Publications

pandemic influenza in africa, lessons learned from 1968: a systematic review of the literature.	please cite this paper as: ortiz et al. (2011) pandemic influenza in africa, lessons learned from 1968: a systematic review of the literature. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00257.x. backgroundôçé to help understand the potential impact of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic in africa, we reviewed published data from africa of the two previous influenza pandemics. methodsôçé we conducted a systematic search of three biomedical databases for articles in any language on 1 ...	2011	21668669
pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india).	please cite this paper as: koul pa., et┬áal. (2011) pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in kashmir (india). influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00261.x. backgroundôçé with the emergence of pandemic influenza a (2009a/h1n1) virus in india, we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical presentations of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses among acute respiratory illness (ari) patients from srinagar, a temp ...	2011	21668665
comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008.	please cite this paper as: irving et┬áal. (2011) comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza a and influenza b in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé there are few prospectively collected data comparing illnesses caused by different subtypes of influenza. we compared the clinical presentation and outcomes of subjects with primarily outpati ...	2011	21668663
epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009.	please cite this paper as: zuccotti et┬áal. (2011) epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé seasonal influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are primary causes of acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children. new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus (hmpv ...	2011	21668662
isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine h3n2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in vietnam in 2010.	please cite this paper as: ngo et-áal. (2011) isolation of novel triple-reassortant swine h3n2 influenza viruses possessing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a seasonal influenza virus in vietnam in 2010. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00267.x. surveillance of swine influenza viruses (sivs) in 31 pig farms in northern and southern parts of vietnam was conducted. six h3n2 influenza a viruses were isolated from a pig farm in southern vietnam. they ...	2011	21668659
induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in human normal respiratory epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, and highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus.	respiratory epithelial cells are one of main targets for infections caused by influenza viruses. recently, the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors (tlrs) in normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells infected with seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, seasonal h3n2, or highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus were studied to understand the pathogenesis and early immune responses. the cells were productively infected with the viruses. among the inflammatory cytokines t ...	2011	21668359
synthesis and antiviral activity of highly water-soluble polycarboxylic derivatives of [70]fullerene.	we report here a facile preparation of highly water-soluble derivatives c(70)[p-c(6)h(4)(ch(2))(n)cooh](8) (n = 2, 3) starting from readily available chlorinated [70]fullerene precursors c(70)cl(8) and c(70)cl(10). the synthesized fullerene derivatives showed pronounced antiviral activity in vitro, particularly against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and influenza a virus (subtypes h1n1 and h3n2).	2011	21666897
effect of reassortment on the nucleotide and amino acid changes of human a/h3n2 rnp subunits during 1998-2009.	the ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex of influenza virus consists of four subunits pb2, pb1, pa, and np, which are essential for replication. while reassortment plays an important role in the evolution and virulence of influenza viruses, limited studies have investigated the effect of reassortment on the evolution of the internal rnp subunits.	2011	21665531
cross-protective immunity to influenza ph1n1 2009 viruses induced by seasonal a(h3n2) virus is mediated by virus-specific t cells.	influenza a(h1n1) viruses of swine origin were introduced into the human population in 2009 and caused a pandemic. the disease burden in the elderly was relatively low, which was attributed to the presence of cross-reacting serum antibodies raised against seasonal influenza a(h1n1) viruses that circulated before 1957 in this age group. it has been described that also infection with heterosubtypic influenza viruses can induce some degree of protection against infection with a novel strain of infl ...	2011	21653752
neutralizing antibody but not hemagglutination antibody provides accurate evaluation for protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza virus in vaccinated rabbits.	in order to develop an animal model and an assay method to evaluate protective immune response to h5n1 avian influenza vaccination, h5n1 avian influenza vaccine was prepared. new zealand rabbits were assigned to receive two doses of vaccine with different hemagglutinin (ha) dosage. the sera from vaccinated rabbits was evaluated to determine antibody titer and specificity using different tested methods including hemagglutination inhibition assay (hi), neutralizing assay (nt), cross-hi assay, cros ...	2011	21645575
update: influenza activity --- united states, 2010--11 season, and composition of the 2011--12 influenza vaccine.	during the 2010--11 influenza season, influenza activity* first began to increase in the southeastern united states, and peaked nationally in early february. compared with the previous pandemic year (2009--10), higher rates of hospitalization were observed for persons aged ≥65 years during the 2010--11 season, whereas lower hospitalization rates were observed in younger populations than during the pandemic year. overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ili) were ...	2011	21637185
severe canine influenza in dogs correlates with hyperchemokinemia and high viral load.	canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. to better understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the virulence of the virus, we conducted immunological, virological, clinical, and histopathological analyses in civ-infected dogs. civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of dogs and caused severe respiratory disease. notably, the infection induced the marked elevation and sustained expression of chemokines that resulted in severe ...	2011	21632085
