating the sublethal effects of endosulfan (eds) in juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio). for this purpose, fish were exposed for 15 days to the technical eds (95% pure) diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) 0.1% of the total volume in water solution in a semi-static system at sublethal concentration (1 μg/l). subsequently, the liver somatic index (lsi) and factor condition (k) were determined. the total cytocrome p450 (cyp), cyp1a isoform, and the ethoxyresorufin-o-d ...201222702825
accelerating cardiac bidomain simulations using graphics processing units.anatomically realistic and biophysically detailed multiscale computer models of the heart are playing an increasingly important role in advancing our understanding of integrated cardiac function in health and disease. such detailed simulations, however, are computationally vastly demanding, which is a limiting factor for a wider adoption of in-silico modeling. while current trends in high-performance computing (hpc) hardware promise to alleviate this problem, exploiting the potential of such arc ...201222692867
quality and biochemical properties of artificially hibernated crucian carp for waterless preservation.the aim of this study was to explore the artificial hibernation of crucian carp for waterless preservation and to characterize the quality and biochemical properties during and after the hibernation. anesthetized crucian carp using eugenol were stored at 8 °c with 90 % oxygen and 95-100 % relative humidity for 38 h and then transferred to fresh water to recover. liquid loss and cooking loss had no significant changes (p > 0.05). the total volatile basic nitrogen content and 2-thiobarbituric acid ...201222688451
interferon type i responses to virus infections in carp cells: in vitro studies on cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and rhabdovirus carpio infections.interferons (ifns) are secreted mediators that play a fundamental role in the innate immune response against viruses among all vertebrate classes. common carp is a host for two highly contagious viruses: spring viraemia of carp virus (rhabdovirus carpio, svcv) and the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which belong to rhabdoviridae and alloherpesviridae families, respectively. both viruses are responsible for significant losses in carp aquaculture. in this paper we studied the mrna expression prof ...201222683518
influence of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and expression levels of δ6 desaturase-like and elovl5-like elongase in common carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).the effects of dietary fatty acids on muscle fatty acid composition and liver expression levels of δ6 desaturase-like and elovl5-like elongase were investigated in common carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian). two δ6 desaturase-like cdnas (fad6-a and fad6-b) and two elovl5-like elongase (elovl5-a and elovl5-b) cdnas were cloned. juvenile carp were fed three semi-purified diets (d1-3) for 6 weeks with different lipid sources: d1, fish oil with high highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas); d2, corn oil ...201222677415
improved diagnosis of spring viremia of carp by nested reverse-transcription pcr: development of a chimeric positive control for prevention of false-positive diagnosis.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays allow for the rapid and accurate detection of infectious agents through identification of nucleic acid sequences. however, contamination of samples with positive dna can lead to false-positive results. in this study, positive control plasmids were developed to minimize false-positive reactions due to pcr contamination during detection of svcv by semi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. an ampicillin resistance gene was truncated by pcr amplification, and the ...201222677224
cyprinus carpio decoction improves nutrition and immunity and reduces proteinuria through nephrin and cd2ap expressions in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy.cyprinus carpio decoction (ccd) is a well-known chinese food medicine formula, accepted widely as a useful therapy in preventing edema and proteinuria caused by renal disease. however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. the current study investigated the potential mechanism of ccd in alleviating nephropathy induced by adriamycin (adr) in rats. 70  eight-week-old wistar rats were randomly divided into normal, model, fosinopril, yd, yg groups. all rats except for the normal grou ...201222675377
differential effects of chronic hypoxia and feed restriction on the expression of leptin and its receptor, food intake regulation and the endocrine stress response in common carp.appetite suppression is a common response to hypoxia in fish that confers significant energy savings. yet little is known about the endocrine signals involved in the regulation of food intake during chronic hypoxia. thus, we assessed the impact of chronic hypoxia on food intake, the expression of the potent anorexigenic signal leptin and its receptor (lepr), the mrna levels of key hypothalamic appetite-regulating genes, and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (hpi) axis in comm ...201222675188
flexibility in starting posture drives flexibility in kinematic behavior of the kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary protrusion mechanism in a cyprinid fish, cyprinus carpio.premaxillary protrusion in cypriniform fishes involves rotation of the kinethmoid, an unpaired skeletal element in the dorsal midline of the rostrum. no muscles insert directly onto the kinethmoid, so its rotation must be caused by the movement of other bones. in turn, the kinethmoid is thought to push on the ascending processes of the premaxillae, effecting protrusion. to determine the causes and effects of kinethmoid motion, we used xromm (x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology) to measure ...201222675187
efficacy of two avermectins, doramectin and ivermectin against argulus siamensis infestation in indian major carp, labeo rohita.the efficacy of two avermectins, doramectin and ivermectin via oral and parenteral routes and their prophylactic effects against argulus siamensis infestation in indian major carp, labeo rohita was studied. doramectin and ivermectin were fed once to l. rohita sub-adults naturally infested with a. siamensis parasites at graded levels of 1000, 750 and 500 μg/kg body weight and 500, 300 and 200 μg/kg body weight, respectively. the mean time of clearance of parasites was 24 ± 0.149 h for 1000 and 24 ...201222673107
