Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| identification of a region in the pr55gag-polyprotein essential for hiv-1 particle formation. | the pr55gag polyprotein of hiv-1 plays a critical role in the formation of immature virus particles in the cell and during the budding process. we investigated the influence of amino acid substitutions in the p24ca- region of the gag polyprotein on the viral assembly process. deletion of the amino acids 341-352 in the carboxy terminal part of the p24ca resulted in a loss of the capacity of the gag polyprotein to form virus-like particles when expressed in eucaryotic cells by recombinant vaccinia ... | 1993 | 8460500 |
| effect of mutations in the v3 loop of hiv-1 gp120 on infectivity and susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. | it has been suggested that the v3 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates has to interact with a cell-surface-associated or endosomal proteinase during virus entry into susceptible cells. to investigate this hypothesis, we examined the effect of several mutations in the v3 loop on its susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and cathepsin e and compared it with the effect of these mutations on viral infectivity. the data obtained indicate that, if an interaction ... | 1993 | 8457383 |
| evaluation of testing algorithms following the use of combination hiv-1/hiv-2 eia for screening purposes. | the licensure of combination human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1/hiv-2) enzyme immunoassays (eias) by the food and drug administration has been accompanied by a recommendation that u.s. blood banks begin testing the nation's blood supply for hiv-2 by june 1, 1992. the performance of a recently licensed combination hiv-1/hiv-2 eia (genetic systems) was evaluated using 3100 sera collected in the united states. a total of 2,049 sera were obtained from populations with low risk for ... | 1993 | 8457381 |
| antigenic and immunogenic sites of hiv-2 glycoproteins. | a new human retrovirus, hiv-2, serologically distinct from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), was first reported in 1985 and isolated in 1986 from 2 aids patients from guinea-bissau and cape verde islands. findings related to the characterization of hiv-2 antigenic and immunogenic sites that stimulate strain and type-cross-reactive immunity are illustrated; data from preliminary studies of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are presented; and epidemiological and biological characteri ... | 1993 | 8452654 |
| human endothelial cells isolated from the hepatic sinusoids and the umbilical vein display a different permissiveness for hiv1. | endothelial cells are now considered as potential targets for hiv infection, together with other non-lymphoid cells. we previously demonstrated that endothelial cells isolated from the human liver sinusoids (sec) are permissive for hiv1 in vitro (steffan et al., 1992), whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) do not allow replication of seven hiv1 and hiv2 strains under the same infection conditions (lafon et al., 1992). the aim of our work was to compare the permissiveness of sec ... | 1993 | 8446785 |
| false-positive serologic tests for human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i among blood donors following influenza vaccination, 1992. | from october 31 through december 15, 1991, 10 blood donors to the american red cross blood services, badger region (arcbs), were found to have false-positive screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for antibodies to two or more of the following viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), human t-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (htlv-i), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). an investigation by the division of health, wisconsin department of health and social services (wdoh), and t ... | 1993 | 8446101 |
| transdominant inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 2 replication by an envelope deletion mutant. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is primarily responsible for virus attachment and entry into the target cell population. we constructed an hiv-2 mutant virus containing an in-frame deletion within the putative cd4-binding sequences of the envelope glycoprotein and confirmed that the mutant envelope is unable to bind cd4 and that the mutant virus is noninfectious. to investigate whether this mutant could dominantly interfere with wild-type replication, we ... | 1993 | 8445714 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in nigeria. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 infections in nigeria was estimated from 3854 serum samples collected at 21 locations from 1985 to 1990. seventy-eight samples (2.0%) were reactive for hiv-1 and 49 (1.3%) for hiv-2 antibodies; 5 samples were reactive for both viruses. the prevalence of hiv-1 and -2 infections, respectively, was highest among 60 female prostitutes, with 10% and 6.7% positive. for other groups the respective rates of positivity were 4.1% and 3.4% ... | 1993 | 8440941 |
| autologous neutralizing antibodies prevail in hiv-2 but not in hiv-1 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has been reported to be less pathogenic than hiv-1. we have investigated the capacity of sera from nine hiv-2-infected individuals to neutralize their own autologous virus. all nine hiv-2-infected individuals neutralized autologous virus with titers ranging between 20 and 320. in contrast, we have previously reported that most hiv-1-infected individuals lack such antibodies. the difference between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection was statistically significant ... | 1993 | 8438591 |
| intracellular transport and virion incorporation of vpx requires interaction with other virus type-specific components. | viral protein x (vpx) is a virion-associated hiv-2/siv accessory protein that enhances viral infectivity and replication in natural target cells. to investigate whether other viral components affect its biosynthesis, subcellular localization, and virion incorporation, we expressed hiv-2 vpx in a mammalian cell system and examined its transport and packaging requirements using an in trans complementation assay. the complete vpx coding region of hiv-2st was placed under the control of a high-effic ... | 1993 | 8438567 |
| epidemiology of hiv infection in st. petersburg, russia. | overall hiv-1 prevalence in st. petersburg (leningrad) is extremely low (0.002%). hiv-2 infection has not been detected. the possible mode of virus entry was through sexual contacts with infected foreigners, the earliest documented date being prior to 1982. among 25 seropositive males, 18 are homosexual and five are bisexual, suggesting that the virus is circulating within resident population of homo/bisexual males. the total incidence of new infections has not shown the type of dramatic increas ... | 1993 | 8433286 |
