Publications

detection of double-stranded rna by immunoblot electrophoresis.	a procedure is described which permits the serological detection of double-stranded rna (dsrna) which has been electrophoretically transferred from agarose gels to zeta-probe blotting membranes. cucumber mosaic virus replicative forms of rnas 1-3 and cassava (manihot esculenta) clone 'secundina' dsrnas can be routinely detected from 1 g of leaf tissue. this procedure allows for the detection and size estimation of dsrnas in crude nucleic acid preparations.	1986	3528205
structure and replication of geminivirus genomes.	the geminiviruses are a group of plant viruses containing single-stranded (ss) dna in particles comprising two quasi-icosahedral units. some are transmitted by whiteflies, others by leafhoppers. comparisons were made of the genome organization and expression of cassava latent virus (clv) and maize streak virus (msv) and beet curly top virus (bctv), each with distinct host range and insect vector species characteristics. from these studies, several indications as to the replication mechanism(s) a ...	1987	3503890
studies of rumen function in an in vitro continuous culture system.	an in vitro continuous culture system to simulate processes in the rumen is described. this comprises a culture vessel (fig. 2) fed continuously with pelleted solid feed (fig. 1); artificial saliva also enters the vessel while effluent leaves it continuously in two streams, one is filtered and the other simply overflows (fig. 1). in this way liquid and solid turnover times may be manipulated independently; in a trial experiment the former and latter were 6.3% and 3.4% per hour respectively. in f ...	1987	3454631
[testing of the digestibility of crude nutrients and of the applicability of tapioca for laying hens and young chickens].	by means of the difference method an apparent digestibility of 88.3% of the organic matter, 50.4% of the crude protein, 25.1% of the crude fat, 12.7% of the crude fibre and 94.2% of the n-free extractives of thai tapioca meal was ascertained in colostomized laying hens. it is possible to use 20% tapioca meal in the feed for chickens and pullets without a decrease in performance. two experiments with laying hens were carried out with 5-30% tapioca. egg production decreases slightly with a tapioca ...	1987	3451723
native starch in tablet formulations: properties on compaction.	maize, potato, rice and tapioca (cassava) starch were evaluated with respect to their properties on direct compression. rice starch showed much better compactibility as compared to maize, potato and tapioca starch. moreover, its binding capacity proved to be almost insensitive to mixing with magnesium stearate. this in contrast to the dramatic decrease in crushing strength of potato starch tablets containing the lubricant. the compactibility of the starches was found to be strongly affected by t ...	1987	3432037
the biological quality of a cassava leave protein concentrate.		1986	3425108
behavioral effects of chronic sublethal dietary cyanide in an animal model: implications for humans consuming cassava (manihot esculenta).		1988	3417281
[geographical distribution and pathogenesis of chronic calcifying pancreatitis in tropical zones. results of a multicenter survey in french-speaking black africa].	chronic calcifying pancreatitis (ccp) is rare in countries with low alcohol consumption except in some tropical countries where malnutrition is widespread (southwest india) and in which ccp occurs in young non-alcoholics. in black africa sporadic cases of ccp have been reported in english-speaking countries (uganda, nigeria). the purpose of this study was to: a) assess the geographical distribution of ccp in french-speaking africa; b) estimate the relative proportion of alcoholic ccp (accp) and ...	1988	3402687
effects of cassava variety and processing on energy and protein digestibility and utilization by young children.	two varieties of cassava, processed as nigerian fermented flour (gari) or as brazilian flour (farinha), were fed to two groups of eight infants and young children, each group receiving both forms of one variety, with preceding, intervening and following casein control diets. the flours provided 50% of diet energy, with casein added to make 8% energy as protein, vegetable oils to make 20% as fat and corn syrup solids and sugar to make 72% carbohydrate (cho) energy. fecal wet weight increased (p l ...	2012	3392598
health in the balance: the under-fives weighing program.	penimbangan balita (under-5s weighing program) was developed in the late 70's in indonesia to increase community participation in child survival and development. by 1985 6 million children in more than 50% of the 67,986 villages of indonesia participated in the program. balita was introduced in java, a village with a population of 4700, in 1978. 98 families participated -- most either share-farmed or did not own any farm land. land is a very precious commodity in java. cassava, maize, and r ...	1988	3391669
delimitation of essential genes of cassava latent virus dna 2.	insertion and deletion mutagenesis of both extended open reading frames (orfs) of cassava latent virus dna 2 destroys infectivity. infectivity is restored by coinoculating constructs that contain single mutations within different orfs. although frequent intermolecular recombination produces dominant parental-type virus, mutants can be retained within the virus population indicating that they are competent for replication and suggesting that rescue can occur by complementation of trans acting gen ...	1988	3387209
diet, pancreatic function, and chronic pancreatitis in south india and france.	the usual consumption of calories, fat, protein, and carbohydrate, and the exocrine pancreatic function estimated in duodenal juice after an intravenous injection of secretin and cholecystokinin (cck), have been studied with the same method and by the same team in kerala (south india) and in marseille (france) in apparently normal children (7 indians, 21 french), in normal adults (23 indians, 17 french), and in patients presenting with chronic calcifying pancreatitis (8 indian children, 28 india ...	2012	3362842
more lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth in american indians: prehistoric panamanians.	lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (lsa-mat) has been found in additional prehistoric latin american indian skeletons. lsamat was first observed in crania from an archaic brazilian site. this second finding occurs in teeth from venado beach, a late prehistoric site in panama. lsamat is also present in some fragmentary specimens from the archaic cerro mangote site in panama. lsamat at venado beach is present in 57% of 28 adult crania. as in the brazilian study, lsamat is as ...	2012	3303956
[etiopathogenesis of chronic nutritional pancreatitis].	the most current form of chronic pancreatitis, i.e. chronic calcifying pancreatitis, is often related to nutritional causes. this disease is characterized by formation within the pancreatic ducts and the lumina of accini of precipitates and calculi composed of calcium carbonate and of a newly discovered protein, the pancreatic stone protein (psp). the formation of precipitates depends on two mechanisms: (1) a non etiological disorder reducing the secretion of psp. this small phosphoglycoprotein ...	1987	3303203