impact of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible carp (labeo rohita).laboratory evaluations were made to assess the toxicological and biochemical effect of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common edible freshwater culture carp (labeo rohita). there was a significant negative (p < 0.05) correlation observed between effective doses of cypermethrin and exposure periods; that is, lc₅₀ values decreased from 0.323 μg/l (6 h) to  > 0.278 μg/l (12 h),  > 0.240 μg/l (18 h) and >0.205 μg/l (24 h). exposure to sublethal doses of cypermethrin for 24 h and 96 h exposure period ...201222666103
sperm characteristics and androgens in acipenser ruthenus after induction of spermiation by carp pituitary extract or gnrha implants.spermiation and changes in androgen (testosterone, t and 11-ketotestosterone, 11-kt) levels were studied in sterlet (acipenser ruthenus) treated with gnrh agonist implants (dala(6)-pro(9)-lhrha) at 25 and 75 μg kg(-1) b.w. and compared with those males treated with 4 mg kg(-1) b.w. of carp pituitary extract (cpe) and 3 pellets of ovopel kg(-1) b.w., which contains dala(6)-pro(9)net-mgnrh and metoclopramide. sperm quality (sperm mass, spermatozoa concentration and sperm motility and velocity) was ...201222665160
closing the serological gap: promising novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage of the joints affecting about 0.5% of the general population. early treatment in ra is important as it can prevent disease progression and irreversible damage of the joints. despite the high diagnostic value of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (acpa) and rheumatoid factor (rf), there is a strong demand for novel serological biomarkers to further improve the diagnosis of this abundant disease. ...201222664776
evaluation of metal pollution in fish and water collected from gorgan coast of the caspian sea, iran.in this study, concentrations of zinc, chromium, cadmium and lead were determined in water and three species of fish sampled from 10 selected stations along gorgan coast using atomic absorption spectrophotometery, summer 2009. mean lead levels in water and fish samples (119.50 ± 22.24 μg/l and 113.80 ± 33.11 μg/kg) were significantly higher than that of cadmium and chromium (p < 0.05). cyprinus carpio had highest metals content than mugila auratus and rutilus frisikutum. the evaluated metals val ...201222664555
two new species of myxobolus (myxozoa: myxosporea: bivalvulida) infecting an indian major carp in ropar and kanjali wetlands (punjab).in india, more than 104 species of myxobolus are recorded infecting freshwater and marine fishes. during our study on the myxozoan parasites of fishes of punjab wetlands, india, two new myxosporean species, myxobolus ropari sp. nov. and myxobolus kanjali sp. nov. were recorded from mucous membrane around gill lamellae and scales of cirrhina mrigala (ham.), respectively. spores of the first species, m. ropari sp. nov. measure 12.58 × 4.5 μm in size, elongately pyriform, slender in shape with a po ...201122654311
molecular cloning and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of igf2a genes in the common carp (cyprinus carpio).we studied whether two igf2 transcripts in common carp are similar to those found in zebrafish. the full-length igf2a cdna contains a 5'-terminal untranslated region (utr) of 105 bp, a 3'-terminal utr of 1358 bp and an open reading frame of 612 bp, which encodes a 206-amino acid protein. a 6614-bp full-length igf2a dna molecule, including the 5'-flanking region, was isolated. genomic dna structure analysis revealed that the igf2a gene contains four exons and three introns. bioinformatics analysi ...201222653579
changes in biogenic amines of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets stored at different temperatures and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen, microbiological and sensory score.biogenic amines have received considerable attention owing to their undesirable effects in humans. there are few studies of changes in biogenic amine contents related to freshwater fish. silver carp is an important freshwater fish species in china. this study aimed to investigate the changes in biogenic amines and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen (tvb-n), microbiological and sensory score of silver carp fillets stored at 0, 3 and 15 °c.201222653554
[effect of temperature on proteinase activities of enteral microbiota and intestinal mucosa of fish of different ecological group].effect of temperature on proteinases activities of enteral microbiota and of intestinal mucosa was studied in five fish species (roach rutilus rutilus, crucian carp carassius carassius, common perch perca fluviatilis, pike-perch zander lucioperca, and pike esox lucius) belonging by the nutrition type to different ecological groups. essential differences of temperature characteristics of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and of enteral microbiota are revealed in fish belonging by the nutrition typ ...201222645973
pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in carp blood and head kidney leukocytes exposed to cyanotoxin stress--an in vitro study.cyanotoxins are toxic, secondary metabolites produced by different species of cyanobacteria that are present all over the world in aquatic environments. no data are available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress associated with exposure of fish immune cells to low concentrations of cyanotoxins. the purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression of cytokines that underlie immune regulation are changed after incubation of fish leukocytes with pure cyanotoxins: microc ...201222641113
protective role of propolis in chlorpyrifos-induced changes in the haematological parameters and the oxidative/antioxidative status of cyprinus carpio carpio.the protective effect of propolis on haematological parameters and antioxidant status were evaluated in the blood and various tissues of carp exposed to chlorpyrifos (cpf). the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of cpf (0.040 and 0.080 mg/l) for 10 days, and propolis (10 mg per kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered. samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, inclu ...201222634289