variation in the analysis of positively selected sites using nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios: an example using influenza virus.	sites in a gene showing the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω) >1 have been frequently identified to be under positive selection. to examine the performance of such analysis, sites of the ω ratio >1 in the ha1 gene of h3n2 subtype human influenza viruses were identified from seven overlapping sequence data sets in this study. our results showed that the sites of the ω ratio >1 were of significant variation among the data sets even though they targeted similar clusters, indicating that the a ...	2011	21629696
adamantane resistance in seasonal human influenza a viruses from calgary, alberta (january 2007 to august 2008).	the available antivirals for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza a infections include the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine), which are matrix (m2) protein inhibitors, and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). resistance to the adamantanes is conferred by mutations at amino acid positions 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 within the m2 protein of influenza a viruses. a significant increase in adamantane resistance has been reported worldwide since 2003, reflected by a similar ...	2010	21629611
anti-influenza activity of marchantins, macrocyclic bisbibenzyls contained in liverworts.	the h1n1 influenza a virus of swine-origin caused pandemics throughout the world in 2009 and the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus has also caused epidemics in southeast asia in recent years. the threat of influenza a thus remains a serious global health issue and novel drugs that target these viruses are highly desirable. influenza a possesses an endonuclease within its rna polymerase which comprises pa, pb1 and pb2 subunits. to identify potential new anti-influenza compounds in our ...	2011	21625478
the dimer interface of the effector domain of non-structural protein 1 from influenza a virus: an interface with multiple functions.	non-structural protein 1 from influenza a virus, ns1a, is a key multifunctional virulence factor comprised of two domains: an n-terminal double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding domain (rbd) and a c-terminal effector domain (ed). isolated rbd and ed domains of ns1a both exist as homodimers in solution. in spite of recent crystal structures of isolated ed and full-length ns1a proteins from different influenza virus strains, controversy remains over the actual biologically relevant ed dimer interface. ...	2011	21622573
phylogenetic analysis of an off-seasonal influenza virus a (h3n2) in niigata, japan, 2010.	the objective of this study was to characterize the off-seasonal influenza virus a subtype h3n2, which caused an outbreak in an elderly hospital in niigata, japan. virus isolates were subtyped by the hemagglutination-inhibition test and screened for antiviral drug sensitivity by real-time pcr using cycling probe technology the and 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) method. whole genome sequencing was performed in order to determine the phylogeny of the outbreak virus. seven virus isolates wer ...	2011	21617310
cross-protection of chicken igy antibodies passively administered in mice against h5n1 and h1n1 viruses.	influenza viruses remain a major threat to global health due to their ability to undergo change through antigenic drift and antigenic shift. we postulated that avian igy antibodies represent a low-cost, effective and well-tolerated approach that can be easily scaled up to produce enormous quantities of protective antibodies. these igy antibodies can be administered passively in humans (orally and intranasally), and can be used to quickly and safely help in the fight against an influenza pandemic ...	2011	21613458
influenza a/h1n1pdm virus in russian asia in 2009-2010.	in total 3566 blood sera samples were collected in the russian far east and central and western siberia in 2009-2010. the presence of antibodies to influenza a/h1n1pdm, seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in the sera was tested in the hemagglutination inhibition test. 29.5% of samples from the far east were positive to pandemic influenza, this value for central and western siberia is 2-fold lower (12.8% and 11%, respectively). fifty-six influenza a/h1n1pdm viruses were isolated during 2009- ...	2011	21600305
intramuscular immunization of mice with live influenza virus is more immunogenic and offers greater protection than immunization with inactivated virus.	abstract: background: influenza virus continues to cause significant hospitalization rates in infants and young children. a 2-dose regime of trivalent inactivated vaccine is required to generate protective levels of hemagglutination inhibiting (hai) antibodies. a vaccine preparation with enhanced immunogenicity is therefore desirable. methods: mice were inoculated intramuscularly (im) with live and inactivated preparations of a/wisconsin/67/2005 (h3n2). serum cytokine levels, hemagglutinin (ha)- ...	2011	21600020
[in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ingavirin against strains of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1/09)v].	to study efficacy of ingavirin in vitro and in vivo against strains of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1/09)v and influenza virus a(h5n1) and a(h3n2).	2011	21598625
design and performance of the cdc real-time rt-pcr swine flu panel for detection of 2009 a (h1n1) pandemic influenza virus.	swine influenza viruses (siv), have been shown to sporadically infect humans, and are infrequently identified by influenza division of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) after being received as unsubtypable influenza a virus samples. real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) procedures for detection and characterization of north american lineage (n.am) siv were developed and implemented at cdc for rapid identification of specimens from cases of suspected infections with siv. these procedures ...	2011	21593260
influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from the edible brown alga ecklonia cava.	influenza a virus infections continue to pose a major threat to humans and several animal species. neuraminidase (na) is one of the most promising targets for the development of drugs against influenza viruses because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. during the course of a search for na inhibitors from edible natural sources, we found that the ethyl acetate layer of ethanol extracts of ecklonia cava showed extremely high na-inhibitory activity (72.1% inhibition at 30 μg/ml). bioacti ...	2011	21585204
pa residues in the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza virus enhance avian virus polymerase activity in mammalian cells.	the 2009 pandemic influenza virus (ph1n1) is a swine-origin reassortant containing human, avian, and swine influenza genes. we have previously shown that the polymerase complex of the ph1n1 strain a/california/04/2009 (cal) is highly active in mammalian 293t cells, despite the avian origin of both its pa and pb2. in this study, we analyzed the polymerase residues that are responsible for high ph1n1 polymerase activity in the mammalian host. characterization of polymerase complexes containing var ...	2011	21561908