| antiviral agents: characteristic activity spectrum depending on the molecular target with which they interact. | the target protein (enzyme) with which antiviral agents interact determines their antiviral activity spectrum. based on their activity spectrum, antiviral compounds could be divided into the following classes: (1) sulfated polysaccharides (i.e., dextran sulfate), which interact with the viral envelope glycoproteins and are inhibitory to a broad variety of enveloped viruses (i.e., retro-, herpes-, rhabdo-, and arenaviruses): (2) sah hydrolase inhibitors (i.e., neplanocin a derivatives), which are ... | 1993 | 8430518 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acids detected before p24 antigenemia in a blood donor. | a blood donation from a 46-year-old homosexual man was discarded because of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. thirteen days later, the patient presented with symptomatic primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. virologic investigations were performed retrospectively on blood samples (including the donated blood) obtained before the symptoms. the hiv-1 genome was present, either integrated in mononuclear cell dna or circulating in plasma, 39 days before the appearanc ... | 1993 | 8430457 |
| detection of hepatitis b virus in plasma using flow cytometric analyses of polymerase chain reaction-amplified dna incorporating digoxigenin-11-dutp. | blood donations are routinely screened by multiple serologic assays for antigens/antibodies associated with infection by blood-borne viruses, including hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2), and human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv-i and htlv-ii). a direct detection of these viruses would be more effective for the prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections than the indirect measurement of the variable host immune response to the ... | 1993 | 8427989 |
| n-linked oligosaccharides of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins are dispensable for the interaction with the cd4 receptor. | in contrast to others groups, we have previously shown that n-linked glycans of hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins do not play a major role in the gp-cd4 interaction. in order to clarify these inconsistencies, we investigated the role of n-glycans in the interaction of siv with the cd4 receptor. the inhibition of binding of radiolabeled siv envelope glycoprotein (gp140) to cd4+ cells by increasing concentrations of soluble cd4 shows that the interaction occurred with high affinity (k0.5 = 1. ... | 1993 | 8427576 |
| in vitro dimerization of hiv-2 leader rna in the absence of puggapua motifs. | retroviral particles contain a dimeric genome consisting of two full-length, noncovalently linked rna molecules. linkage of the two genomes is thought to be critical for a productive reverse transcription reaction and may increase genetic recombination rates. the molecular nature of the dimer linkage structure (dls) is poorly understood. it was recently shown that in vitro synthesized retroviral transcripts can dimerize in the absence of protein factors. we studied in vitro dimerization of human ... | 1993 | 8422965 |
| tar rna binding properties and relative transactivation activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins. | using gel shift assays, we found that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat protein (tat-1) bound both hiv-1 and hiv-2 tar rnas with similar high affinities. in contrast, the hiv-2 tat protein (tat-2) bound only tar-2 rna with high affinity. we conclude that the weak in vivo activity of tat-2 on the hiv-1 long terminal repeat that has been observed previously is likely the result of low affinity for tar-1 rna. additionally, tar-2 rna was found to contain multiple specific binding s ... | 1993 | 8419640 |
| distinguishing features of an infectious molecular clone of the highly divergent and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 uc1 strain. | a full-length infectious molecular clone was derived from the noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 uc1 strain (hiv-2uc1) that was originally recoverd from an individual from the ivory coast. like the parental isolate, the molecularly cloned virus (hiv-2uc1mc or uc1 mc) demonstrates a reduced ability to induce syncytium formation, to kill cells, and to down-modulate the cell surface cd4 receptor in infected cells. phylogenetic analysis of the dna sequence of uc1mc revealed that it is ... | 1993 | 8419635 |
| seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection in borno state of nigeria by sentinel surveillance. | a serosurvey for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was carried out in three well-separated population centers in borno state of nigeria in 1989-1990. the study subjects were 1,259 made up of sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic attenders, pregnant women, female prostitutes, and blood donors. sera were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmation was done by western blotting. the overall seroprevalence was 1.67% (21/1,259), with no significant differences from on ... | 1993 | 8417183 |
| glycosylation is necessary for the correct folding of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 in cd4 binding. | conflicting results have been reported regarding the role of carbohydrate on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein gp120 in cd4 receptor binding. glycosylated, deglycosylated, and nonglycosylated forms of hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 gp120s were used to examine cd4 receptor-binding activity. nonglycosylated forms of gp120 generated either by deletion of the signal sequence of hiv-1 gp120 or by synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin failed to bind to cd4. in contrast, highly ... | 1993 | 8416385 |
| effect of dosing frequency on zdv prophylaxis in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. | the effect of dosing frequency on zidovudine (zdv) prophylaxis against simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection was examined in long-tailed macaque monkeys (macaca fascicularis). the results indicate that dosing frequency is extremely important for drug efficacy. the monkeys were divided into three groups based on dosing frequencies of 6-, 8-, or 12-h intervals. all were given a total daily dose of 100 mg/kg of zdv. the drug was administered subcutaneously starting 24 h before siv inoculati ... | 1993 | 8410666 |
| nonhuman primate models for aids. | historically, animal model systems have been important components of biomedical research, and the same is proving true for research directed at the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pandemic. the most relevant and valuable models for studying infection by hiv-1 and hiv-2 and progression to aids involve infection of nonhuman primates with hiv-1, hiv-2, or some of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). the siv macaque model has proven valuable in all aspects of aids-related r ... | 1993 | 8399921 |
| large scale purification and refolding of hiv-1 protease from escherichia coli inclusion bodies. | the protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was engineered in escherichia coli as a construct in which the natural 99-residue polypeptide was preceded by an nh2-terminal methionine initiator. inclusion bodies harboring the recombinant hiv-1 protease were dissolved in 50% acetic acid and the solution was subjected to gel filtration on a column of sephadex g-75. the protein, eluted in the second of two peaks, migrated in sds-page as a single sharp band of m(r) approxima ... | 1993 | 8397790 |
| rapid and simple screening and supplemental testing for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in west africa. | to evaluate a combination of rapid tests as a strategy for screening and supplemental testing of serum for hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 antibodies. | 1993 | 8395857 |
| rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. | a spectrum of pathogenicity has been observed for primate lentiviruses in their natural hosts. for example, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is a potent etiologic agent for aids in man, whereas there is no evidence to date which indicates that simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys (sivagm) causes immunodeficiency in agm. we measured the relative rates of amino acid change, as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions, f ... | 1993 | 8395604 |
| a poliovirus minireplicon containing an inactive 2a proteinase is expressed in vaccinia virus-infected cells. | it has been difficult to evaluate the role of individual viral proteins in poliovirus replication because a suitable complementation system has not yet been developed. to approach this problem, we constructed a chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-gag-poliovirus minireplicon in which regions of the gag gene of hiv-2 were inserted in the poliovirus genome between nucleotides 1174 and 2470. transfection of this chimeric rna into hela cells results in the replication of the minirepl ... | 1993 | 8392603 |
| lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes. | previous studies have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is enclosed with a lipid envelope similar in composition to cell plasma membranes and to other viruses. further, the fluidity, as measured by spin resonance spectroscopy, is low and the viral envelope is among the most highly ordered membranes analyzed. however, the relationship between viral envelope lipids and those of the host cell is not known. here we demonstrate that the phospholipids within the envelopes of hiv-1rf an ... | 1993 | 8389472 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of polyoxomolybdates. mechanism of inhibitory effect of pm-104 (nh4)12h2(eu4(moo4)(h2o)16(mo7o24)4).13h2o on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | a screening for inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) among various types of isopolyoxomolybdates and heteropolyoxomolybdates was carried out by using an in vitro assay system measuring the cytopathogenicity of hiv-1 in cd4+ human mt-4 cells. a novel heteropolyoxomolybdate named pm-104 with the chemical formula (nh4)12h2(eu4(moo4)(h2o)16(mo7o24)4).13h2o was found to be associated with potent anti-hiv-1 activity. pm-104 interferes with virus infection at a very early step such ... | 1993 | 8387260 |
| compatibility of tat and rev transactivators in the primate lentiviruses. | primate immunodeficiency viruses carry a unique set of transacting regulator genes, which are essential for viral replication. the exchangeability of these tat and rev transactivators derived from viruses of the four major subgroups identified to date was assessed in transient transfection and infection assay systems. the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), a major causative virus of human aids, efficiently activated the other viruses. in contrast, the tat and rev gene products of hiv-2 ... | 1993 | 8385908 |
| studies on the substrate specificity of the proteinase of equine infectious anemia virus using oligopeptide substrates. | the proteinase of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), a lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), was purified from concentrated virus. the specificity of the enzyme was characterized using oligopeptides representing naturally occurring cleavage sites in the gag and gag-pol polyproteins. the length of the substrate binding pocket was found to be 1-2 residues longer than that of hiv proteinases. although the eiav and hiv proteinases cleaved most of the peptides at t ... | 1993 | 8384879 |
| polymerase chain reaction and transfusion microbiology. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) involves alternate denaturing and re-annealing of dna in test samples in the presence of appropriate oligonucleotide primers complementary to opposite strands of the target dna together with a heat-stable dna polymerase, mg2+ and the four nucleotide triphosphates. dna target segments can be 'amplified' ten-millionfold by 25-35 such cycles. even greater amplification (approximately 10(12)-fold) with enhanced specificity can be obtained by a second set of amplificat ... | 1993 | 8384393 |
| inhibition of cellular activation of retroviral replication by cd8+ t cells derived from non-human primates. | to test the hypothesis that cd8+ t cells inhibit viral replication at the level of cellular activation, an epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed cell line (fec1) from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-seropositive sooty mangabey monkey was transfected with a human cd4 gene and shown to be replication-competent for hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. utilizing a dual-chamber culture system, it was found that inhibition of viral replication can be mediated by a soluble factor. the fec1 cell line was transien ... | 1993 | 8383022 |
| a distinct african lentivirus from sykes' monkeys. | asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in african sykes' monkeys (cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel siv from sykes' monkeys (sivsyk). macaques inoculated with sivsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. we utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of sivsyk. the genome organization of sivsyk is similar to that of ... | 1993 | 8382307 |
| infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | to review the clinical, epidemiologic, and biological features of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). | 1993 | 8380244 |
| crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 protease in complex with a reduced amide inhibitor and comparison with hiv-1 protease structures. | the crystal structure of hiv-2 protease in complex with a reduced amide inhibitor [bi-la-398; phe-val-phe-psi (ch2nh)-leu-glu-ile-amide] has been determined at 2.2-a resolution and refined to a crystallographic r factor of 17.6%. the rms deviation from ideality in bond lengths is 0.018 a and in bond angles is 2.8 degrees. the largest structural differences between hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases are located at residues 15-20, 34-40, and 65-73, away from the flap region and the substrate binding sites. ... | 1993 | 8378311 |
| amino acid changes in the fourth conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain hiv-2rod envelope glycoprotein modulate fusion. | the fourth conserved region (c4) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface glycoprotein has been shown to participate in cd4 binding and to influence viral tropism (a. cordonnier, l. montagnier, and m. emerman, nature [london] 340:571-574, 1989). to define the role of the corresponding region of hiv-2, we introduce single amino acid changes into the c4 sequence of hiv-2rod. the effects of these mutations on glycoprotein function and on virus infectivity have been examined. we have s ... | 1993 | 8371358 |
| aids and social work: the ethics and civil liberties agenda. | social workers are becoming increasingly involved in casework and social policy debate related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) crisis. to enhance their delivery of services and contribution to policy formulation, social workers need to be familiar with a wide range of ethical and civil liberties issues that have been generated by the aids epidemic. this article provides an overview of six major ethical and civil liberties issues pertaining to social work practice related to aid ... | 1993 | 8362277 |