potential gene products of bean golden mosaic virus have higher sequence homologies to those of tomato golden mosaic virus than to those of cassava latent virus.	comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the dnas of bean golden mosaic virus (bgmv), tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) and cassava latent virus (clv) revealed a fairly close relationship between bgmv dna1, tgmv dna1, and clv dna1 and a comparatively distant relationship between bgmv dna2, tgmv dna2, and clv dna2. the 200-base region common to the two dnas of each virus had little sequence homology, except for a highly conserved 33-36 base sequence potentially capable of forming a stable hairpi ...	1988	3238924
incorporation of grass silage, whole cereal grains, cassava and cottonseed meal into diets of rabbits kept in a simulated tropical environment.	the growth and feed conversion of rabbits fed either grass silage or whole grains and supplementary pelleted concentrate of cassava/cottonseed diets were investigated. poor quality grass silage (ph 4.9) was almost completely rejected by young rabbits initially fed either 17.8 g or 35.5 g dm/day of a supplementary concentrate. rabbits on the lower level of concentrate provision lost 0.35 g liveweight per day. rabbits initially weighing 1.77 kg fed complete pelleted diets containing 667 g/kg maize ...	1988	3238769
supporting evidence for the use of cassava [manihot esculeta] products instead of wheat flour products in the diet of the diabetic.		1988	3232368
the degradation of different protein supplements in the rumen of steers and the effects of these supplements on carbohydrate digestion.	1. four steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given diets consisting of ground and pelleted alkali-treated straw, rolled barley and tapioca supplemented with urea (diet u) or containing single-cell protein (diet scp), maize-gluten meal (diet mgm) or rapeseed meal (diet rsm) in place of some of the tapioca. the isoenergetic diets were given in a 4 x 4 latin square design in eight feeds/d at 3-h intervals and provided sufficient metabolizable energy to support a growth rate of approx ...	1988	3219330
supporting evidence for the use of cassava (manihot esculeta) products instead of wheat flour products in the diet of the diabetic.		1988	3218224
[optic neuritis caused by manioc].		2004	3153826
immobilization of linamarase and its use in the determination of bound cyanide in cassava using flow injection analysis.	extracts from the tubers (cortex and parenchyma) and leaves of manihot esculenta crantz (cassava) were analyzed for their releasable cyanide content using flow injection analysis incorporating an immobilized linamarase bioreactor. linamarase was immobilized under very mild conditions to an activated 2-fluoro-n-methylpyridinium fractogel support. the released cyanide, which was monitored spectrophotometrically at 525 nm using an alkaline picrate reagent, was found to be highest in the cortex and ...	1988	3142290
characterization of cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).	linamarase (ec 3.2.1.21) was purified from cassava petiole, stem, and root cortex by ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography on sepharose 6b, and chromatofocusing. the last step resolved the enzyme from each source into three forms with pi values of 4.3, 3.3, and 2.9. each form was found to be oligomeric, consisting of one kind of subunit, mr 63,000. the major isozyme with a pi of 4.3 from petiole showed a km for linamarin of 0.6 mm and possessed both beta-glucosidase and beta-fuco ...	1988	3140730
continuous enteral nutrition during the early adaptive stage of the short bowel syndrome.	sixty-two patients with the short bowel syndrome (30-150 cm) were managed by continuous enteral nutrition (cen) in the early adaptive phase. in all, 82 per cent were referrals from other units and 85 per cent of referrals had failure of one or more organ systems on admission. there were intra-abdominal abscesses in 41 per cent of patients and 37 per cent had an enterocutaneous fistula. the diet included polysaccharides, medium chain triglycerides and protein hydrolysates, mixed with a high-visco ...	1988	3134973
[protein concentrate of the manioc leaf. extraction, chemical analyses and supplementation with amino acids].	the purpose of this work was to prepare a manioc leaf protein concentrate introducing some new procedures on the known methods developed by other authors. chemical composition and biological quality (per, digestibility, npu and bv) of the protein content were measured for diets prepared with leaf protein concentrate and leaf. histological studies were carried out in some organs. the protein concentrate and the powdered leaves were supplemented with methionine and lysine, alone and combined. the ...	1986	3115218
determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds in biological systems.	a survey of methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of cyanide and cyanogenic compounds is presented. particular attention is paid to determination in complex matrices. chromatographic methods able to separate mixtures of closely related structures, such as glycosides of enantiomeric hydroxynitriles or lipids with slightly differing fatty acid spectra, are included, as are highly selective methods of detection, such as enzymic post-column cleavage combined with electrochemical ...	1988	3073056
sugar "allergy" and children's behavior.	sixteen children whose behavior was said to become aggressive, overly active, loud, and noncompliant when ingesting sugar were tested. sugar-free home diet was maintained and an "open" challenge to a large dose (3 g/kg) of candy bar sucrose was given. subsequent behavior was noted by actometer, quantitative playroom observation using several standard behavioral tests, and ability to do maze drawings. no significant changes were found on the open challenge test. a slight change from baseline was ...	1988	3059850
[tapioca melanoma of the iris].		1988	3048718
exocrine pancreatic function of children from the ivory coast compared to french children. effect of kwashiorkor.	one hundred nineteen children, either french or from the ivory coast, aged 1-8 years, were submitted to pancreatic function testing by duodenal aspiration. trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, phospholipase, amylase, volume, bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium were estimated before and after an intravenous injection of 1 cu secretin + 3 chr units pancreozymin per kilogram of body weight. sixty-two patients were normal european children, and 11 were normal african children. twenty-five african children ...	1986	3009110