intranasal immunization of ferrets with commercial trivalent influenza vaccines formulated in a nanoemulsion-based adjuvant.	nb-1008 is a surfactant-stabilized soybean oil-in-water nanoemulsion (ne) adjuvant with influenza antigen incorporated into the ne by simple mixing. intranasal administration of the antigen with ne adjuvant efficiently produces both mucosal and serum antibody responses as well as a robust cellular th1 immune response. to demonstrate the adjuvant effect of the w(80)5ec ne, a killed commercial influenza vaccine for intramuscular administration (fluzone® or fluvirin®), were mixed with the w(80)5ec ...	2011	21543588
quantifying selection and diversity in viruses by entropy methods, with application to the haemagglutinin of h3n2 influenza.	many viruses evolve rapidly. for example, haemagglutinin (ha) of the h3n2 influenza a virus evolves to escape antibody binding. this evolution of the h3n2 virus means that people who have previously been exposed to an influenza strain may be infected by a newly emerged virus. in this paper, we use shannon entropy and relative entropy to measure the diversity and selection pressure by an antibody in each amino acid site of h3 ha between the 1992-1993 season and the 2009-2010 season. shannon entro ...	2011	21543352
characterization of a recombinant influenza vaccine candidate using complementary lc-ms methods.	influenza vaccination is recognized as the most effective method for reducing morbidity and mortality due to seasonal influenza. to improve vaccine supply and to increase flexibility in vaccine manufacturing, cell culture-based vaccine production has emerged to overcome limitations of egg-based production. the switch of production system and the need for annual re-evaluation of vaccines for the effectiveness due to frequent viral antigenic changes call for methods for complete characterization o ...	2011	21542793
low immunogenicity of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine among patients receiving docetaxel for a solid tumour: results of a prospective pilot study.	background:patients receiving cytotoxic therapy for solid tumours are at risk of severe influenza. however, few data are available regarding the immunogenical efficacy of influenza vaccine in these patients.methods:in this prospective study, 25 patients with breast (n=13) or prostate (n=12) cancer received a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine along with docetaxel (taxotere) administration. the influenza virus type a and b antibody titres were measured using haemagglutinin inhibition (garten ...	2011	21540859
virological surveillance in africa can contribute to early detection of new genetic and antigenic lineages of influenza viruses.	in africa, the burden of influenza is largely unknown since surveillance schemes exist in very few countries. the national institute of hygiene in morocco implemented a sentinel network for influenza surveillance in 1996.	2011	21537068
influenza virus aerosol exposure and analytical system for ferrets.	understanding the transmission ability of newly emerging influenza viruses is central to the development of public health preparedness and prevention strategies. animals are used to model influenza virus infection and transmission, but the routinely used intranasal inoculation of a liquid virus suspension does not reflect natural infection. we report the development of an inoculation method that delivers an influenza virus aerosol inoculum to ferrets and the characterization of size distribution ...	2011	21536880
a nanobeads amplified qcm immunosensor for the detection of avian influenza virus h5n1.	as a potential pandemic threat to human health, there has been an urgent need for rapid detection of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) h5n1 virus. in this study, magnetic nanobeads amplification based quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) immunosensor was developed as a new method and application for ai h5n1 virus detection. polyclonal antibodies against ai h5n1 virus surface antigen ha (hemagglutinin) were immobilized on the gold surface of the qcm crystal through self-assembled monolayer ...	2011	21536419
rapid estimation of binding activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin to human and avian receptors.	a critical step for avian influenza viruses to infect human hosts and cause epidemics or pandemics is acquisition of the ability of the viral hemagglutinin (ha) to bind to human receptors. however, current global influenza surveillance does not monitor ha binding specificity due to a lack of rapid and reliable assays. here we report a computational method that uses an effective scoring function to quantify ha-receptor binding activities with high accuracy and speed. application of this method re ...	2011	21533248
[genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza h3n2 virus isolates during 2008-2009 in zhuhai, china].	to understand the ha1 genetic variation characterization of influenza h3n2 virus isolates in zhu-hai during 2008-2009, we selected 20 of h3n2 influenza strains cultured in mdck cell. viral rnas were extracted and amplified by using rt-pcr. the amplified products were purified after identified by gel electrophoresis and then the nucleotide sequences of the amplicons were determined. the results were analyzed by the software clustalx and mega4. 1. when compared with the amino acid sequences of the ...	2011	21528535
changes in surveillance of acute respiratory infections including influenza in the slovak republic during 1993-2008.	the authors evaluated surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ari), influenza and influenza-like illnesses (ili) in the slovak republic (sr). they analyze morbidity, age-specific morbidity, complications, mortality, number of influenza viruses isolations and vaccination coverage rates in the sr in the years 1993-2008. they focus mainly on the analysis during the epidemic. most epidemics have been caused by influenza virus a subtype h3n2. the age group mostly affected by morbidity during th ...	2011	21526651
antigenic and genetic variation in the hemagglutinins of h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses in the shanghai area from 2005 to 2008.	continued rapid evolution of the influenza a virus is responsible for annual epidemics and occasional pandemics in the shanghai area. in the present study, the representative strains of a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated in the shanghai area from 2005 to 2008 were antigenically and genetically characterized. the antigenic cartography method was carried out to visualize the hemagglutination-inhibition data. antigenic differences were detected between circulating a/h1n1 strains isolated ...	2011	21520138
spinned poisson distribution with health management application.	consider a data collection setup during a spread of an infectious disease. examples include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) or influenza a virus h3n2. the health management in such scenarios quickly removes the infected cases before the data collection is completed. the estimate of the incidence rate or the chance for anyone to be immune requires using a correct probability distribution. the usual poisson distribution is inappropriate because of the impact of removing infected cases on ...	2011	21519931