| studies of hiv-2 promoter activity and cell specific ablation. | we have a developed a retroviral mediated molecular ablation method to specifically eliminate hiv tat-expressing cells. this approach utilizes the tat-inducible hiv-2 promoter and a conditional toxin gene. the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene product is toxic to mammalian cells only after treatment with ganciclovir (gcv) or other nucleoside analogues. we demonstrate here that certain promoter modifications can decrease basal expression while retaining the ability to be transactivated. ... | 1993 | 8361235 |
| coexistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv2) and rheumatoid arthritis. | 1993 | 8353992 | |
| activation of the human t-cell leukemia virus type i enhancer is mediated by binding sites for elf-1 and the pets factor. | infection with human t-cell leukemia virus type i (htlv-i) is associated with adult t-cell lymphoma/leukemia. this disease occurs in only a small minority of people infected with htlv-i and manifests itself many years after infection. therefore, it appears that a fine balance exists between htlv-i and the host t-cell factors with which it interacts. htlv-i encodes a transactivating protein, tax, which activates viral transcription via cellular mechanisms which are incompletely understood. as vir ... | 1993 | 8350410 |
| productive expression state confers resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2-infected lymphoma cells against superinfection by hiv-1. | in the past, positive as well as negative results pertaining to hiv-1/hiv2 interference have been obtained. therefore, in the present study attention was paid to the viral expression state of preinfected cells at the time of exposure to secondary virus. a clonal hiv-2 infected hut-78 cell line was derived by endpoint dilution and subsequently inoculated with cell-free hiv-1. superinfection with hiv-1 was ruled out by western blot and pcr analysis. the chronically hiv-2 infected cells used for th ... | 1993 | 8347081 |
| vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances the release of capsids produced by gag gene constructs of widely divergent retroviruses. | the vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 facilitates the release of virus particles from the surface of infected cells. the ability of the vpu protein to facilitate release of gag proteins from retroviruses that lack a vpu-like protein was examined. the results of these experiments show that vpu significantly increases the release of the gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, visna virus, and moloney murine leukemia virus from hela cells. the results indicate that vpu ... | 1993 | 8346259 |
| identification of amino acids in hiv-2 integrase involved in site-specific hydrolysis and alcoholysis of viral dna termini. | the human immunodeficiency virus integrase (hiv in) protein cleaves two nucleotides off the 3' end of viral dna and subsequently integrates the viral dna into target dna. in exposes a specific phosphodiester bond near the viral dna end to nucleophilic attack by water or other nucleophiles, such as glycerol or the 3' hydroxyl group of the viral dna molecule itself. wild-type in has a preference for water as the nucleophile; we here describe a class of in mutants that preferentially use the 3' hyd ... | 1993 | 8346016 |
| long-lasting postmortem viability of human immunodeficiency virus: a potential risk in forensic medicine practice. | to determine the time from death when an autopsy could be carried out without any risk of contamination by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), we cultured hiv from serial samples of blood and liquid effusion, collected as long as possible alter death from refrigerated dead bodies of hiv-infected patients. samples were cocultivated with stimulated normal human lymphocytes and viral replication was assessed by p24 hiv1 antigen elisa determination and by reverse transcriptase hiv1 and hiv2 activity ... | 1993 | 8340039 |
| [serology of the human immunodeficiency virus in saliva]. | the presence of immunoglobulins in saliva has allowed it to be proven that they are specific against certain antigens. antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been observed in saliva. the aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of the same by commercial enzymoinmmunoassay (eia) and standardize the technique. | 1993 | 8332019 |
| differential activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 transcription by specific t-cell activation signals. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 enhancers are induced differentially by physiologic t-cell activation signals. in contrast to that of hiv-1, hiv-2 transcription was quite responsive to stimulation of t cells by antigen presentation but weakly induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. like tumor necrosis factor alpha, expression of cloned nf-kappa b subunits strongly activated the hiv-1, but not the hiv-2, enhancer. the differences in response to these physiologic t-cell a ... | 1993 | 8331739 |
| genetic evidence that the tat proteins of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 can multimerize in the eukaryotic cell nucleus. | the formation of dimers or higher-order multimers is critical to the biological activity of many eukaryotic regulatory proteins. however, biochemical analyses of the multimerization capacity of the tat trans activator of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) have yielded contradictory results. we used the two-hybrid genetic assay for protein-protein interactions in the eukaryote saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. fields and o.-k. song, nature [london] 340:245-246, 1989) to examine ... | 1993 | 8331738 |
| tar loop-dependent human immunodeficiency virus trans activation requires factors encoded on human chromosome 12. | the trans-activator response region (tar) rna in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 long terminal repeat forms stem-loop secondary structures in which the loop sequence is essential for trans activation. we investigated how the hiv trans-activation mechanism encoded on human chromosome 12 relates to the tar rna loop-dependent pathway. dna transfection experiments showed that trans activation in human-hamster hybrid cells with the single human chromosome 12 and human t-cell ... | 1993 | 8331737 |
| in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides and their effect on clonal growth of hemopoietic cells from human bone marrow. | seven 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides synthesized by substitution of nucleosides using nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase from lactobacillus leichmanii were tested for their anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity. two of them, including 2,6-diaminopurine-2',3'-dideoxyriboside (dapddr) and 6-chlorpurine-2',3'-dideoxyriboside (cpddr) demonstrated high antiviral activity against several strains of hiv-1 and one strain of hiv-2. the selectivity index of the drugs (si; ratio of the drug concentrat ... | 1993 | 8329011 |