protein metabolism in growing pigs fed corn or cassava peel based diets containing graded protein levels.	sixty-four large white cross landrace weanling pigs were randomly allotted to eight treatments in a two by four factorial arrangement. the two dietary variables were cassava peel (0 and 40 per cent) and crude protein (20, 15, 10 and 5 per cent). total serum protein concentration was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by protein deficiency and by its interaction with cassava peel. the multiple coefficient of determination (r2) showed that protein intake was the primary factor determining ch ...	1985	2989987
[tapioca melanoma of the iris].		2016	2973640
interactive effects of live weight, basal diet and fat supply on essential fatty acid status and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine measured postprandially in pigs.	1. the composition of the basal diet (purified vs complete feed ingredients provided as a cassava and a barley based diet, respectively), type of dietary fat [saturated fatty acids (18:0) supplied as fully hydrogenated soya bean oil vs unsaturated fatty acids (18:2) supplied in the form of soya bean oil] and the live wt of the animals (40 vs 80 kg) highly influenced the efa status of the body and postprandial blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine. 2. interactive effects of live ...	1988	2904342
[the concept of tropical neuromyelopathy].	since the beginning of this century, the concept of tropical neuromyelopathy (t. n. m.) was progressively elaborated in tropical areas. this disorder is constituted by three main clinical syndromes (e.g.: polyneuropathy, spastic paraplegia, ataxia). abnormal clinical, electrophysiological and pathological features, observed in all clinical forms argue in favor of a diffuse pathobiological process of the nervous system. the association with positive htlv-1 serology, has recently induced a great i ...	1988	2901297
the effects of interacting variables on the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution of paracetamol tablets.	a factorially designed scheme has been used to analyse the separate and combined effects of packing fraction (p), nature of binder (n) and concentration of binder (c) on the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution (t50%) times of paracetamol tablets. in general, p has the greatest effect on tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution times followed by c then n. for the variables in combination, the ranking of the effects on tensile strength, for the pvp/gelatin formulations, are p ...	2010	2900309
agricultural production in kikwawila village, southeastern tanzania.	food production, land utilisation and agricultural structures were surveyed at kikwawila village, north of ifakara (kilombero district, morogoro region) in 1984. this study was part of a more comprehensive, longitudinal programme to investigate the health status of a rural community, aiming in particular at the interrelations between nutrition, parasitic infections, immunity and the environment. out of 340 households, 100 were interviewed and their subsistence farming activities recorded. the so ...	1987	2891272
infectious mutants of cassava latent virus generated in vivo from intact recombinant dna clones containing single copies of the genome.	intact recombinant dnas containing single copies of either component of the cassava latent virus genome can elicit infection when mechanically inoculated to host plants in the presence of the appropriate second component. characterisation of infectious mutant progeny viruses, by analysis of virus-specific supercoiled dna intermediates, indicates that most if not all of the cloning vector has been deleted, achieved at least in some cases by intermolecular recombination in vivo between dnas 1 and ...	1986	2875435
indian cassava mosaic virus: ultrastructure of infected cells.	ultrastructural examination of leaf tissue of nicotiana benthamiana infected with indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) revealed abnormalities in phloem and, occasionally, xylem cells. nuclei contained granular inclusion bodies which seemed to be largely composed of virus-like particles and were shown by immunogold labelling (igl) to be rich in icmv coat protein. later in infection, hollow spheres made up of fibrillar material were produced. virus coat protein was not a necessary component of these ...	1989	2794977
size reversion of african cassava mosaic virus coat protein gene deletion mutants during infection of nicotiana benthamiana.	mutants of african cassava mosaic virus containing extensive deletions across the coat protein gene that remove up to one-third of the genomic component have been constructed and shown to be infectious when mechanically inoculated onto nicotiana benthamiana by leaf abrasion. using n. tabacum protoplasts we demonstrate that mutant pclv.cp delta 11, containing a 712 bp deletion, is competent for replication in its deleted form. however, systemic spread of pclv. cp delta 11 and other deletion mutan ...	1989	2732690
risk factors for oral cancer in brazil: a case-control study.	a case-control study of risk factors for carcinomas of the tongue, gum, floor, and other specified parts of the mouth was conducted in 3 metropolitan areas in brazil: são paulo (southeast), curitiba (south), and goiânia (central-west). we analyzed information on demographics, occupational history, environmental exposures, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking habits, as well as diet, oral and other health characteristics obtained from interviews with 232 cases and 464 hospital non-cancer controls ...	1989	2732011
cyanide content of cassava mash and gari flour and influence of water activity (aw) during storage.		2009	2713530
cassava root meal in diets for growing rabbits.	the effects of substituting imported cassava root meal for barley meal in rations for growing rabbits were examined. four diets were used. diet 1 contained 500 g/kg barley meal, the remainder of the diet consisted of soya bean meal, barley straw, vitamins and minerals. diets 2, 3 and 4 contained increasing amounts of cassava root meal in place of barley meal at 165, 335 and 500 g/kg respectively with l-lysine and dl methionine supplements. a growth trial was carried out using 48 individually cag ...	1989	2711460
a pragmatic approach to improving small ruminant diets in the indonesian humid tropics.	research conducted since 1980 on the nutrition and feeding of kacang goats and javanese thintail sheep for meat production in indonesia is reviewed. feeding practices in three villages were monitored, along with animal production criteria, to better understand the limitations imposed by feed resource availability. village and experiment station data showed that native or cultivated tropical grasses fed alone did not support growth of young goats and that lambs fed napier grass alone grew at no m ...	1989	2687217