[safety and immunogenicity on the formulation of trivalent split influenza vaccine among healthy people aged over 18 years.]	objective: to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of split influenza vaccine (anflu(®)). methods: an open-labeled clinical trial was carried out in adults aged 18 - 60 years and elders aged over 60 years from august to september, 2010 in shenyang, liaoning province. one dose of split influenza vaccine was administered and adverse events were observed. serum samples were obtained prior to vaccination and 21 days post vaccination. a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b antibodies against influenza virus were mea ...	2011	21518617
evolution of the influenza a virus untranslated regions.	in case of the influenza virus, untranslated regions are considered to possess plural functions. the specific packaging model suggests that each of eight segments contains a unique "packaging signal", situated within the untranslated region and coding regions at the 5' and 3' ends of the genomic rna. in addition to packaging signal, utrs play key roles in polyadenylation and signals for genomic replication. in the present study, we report the evolutionary characteristics of untranslated regions ...	2011	21515407
shedding of ann arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in children 6-59 months of age.	a trivalent, ann arbor strain, live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) is approved for use in children 24 months of age and older in a number of countries. the incidence, duration, and other parameters of viral shedding after vaccination with laiv have not been fully described in children ≤5 years of age.	2011	21513761
lack of transmission of a human influenza virus with avian receptor specificity between ferrets is not due to decreased virus shedding, but rather a lower infectivity in vivo.	influenza virus attaches to host cells by sialic acid (sa). human influenza viruses show preferential affinity for α2,6 linked sa whereas avian influenza viruses bind α2,3 linked sa. mutation of the haemagglutinin receptor binding site of a human h3n2 influenza a virus to switch binding to α2,3 sa did not abrogate infection of ferrets but prevented transmission even in a co-housed model. the mutant virus was shed from the noses of ferrets directly inoculated with virus in the same amounts and fo ...	2011	21508186
virulence and genetic compatibility of polymerase reassortant viruses derived from the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus and circulating influenza a viruses.	gene mutations and reassortment are key mechanisms by which influenza a virus acquires virulence factors. to evaluate the role of the viral polymerase replication machinery in producing virulent pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza viruses, we generated various polymerase point mutants (pb2: 627k/701n, pb1: expression of pb1-f2 protein, and pa : 97i) and reassortant viruses with various sourse of influenza viruses by reverse genetics. although the point mutations produced no significant change in path ...	2011	21507962
vereflu™: an integrated multiplex rt-pcr and microarray assay for rapid detection and identification of human influenza a and b viruses using lab-on-chip technology.	threatening sporadic outbreaks of avian influenza and the h1n1 pandemic of 2009 highlight the need for rapid and accurate detection and typing of influenza viruses. in this paper, we describe the validation of the vereflu™ lab-on-chip influenza assay, which is based on the integration of two technologies: multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr followed by microarray amplicon detection. this assay simultaneously detects five influenza virus subtypes, including the 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n ...	2011	21503642
the ns1 protein of influenza a virus interacts with heat shock protein hsp90 in human alveolar basal epithelial cells: implication for virus-induced apoptosis.	abstract:	2011	21501532
boom and bust cycles in virus growth suggest multiple selective forces in influenza a evolution.	abstract: background: influenza a virus evolution in humans is driven at least in part by mutations allowing the virus to escape antibody neutralization. little is known about the evolution of influenza in birds, a major reservoir of influenza a. methods: neutralizing polyclonal antiserum was raised in chicken against reassortant influenza virus, calx, bearing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of a/california/7/2004 [h3n2]. calx was serially passaged in the presence of anti-calx poly ...	2011	21501520
[hemagglutinin gene of influenza a (h3n2) virus from human samples in the 2009 influenza epidemic in chengdu].	to study the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) virus in the 2009 influenza epidemics in chengdu.	2011	21500568
potential role of invariant nkt cells in the control of pulmonary inflammation and cd8+ t cell response during acute influenza a virus h3n2 pneumonia.	influenza a virus (iav) infection results in a highly contagious respiratory illness leading to substantial morbidity and occasionally death. in this report, we assessed the in vivo physiological contribution of invariant nkt (inkt) lymphocytes, a subset of lipid-reactive αβ t lymphocytes, on the host response and viral pathogenesis using a virulent, mouse-adapted, iav h3n2 strain. upon infection with a lethal dose of iav, inkt cells become activated in the lungs and bronchoalveolar space to bec ...	2011	21490153
neutrophils sustain effective cd8(+) t-cell responses in the respiratory tract following influenza infection.	neutrophils have an important role in early host protection during influenza a virus infection. their ability to modulate the virus-specific adaptive immune response is less clear. here, we have used a mouse model to examine the impact of neutrophils on cd8(+) t-cell responses during influenza virus infection. cd8(+) t-cell priming, expansion, migration, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic capacity were investigated in the virus-infected airways and secondary lymphoid organs. to do this, we utilise ...	2011	21483446
genetic composition of contemporary swine influenza viruses in the west central region of the united states of america.	because of continuous circulation in different animal species and humans, influenza viruses have host-specific phenotypic and genetic features. reassortment of the genome segments can significantly change virus phenotype, potentially generating virus with pandemic potential. in 2009, a new pandemic influenza virus emerged.	2011	21477138
rapid detection of influenza a virus infection utilizing an immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system.	this study reports a new immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system for the rapid detection of influenza a virus infection by performing a simple two-step diagnostic process that includes a magnetic bead-based fluorescent immunoassay (fia) and an end-point optical analysis. with the incorporation of monoclonal antibody (mab)-conjugated immunomagnetic beads, target influenza a viral particles such as a/h(1)n(1) and a/h(3)n(2) can be specifically recognized and are bound onto the surface of the ...	2011	21466957
