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acoustic response properties of single units in the torus semicircularis of the goldfish, carassius auratus.single units of the goldfish torus semicircularis (ts) were recorded in response to pure tones. response areas (ra) were obtained by recording the number of spikes evoked by tones in a range of frequencies and levels within the units' dynamic range. ras gave estimates of best sensitivity (bs), characteristic frequency (cf), most excitatory frequency at each level (bf), and q10db. peri-stimulus-time histograms (psth), interspike interval histograms (isih), and period histograms were obtained at v ...19938366473
expansion of genes that encode mhc class i molecules in cyprinid fishes.we have analyzed the genomic genes and the mrna that encode mhc class i molecules in cyprinid fishes, namely, the ginbuna crucian carp (carassius auratus langsdorfii) and the carp (cyprinus carpio). the presence of several distinct class i genes was revealed in the genome of cyprinid fishes, and distinct class i genes that are expressed in carp cells were identified. the sequences of the alpha 3 domain of these class i genes are relatively well conserved, whereas the sequences of the respective ...19938326125
a coccidian (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) with extracytoplasmally located stages in the kidney tubules of golden carp (carassius auratus gibelio l.) (cyprinidae).numerous coccidian stages were found in the kidney tubules of the golden carp (carassius auratus gibelio). the merogonial and gamogonial stages were localized extracytoplasmally in the microvillous region of the epithelial cells. the host-parasite interface consisted of i) a large area where the parasite was separated from the host cytoplasm by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane only, and ii) a zone of multiple fusions of the host cell membrane investing the parasite to the neighbouring microv ...19938325562
the branching of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin: an immunohistochemical analysis during phylogeny.the co-existence of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) with the classical islet hormones insulin (ins), glucagon (gluc), somatostatin (som) and pancreatic polypeptide (pp) in the endocrine pancreas of representative species of cyclostomes (myxine glutinosa), cartilaginous fish (raja clavata, squalus acanthias) and bony fish (cottus scorpius, carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, anguilla anguilla) was studied by the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antisera and the double immunofluorescence tech ...19938265818
cloning and characterization of a truncated dopamine d1 receptor from goldfish retina: stimulation of cyclic amp production and calcium mobilization.receptors for dopamine are present on horizontal cells of fish retina that are linked to the activation of adenylate cyclase. in the present study, the goldfish (carassius auratus) gene that encodes these receptors, referred to as gfd1, was isolated and analyzed. a single open reading frame within the gfd1 gene encodes a protein of 363 amino acids that is highly homologous with dopamine d1 receptors from rats and humans. interestingly, the carboxyl terminus of gfd1 lacks 80 amino acids that are ...19938264547
multiple loci for synapse protein snap-25 in the tetraploid goldfish.the common goldfish carassius auratus is tetraploid and has 100 chromosomes. we describe here goldfish cdna clones for snap-25, a 200-amino-acid synaptosome-associated protein that has remained highly conserved during evolution. snap-25 occurs as a single-copy gene in mouse, chicken, and drosophila melanogaster. sequences of six distinct goldfish cdna clones and southern hybridizations show that the goldfish has three, or possibly four, snap-25 loci rather than two as expected. a gene duplicatio ...19938248151
regional distribution and in vitro secretion of salmon and chicken-ii gonadotropin-releasing hormones from the brain and pituitary of juvenile and adult goldfish, carassius auratus.the content of salmon (sgnrh) and chicken-ii (cgnrh-ii) gonadotropin-releasing hormones was measured in discrete brain regions and pituitaries of juvenile and postspawning adult goldfish, using specific radioimmunoassays. in juveniles, the content of both peptides was low. sgnrh was the predominant form in telencephalon-preoptic area (t-poa) (sgnrh:cgnrh-ii ratio = 2.06 +/- 0.66) and diencephalon (dien) (sgnrh:cgnrh-ii ratio = 2.72 +/- 0.32), whereas cgnrh-ii was predominant in cerebellum-brain ...19948194738
spread of the bacterial fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida after importation of infected goldfish, carassius auratus, into australia. 19938117214
purification and characterization of p68/70, regeneration-associated proteins from goldfish brain.two acidic proteins (p68/70) previously shown to be associated with regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve were purified 887-fold from brain homogenates of carassius auratus. purification to homogeneity was achieved by sequential chromatography of a 100,000 g brain supernatant fraction on deae-sephacel, cu(2+)-charged iminodiacetic acid agarose, and gel filtration. the stokes radius of the doublet was determined to be 5.8 nm, and the sedimentation coefficient calculated to be 5.2. from these v ...19948113803
characterization of d1 receptors mediating dopamine-stimulated growth hormone release from pituitary cells of the goldfish, carassius auratus.previously, we demonstrated that dopamine (da) stimulates gh release from the pituitary of goldfish, and this action is mediated by d1-like receptors. in the current study, we have provided evidence for the presence of d1-specific binding sites in the pituitary cells of goldfish. these d1-binding sites were found to be saturable, stereospecific, and selective for d1 ligands. the rank order of binding affinity of these d1-binding sites is (+)sch23390 > skf83566 > (-)sch23390 > domperidone > ly171 ...19938102094