the effects of subchronic exposure to terbuthylazine on early developmental stages of common carp.the aim of this study was to assess the impact of terbuthylazine in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. subchronic toxic effects on embryos and larvae of common carp (cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test. the exposure to terbuthylazin showed no effect on mortality, but significant differences (p < 0.0001) were revealed on weight and growth parameters at concentrations of 520 and 820 μg/l. the inhibition of specific growth rate at concentrations of 52 ...201222629165
subcellular localization and functional characterization of a fish irf9 from crucian carp carassius auratus.mammalian interferon (ifn) regulatory factor 9 (irf-9) has long been recognized as the dna sequence recognition subunit of ifn-stimulated gene factor 3 (isgf3) complex, which is critical for type i ifn to induce the expression of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) against viral infection. recent studies have shown that fish ifn exerts antiviral effects by induction of a number of isgs and also of itself; however, little is known about the role of fish irf9 in ifn signaling. here we identify a fish irf9 ...201222626811
introduced pathogens and native freshwater biodiversity: a case study of sphaerothecum destruens.a recent threat to european fish diversity was attributed to the association between an intracellular parasite, sphaerothecum destruens, and a healthy freshwater fish carrier, the invasive pseudorasbora parva originating from china. the pathogen was found to be responsible for the decline and local extinction of the european endangered cyprinid leucaspius delineatus and high mortalities in stocks of chinook and atlantic salmon in the usa. here, we show that the emerging s. destruens is also a th ...201222615866
responses of biomarkers of a standardized (cyprinus carpio) and a native (pimelodella laticeps) fish species after in situ exposure in a periurban zone of luján river (argentina).the luján river basin, which is located in the northwest area of the province of buenos aires, argentina, receives different anthropogenic inputs before reaching the río de la plata estuary. the aim of this study was to assess the adverse impact of the river in the middle part of the basin. to this end, an in situ cage assay was conducted in two sites of the river (s1 and s2) near luján city, and the responses of hepatic biomarkers of both a standardized (cyprinus carpio) and a native (pimelodel ...201422610875
infection level of monogenean gill parasite, diplozoon kashmirensis (monogenea, polyopisthocotylea) in the crucian carp, carassius carassius from lake ecosystems of an altered water quality: what factors do have an impact on the diplozoon infection?monogeneans are of great interest to the ecologists because of their simple life cycle and are considered as one of the important and sensitive parasites to any changes in water quality. the monogenean gill parasite, diplozoon kashmirensis of the carassius carassius was examined with the aim to evaluate the infection level and the factors influencing the infection. our results showed that highest prevalence (34.22%) of d. kashmirensis was in the lake having high trophic status and least prevalen ...201222608705
the effects of diphenyl diselenide on oxidative stress biomarkers in cyprinus carpio exposed to herbicide quinclorac (facet®).the occurrence of pollutants in the aquatic environment can produce severe toxic effects on non-target organisms, including fish. these sources of contamination are numerous and include herbicides, which represent a large group of toxic chemicals. quinclorac, an herbicide widely applied in agriculture, induces oxidative stress due to free radical generation and changes in the antioxidant defense system. the aim of this study was to assess if dietary diphenyl diselenide (phse)₂ has a protective e ...201222608528
exploring androgen-regulated pathways in teleost fish using transcriptomics and proteomics.in the environment, there are aquatic pollutants that disrupt androgen signaling in fish. laboratory and field-based experiments have utilized omics technologies to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying androgen-receptor agonism/antagonism. transcriptomics and proteomics studies with 17β-trenbolone, a growth-promoting pharmaceutical found in water systems surrounding cattle feed lots, and androgens such as 17α-methyltestosterone and 17α-methyldihydrotestosterone, have been conducted i ...201222596056
[isolation and identification of citrobacter freundii from diseased giant salamander, andrias davidianus].to determine the pathogenic bacterium infecting giant salamander (andrias davidianus).201222586994
persistence of viral rna in fish infected with vhsv-ivb at 15°c and then moved to warmer temperatures after the onset of disease.smallmouth bass, micropterus dolomieu lacepède, bluegill, lepomis macrochirus rafinesque (coppernose strain), koi carp, cyprinus carpio l., and channel catfish ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), were infected by intraperitoneal injection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype ivb (vhsv-ivb) at 15 °c. when clinical signs of disease developed, one-third of the fish was moved to 20°c and one-third to 25°c. mortality in challenged fish at all three temperatures ranged from 25 to 45% in sm ...201222582793
alteration in haematological and biochemical parameters of catla catla exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin.a 60-day experiment was carried out to study the effect of sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin (1/10th of lc(50)) exposure on haematological and biochemical parameters of the indian major carp, catla catla fingerlings. under exposure, the total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit were decreased. all the studied serum parameters viz. total serum protein, albumin, globulin contents and albumin-globulin ratio were significantly decreased in cypermethri ...201222580924
quantitative bioassays for measuring biologically functional gonadotropins based on eel gonadotropic receptors.significant declines in eel stocks have been noted in many parts of the world. because eel aquaculture is dependent on wild-caught juveniles, there is a need to achieve artificial reproduction. adult eel maturation is currently induced by repeated injections of purified gonadotropin (human chorionic gonadotropin [hcg]) or pituitary extract. thus the determination of the biological efficacy and quantification of internal levels of gonadotropic hormones is important for optimizing artificial repro ...201222580328