insulin and glycemic responses in healthy humans to native starches processed in different ways: correlation with in vitro alpha-amylase hydrolysis.	the aim of the study was to elucidate how extracted starches submitted to food processing (or not) can influence plasma insulin and glucose responses in healthy subjects. native starches from wheat, manihot, smooth peas, or mung beans were tested either raw, as starch gels (boiled and cooled), or cooked and cooled after a preliminary industrial processing: extrusion cooking for wheat, tapioca for manihot, and noodles for mung beans. eighteen healthy subjects randomly assigned received three diff ...	1989	2667315
[lipopigment in the adipose tissue of slaughtered swine].	after feeding rests of slaughtered poultry together with whey, tapioca and residues of stark production to pigs 70% of the slaughtered pigs were refused by the meat inspection because of yellow fat and yellow hair. the occurrence of bile pigment, carotenoids and synthetic colours could be excluded while acid fast pigments were demonstrated in the fat tissue, liver and skeleton muscle. this could be confirmed by the peroxide number, acid number and the content of malondialdehyde and vitamin e. th ...	1989	2653787
intermediary metabolic changes in rabbits administered linamarin or potassium cyanide.	since cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a staple food item of several million people in the tropics, its toxicity cannot be underestimated. therefore an attempt has been made to understand the metabolic changes caused by the chronic administration of sublethal doses linamarin, the principal cyanoglucoside of cassava, to rabbits. a significant rise in lactic acid and total cholesterol in liver and brain and a highly significant depletion of phospholipids of brain tissue was observed. there we ...	1989	2632391
aflatoxin levels in foodstuffs in fiji and tonga islands.	fungal growth is a major problem of food storage in humid environments, as occur in south pacific countries for parts of the year. major crops, including edible nuts, copra and root crops, are susceptible to aspergillus growth and therefore potential contamination with aflatoxin. liver cancer occurs in fiji and tonga, with the occurrence in fijians being significantly higher than in the indian population. thirty-three peanut samples from farmers were analysed for aflatoxin and 50% of the samples ...	1989	2631094
digestibility of native and modified starches: in vitro studies with human and rabbit pancreatic amylases and in vivo studies in rabbits.	the effects of cooking and chemical modification of purified starches on the relative rates and extent of their hydrolysis were studied in vitro by using purified human and rabbit pancreatic amylases. comparison was made with an in vivo study of postprandial glucose and insulin response in adult rabbits. uncooked starches showed negligible hydrolysis in vitro, whereas cooking (10 min, 100 degrees c) increased both the rate and extent of hydrolysis of all starches. soluble potato starch was the m ...	1985	2578187
effects of tapioca obtained from cassava (manihot utilissima) on the disintegration and dissolution rates of paracetamol tablets.	the properties of tapioca obtained from cassava (manihot utilissima) have been evaluated. its binding effect in tablets of paracetamol on the disintegration and dissolution rates was compared with tablets prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone and gelatin. the nature and amount of the binders were found to alter the disintegration and dissolution rates of the tablets by reducing their wettability as measured by the adhesion tension of water. a linear relationship has been found to exist between the ...	2008	2565972
pattern of enzyme changes in rabbits administered linamarin or potassium cyanide.	diseases like tropical ataxic neuropathy and endemic goitre have been reported to have definite correlation with a chronic ingestion of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz). the toxicity of cassava has been attributed to its two cyanogenic glycosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. in this study, an attempt has been made to understand the pattern of changes in certain clinically significant enzymes brought about by the chronic administration of sublethal doses of linamarin to rabbits. the profound el ...	1989	2555300
comparative study of the surface charge of some isolates of trypanosomatids of the genus phytomonas.	the surface charge of different isolates of phytomonas from euphorbia hyssopifolia, euphorbia pinea, euphorbia characias and manihot esculenta was analysed by the binding of cationic particles (colloidal iron hydroxide at ph 1.8 and cationized ferritin at ph 7.2) to the protozoan surface and by determination of the cell electrophoretic mobility (epm). all the isolates had a net negative surface charge, and the isolate from e. hyssopifolia manifested the greatest negative charge. a good relations ...	1989	2517559
the mutagenicity of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) preparations.	different cassava products were found to contain mutagenic activities in the ames test. this paper describes how the flavonol quercetin is released during the cooking of fresh cassava leaves, following a process very similar to culinary habits. the hydrolysis of the glucoside(s) and the release of free quercetin has been followed by the monitoring of mutagenic activities with a simultaneous isolation and purification by thin-layer chromatography. the fluorodensitometric method applied revealed t ...	1990	2407573
[ergosterol as a measure for fungal growth in feed. 2. ergosterol content of mixed feed components and mixed feed].	ergosterol was determined as a chemical indicator of fungal biomass in commodities which were used for the production of mixed feeds. it was found in all samples of each of the following components (content in mg/kg dm): wheat (2.6 +/- 1.0), low grade wheat flour (fibre less than or equal to 3.5%) (17.3 +/- 9.1), wheat semolina bran (fibre less than or equal to 10%) (29.4 +/- 16.8), wheat bran (35.2 +/- 9.4), grain corn (1.0 +/- 0.6), corn gluten feed (7.8 +/- 3.0), corn gluten (10.3 +/- 5.0), m ...	1990	2400324
defective viral dna ameliorates symptoms of geminivirus infection in transgenic plants.	nicotiana benthamiana was transformed with a single copy of a tandem repeat of subgenomic dna b isolated from plants infected with a kenyan isolate of the bipartite geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus. symptoms in transformed plants were less severe than in nontransformed controls when challenged with virus or cloned dna of kenyan or nigerian isolates. symptom amelioration was associated with the mobilization and amplification of the subgenomic dna, producing a comparable reduction in the a ...	1990	2385593
geminivirus coat protein gene replacement alters insect specificity.	chimeric clones have been constructed in which the coat protein encoded by dna a of the bipartite genome of the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) has been replaced by that of beet curly top virus (bctv). constructs containing the coding region inserted in either orientation were infectious when co-inoculated with acmv dna b onto nicotiana benthamiana, producing symptoms typical of acmv infection. the onset of symptom production was delayed relative to plants inoculated with parenta ...	1990	2353465