exploring the size limit of templates for inhibitors of the m2 ion channel of influenza a virus.	amantadine inhibits the m2 proton channel of influenza a virus, yet its clinical use has been limited by the rapid emergence of amantadine-resistant virus strains. we have synthesized and characterized a series of polycyclic compounds designed as ring-contracted or ring-expanded analogues of amantadine. inhibition of the wild-type (wt) m2 channel and the a/m2-s31n and a/m2-v27a mutant ion channels were measured in xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp (tev) assays. several bisnoradam ...	2011	21466220
molecular and antigenic characterization of triple-reassortant h3n2 swine influenza viruses isolated from pigs, turkey and quail in canada.	in 2005, triple-reassortant h3n2 (trh3n2) influenza a viruses were isolated from swine and turkeys in canada. subsequently, these viruses were isolated from humans and mink in 2006 and 2007, respectively. following full genome sequencing, h3n2 viruses isolated from turkeys (2005), quail (2008) and swine (2009) in canada, were characterized as trh3n2. the 2005 turkey isolate was found to be almost identical to other viruses isolated in that year, with quail and pig isolates related very closely t ...	2011	21463498
[efficient soluble expression and purification of influenza a nucleoprotein in escherichia coli].	to efficiently express nucleoprotein (np) of influenza a virus a/jingke/30/95 (h3n2) in e. coli for further immunogenicity study, three forms of np gene, np(his) (np fused with 6 x his tag), npwt (wild type np, non-fused np with native codon) and np(o) (codon optimized, non-fused np) were cloned by the technologies of restriction enzyme digestion, pcr, codon optimization and gene synthesis. three recombinant plasmids were subsequently constructed based on the prokaryotic vector pet-30a, respecti ...	2011	21462506
molecular characteristics of outbreaks of nosocomial infection with influenza a/h3n2 virus variants.	to describe outbreaks of nosocomial influenza infection with molecular methods and to elucidate the viral linkages among outbreak case patients including both inpatients and healthcare workers (hcws).	2011	21460512
aerosol inoculation with a sub-lethal influenza virus leads to exacerbated morbidity and pulmonary disease pathogenesis.	a mouse model has been extensively used to investigate disease intervention approaches and correlates of immunity following influenza virus infection. the majority of studies examining cross-reactive and protective immune responses have used intranasal (in) virus inoculation; however, infectious aerosols are a common means of transmitting influenza in the human population. in this study, in and aerosol routes of inoculation were compared and end-points of immunity and disease pathogenesis were e ...	2011	21449723
responses of mouse airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to virulent and avirulent strains of influenza a virus.	influenza a virus (iav) infection is associated with outcomes ranging from subclinical infection to severe pneumonia. in this study, we compared iav strains bjx109 (h3n2), hkx31 (h3n2), and pr8 (h1n1), for their ability to elicit innate immune responses from mouse airway cells in vitro and their virulence in mice. the viruses differed markedly in their ability to induce disease in mice (pr8 > hkx31 > bjx109). in particular, pr8 infection was associated with high levels of virus replication and p ...	2011	21449718
[development of new nutrient medium for mdck and vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and assessment of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them].	to develop nutrient medium for mdck and vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and to assess of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them.	2011	21449080
[pandemic influenza virus a (h1n1) in amur region in autumn 2009].	isolation and study of molecular genetic characteristics of pandemic influenza virus a (h1n1) circulated in amur region in autumn 2009 as well as testing of serum samples taken from citizens of this region during november- december 2009 in order to measure levels of antibodies to socially significant serotypes of influenza a virus.	2011	21449076
heterosubtypic protective immunity against influenza a virus induced by fusion peptide of the hemagglutinin in comparison to ectodomain of m2 protein.	several types of influenza vaccines are available, but due to the highly unpredictable variability of influenza virus surface antigens (hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase) current vaccines are not sufficiently effective against broad spectrum of the influenza viruses. an innovative approach to extend the vaccine efficacy is based on the selection of conserved influenza proteins with a potential to induce inter-subtype protection against the influenza a viruses. a promising new candidate for th ...	2011	21434706
detection of seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus by type-specific taqman minor groove binder probe assay.	despite the emergence of the pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus in 2009, seasonal h3n2 viruses continue to co-circulate in the population and may even predominate in the coming influenza season. we describe a specific minor groove binder taqman assay for h3n2 viruses with a detection limit of 16.5 standard dna copies.	2011	21429691
the role of neutrophils during mild and severe influenza virus infections of mice.	neutrophils have been implicated in both protective and pathological responses following influenza virus infections. we have used mab 1a8 (anti-ly6g) to specifically deplete lyg6(high) neutrophils and induce neutropenia in mice infected with virus strains known to differ in virulence. mice were also treated with mab rb6-8c5 (anti-ly6c/g or anti-gr-1), a mab widely used to investigate the role of neutrophils in mice that has been shown to bind and deplete additional leukocyte subsets. using mab 1 ...	2011	21423798
combinatorial effect of two framework mutations (e119v and i222l) in the neuraminidase active site of h3n2 influenza virus on resistance to oseltamivir.	neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nis) are the first line of defense against influenza virus. reverse genetics experiments allow the study of resistance mechanisms by anticipating the impacts of mutations to the virus. to look at the possibility of an increased effect on the resistance phenotype of a combination of framework mutations, known to confer resistance to oseltamivir or zanamivir, with limited effect on virus fitness, we constructed 4 viruses by reverse genetics in the a/moscow/10/99 h3n2 ...	2011	21422222