hypoxia associated nmda receptor 2 subunit composition: developmental comparison between the hypoxia-tolerant subterranean mole-rat, spalax, and the hypoxia-sensitive rat.vertebrate brains are sensitive to oxygen depletion, which may lead to cell death. hypoxia sensitivity originates from the high intrinsic rate of atp consumption of brain tissue, accompanied by the release of glutamate, leading to the opening of ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors (nmdars). the relative expression levels of the four nmdar-2 (nr2) subunits change during mammalian development with higher levels of units nr2b and nr2d observed during early ...201222576753
comparison of structural, architectural and mechanical aspects of cellular and acellular bone in two teleost fish.the histological diversity of the skeletal tissues of fishes is impressive compared with that of other vertebrate groups, yet our understanding of the functional consequences of this diversity is limited. in particular, although it has been known since the mid-1800s that a large number of fish species possess acellular bones, the mechanical advantages and consequences of this structural characteristic - and therefore the nature of the evolution of this feature - remain unclear. although several ...201222573778
how well do muscle biomechanics predict whole-animal locomotor performance? the role of ca2+ handling.it is important to determine the enabling mechanisms that underlie locomotor performance to explain the evolutionary patterns and ecological success of animals. our aim was to determine the extent to which calcium (ca(2+)) handling dynamics modulate the contractile properties of isolated skeletal muscle, and whether the effects of changing ca(2+) handling dynamics in skeletal muscle are paralleled by changes in whole-animal sprint and sustained swimming performance. carp (cyprinus carpio) increa ...201222573763
characterization and dietary regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase in different ploidy fishes.glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) plays a crucial role in amino acid deamination and has been used as an inductor of nutrients metabolism. in this study, we cloned and analyzed the gdh cdnas in diploids (red crucian carp), triploids and tetraploids and characterized their expression profiles upon dietary treatments. results showed a high sequence similarity of gdh among the three kinds of ploidy fishes and other vertebrates. expression analysis revealed that gdh exhibited a distinct spatial pattern ...201222569960
the effect of dietary organic chromium on specific growth rate, tissue chromium concentrations, enzyme activities and histology in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.a 63-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of three levels of cr yeast (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg cr/kg) on the utilization of diets containing 38.5 % of maize starch or dextrin in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. (initial mean body mass 14 ± 0.3 g) in an auto circulator system at 25 ± 0.5 °c. a two-way analysis of variance (anova) showed that the final body mass (fbm), percentage mass gain (%mg), specific growth rate (sgr) and feed conversion ratio (fcr) were significantly (p < 0 ...201222569805
evidence for dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in wastewater collection systems in the new york metropolitan area.polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs) are persistent organic pollutants targeted by the stockholm convention. both contain aromatic chlorines and are subject to microbial dechlorination. dechlorination of pcbs in sewers in the delaware river basin was recently reported. in this work, two data sets on concentrations of pcbs and pcbs+pcdd/fs in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were analyzed to look for evidence that the ...201222568653
[polymorphism of the cytochrome oxidase b gene (cyt b) in russian populations of common carp and wild common carp (cyprinus carpio l.)].polymorphism of the mitochondrial cyt b gene was examined in 35 individuals of common carp and wild common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). the fish examined represented two natural populations from khabarovsk krai (ac and am), volga wild common carp, don wild common carp, and two common carp breeds, ropsha (strains bb and mm) common carp and hungarian common carp. the highest level of nucleotide (pi) and haplotype (h) diversity was detected in two strains of ropsha common carp (mm, pi = 0.67%, h = 0. ...201222567860
estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna.environmental dna (edna) from aquatic vertebrates has recently been used to estimate the presence of a species. we hypothesized that fish release dna into the water at a rate commensurate with their biomass. thus, the concentration of edna of a target species may be used to estimate the species biomass. we developed an edna method to estimate the biomass of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) using laboratory and field experiments. in the aquarium, the concentration of edna changed initially, but r ...201222563411
the binding spectra of carp c3 isotypes against natural targets independent of the binding specificity of their thioester.the central component of complement, c3, plays a versatile role in innate immune defense of vertebrates and some invertebrates. a notable molecular characteristic of this component is an intra-chain thioester site that enables c3 to bind covalently to its target. it has been reported that the binding preference of the thioester to hydroxyl or amino groups is primarily defined by presence or absence of the catalytic histidine residue at position 1126 in human c3. in teleosts, a unique c3 (non-his ...201222561425
hybridization between native barbless carp (cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (c. carpio) in xingyun lake, china.hybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (c. carpio) in xingyun lake in the yunnan-guizhou plateau of china. a total of 203 individuals of cyprinus from xingyun lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly sugg ...201222559965
effects of pharmaceuticals on the expression of genes involved in detoxification in a carp primary hepatocyte model.fish in many surface freshwaters are exposed to a range of pharmaceuticals via wastewater treatment works effluent discharges. in mammals the pregnane x receptor (pxr) plays a key role in the regulation of a suite of genes involved in drug biotransformation, but information on the role of this response pathway in fish is limited. here we investigated the effects of exposure of carp (cyprinus carpio) primary hepatocytes to the human pxr agonist rifampicin (rif) on expression of target genes invol ...201222559005