urea metabolism in sheep given conventional feeds or nourished by intragastric infusion.	a comparison has been made of the kinetics of urea metabolism in sheep given conventional feeds or maintained wholly by intragastric infusions of volatile fatty acids, buffer, mineral and casein solutions. daily nitrogen supply was 13.2 g/day in 'fed' sheep and 6.0 g/day in 'infusion' sheep. on each feeding system measurements were made at the basal (maintenance) level of intake and when the basal level was supplemented with infusions of urea into the abomasum (125 mmol/day) or into the rumen (3 ...	1990	2340163
nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned dna components of african cassava mosaic virus (nigerian strain).		1990	2308831
the effects of host diet on plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis.	a comparative study carried out on infected mice to investigate the effect of host diet on plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis showed that concentrations of blood protein, hemoglobin, and erythrocytes began to decrease in infected mice on day 2 after inoculation and reached the lowest levels on day 8. the greatest decrease was among mice fed on protein-rich mouse cubes, whereas the least decrease was among mice fed on cassava meal. inflammation of the spleens and livers of infected mice also was notic ...	1990	2254825
enrichment of nutrient quality of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) with microbial proteins.	the effect of fermentation on the nutrient quality of cassava was investigated. chemical analysis revealed a general increase in ash, fibre and crude protein content of the fermented cassava mash, while the carbohydrate content showed a substantial decrease. the results of the chemical analysis indicated that fermentation resulted in a slight protein enrichment of the fermentated cassava mash. when active yeast cells were inoculated into the cassava mash before fermentation, the yeast cells grew ...	1990	2174155
farmers' loss due to guinea worm disease: a pilot study.	guinea worm disease has been blamed for much disability and loss of productivity among farmers in africa and south asia. many studies have tried to equate days lost in illness to monetary values. these attempts often overlook the process of disability in relation to farming patterns. this pilot effort uses a qualitative case study approach to learn about how guinea worm can cause loss to farmers. twenty in-depth interviews with affected farmers showed that their losses are related to the time of ...	1990	2139137
[thyroid hormone levels in persons without gout, residents of antananarivo, and in subjects consuming manioc].		1990	2137924
energy value of cassava for young swine.	a comparative slaughter experiment was conducted to determine the energy values of cassava chips for weanling pigs. a basal, highly fortified diet was fed to all pigs at 3% body weight daily. treatments consisted of the addition of cassava chips at 0, 1, and 2% of body weight daily. the apparent digestion coefficients (adc) for dry matter and energy increased but the adc for nitrogen decreased with the addition of cassava chips to the basal diet. digestible energy per gram decreased linearly and ...	1991	2071498
mutagenesis of the ac3 open reading frame of african cassava mosaic virus dna a reduces dna b replication and ameliorates disease symptoms.	small insertions were made independently at each of four unique restriction sites on african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) dna a to disrupt the three overlapping complementary-sense open reading frames (orfs) herein designated ac1, ac2 and ac3. the dna a mutants were assayed for their infectivity by agroinoculation of monomeric constructs to nicotiana benthamiana plants containing chromosomal insertions of acmv dna b. disruption of the ac3 orf alone resulted in a delay and amelioration of disease ...	1991	2045787
dna forms of the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus consistent with a rolling circle mechanism of replication.	we have analysed dna from african cassava mosaic virus (acmv)-infected nicotiana benthamiana by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis and detected acmv-specific dnas by blot-hybridisation. acmv dna forms including the previously characterised single-stranded, open-circular, linear and supercoiled dnas along with five previously uncharacterised heterogeneous dnas (h1-h5) were resolved. the heterogeneous dnas were characterised by their chromatographic properties on bnd-cellulose and their a ...	1991	2041773
mutational analysis of complementary-sense genes of african cassava mosaic virus dna a.	we have investigated the ability of african cassava mosaic virus dna a mutants, containing disrupted complementary-sense genes, to infect nicotiana benthamiana and to replicate in nicotiana tabacum protoplasts. three overlapping open reading frames (orfs) with the capacity to encode proteins with an mr greater than 10k (ac1, ac2 and ac3) are highly conserved between geminiviruses that infect dicotyledonous plants and one (ac4) is less well conserved. of these, only ac1 is a prerequisite for dna ...	1991	2033385
utility of cheap carbon & nitrogen sources for the production of a mosquito-pathogenic fungus, lagenidium.	attempts were made to produce lagenidium in culture media containing corn starch, barley flour, wheat flour, jaggery, rice bran, rice flour or tapioca starch as the major carbon source and groundnut cake as nitrogen source in comparison with peptone-yeast extract-glucose-sunflower oil (pygsf) agar medium. the number of zoospores produced by the mycelia grown in pygsf agar medium was 20 x 10(4)/10 cm2 while that grown in the other media was 20-25 x 10(4)/10 cm2. with respect to the larvicidal act ...	1990	1971615
formulation of a flowable liquid concentrate of bacillus thuringiensis serotype h-14 spores and crystals as mosquito larvicide.	bacillus thuringiensis serotype h-14 spores and crystals, produced in 51 fermenters, were centrifuged and resuspended in emulsified palm olein to give 3.2 x 10(11) colony forming units (cfu)/ml. the suspension was mixed with a cassava-molasses-palm olein-charcoal (cmpc-2) mixture which served as the carrier, adhesive, dispersant and protectant. the final concentration of the formulation was 3.2 x 10(9) cfu/ml. the lethal concentrations capable of killing 50% of the test population (lc50) of cmpc ...	1991	1955414
comparative continuous-indirect-calorimetry study of two carbohydrates with different glycemic indices.	six healthy young men were studied by indirect calorimetry for 6 h after eating a meal composed of glucose or manioc starch (equivalent to 50 g dextrose). blood was drawn every 30 min for 6 h to measure plasma glucose, free fatty acid (ffa), and insulin concentrations. the glycemic index of the starch was 57%. plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were significantly higher from 150 to 210 min and ffa concentrations remained significantly lower from 210 to 360 min after starch than after gluc ...	2007	1951156