receptor specificity of the influenza virus hemagglutinin modulates sensitivity to soluble collectins of the innate immune system and virulence in mice.	the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein of influenza virus binds to cell surface sialic acid (sa) to initiate infection. in this study, a mutant of influenza a virus strain bjx109 (h3n2) was plaque-purified from the lungs of virus-infected mice that had been depleted of airway macrophages. sequence analysis identified a single amino acid substitution (s186i) in the vicinity of the receptor-binding site of ha. this substitution was associated with enhanced binding to a(2,3)-gal-linked sa and an incre ...	2011	21419468
influenza virus-like particles as a new tool for vaccine immunogenicity testing: validation of a neuraminidase neutralizing antibody assay.	detection of neutralizing antibody to viral neuraminidase (na) by testing for enzyme inhibition has been recognized as an important part of the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. however, the absence of a well characterized standard source of active na and validated assays has significantly limited clinical studies of na immunity. influenza virus-like particles (vlps) containing hemagglutinin (ha), na, and m1 proteins were produced from insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus and ...	2011	21419169
the genomic rate of molecular adaptation of the human influenza a virus.	quantifying adaptive evolution at the genomic scale is an essential yet challenging aspect of evolutionary biology. here, we develop a method that extends and generalizes previous approaches to estimate the rate of genomic adaptation in rapidly evolving populations and apply it to a large data set of complete human influenza a virus genome sequences. in accord with previous studies, we observe particularly high rates of adaptive evolution in domain 1 of the viral hemagglutinin (ha1). however, ou ...	2011	21415025
mutations affecting the stability of the haemagglutinin molecule impair the immunogenicity of live attenuated h3n2 intranasal influenza vaccine candidates lacking ns1.	the isolation and cultivation of human influenza viruses in embryonated hen eggs or cell lines often leads to amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin (ha) molecule. we found that the propagation of influenza a h3n2 viruses on vero cells may trigger the appearance of ha destabilising mutations, affecting viral resistance to low ph or high temperature treatment. two δns1 reassortants, containing the ha sequences identical to the original human h3n2 influenza virus isolates were constructed. ...	2011	21406268
development and implementation of the quality control panel of rt-pcr and real-time rt-pcr for avian influenza a (h5n1) surveillance network in mainland china.	reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) and real time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) have been indispensable methods for influenza surveillance, especially for determination of avian influenza. the movement of testing beyond reference lab introduced the need of quality control, including the implementation of an evaluation system for validating personal training and sample proficiency testing.	2011	21406119
simultaneous detection of influenza virus type b and influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 using multiplex real-time rt-pcr.	use of multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza type b virus and influenza a virus subtypes h5n1, h3n2, and h1n1 has been described. the method exhibited a high specificity and sensitivity of approximately 10(1)-10(2) copies per microliter or 10(-3)-10(-2) tcid50/l for each subtype, as well as a high reproducibility with coefficient of variation (cv) ranging from 0.27% to 4.20%. the assays can be performed commendabl ...	2011	21400097
prevalence of epistasis in the evolution of influenza a surface proteins.	the surface proteins of human influenza a viruses experience positive selection to escape both human immunity and, more recently, antiviral drug treatments. in bacteria and viruses, immune-escape and drug-resistant phenotypes often appear through a combination of several mutations that have epistatic effects on pathogen fitness. however, the extent and structure of epistasis in influenza viral proteins have not been systematically investigated. here, we develop a novel statistical method to dete ...	2011	21390205
[monitoring for influenza in population of western siberia in 2007-2009].	to analyze influenza viruses isolated in the 2008-2009 autumn-winter season, and to test sera collected in the south of western siberia during the beginning and the end of the epidemic seasons from 2007 until the a/h1n1 pandemic.	2010	21381373
efficacy studies of influenza vaccines: effect of end points used and characteristics of vaccine failures.	end points used to detect influenza in vaccine efficacy trials have varied. both the inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines are efficacious; however, failure to protect occurs.	2011	21378375
evaluation of qiagen resplex ii for the detection of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 and influenza a (h3n2) virus.		2011	21377411
identification of sequence mutations affecting hemagglutinin specificity to sialic acid receptor in influenza a virus subtypes.	the attachment of the hemagglutinin protein of the h1n1 subtype of the pandemic influenza a virus to the sialic acid receptor sia(α2-6)gal has contributed to the ability of the virus to replicate in the human body and transmit among humans. in view of the pandemic caused by the replication and transmission of the h1n1 virus, more studies on the specificity of hemagglutinin towards sialic acid and how it affects the replication and transmission ability of this virus among humans are needed. in th ...	2010	21364825
comparison of the efficacies of amantadine treatment of swine-origin influenza virus a h1n1 and seasonal influenza h1n1 and h3n2 in japan (2008-2009).	amantadine is not thought to be effective for the treatment of swine-origin influenza virus (s-oiv) based on an analysis of genetic sequences of the m2 protein. however, the actual clinical efficacy of amantadine has not been well documented. here, we were able to compare the efficacies of amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors. subjects consisted of 428 patients, including 144 with seasonal influenza (flu) identified between 2008 and 2009, and 284 with s-oiv identified between july 1 and novem ...	2011	21360013
high-throughput screen of protein expression levels induced by cyclooxygenase-2 during influenza a virus infection.	detection of proteins productions and the functions during the influenza a virus infection, especially the proteins expression levels in the patients serum are emphasized in the research of host immune response to influenza virus infection. protein microarray technology provides a high-throughput platform for efficient profiling of protein expression.	2011	21354125
glycosylation of the hemagglutinin modulates the sensitivity of h3n2 influenza viruses to innate proteins in airway secretions and virulence in mice.	collectins in airway fluids and membrane-associated lectins such as the macrophage mannose receptor (mmr) recognize mannose-rich glycans on the envelope glycoproteins of influenza a viruses. in this study, we used a reverse genetic approach to examine the role of particular n-linked glycosylation sites on the hemagglutinin (ha) of a/beijing/353/89 (beij/89, h3n2) in determining sensitivity to lectin-mediated immune defenses and virulence in mice. we generated 7:1 reassortant viruses on an a/pr/8 ...	2011	21353279