emergence of epizootic ulcerative syndrome in native fish of the murray-darling river system, australia: hosts, distribution and possible vectors.epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus) is a fish disease of international significance and reportable to the office international des epizootics. in june 2010, bony herring nematalosa erebi, golden perch macquaria ambigua, murray cod maccullochella peelii and spangled perch leiopotherapon unicolor with severe ulcers were sampled from the murray-darling river system (mdrs) between bourke and brewarrina, new south wales australia. histopathology and polymerase chain reaction identified the fungus-lik ...201222558170
haemato-immunological and growth response of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets.an investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a tropical earthworm meal (perionyx escavatus) on the haemato-immunological response and growth performance of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio). fish were fed diets for a total of 88 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. two remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33.65% provision of protein and the remaining 66.35% protein was provided by soybean meal (sbm diet) or p. excavatus meal (ew diet). c ...201222554572
detection of feeding behaviour in common carp cyprinus carpio by using an acceleration data logger to identify mandibular movement.miniaturized acceleration data loggers were attached to the lower mandible of common carp cyprinus carpio to remotely identify feeding behaviour. whether the acceleration signal could distinguish the quantity and quality of food was also investigated. the frequency and amplitude of the lower mandible stroke, calculated from surging acceleration determined by continuous wavelet transformation, significantly increased during the feeding period compared to that during the non-feeding period. these ...201222551186
characteristics of disease spectrum in relation to species, serogroups, and adhesion ability of motile aeromonads in fish.an attempt was made to delineate the relationship between of aeromonas species and/or serogroups and specific disease symptoms in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum. the adhesion of aeromonas strains to various tissues in relation to disease spectrum was also tested. all strains of a. hydrophila caused skin ulcers as well as septicaemia in both carp and trout while the other strains were able to cause only skin ulcers or some specific internal lesions wi ...201222550470
bioguided fractionation shows cassia alata extract to inhibit staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation.plant extracts have a long history to be used in folk medicine. cassia alata extracts are known to exert antibacterial activity but details on compounds and mechanism of action remain poorly explored. we purified and concentrated the aqueous leaf extract of c. alata by reverse phase-solid phase extraction and screened the resulting carp extract for antimicrobial activity. carp extract exhibited antimicrobial activity for pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, and bacillus ...201222548121
recombinant human leptin attenuates stress axis activity in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).proper functioning of the endocrine stress axis requires communication between the stress axis and other regulatory mechanisms. we here describe an intimate interplay between the stress axis and recombinant human leptin (rhleptin) in a teleostean fish, the common carp cyprinus carpio. restraint stress (by netting up to 96h) increased plasma cortisol but did not affect hepatic leptin expression. perifusion of pituitary glands or head kidneys with rhleptin revealed direct effects of rhleptin on bo ...201222543190
odorant tuning of olfactory crypt cells from juvenile and adult rainbow trout.teleost fish lack independent olfactory organs for odorant and pheromone detection. instead, they have a single sensory epithelium with two populations of receptor neurons, ciliated and microvillous, that are conserved among vertebrates, and a unique receptor cell type named the olfactory crypt cell. crypt cells were shown to be chemosensory neurons that project to specific areas in the olfactory bulb, but their odorant tuning and overall function remain unclear. reproduction in fish is generall ...201222539741
isolation of heat-tolerant myoglobin from asian swamp eel monopterus albus.myoglobin from asian swamp eel monopterus albus was purified from fish muscle using salt fractionation followed by column chromatography and molecular filtration. the purified mb of 0.68 mg/g wet weight of muscle was determined for its molecular mass by maldi-tof-ms to be 15,525.18 da. using isoelectric focusing technique, the purified mb showed two derivatives with pi of 6.40 and 7.12. six peptide fragments of this protein identified by lc-ms/ms were homologous to mbs of sea raven hemitripterus ...201222538454
disruption of a gata4/ankrd1 signaling axis in cardiomyocytes leads to sarcomere disarray: implications for anthracycline cardiomyopathy.doxorubicin (adriamycin) is an effective anti-cancer drug, but its clinical usage is limited by a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity characterized by widespread sarcomere disarray and loss of myofilaments. cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (carp, ankrd1) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that is extremely susceptible to doxorubicin; however, the mechanism(s) of doxorubicin-induced carp depletion and its specific role in cardiomyocytes have not been completely defined. we report that doxorubicin tr ...201222532871
bioaccumulation of six pcb indicator congeners in a heavily polluted water reservoir in eastern slovakia: tissue-specific distribution in fish and their parasites.concentrations of six indicator pcb congeners (iupac nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in several organs and adipose tissue of a freshwater predatory fishes (european perch, northern pike, pike perch, wels catfish) as well as in nonpredators (common carp, freshwater bream, goldfish, white bream) and in acanthocephalan acanthocephalus lucii from the water reservoir zemplínska šírava (eastern slovakia), which is considered to be one of the most pcb-contaminated places in europe. c ...201222526286