analysis of the potential promoter sequences of african cassava mosaic virus by transient expression of the beta-glucuronidase gene.	dna fragments from promoter regions of the geminivirus, african cassava mosaic virus, were cloned into pg1, a vector based on puc18, producing transcriptional fusions with the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene and nopaline synthase termination sequence. the activity of each promoter construct was assessed by analysing the transient expression of gus in nicotiana clevelandii protoplasts. the results demonstrated that constructs containing the common region of dna a showed much stronger promoter activ ...	1991	1940874
tomato yellow leaf curl virus: a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus with a single genomic component.	the genome of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv), a bemisia tabaci-transmitted geminivirus, was cloned. all clones obtained were of one genomic molecule, analogous to dna a of african cassava mosaic virus. nucleotide sequence analysis of the tylcv genome showed that it comprises 2787 nucleotides, encoding six open reading frames, two on the virion strand and four on the complementary strand. all of them have counterparts in other geminiviruses. dimeric copies of the cloned viral genome we ...	1991	1926771
[insulin secretion in nondiabetic manioc consumers].	the study of pancreatic beta cell function during an intravenous glucose tolerance test performed on 28 healthy cassava eaters showed 3 types of response: normal insulin secretion in 17 subjects, a significantly elevated peak at 30 min, compared to the control group (6 subjects p less than 0.0125), with preservation of insulin secretion dynamics, and a late peak at 120 min. (5 subjects p less than 0.0125). among the different factors capable of stimulating insulin secretion, in absence of a sign ...	1982	1915997
the effect of a nutritionally-balanced cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) diet on endocrine function using the dog as a model. 2. thyroid.	growing dogs were divided into three groups and were fed on nutritionally-balanced diets. control dogs were fed on a rice diet, the cassava (gari) group ate a diet in which gari provided the carbohydrate source, while the rice + cyanide group consumed the rice diet to which hydrocyanic acid (equivalent to that present in gari) was added. each group consumed its diet for 14 weeks, during which plasma thiocyanate concentration and total serum triiodothyronine (t3) were monitored. at the end of the ...	1991	1878357
the effect of a nutritionally-balanced cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) diet on endocrine function using the dog as a model. 1. pancreas.	growing dogs were divided into three groups and were fed on a control (rice) diet, a diet in which cassava (manihot esculenta crantz; gari) was used as the carbohydrate source, and the rice diet to which cyanide (equivalent to that present in gari) was added. each group consumed its diet for 14 weeks, during which plasma thiocyanate concentration and plasma lipase (ec 3.1.1.3) activity were monitored. plasma free amino acids were determined from pooled samples taken at the end of the experimenta ...	1991	1878356
association of hyperglycemia with dietary cyanogen and socio-economic level. the study of rural communities in south-east nigeria.	an association of asymptomatic hyperglycemia with dietary cyanogens and socio-economic level was ascertained in 2,000 volunteers in rural communities in south-east nigeria. the staples of the poor consisted of one or two bulky carbohydrate meals (derivatives of different species of cocoyam, cassava, yam and maize) eaten with vegetable soup in palm oil, melon seeds, snail, occasional meat and fish. the diet of the high income class included also beans, rice and more animal proteins. alcohol (main ...	1981	1862689
african cassava mosaic virus di dna interferes with the replication of both genomic components.	natural infections of the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) are known to be associated with low levels of defective interfering (di) dnas. recently it has been demonstrated that extrachromosomal copies of the di dna, mobilized and amplified from an integrated di dna dimer, can ameliorate acmv symptoms in transformed nicotiana benthamiana, providing a possible means for the control of cassava mosaic disease. to further understand the molecular basis of the interference phenomenon, w ...	1991	1853559
whole blood cyanide levels of mainly dietary origin in a human population sample in port harcourt, nigeria.	whole blood cyanide levels in a human population sample of volunteers known to each gari-based meals at least once a day were determined. the most widely eaten cassava product in the area of research is gari. the mean blood cyanide obtained for healthy normal volunteers was 0.294 +/- 0.09 mumol/l while the value for sicklers was 0.398 +/- 0.008 mumol/l, indicating the possibility of reduced rate of metabolism and excretion of cyanide by sicklers as compared to non-sicklers. investigation of post ...	1991	1852725
community perceptions on diarrheal diseases: a case study in swampy lowland area of south sumatra, indonesia. the diarrheal diseases research and training study group.	four investigators conducted participative observation at 4 hamlets, representing 4 typical topography in the area, wet or dry near the river and wet or dry far from the river, in district rambutan, south sumatera province, indonesia from july 1988 up until february 1989 to study the community perception and practices on diarrheal diseases (dd). the observation was supported by focus group discussions and informal interviews. it was found that the causes of dd can be grouped into: dirty water; w ...	1991	1852467
socioeconomic, social behaviour and dietary patterns among malaysian aborigines and rural native malays.	the socioeconomic, social behaviour and dietary pattern of 100 aborigines and malays, aged 7 years and above from kuala pangsoon, selangor malaysia were studied by using pretested questionnaires. the individual's dietary intake was estimated using 24 hour recall for 3 days within one week which was chosen at random. the household's food consumption pattern was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. there was no difference in the total income per month for both communities, as well as the ...	1991	1839916
[thyroid hormone profiles in goitrous and non-goitrous subjects seen in an endemic goiter area of the central african republic].	in the present study t3, t4, tsh serum concentrations were measured in 166 subjects whose goiter grading was ascertained according to who classification; 39 of them had no goiter (grading 0), 127 were goitrous with a grading comprised between 1a and 4. the two samples were composed by males and females of various ages whose choice was strictly predetermined by random numbers. the median ages of 127 goitrous and 39 non goitrous subjects were respectively 23.5 years and 33.5 years; 30 males and 5 ...	1991	1809308