homeobox genes are expressed in the retina and brain of adult goldfish.the goldfish (carassius auratus) visual pathway displays continuous growth and plasticity throughout life. since homeobox genes are important transcriptional regulators in development, we searched for homeobox genes in the adult goldfish retina and brain. using the pcr, we discovered a repertoire of homeobox sequences expressed in these tissues. in addition to isolating homeodomain sequences found in the vertebrate hox gene clusters, a sequence identical to the chicken chox7 homeodomain was char ...19938096640
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp), and gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (gamma-vinyl gaba) alter neurotransmitter concentrations in the nervous tissue of the goldfish (carassius auratus) but not the cockroach (periplaneta americana).1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (mpp+) and gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (gamma-vinyl gaba) are drugs demonstrated to alter catecholamine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) concentrations in vertebrate nervous tissue. mptp and mpp+, which are potent and selective vertebrate neurotoxins, are effective in depleting noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in goldfish. however, only mpp+ depletes dopamine in the central nervous tissues o ...19938094992
differential actions of a mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on gonadotropin-ii and growth hormone release in goldfish, carassius auratus.in goldfish the two native forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh), salmon gnrh (sgnrh) and chicken gnrh-ii (cgnrh-ii), stimulate both gonadotropin-ii (gth-ii) and growth hormone (gh) release. modifications of gnrh structure at positions 1, 2, 3, and 6 often result in an antagonist in goldfish, an observation well documented in mammalian studies. in a preliminary study in goldfish, a mammalian gnrh antagonist, [ac-d(2)nal1, 4cl-d-phe2, d(3)-pal3,6, arg5, d-ala10]-mgnrh (analog l) weakly s ...19948084380
functional evidence regarding receptor subtypes mediating the actions of native gonadotropin-releasing hormones (gnrh) in goldfish, carassius auratus.in goldfish, two native gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) peptides, salmon gnrh (sgnrh) and chicken-ii gnrh (cgnrh-ii), stimulate gonadotropin (gth-ii) and growth hormone (gh) secretion. in the present study we tested whether sgnrh and cgnrh-ii act through different or the same population of gnrh receptors on gth and gh cells, using various approaches. a gnrh antagonist [ac-delta 3-pro1,4fd-phe2,d-trp3,6]sgnrh (analog c) equally inhibited gth-ii release by sgnrh and cgnrh-ii. similarly, [ac- ...19948045371
organization of inner ear endorgan projections in the goldfish, carassius auratus.cytoarchitectural analysis of the octavolateralis area of the goldfish, carassius auratus, reveals that as in other teleosts, five first-order octaval nuclei are present: the anterior octaval, magnocellular, descending, tangential, and posterior octaval nuclei. the descending nucleus appears to be anatomically specialized relative to that of the halecomorph amia calva and many teleosts in that a large dorsomedial subpopulation of the nucleus lies medial to nucleus medialis, a first-order lateral ...19948038983
opioid binding in giant toad and goldfish brain.opiate receptor expression in phylogenetically different species has played an important role in the study of opioid receptor pharmacology. total opioid binding measured with the nonselective ligand 3h-diprenorphine reveals a bmax of 21.7 +/- 1.37 fmol/mg tissue wet wt and a kd of 0.17 +/- 0.03 nm in bufo marinus (giant toad), as well as a bmax of 18.17 + 0.41 fmol/mg tissue wet wt and a kd of 0.47 +/- 0.18 nm in carassius auratus (goldfish). despite the similar levels of 3h-diprenorphine bindin ...19948038707
pcr-cloning of goldfish and tilapia metallothionein complementary dnas.metallothionein (mt) is believed to be a sensitive and effective "biomarker" for monitoring metal contamination in fish. comparison of amino acid sequences between flounder mt and trout mt revealed that there is a conserved region at their n-terminals. using oligonucleotides derived from this conserved region, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was performed to obtain mt complementary dnas (cdnas) from goldfish, carassius auratus, and tilapia, tilapia mossambica. these cdn ...19947999050
[the effect of cadmium on the intestine of carassius auratus].the paper deals with the cadmium effects on the intestinal mucosa of adult carassius auratus after 7, 14 and 40 days of exposure. after 7 days the mucosa becomes oedematous; the mucous cells show intensive secretion. the cells showing immunoreactivity for the met- and leu-enkephalin miss this feature. after 14 days these modifications diminish and after 40 days disappear completely and the mucosa gains its normal characteristics.19947978344
nearfield detection of dipole sources by the goldfish (carassius auratus) and the mottled sculpin (cottus bairdi).surprisingly few behavioral data exist on dipole source detection by fish, despite the fact that dipole sources more closely approximate biologically relevant signals than do more nearly monopole sources such as loudspeakers, the stimulus used in nearly all fish auditory studies. in this study, dipole source detection is investigated for two fish species that differ in both their auditory and lateral line systems, the two systems capable of detecting dipole sources. conditioned suppression of re ...19947964388