development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical taqman real-time pcr-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture.the use of taqman real-time pcr-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. this interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. the development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. this study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (e ...201222524565
steroidogenic response of carp ovaries to piscine fsh and lh depends on the reproductive phase.the gonadotropins (gths) follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) are the key regulators of reproduction. we determined the competence of heterologous recombinant gths at eliciting steroid secretion from carp ovaries at different reproductive stages. we collected carp ovaries at: early, mid and end vitellogenesis, when most of the oocytes still contained a germinal vesicle (gv) at a central stage, and mature ovaries with a migrating gv. plasma estradiol (e2) levels at earl ...201222522050
characterization of common carp transcriptome: sequencing, de novo assembly, annotation and comparative genomics.common carp (cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important aquaculture species of cyprinidae with an annual global production of 3.4 million tons, accounting for nearly 14% of the freshwater aquaculture production in the world. due to the economical and ecological importance of common carp, genomic data are eagerly needed for genetic improvement purpose. however, there is still no sufficient transcriptome data available. the objective of the project is to sequence transcriptome deeply and provid ...201222514716
prey capture behavior of native vs. nonnative fishes: a case study from the colorado river drainage basin (usa).the colorado river drainage basin is home to a diverse but imperiled fish fauna; one putative challenge facing natives is competition with nonnatives. we examined fishes from colorado river tributaries to address the following questions: do natives and nonnatives from the same trophic guild consume the same prey items? will a given species alter its behavior when presented with different prey types? do different species procure the same prey types via similar feeding behaviors? roundtail chub (g ...201222514041
unique combination of 22q11 and 14qter microdeletion syndromes detected using oligonucleotide array-cgh.we report an infant with a unique combination of 22q11 deletion syndrome and 14q terminal deletion syndrome. the proband had clinical symptoms compatible with diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome: microcephaly, micrognathia, high-arched palate, hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, square nasal root, prominent tubular nose, hypoplastic nasal alae, bulbous nasal tip, dysplastic low-set ears, short philtrum, and heart defect, but no cell-mediated immunodeficiency typical for the syndrome. g-ban ...201222511897
an unusual variant of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis masquerading as tinea versicolor.confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (carp), also known as gougerot-carteaud syndrome, is a rare disorder. it usually presents as hyperkeratotic brown papules that coalesce into plaques with a reticulated periphery on the central trunk of young adults. confluent and reticulated papillomatosis is most often clinically confused with tinea versicolor and usually does not respond to therapy with antifungals. minocycline is the treatment of choice.201222508877
a comparative study on the sensitivity of cyprinus carpio muscle and liver fbpase toward amp and calcium.the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbpase; ec 3.1.3.11) isozymes is influenced by amp, ca2+ and by reversible interactions with subcellular structures. in contrast to mammalian and avian isozymes, the kinetic properties of fbpases from ectothermal vertebrates are not fully described. to get some insight into mechanism of glycogen resynthesis in ectothermal vertebrates we examined the features of fbpases isolated from cyprinus carpio skeletal muscle and liver. to investigate the evoluti ...201222495200
astragalin from cassia alata induces dna adducts in vitro and repairable dna damage in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.reverse phase-solid phase extraction from cassia alata leaves (carp) was used to obtain a refined extract. higher than wild-type sensitivity to carp was exhibited by 16 haploid saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with defects in dna repair and membrane transport. carp had a strong dpph free radical scavenging activity with an ic(50) value of 2.27 μg ml(-1) and showed no pro-oxidant activity in yeast. carp compounds were separated by hplc and the three major components were shown to bind to dna in v ...201222489129
higher attack rate of fish-borne trematodes (heterophyidae) in common carp fingerlings (cyprinus carpio) at lower fish weight.fish-borne zoonotic trematodes (fzts) can cause pathology in humans. fish weight was reported as important risk factor for transmission from snail to fish. however, in fingerlings, the relation between fish weight and infection is unknown. aim was quantifying the effect of fish weight on infection probability, attack rate, and metacercariae burden of fzts in common carps (cyprinus carpio) between 1 and 20 g. fish were either used as controls (n = 66) or exposed to 250 parapleurolophocercous cerc ...201222488202
comparison of bioconcentration and biomagnification factors for poorly water-soluble chemicals using common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).existing regulatory criteria for bioaccumulation assessment of chemicals are mainly based on a bioconcentration factors (bcf) not a biomagnification factors (bmf). we performed dietary exposure tests for nine poorly water-soluble chemicals and developed a linear regression between the 5 % lipid normalized bcf (bcf(l)) and the lipid-corrected bmf (bmf(l)). the bmf(l) of substances with bcf(l) = 5,000 was 0.31 (95 % ci 0.11-0.87), whereas the bcf(l) of substances with bmf(l) = 1 was 13,000 (95 % c ...201222484798
a proteomics strategy for determining the synthesis and degradation rates of individual proteins in fish.in order to study the protein dynamics in the tissues of fish we have developed a proteomics-based strategy to determine the rates of synthesis and degradation of individual proteins. we have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by measuring the turnover of multiple isoforms of parvalbumin (β1-7) in the skeletal muscle of common carp (cyprinus carpio). a stable isotope-labelled amino acid ([(2)h(7)] l-leucine) was administered to the carp via the diet and its incorporation into the isof ...201222484057