| bloodborne pathogens. can you become infected from your older patient? | 1. exposure to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace creates acute anxiety in health care workers (hcws); however, hcws are at a greater risk for contracting the hepatitis b virus (hbv) than for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). 2. a postexposure management program (pemp) provides an education of the risk of infection and risk-reduction techniques; a mechanism for assessment of the source patient's risk factors and for obtaining source patient hbv and hiv serologic status; a se ... | 1993 | 8326114 |
| reactivity of cysteine residues in the protease from human immunodeficiency virus: identification of a surface-exposed region which affects enzyme function. | the protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is essential for the processing of viral polyproteins encoded by the gag and pol genes into mature viral proteins. the 99-residue protease from hiv-1 contains two cysteine residues (cys-67 and cys-95), both of which are usually conserved in viruses isolated from patients. despite this conservation, neither residue is required for enzymatic activity. certain site-specific cysteine mutants of hiv-1 protease are catalytically active, an ... | 1993 | 8323281 |
| comparison of transmission rates of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in a cohort of prostitutes in senegal. | to explore the biological similarities and differences between the hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses, we model the probability of male-to-female transmission of either hiv virus as a function of the number of sexual partners, the prevalence of the viruses and the infectivity per contact. using maximum likelihood estimation theory and data from a prospective study of registered female prostitutes in dakar, senegal, we estimate and compare the infectivities of hiv-1 and hiv-2. graphical goodness-of-fit meth ... | 1993 | 8318928 |
| protection of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (hiv-2ben) by immunization with the virion-derived envelope glycoprotein gp130. | we have investigated the efficiency of a subunit vaccine consisting of native gp130 micelles of hiv-2ben mixed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). over a period of 52 weeks, nine cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were immunized with seven intramuscular injections of gp130-klh, equivalent to a total of about 1.1 mg of purified gp130 per animal. the first three applications were formulated in freund's incomplete adjuvant. because of the effects of freund's incomplete adjuvant, aluminum hy ... | 1993 | 8318267 |
| anti-hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) activity of sulfated paramylon. | sulfated derivatives of paramylon, a water-insoluble (1-3)-beta-d-glucan from euglena gracilis, significantly inhibited the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and the expression of hiv antigen in cultured mt-4, molt-4 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. native paramylon, n,n-dimethylaminoethyl paramylon, n,n-diethylaminoethyl paramylon, 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl paramylon chloride, and carboxymethyl paramylon had little or no anti-hiv activi ... | 1993 | 8317920 |
| changes in the host range and growth potential of an hiv-1 clone are conferred by the vpu gene. | vpu, alone among the genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), is unique to this virus, with no analogous reading frame evident in the genomes of either hiv-2 or the related sivs. effects of vpu upon levels of virus production from infected cells have been noted, but vpu is dispensable for hiv-1 replication in vitro and its significance in the natural viral life cycle is unclear. we have now identified and characterized a major influence of vpu upon the growth and host cell range of ... | 1993 | 8317102 |
| [viral infections--clinical pictures and laboratory diagnosis. part 5: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv 1, hiv 2) to measles virus]. | 1993 | 8307545 | |
| oral hairy leukoplakia in a patient with ulcerative colitis. | a 30-year-old man with ulcerative colitis developed oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl). serological examination for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 infection showed no abnormalities. biopsy specimen of the lateral tongue showed ballooned prickle cells, and electron microscopy revealed herpes-type viruses. immunologic investigation of the patient showed a marked decrease in t-helper cells as a result of immunosuppressive regimen. the present report appears to be the first well-documented ... | 1994 | 8299917 |
| infectious aids--stretching the germ theory beyond its limits. | the hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) causes aids was advanced in 1984, based only on circumstantial evidence. to this date, the primary evidence are correlations between the presence of antibody against hiv and aids. but these correlations are biased by proponents of the hiv hypothesis in favour of hiv. they ignore hiv-free aids and they base correlations on selected studies because there are no national hiv-aids statistics. the hiv-aids hypothesis has made the following predic ... | 1994 | 8292899 |
| envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 alters ion transport in astrocytes: implications for aids dementia complex. | infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is often complicated by a variety of neurological abnormalities. the most common clinical syndrome, termed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) dementia complex, presents as a subcortical dementia with cognitive, motor, and behavioral disturbances and is unique to hiv-1 infection. the pathogenesis of this syndrome is poorly understood but is believed to involve interactions among virally infected macrophages/microglia, astrocytes, and ... | 1994 | 8290553 |
| the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein is located in the cytoplasm of infected cells and its effect on viral replication is equivalent in hiv-2. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif gene (viral infectivity gene) plays an important role in viral replication in vitro. we demonstrated that the vif protein is membrane associated in hiv-1-infected cells and have investigated the role in viral replication of the equivalent gene in hiv-2. we constructed an hiv-2 vif minus mutant and studied its virulence and cellular tropism in vitro. parallel experiments were also performed with an hiv-1 vif mutant to ascertain whether the two d ... | 1993 | 8280477 |
| sequence specific binding of the transcription factor c-ets1 to the human immunodeficiency virus type i long terminal repeat. | human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr) driven transcription is regulated by a variety of cellular transcription factors. most work has focused on the two nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kb) elements indispensable for hiv-1 ltr enhancer function. we demonstrate here the specific binding of the transcription factor c-ets1 to an u3 region of the hiv-1 ltr (nt -141 to -149) using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis with t-cell nuclear extract and in vitro translated pr ... | 1993 | 8280137 |
| inhibition of hiv infection by flavanoids. | of a variety of flavanoids, the flavans were generally more effective than flavones and flavanones in selective inhibition of hiv-1, hiv-2 or siv infection. studies of their effects on the binding of scd4 and antibody to gp120 indicated that the effective compounds interact irreversibly with gp120 to inactive virus infectivity and block infection. | 1993 | 8279812 |