[hormone profile of hypothyroidism in an area of the central african republic with endemic goiter].	in the ouham region of centro african republic, one of the present authors (b.p.) described a severe goiter endemia due to marked iodine deficiency and high daily intake of manioc as staple food. in the present study serum tsh, t3 and t4 of 233 subjects were determined; 150 of them lived in rural villages (group 1) and 83 lived in bocaranga, chief town of the province (group 2). the blood samples done contemporaneously to the epidemiological survey, were strictly randomized in the population exa ...	1991	1809307
comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets for feedlot cattle.	a feedlot growth-performance trial and a metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the comparative feeding value of tapioca pellets (tp). in the growth-performance trial treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn (sfc)-based finishing diet in which a blend of 86% tp and 14% peanut meal replaced sfc at the rate of 0, 15, or 30% of diet dm. daily weight gain (p less than .10) and dm intake (p less than .01) were greatest when 15% of the diet dm consisted of tp. feed/gain increased linearly (p l ...	1991	1808169
dietary exposure to aflatoxin in benin city, nigeria: a possible public health concern.	a total of 100 samples of various foods comprising of 10 samples each of garri (manihot utilis pohl), beans (phaseolus lunatus), yam flour (dioscorea rotundata), cassava flour (manihot esculentum), melon (citrulus lunatus), onion (allium cepa), rice (oryza sativa), plantain (musa paradisiaca), red pepper (capsicum annuum l., solanaceae) and eggs were screened for the presence of aflatoxins. fifty percent of yam flour; 40% of cassava flour; 30% of garri; 20% of beans and melon and 10% of rice yie ...	1991	1777386
cardiovascular effects in bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) of a cassava-based protein-deficient diet.	bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) were maintained for up to 5 mo on protein-deficient diets that contained tapioca starch (cassava starch) as the source of carbohydrate. the animals developed mucopolysaccharidosis of blood vessels and cardiomyopathic changes in the heart. these changes were similar to the mucoid vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy seen in kerala where tapioca is consumed as a staple diet by a large proportion of the people. the lesions were enhanced by longer duration of feeling the d ...	1991	1746130
the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in seedlings of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).	a microsomal system catalyzing the in vitro synthesis of the aglycones of the two cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin has been isolated from young etiolated seedlings of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz). a prerequisite to obtain active preparations is the complete removal of the endosperm pellicle covering the cotyledons before seedling homogenization. the rates of conversion of the parent amino acids valine and isoleucine to their cyanohydrins are 19 and 6 nmol/h/mg protein, resp ...	1992	1727632
hormonal and biochemical patterns in subjects from a new endemic goiter area in the central african republic.	hormonal serum patterns of 268 subjects, living in rural villages and in the chief town of the ouham province (bocaranga), were studied to accomplish a survey in this endemic goiter area of the central african republic (car). circulating tsh, tt3, tt4, ft4, rt3 and tg were determined in an accurately randomized population sample. urinary excretion of iodine and thiocyanate (scn) was also measured. the comparison of the mean values of such parameters with control values showed statistically signi ...	1991	1726902
digestibility of a nutritionally-balanced cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) diet and its effect on growth in young male dogs.	experiments were carried out to study the digestibility of a cassava (gari) diet and its effect on growth in young male dogs. three groups of dogs were fed on diets with rice (control), cassava (gari), and rice + cyanide respectively as the carbohydrate source. each diet contained 130 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg, was supplemented with vitamins and minerals, and was fed for 14 weeks. variables measured were body-weight gain, bone growth, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.1) activity, ...	1991	1662068
transient gene expression in cassava using high-velocity microprojectiles.	the bacterial gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (gus) was transiently expressed in cassava leaves following the introduction of the gene by microparticle bombardment. the dna expression vector used to introduce the reporter gene is a puc 19 derivative and consisted of a camv 35s promoter (p35s), the gus coding region and 7s polyadenylation region. several other promoters and regulating sequences were tested for efficiency in cassava leaves. two derivatives of the p35s, one including a partial dup ...	1991	1653061
the toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review.	the toxic effects of cassava diets on humans were reviewed. some newspapers in nigeria have reported deaths associated with cassava meal consumption. the papers looked into the toxic factors in cassava, their causes, the resultant effects on humans, and the reasons why cassava diets became popular in nigeria. suggestions were made on how to process cassava to make it safe for human consumption. the reported deaths may have occurred due to improper processing. this may have left traces of hydroge ...	1991	1650055
vasculopathic and cardiomyopathic changes induced by low-protein high-carbohydrate tapioca based diet in bonnet monkey. vasculopathic and cardiomyopathic changes in induced malnutrition.	mucoid vasculopathy is an entity characterized by a generalized mucopolysaccharidosis of blood vessels. it has been observed in patients from our institute. bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) were given low-protein normal-carbohydrate and low-protein high-carbohydrate tapioca based diets for experimental periods of 3 or 5 months. the latter diet is similar to that consumed by people from this part of india (kerala) where mucoid vasculopathy is observed. vascular lesions were seen in all test animal ...	1992	1627329
evaluation of substrates and storage conditions for preparing and maintaining starter cultures for tempeh fermentation.	heat-pasteurized cassava root, cowpeas, partially defatted peanuts, rice and soybeans were evaluated for their suitability to support growth and sporulation of the tempeh mold, rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus, and the oncom mold, neurospora intermedia, at 25, 30 and 37 degrees c. the molds grew best and sporulated most luxuriantly on cassava and rice incubated at 37 degrees c. viability of molds remained high for up to 30 weeks when dried (a(w) 0.48), powdered substrates on which the molds ...	1992	1622761