[in vitro anti-influenza virus activity of 10 traditional chinese medicines].	influenza virus is a virus causing upper respiratory tract infection disease with high morbidity and mortality. china is considered as an area with high rate of influenza morbidity. prevention and treatment of influenza currently rely on vaccines and antiviral agents in the world. in addition, traditional chinese medicines also have been used in clinical for influenza therapy. in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of 10 traditional chinese medicines were studied by cytopathic effect (cpe). qi ...	2010	21351519
insertion of a multibasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin of human influenza h3n2 virus does not increase pathogenicity in ferrets.	a multibasic cleavage site (mbcs) in the haemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza a virus is a key determinant of pathogenicity in chickens, and distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpai). an mbcs has only been detected in viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes. here we investigated the phenotype of a human h3n2 virus with an mbcs in ha. insertion of an mbcs in the h3n2 virus resulted in cleavage of ha and efficient replication in ...	2011	21346026
changed epitopes drive the antigenic drift for influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	in circulating influenza viruses, gradually accumulated mutations on the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha), which interacts with infectivity-neutralizing antibodies, lead to the escape of immune system (called antigenic drift). the antibody recognition is highly correlated to the conformation change on the antigenic sites (epitopes), which locate on ha surface. to quantify a changed epitope for escaping from neutralizing antibodies is the basis for the antigenic drift and vaccine development.	2011	21342562
performance of rapid-test kits for the detection of the pandemic influenza a/h1n1 virus.	the early detection of pandemic influenza strains is a key factor for clinicians in treatment decisions and infection control practices. the aims of this study were to determine the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the commercially available influenza rapid tests in taiwan. four rapid tests for influenza virus (binaxnow test, quickvue test, tru test, and formosa rapid test) were evaluated for their detection limit against four influenza viruses (the 2009 pandemic influenza a vi ...	2011	21333688
seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in malaysia from 2005 to 2009.	from 2005 to 2009, the institute for medical research (imr), kuala lumpur received a total of 7,117 respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ili) for influenza screening. seasonal influenza virus was isolated from 17.3% of patients with ili in 2005, 31.6% in 2006, 12.8% in 2007, 10.2% in 2008 and 13.5% in 2009. there were one or more influenza a and b virus strains circulating in malaysia throughout the year, with distinctly a peak in may to august. the predominant circul ...	2010	21329312
monitoring epidemic viral respiratory infections using one-step real-time triplex rt-pcr targeting influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus.	rapid and specific diagnosis of influenza a/b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) viruses is needed for optimal management of patients with acute respiratory infections. in this study, a one-step triplex real-time rt-pcr assay was developed for rapid diagnosis of influenza a/b and rsv infections to optimize diagnosis efficiency of acute respiratory infections. cell-culture supernatants and clinical samples were used to evaluate specificity and sensitivity of the assay. the assay was used routi ...	2011	21328385
emergence of novel reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses among ducks in china.	during 2006-2009 influenza virus surveillance, three h3n2 viruses were isolated from ducks in central china. sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that most segments of these three isolates had high identity with h3n2 swine isolates in south china. however, for m, the three viruses, along with h1n1 swine isolates of north america, formed a cluster; for pb2, two of these isolates fell into the cluster of the h5n1 duck isolates, indicating a reassortment among h3n2, h1n1 swine viruses and h5 ...	2011	21318308
higher titers of some h5n1 and recent human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in mv1 lu vs. mdck cells.	the infectivity of influenza a viruses can differ among the various primary cells and continuous cell lines used for such measurements. over many years, we observed that all things equal, the cytopathic effects caused by influenza a subtype h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 viruses were often detected earlier in a mink lung epithelial cell line (mv1 lu) than in mdck cells. we asked whether virus yields as measured by the 50% tissue culture infectious dose and plaque forming titer also differed in mdck and mv ...	2011	21314955
influenza and other respiratory viruses in three central american countries.	despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in central america, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease.	2010	21306576
inhibition of nox2 oxidase activity ameliorates influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation.	influenza a virus pandemics and emerging anti-viral resistance highlight the urgent need for novel generic pharmacological strategies that reduce both viral replication and lung inflammation. we investigated whether the primary enzymatic source of inflammatory cell ros (reactive oxygen species), nox2-containing nadph oxidase, is a novel pharmacological target against the lung inflammation caused by influenza a viruses. male wt (c57bl/6) and nox2(-/y) mice were infected intranasally with low path ...	2011	21304882
response to influenza virus vaccination during chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.	patients receiving chemotherapy are at increased risk for influenza virus infection. little is known about the preferred moment of vaccination during chemotherapy.	2011	21303799
possible increased pathogenicity of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus upon reassortment.	since emergence of the pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in april 2009, three influenza a viruses-seasonal (h3n2), seasonal (h1n1), and pandemic (h1n1) 2009-have circulated in humans. genetic reassortment between these viruses could result in enhanced pathogenicity. we compared 4 reassortant viruses with favorable in vitro replication properties with the wild-type pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus with respect to replication kinetics in vitro and pathogenicity and transmission in ferrets. pandemic (h1n1) 2009 ...	2011	21291589