| human retroviruses in amerindians of colombia: high prevalence of human t cell lymphotropic virus type ii infection among the tunebo indians. | the coexistence of infection with human t lymphotropic virus types i and ii (htlv-i and htlv-ii) has been demonstrated recently among the wayuu indians from the guajira region of colombia. to ascertain if other indian groups in colombia are similarly infected, we tested 1,250 sera, collected between 1990 and 1992 from 18 culturally distinct amerindian tribes living in widely separated regions, for igg antibodies against htlv-i/ii using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot. ... | 1993 | 8279632 |
| specific ablation of human immunodeficiency virus tat-expressing cells by conditionally toxic retroviruses. | the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as the etiologic agent of aids has led to the proposal of novel intervention strategies to block hiv infection and viral replication or eliminate hiv-infected cells. we have produced recombinant retroviruses for a molecular ablation system, whereby a toxin gene can be delivered to hematopoietic cells for the specific elimination of hiv tat-expressing cells. for this cell-specific ablation, we have coupled the conditional toxin herpes simpl ... | 1994 | 8278395 |
| science challenging hiv infection. | the first accepted report of a novel human, slow virus disease belonging to "lentivirus" known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome can be traced to reports of june 1981. hiv-1 and hiv-2 were later found over the period 1984-86 to be unequivocally associated with aids. they are two serologically distinct viruses belonging to the same family with the unique properties of integration and latency in the host cell genome and the presence of reverse transcriptase. typical of all retroviruses, the ... | 1993 | 8276485 |
| aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma in an indian female. | we report the first case of aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma in a 35 year old indian female, a commercial sex worker, with lesions involving skin and mucous membranes. diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology, electron microscopy, seropositivity, (elisa and western blot) as well as pepti-lav test and viral culture. antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, both hiv-1 & 2, were present. hla dr5,7 was positive on oligotyping. genetic predisposition, therefore, may be suspected. | 1993 | 8270582 |
| complement activation upon binding of mannan-binding protein to hiv envelope glycoproteins. | retroviruses can activate the complement system in the absence of antibodies, and the purpose of this study was to examine whether the serum collection, mannan-binding protein (mbp), could mediate such complement activation. | 1993 | 8267903 |
| [phylogenetically old hiv-1 from cameroon discovered. hiv-2 related virus isolate]. | 1993 | 8258419 | |
| molecular cloning, expression, and biological characterization of an htlv-ii envelope glycoprotein: hiv-1 expression is permissive for htlv-ii-induced cell fusion. | the human t cell leukemia virus ii (htlv-ii) is a type c retrovirus closely related to the human transforming retrovirus htlv-i. in contrast to htlv-i, the role of htlv-ii in human disease is controversial. however, htlv-ii infection has been documented in several cases of a clinically benign hairy cell leukemia and has also been suggested as a cofactor for hiv-1 disease progression. we report that an htlv-ii isolate (designated flw) derived from a serum-positive white male can induce cell fusio ... | 1993 | 8257634 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) trans-activator (tat): functional domains and the search for trans-dominant negative mutants. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) trans-activator (tat) is an important trans-regulator of viral gene expression. it differs from the related hiv-1 tat in certain aspects of its structure and function. hiv-2 tat is composed of 130 amino acids versus 86 amino acids for hiv-1 tat. apart from certain conserved regions, there is little homology between the two tats. they also differ in their ability to trans-activate hiv-2 and hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr)-directed gene expression. as a ... | 1993 | 8257633 |
| cgp 53437, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease with potent antiviral activity. | cgp 53437 is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease containing a hydroxyethylene isostere. the compound inhibited recombinant hiv-1 protease with a ki of 0.2 nm. the inhibition constant versus human cathepsin d and human cathepsin e was 4 nm. human pepsin and gastricsin were inhibited with kis of 8 and 500 nm, respectively, and human renin was inhibited with a ki of 190 microm. the replication of hiv-1/lav, hiv-1/z-84, and hiv-1/plai was inhibited with ... | 1993 | 8257128 |
| demographic characteristics of retroviral infections (hiv-1, hiv-2, and htlv-i) among female professional sex workers in lagos, nigeria. | in 1990/1991, 885 prostitutes residing in 11 of the 12 local government areas (lgas) of lagos state, nigeria, participated in a cross-sectional study to determine current seroprevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i). the overall prevalence of hiv-1 was 12.3%, of hiv-2, 2.1%, and of htlv-i, 2.8%. hiv-1 seropositivity did not vary significantly by age, socioeconomic class, or nationality, but hiv ... | 1993 | 8254475 |
| specific interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus tat proteins with a cellular protein kinase. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) tat proteins are related transcriptional activators whose effects are likely to be mediated by a cellular factor. using an in vitro kinase assay, we have shown that the tat protein of hiv-2 and the activation domain of the tat protein of hiv-1 specifically bind to a cellular protein kinase. mutations in tat that abolish transactivation activity in vivo abrogate the ability of the mutants to bind to the kinase in vitro. this is the ... | 1993 | 8249283 |
| preparation and anti-hiv activity of o-acylated heparin and dermatan sulfate derivatives with low anticoagulant effect. | in order to increase the ratio of anti-hiv activity to anticoagulant activity, glycosaminoglycan derivatives selectively substituted at oh and/or cooh groups were prepared. standard heparin, heparin fragments, or dermatan sulfate were converted to their tributylammonium or tetrabutylammonium salts. their selective o-acylation to various (controlled) degrees was carried out in a homogeneous way in n,n-dimethylformamide using carboxylic acid anhydrides and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as catalyst. es ... | 1993 | 8246223 |
| structure of the protease from simian immunodeficiency virus: complex with an irreversible nonpeptide inhibitor. | a variant of the simian immunodeficiency virus protease (siv pr), covalently bound to the inhibitor 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epnp), was crystallized. the structure of the inhibited complex was determined by x-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.4 a and refined to an r factor of 19%. the variant, siv pr s4h, was shown to diminish the rate of autolysis by at least 4-fold without affecting enzymatic parameters. the overall root mean square (rms) deviation of the alpha-carbons from ... | 1993 | 8241141 |