pesticide pressure and fish farming in barrage pond in northeastern france. part iii: how management can affect pesticide profiles in edible fish?the quality of fish produced in ponds needs to be ensured. indeed, pond is often strongly connected to an agricultural watershed, and pesticides are a main health and environmental issue of concern. in this context, the purpose of this study is to highlight the management practices which could impact the pesticide contamination profiles in edible fish and to give recommendations for better practices.201322467231
pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during microcystis-dominated and non-microcystis-dominated periods.performance of pre-treating algae-laden raw water by silver carp during a non-microcystis-dominated period (period i) and a microcystis-dominated period (period ii) was investigated in terms of algae cell concentration, total phosphorus content, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton species structure. during period i the ineffective filter-feeding for small green algae resulted in the increase of small single algae, which led to the negative removal of chlorophyll a, and when the biomass was higher, t ...201222466592
achyranthes aspera enhances immunity and antigen clearance in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. 201222458776
expression analysis of heat shock genes in the skin, spleen and blood of common carp (cyprinus carpio) after cadmium exposure and hypothermia.heat shock proteins are chaperones that play a pivotal role in controling multiple regulatory pathways such as stress defense, hormone signaling, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis. in this study, the expression patterns of four well-known heat shock genes (hsp70, hsc70-1, hsc70-2 and hsp90α) were characterized in the skin, spleen and blood cells of the common carp, under unstressed conditions and after cd2+ treatment or hypothermia. the examined genes were ...201222453797
fullerene and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on fish brain antioxidant status.the carbon nanomaterial fullerene (c(60)) can act as anti or pro-oxidant. the aim of this study was to evaluate, in cell suspensions of carp brains (cyprinus carpio, cyprinidae), the effect of c(60) after a pre-treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufas) such as omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, dha) and omega-6 (linoleic acid, la). assays consisted of a pre-treatment with pufa (48 h) and then exposure to c(60) (2 h). cell viability and total anti-oxidant capacity did not differ (p > 0.05). a ...201222451341
bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems.livestock and aquaculture production is under political and social pressure, especially in the european union (eu), to decrease pollution and environmental damage arising due to animal agriculture. the eu has banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals, which have been shown to be effective in promoting growth and reducing environment pollutants because of the risk caused to humans by chemical residues in food and by antibiotic resistance being passed on to human pathogens. as a result of ...200722444893
steps toward optimizing motion artifact removal in functional connectivity mri; a reply to carp. 201322440651
histopathological changes and antioxidant response in brain and kidney of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos.we investigated oxidative stress response and histopathological changes in the brain and kidney of the common carp after a 40-d exposure to cpf and atr, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery. superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activities and malondialdehyde (mda) content were measured using standard assays. our results indicated that exposure to atr, cpf or a combination of the two for 40 d induced significant changes in antioxidant enzyme (sod, ...201222436588
metals in edible fish from vistula river and dead vistula river channel, baltic sea.metals including al, ba, ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, k, mg, mn, na, ni, pb, sr and zn were determined in muscle tissue of 12 fish species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (icp-aes) and cold vapour-atomic absorption spectroscopy (cv-aas). fish were collected from vistula river at lower course and dead vistula river channel in south of baltic sea in poland. the fish species examined include round goby (neogobius melanostomus), crucian carp (carassius carassius), bull-rout ...201222428891
oxidative stress responses in different organs of carp (cyprinus carpio) with exposure to zno nanoparticles.changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (gsh) content and levels of lipid peroxidation (lpo) in gill, liver, brain and intestine of juvenile carp (cyprinus carpio) were evaluated after exposure to different concentrations (0.5, 5.0 and 50.0mg/l) of waterborne nano-zno for 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 day. the results showed that the variation trendency of antioxidant ...201222425733
transcriptome analysis reveals the time of the fourth round of genome duplication in common carp (cyprinus carpio).common carp (cyprinus carpio) is thought to have undergone one extra round of genome duplication compared to zebrafish. transcriptome analysis has been used to study the existence and timing of genome duplication in species for which genome sequences are incomplete. large-scale transcriptome data for the common carp genome should help reveal the timing of the additional duplication event.201222424280
effects of carbofuran and deltamethrin on acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and muscle of the common carp.this work investigated the effect from exposure to insecticides carbofuran and deltamethrin on acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in the brain and muscle of common carp (cyprinus carpio). both pesticides were evaluated through two separate experiments, and carp were exposed in a semi-static system to three different concentrations of carbofuran (10, 50, and 100 μg/l) and deltamethrin (0.08, 0.4, and 0.8 μg/l) during a month with sampling times at 0, 4, 15, and 30 days (n = 7 from each aquarium ...201422422543
mercury in coastal watersheds along the chinese northern bohai and yellow seas.the concentration of total mercury [hg] in waters, sediments and biota (carp and crabs) as well as the concentration of methyl mercury [mehg] in biota from upstream (surface water systems) and downstream (coastal and estuarine systems) areas within coastal watersheds along the chinese northern bohai and yellow seas were investigated. in most waters tested, the [hg] could have adverse effects on coastal wildlife. based on the chinese water quality standards for mercury, 67% of upstream waters can ...201222421344