a review of toxicity factors in some food and feedingstuffs in the nutrition of man and livestock in nigeria.	a review of the toxicity factors in some food and feedingstuffs in the nutrition of man and livestock in nigeria was conducted. the crops reviewed were cassava, cocoyam, guinea corn, cottonseed, soyabean, bambara, groundnut and cowpea. these crops provide cheap sources of carbohydrate and protein in the diets of humans and livestock. however, antinutritional factors inhibit their use. antinutritional or toxic factors associated with them are reviewed and means of detoxifying them for human and l ...	1992	1621369
new interpretations in rhinosporidiosis, enigmatic disease of the last nine decades.	fungal etiology is widely quoted for the disease rhinosporidiosis. identity of the fungal sporangium and its relationship with the disease have baffled medical scientists and mycologists for several decades. this study provides unequivocal evidence against involvement of fungus in rhinosporidiosis. the so-called sporangium is found to be a unique body containing residue-loaded lysosomal bodies ('spores') for elimination from the system. 'sporangia' have been redesignated nodular bodies (nb) and ...	1992	1617607
a molecular and biochemical analysis of the structure of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) from cassava (manihot esculenta cranz).	the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase (linamarase) of cassava is responsible for the first step in the sequential break-down of two related cyanoglucosides. hydrolysis of these cyanoglucosides occurs following tissue damage and leads to the production of hydrocyanic acid. this mechanism is widely regarded as a defense mechanism against predation. a linamarase cdna clone (pcas5) was isolated from a cotyledon cdna library using a white clover beta-glucosidase heterologous probe. the nucleotide and deriv ...	1992	1586156
regulation of the activities of african cassava mosaic virus promoters by the ac1, ac2, and ac3 gene products.	dna fragments comprising each of the promoter regions from the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) were cloned into the puc18-based vector, pg1, producing transcriptional fusions with the beta-glucuronidase gene (gus) and nopaline synthase terminator sequence. the relative activity of each promoter construct was analyzed by a gus expression assay of extracts from nicotiana clevelandii protoplasts coelectroporated with the gus reporter constructs and constructs in which individual acm ...	1992	1585657
studies on weaning diets in nigeria: 2 protein sources.	protein isolates were extracted from melon, groundnut, and soybean cakes in an aqueous system that could potentially yield both oil and protein from oilseeds quantitatively. protein isolates obtained were 91.2, 78.6 and 79.5% of the total protein content of melon, groundnut and soybean cakes respectively. both cakes and isolates were assessed in a rat bioassay while breadfruit, cassava, and corn starch were also investigated as sources of carbohydrate. results showed that there were no significa ...	1992	1574484
inhibition of african cassava mosaic virus systemic infection by a movement protein from the related geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus.	plant viruses encode proteins that mediate their movement through the host plant leading to the establishment of a systemic infection. we have analyzed the effect of tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) genes bl1 and br1, which are thought to be involved in the process of virus movement, on the infectivity of african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. recombinant genomes were constructed by replacing the acmv coat protein coding sequence with those of either bl1 or br1. replicati ...	1992	1546454
the use of african cassava mosaic virus as a vector system for plants.	this paper describes the development of a gene-displacement vector based on dna1, one of two single stranded circular genomic components of a bipartite geminivirus, african cassava mosaic virus (acmv). the dna1 molecules of acmv were cloned as dimers into a plant transformation vector and the constructs have been integrated into tobacco protoplasts by peg-mediated dna transfer. in transgenic plants extrachromosomal copies of dna1 monomers could be detected. deletion of the coat protein-encoding ...	1992	1537557
[endemic goiter in the la kara region (togo). analysis of etiologic factors].	among 6,035 people living in 3 villages from the area of la kara (togo), 984 randomized subjects were investigated to evaluate goiter prevalence and related etiologic factors. creatinine and thiocyanates (scn-) were measured in urine, thyroid hormones and tsh in plasma. iodine was evaluated in urine, water, salt, soil, millet and sorgho. the amount of cassava was evaluated in food. mean goiter prevalence was 32%, reaching to 45.9% in one village; urinary iodine remained in a low range (27.2 +/- ...	1992	1504874
effects of different rates of drying cassava root on its toxicity to broiler chicks.	1. the effects of drying cassava root at different rates on its composition and toxicity to broiler chicks were examined. unpeeled roots from a high-cyanide cultivar of cassava were chipped and dried at 25 degrees c to a moisture content of below 100 g/kg over 24 h for fast-dried meal (fd) or 72 h for slow-dried meal (sd). the meals were incorporated at 250 and 500 g/kg into semi-synthetic diets which were fed to day-old broiler chicks as mash or pellets in separate experiments. 2. the two dryin ...	1992	1493553
[the use of tapioca as coverage in viral titration].	virus titration is an important step required on viral vaccines quality control. "plaque assay", which employs several types of overlay media, is usually used on viral titrations. in this paper we describe the use of tapioca as an overlay media. firstly, the toxicity of tapioca was tested on vero cells inoculated or not with the yellow fever virus (yf) 17dd vaccine strain. secondly, different batches of the 17dd virus using the tapioca and karaya gum as the overlay on vero cells were tested when ...	1992	1492720
cassava (ubi kayu) poisoning in children.	three sisters with cassava poisoning are described. a review of the toxic properties of cassava is presented together with discussion on the methods of its preparation, its adverse effects on man, its detoxification in the body, and the treatment of its poisoning.	1992	1491651
rna-primed complementary-sense dna synthesis of the geminivirus african cassava mosaic virus.	the plant dna virus african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) is believed to replicate by a rolling circle mechanism. to investigate complementary-sense dna (lagging strand) synthesis, we have analysed the heterogenous form of complementary-sense dna (h3 dna) from infected nicotiana benthamiana by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis and blot hybridisation. the presence of an rna moeity is demonstrated by comparison of results for nucleic acids resolved on neutral/alkaline and neutral/formamide ...	1992	1475192