| molecular and biological characteristics of a novel hiv-2 isolate, hiv-2hom. | in 1991 a new hiv-2 isolate (hiv-2hom) was isolated first from a german individual most likely infected in west africa in the beginning of the 1970s. the virus was isolated from both, the plasma and the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient by using okt-3-stimulated cord blood lymphocytes. the recovered viruses could be further propagated on jurkat cells and exhibited a broad cell tropism. biochemical and antigenic properties of hiv-2hom were examined by radioimmunoprecipitations. for a mo ... | 1993 | 8237111 |
| fusogenicity of mutant and chimeric proviruses derived from molecular clones of cytopathic and noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | analysis of the phenotype of the molecular clones of cytopathic and fusogenic, noncytopathic and nonfusogenic, and chimeric proviruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) suggests that the major determinant of the attenuated fusogenicity and cytopathicity of hiv-2 was located in the 3'-half of the genome, with envelope playing the more dominant role. however, no single linear domain within the envelope, including the major cd4 binding domain and fusogenic domain, was sufficient by its ... | 1993 | 8229655 |
| a novel, sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation assay for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus-type 2. | a radioimmunoprecipitation assay that provides an alternative to the western blot assay was developed for characterizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2). the assay is based on radioiodination of antigen using bolton-hunter reagent. the antigen consists of a soluble preparation of the nih-z (hiv-2) strain of 1000x purified virus spiked with purified recombinant hiv-2 gp105. radiolabeled proteins were immunoprecipitated by immune human sera, even at the early stages ... | 1993 | 8227273 |
| cytosolic domain of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins binds to calmodulin and inhibits calmodulin-regulated proteins. | calmodulin (cam), the major intracellular receptor for calcium, is involved in regulation of diverse cellular functions. positively charged amphipathic helical segments have been identified as an important structural motif in the recognition of cam by different cam-activated enzymes and peptides. the carboxyl-terminal domain of the envelope glycoproteins of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv) contain regions that can fold into amphipathic helical segments, which clo ... | 1993 | 8226798 |
| staff distress among haemophilia nurses. | to investigate the severity, sources, and means used to cope with the distress experienced by haemophilia nurses as a result of the widespread infection with human immunodeficiency virus among haemophiliacs, we collected anonymous questionnaire data from all nurses in the haemophilia nursing network directory, compiled by the national haemophilia foundation in june, 1990. questionnaires were returned by 136 of the 181 (75%) nurses in the sample. over 50% of the sample gave distress responses to ... | 1993 | 8218470 |
| characterization of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 serological profiles by polymerase chain reaction. | to evaluate the frequency of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 dna sequences in patients with dual serological profiles. | 1993 | 8216974 |
| synthesis and virucidal activity of a water-soluble, configurationally stable, derivatized c60 fullerene. | the bis(monosuccinimide) derivative of p,p'-bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-c60 (compound 1), prepared by the fulleroid route, is active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 (50% effective concentration [ec50] averaging approximately 6 microm) in acutely or chronically infected human lymphocytes and is active in vitro against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant hiv-1 (ec50, approximately 3 microm). the virucidal properties of compound 1 were confirmed by virus inactivation as ... | 1993 | 8215289 |
| identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in a new zealand resident. | to determine the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types infecting a west african immigrant to new zealand. to develop an hiv type 2 specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | 1994 | 8208481 |
| risk factors for hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. | this study examines the prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) infection in pregnant women in dakar, senegal. from april 1991 to january 1993, 9,518 pregnant women were interviewed and serologically tested for antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2; 26 (0.3%) were hiv-1 seropositive, 44 (0.5%) were hiv-2 seropositive, two (0.02%) were dually seropositive, and 9,448 (99.3%) were seronegative. guinea-bissau nationality and age > 25 years were associat ... | 1994 | 8207649 |
| construction and characterization of a potent hiv-2 tat transdominant mutant protein. | the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) tat proteins tat-1 and tat-2 stimulate transcription of the viral long terminal repeat (ltr) sequences and are required for efficient viral replication. a class of mutant tat proteins, termed "transdominant mutants," has been described that possesses relatively low transactivation activity, yet is able to inhibit the function of wild-type tat. these mutant proteins contain a nonfunctional tar rna-binding domain but apparently retai ... | 1994 | 8207644 |
| laboratory diagnosis of hiv infection. | in this article the authors describe the necessity of being able to test human blood for pathogens and, in particular, hiv. hiv serodiagnostic techniques are then described as follows. detection of hiv-specific antibodies can be done by using one or more screening procedures. these are the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and two tests, generally called the rapid test and the simple test. when using elisa, the following antigens are used to detect hiv antibodies synthetic peptides, ... | 1994 | 8207274 |
| kinetic and modeling studies of subsites s4-s3' of moloney murine leukemia virus protease. | the substrate specificity of the moloney murine leukemia virus protease (mo-mulv pr) was analyzed by using the oligopeptide substrate val-ser-gln-asn-tyr decreases pro-ile-val-gln-nh2 and a series of analogs containing single amino acid substitutions in the p4-p3' positions. mo-mulv pr appears to act similarly to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prs, except for peptides having substitutions at p4 and p2 positions. mo-mulv pr shows a strong preference for the analogs having hydrophobic resi ... | 1994 | 8207003 |
| binding of human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) gp120 to galactosylceramide (galcer): relationship to the v3 loop. | the primary receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the cd4 molecule. however, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that some cells that do not express the cd4 receptor can be infected by hiv-1 and hiv-2, indicating that an alternative mechanism of infection must exist for some cell types. recently it was reported that antibodies against the glycosphingolipid, galactosylceramide (gal beta 1-1'cer;galcer), blocked infection of several cd4 negative cell lines derived from the b ... | 1994 | 8184533 |