preclinical efficacy studies of influenza a haemagglutinin precursor cleavage loop peptides as a potential vaccine.	a universal influenza vaccine that does not require annual reformulation would have clear advantages over the currently approved seasonal vaccine. in this study, we combined the mucosal adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide (agalcer) and peptides designed across the highly conserved influenza precursor haemagglutinin (ha(0)) cleavage loop as a vaccine. peptides designed across the ha(0) of influenza a/h3n2 viruses, delivered to mice via the intranasal route with agalcer as an adjuvant, provided 100? ...	2011	21289160
influenza neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies are induced in the presence of zanamivir.	seasonal influenza epidemics cause illness and death each year, and the emergence of antigenically novel influenza a viruses are a continual pandemic threat. disease and death can be averted by vaccination. the potency of killed virus vaccines is based on hemagglutinin (ha) content. however, antibodies that inhibit enzyme activity of the neuraminidase (na) also reduce virus replication and protect against disease. monoclonal na-inhibiting (ni) antibodies recognize conformational epitopes, and it ...	2011	21288802
differences in sentinel influenza confirmed incidence rates and clinical presentation of influenza virus: 2008-09 seasonal vs 2009-10 pandemic influenza.	the influenza sentinel surveillance network of catalonia (pidirac) allows for the study of circulating influenza virus (iv). the aim of this work was to assess differences between two influenza seasons, the 2008-2009 a(h3n2) season and the 2009-2010 season with predominance of pandemic influenza virus circulation. incidence rate (ir) of confirmed influenza illness were calculated for both periods and age group. clinical presentation features by age group (0-4,5-14,15-64 and > 64 y.o.) were studi ...	2011	21285535
[the study of multiple rt-pcr-based reverse dot blot hybridization technique for detecting influenza viruses].	to establish a multiplex rt-pcr-based reverse dot blot hybridization technique to detect influenza viruses.	2010	21280332
co-infection with influenza a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 viruses in a patient with influenza-like illness during the winter/spring of 2008 in shanghai, china.	co-infection with different influenza viruses occurs naturally and plays an important role in epidemiology and pathogenicity. to monitor the prevalence of influenza viruses in humans during seasonal influenza epidemics in shanghai, china, and to analyze the genetic characteristics of the viruses, 365 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients with influenza-like illness between january and april 2008, were tested by a colloidal gold assay, viral isolation in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) ce ...	2010	21280055
evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of flublok® trivalent recombinant baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adults 50-64 years of age.	alternative methods for influenza vaccine production are needed to ensure adequate supplies.	2011	21277410
simultaneous detection of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial viruses and subtyping of influenza a h3n2 virus and h1n1 (2009) virus by multiplex real-time pcr.	a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect and discriminate influenza a virus subtypes, including novel h1n1 (2009) and seasonal h3n2 virus, influenza b virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in a single test tube, with detection sensitivity and specificity of 99% and 100%, respectively, for the four pathogens.	2011	21270233
correlation of polymerase replication fidelity with genetic evolution of influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2) viruses.	influenza virus evolves continuously through mutations presumed to result from evolutionary pressure driving viral replication. this study examined the relationship between the genetic evolution and replication fidelity of influenza viruses. analysis of influenza sequences from national centre for biotechnology information (ncbi) database revealed a gradual decrease in the rate of genetic evolution of a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-like variants after the emergence and predominance of the a/h3n2 fujian s ...	2011	21264873
[influenza virus reproduction in the mdck cells adapted to growth in serum-free hybris-2 medium].	whether the mdck cell line might adapt to grow in serum-free hybris-2 medium and influenza viruses might be reproduced in the adapted cells was studied. seventeen passages using the hybris-2 medium yielded cells adapted to growth in this medium (mdck-bs). the reproduction of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses versus the cells cultured in eagle's medium was studied. the laboratory strain of influenza a/aichi/1/68 (h3n2) and the strain b/ohio/01/05 of influenza b in equal titers were shown ...	2010	21260998
comparison of two h1n2 swine influenza a viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in sweden during 2009 and 2010.	the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. in the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (siv) h1n2 subtypes, isolated in sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. the differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. they included a truncated pb1-f2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full lengt ...	2011	21253862
reversed phase monolithic analytical columns for the determination of ha1 subunit of influenza virus haemagglutinin.	monoliths are chromatographic stationary phases, which were specially designed for efficient purification of large biomolecules, like proteins, viruses and dna. in this work, the small scale monolithic butyl (c4) and styrene-divinyl benzene (sdvb) columns were applied for reversed phase analyses of various degraded influenza viruses. the binding of the ha1 subunit of haemagglutinin to the monolithic columns was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) an ...	2010	21251658
antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza --- recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates previous recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-7]).this report contains information on treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza virus infection and provides a summary of the effectiveness and safety of antiviral tre ...	2011	21248682
brevetoxin inhalation alters the pulmonary response to influenza a in the male f344 rat.	epidemiological studies demonstrated that the number of emergency-room visits for respiratory indications increases during periods of florida red tides. the purpose of this study was to examine whether or not repeated brevetoxin inhalation, as may occur during a florida red tide, affects pulmonary responses to influenza a. male f344 rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham aerosol/no influenza; (2) sham aerosol/influenza; (3) brevetoxin/no influenza; and (4) brevetoxin/influenza. animals wer ...	2011	21240731