[hybridization of crucian carp, carassius carassius (linnaeus, 1758), in ukrainian reservoirs and genetic structure of hybrids].hybridization of crucian carps carassius carassius in polyspecific crucian populations of reservoirs of ukraine and genetic structure of the hybrids were investigated using biochemical gene marking and cytometric procedure. the fact of wide hybridization between c. auratus and c. carassius was proved to be true by large number of hybrids which can form populations consisting only from hybrid individuals. hybrids c. auratus x c. carassius were diploid, tryploid and in exceptional cases tetraploid ...201222420218
effects of ibuprofen on hematological, biochemical and enzymological parameters of blood in an indian major carp, cirrhinus mrigala.in the present investigation, the most commonly used pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen (ib) was exposed to an indian major carp cirrhinus mrigala under static bioassay method to estimate its toxicological effects for a period of 35 days. the median lethal concentration (lc 50) of ib to the fish c. mrigala for 24h was found to be 142 ppm. in sublethal treatment (1/10th of lc 50 24h value, 14.2 ppm), a significant decrease in erythrocyte (rbc), mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (mchc) and plasma ...201222418069
effects of carbon nanomaterials fullerene c₆₀ and fullerol c₆₀(oh)₁₈₋₂₂ on gills of fish cyprinus carpio (cyprinidae) exposed to ultraviolet radiation.in consequence of their growing use and demand, the inevitable environmental presence of nanomaterials (nms) has raised concerns about their potential deleterious effects to aquatic environments. the carbon nm fullerene (c₆₀), which forms colloidal aggregates in water, and its water-soluble derivative fullerol (c₆₀(oh)₁₈₋₂₂), which possesses antioxidant properties, are known to be photo-excited by ultraviolet (uv) or visible light. to investigate their potential hazards to aquatic organisms upon ...201222417764
metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol a by fish liver subcellular fractions in vitro.polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) are two major flame retardants that accumulate in fish tissues and are potentially toxic. their debrominated and oxidated derivatives were also reported in fish tissues although the sources of theses derivatives were unidentified. our study was to determine whether pbdes and tbbpa could be metabolized by fish liver subcellular fractions in vitro and to identify what types of metabolites were formed. liver microsomes and s9 ...201222417763
structural stability of myosin rod from silver carp as affected by season.chymotrypsin digestion and circular dichroism (cd) spectroscopy were used to study the structural stability of myosin rods prepared from silver carp in summer and winter. differences in the thermal stability were clearly demonstrated by the chymotryptic digestion patterns and cd data obtained at ph 7.5 in 0.5 m kcl for myosin rods in both seasons, indicating the structural properties differed seasonally. in winter, the myosin rods were more susceptible to be cleaved into short (40 kda) subfragme ...201422417413
effect of season on fatty acid composition and n-3/n-6 ratios of zander and carp muscle lipids in altinapa dam lake.in this study, seasonal variations on total fatty acid composition of carp, cyprinus carpio, and zander, sander lucioperca, muscle lipids in altinapa dam lake were determined. fish samples in 2 seasons (summer and winter) were obtained from altinapa dam lake in konya, turkey. polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be higher during the cold season than in the hot both in zander and carp. whereas the docosahexaenoic acid was high in zander both in summer and winter, in carp it was high only dur ...201122417340
dietary tryptophan changes serum stress markers, enzyme activity, and ions concentration of wild common carp cyprinus carpio exposed to ambient copper.effect of dietary tryptophan (trp) on copper toxicity was investigated in common carp, cyprinus carpio. fish were randomly distributed into two triplicate treatments (control and trp) and fed control (trp = 3.1 g kg(-1)) or trp (trp = 8.1 g kg(-1)) diets over a 2-week period. then, both treatments were subjected to 10 mg l(-1) copper sulfate over a 7-day period. mortality and serum cortisol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), sodium, potassium, and chlorid ...201222415861
in vitro exposure to fullerene c(60) influences redox state and lipid peroxidation in brain and gills from cyprinus carpio (cyprinidae).studies concerning the impact of nanomaterials, especially fullerene (c(60) ), in fresh water environments and their effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms are still scarce and conflicting. we aimed to assess in vitro effects of fullerene in brain and gill homogenates of carp cyprinus carpio, evaluating redox parameters. a fullerene suspension was prepared by continued stirring under fluorescent light during two months. the suspension concentration was measured by total carbon content an ...201222410840
effect of cadmium chloride on metallothionein levels in carp.due to anthropogenic activities, heavy metals still represent a threat for various trophic levels. if aquatic animals are exposed to heavy metals, we can obviously observe considerable toxicity. it is well known that organisms treated with heavy metals synthesize low molecular mass compounds rich in cysteine. in this work the effects of cadmium chloride (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mg/l) on common carp (cyprinus carpio) was investigated. we determined cadmium content in tissue of muscle, liver and ...200922408554
reduced inflammatory response to aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) fed with β-glucan supplements.the objective of the present study was to determine the action of β-glucans as feed additives on the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during the early stages of a non-lethal bacterial infection with aeromonas salmonicida. β-glucan (macrogard(®)), was administered daily to carp (6 mg per kg body weight) in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets for 14 days prior to infection. control and treated fish were then intraperi ...201222406448
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