| long-standing protection of macaques against cell-free hiv-2 with a hiv-2 iscom vaccine. | we investigated the capacity of two immunostimulating-complex (iscom) formulations including inactivated native hiv-2 viral proteins and selected peptides to induce protective immunity against hiv-2 in a nonhuman primate. four cynomolgus monkeys were first immunized with five i.m. injections of purified detergent-disrupted hiv-2 virions (total dose, 0.7 mg) in iscoms over a period of 16 months. at months 18 and 20, all four macaques were given booster immunizations with iscom-coupled v3-derived ... | 1994 | 8176640 |
| viral validation of the manufacturing process of high purity albumin from placentas. | we report on the viral validation of an industrial purification process which is used to manufacture high purity human albumin from frozen placentas. this process has been used without any modification since 1980 except for a progressive increase in production scale to reach a capacity of 19 tons of placentas per day. the extraction purification process includes five alcohol manufacturing steps, some with strict conditions of alcohol concentration, acid ph, temperature and one including chlorofo ... | 1993 | 8174808 |
| viral safety of solvent-detergent treated blood products. | laboratory research commencing in 1982 led to licensing in the united states in 1985 of a solvent/detergent (sd)-treated anti-haemophilic factor (ahf) concentrate. licensing was based on (a) studies demonstrating the inactivation of several marker viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), sindbis virus, sendai virus], human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and non-a, non-b hepatitis virus [nanbhv; now known to be principally hepatitis c virus (hcv)] added to ahf just befor ... | 1993 | 8174797 |
| interaction of c1 with hiv-1. | in contrast to animal retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus, hiv-1 is not lysed by human complement. nevertheless, hiv-1 activates complement via the classical pathway independently of antibody. evidence is provided for activation of the reconstituted c1 complex by the virus, resulting from direct interaction between c1q and the external part of the viral transmembrane envelope protein (sgp41). using c1q fragments and synthetic peptides covering the putative interaction regions in c1q and s ... | 1993 | 8172563 |
| triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells. | a series of triterpene compounds characterized by a stringent structure-activity relationship were identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication. currently studied botulinic derivatives have 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50) against hiv-1 strain iiib/lai in the 10 nm range in several cellular infection assays but are inactive against hiv-2. these compounds did not significantly inhibit the in vitro activities of several purified hiv-1 ... | 1994 | 8170948 |
| prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies in tuberculosis patients in lagos, nigeria. | to establish the prevalence of hiv antibodies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 536 new cases presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disorders were randomly selected from the six referral chest clinics in lagos and screened for tuberculosis and hiv infections. sputum and serum samples were obtained from all the patients. the sputum samples were examined for acid-fast bacilli (afb) by both microscopy and culture. the sera were screened for hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies by elisa and conf ... | 1994 | 8170009 |
| purification of crystallizable recombinant sivmac251-32h proteinase. | we have cloned a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) proteinase gene directly from proviral dna of the infectious viral stock sivmac251-32h (11/88 pool). the deduced amino acid sequence from this proteinase gene is similar to that for the published sivmac239 molecular clone. sivmac251-32h proteinase (siv pr) and its flanking pol sequences were expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with most of the t7 bacteriophage gene 10 protein. the expressed protein formed cytoplasmic inclusion bo ... | 1994 | 8167477 |
| specificity of antipeptide antibodies produced against v2 and v3 regions of the external envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | the v2 region of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and v3 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been reported to be neutralization epitopes. we analysed the corresponding regions in hiv-2. synthetic peptides modeling the v2 (aa 149-168) and v3 (cv3: aa 298-315 and nv3: aa 306-324) regions of the hiv-2 external envelope glycoprotein were coupled to klh and used as immunogens in rabbits. we characterized the resulting antiv2 and antiv3 antibodies for their ability to recogni ... | 1994 | 8152439 |
| evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope gene in preimmunized and persistently infected rhesus macaques. | the v3 and v4 domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) env genes from 14 rhesus macaques experimentally infected by hiv-2 sbl6669/h5 were sequenced. no variation was observed in viral sequences from sera and from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells during primary infection. the first mutations were detected 17 months after infection; they mainly concerned the region between the v3 and v4 domains and not those domains themselves, which are known to be hypervariable, sugges ... | 1994 | 8151803 |
| diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection: multicenter evaluation of a newly developed anti-hiv 1 and 2 enzyme immunoassay. | a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 (anti-hiv 1 and 2) test is described. it uses recombinant p24 and peptides covering gp32, gp41, and gp120 to identify hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. this test has been shown to be specific (99.5%) and sensitive (99.8%). in this respect, the assay was equal or superior to anti-hiv 1 and 2 tests run as references. the test was able to discriminate sera from patients with hiv infections from those from uninfected individuals with excellence; it also ... | 1994 | 8150950 |
| epidemiology and transmission of hiv-2. why there is no hiv-2 pandemic. | although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 share modes of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been very limited. recently, the prevalence of infection with hiv-1 but not hiv-2 has increased rapidly in different west african countries, where hiv-2 was probably present earlier. among 19,701 women of reproductive age tested in abidjan, ivory coast, between 1988 and 1992, the prevalence of hiv-1 infection increased from 5 ... | 1993 | 8147962 |
| in vitro characterization of nonpeptide irreversible inhibitors of hiv proteases. | the irreversible inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) proteases by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (epnp) and eight haloperidol derivatives has been studied. epnp specifically inhibits hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases with a stoichiometry of one epnp molecule/dimeric enzyme. the site of modification of hiv-2 protease by epnp has been unambiguously identified as asp-25 using high performance tandem mass spectrometry. the haloperidol derivatives assayed consist ... | 1994 | 8144659 |