monoclonal antibodies against goldfish (carassius auratus) immunoglobulin: application to the quantification of immunoglobulin and antibody-secreting cells by elispot and seric immunoglobulin and antibody levels by elisa in carp (cyprinus carpio).monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against heavy and light chains of goldfish immunoglobulin (ig) were characterized by a western blot technique. a complete cross-reactivity was observed between carp and goldfish ig. these mabs were used for the quantification of carp ig and anti-yersinia ruckeri antibodies by elisa. an elispot assay was also developed in carp to quantify ig-secreting cells (isc) and antibody-secreting cells (asc). the number of asc was maximum on day 18 post-vaccination and de ...19947951348
cloning of a marsupial dna photolyase gene and the lack of related nucleotide sequences in placental mammals.photoreactivating enzyme, dna photolyase, reduces lethal, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet light (uv) by catalyzing near uv or visible light-dependent repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (cpds) in dna. the enzyme activity has been detected in a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to nonplacental mammals. however, the evidence for photoreactivation in placental mammals, including humans, is controversial. as a first step to identify the presence and activity of th ...19947937136
perception of temporal acoustic patterns by the goldfish (carassius auratus).the perception of temporal acoustic patterns was studied in the goldfish using classical respiratory conditioning in combination with a stimulus generalization paradigm. stimuli consisted of a bandpass filtered pulse repeated in various periodic and aperiodic temporal patterns. in each of 14 experiments, animals received 40 conditioning trials to a given stimulus pattern and were then tested for generalization to eight novel stimuli differing only in temporal pattern. in experiments 1-5, animals ...19947928708
the in vitro metabolism of 17-hydroxyprogesterone by ovaries of the goldfish, carassius auratus, is affected by substrate concentration.ovaries of mature goldfish (carassius auratus) were incubated with 17-[3h]hydroxyprogesterone and 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 micrograms/ml 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17p). the major products were quantified after separation by thin-layer and high-performance chromatography. the results show that substrate concentration markedly affects the pattern of metabolites. glucuronides and sulfates decreased from 7.2 +/- 2.0 and 28.5 +/- 4.4% of recovered radioactivity, respectively, in the absence of adde ...19947926646
immunolocalization of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase in goldfish (carassius auratus) brain.the distribution of monoamines (catecholamines and serotonin) in fishes has been previously studied by immunohistochemistry of both the monoamines themselves and their biosynthetic enzymes. but the distribution of neurons containing aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of both catecholamines and serotonin, has up to now not been investigated. in order to improve knowledge about the localization of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, neurons containing this ...19947913102
in vivo actions of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) antagonist on gonadotropin-ii and growth hormone secretion in goldfish, carassius auratus.in our previous in vitro studies, [ac-delta 3-pro1, 4fd-phe2, d-trp3,6]-mgnrh (analog e) suppressed both gonadotropin-ii (gth-ii) and growth hormone (gh) release stimulated by sgnrh and cgnrh-ii. in the present study analog e significantly inhibited the increases in plasma gth-ii levels stimulated by sgnrh in sexually mature female and sexually recrudescent goldfish. treatment of goldfish with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosin methyl ester (alpha-mpt) inhibits dopamine synthesis and abolishes the inhibitor ...19947883150
foreign gene transfer into nigorobuna (carassius auratus grandoculis).supercoiled and linear plasmid dna containing the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene was injected into dechorionated nigorobuna (carassius auratus grandoculis) eggs prior to first cleavage. the survival rates in the hatching stage were 73% to 89% for injected eggs in comparison with controls (non-injected chorionated eggs). the exogenous dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in all of the three-day-old larvae analyzed and in about 20% of two-year-old adult fish. expression of ...19947881510
phagocytotic cells in the fish heart.comparatively little is known about host-defense activities in the fish heart. investigations showed that intraperitoneally injected carbon particles are actively taken up by the cardiac endothelial cells of the medaka oryzias latipes, but less so by those of the goldfish carassius auratus and lemon tetra hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis. (in vitro experiments confirmed these species differences in endocytic activities by these cells.) electron microscopy revealed that endothelial cells of the medak ...19947880594
comparative distribution of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of a teleost (carassius auratus), an amphibian (hyla meridionalis), and a reptile (gallotia galloti).the distribution of neurotensin (nt) was studied in the brain of three species belonging to the three major classes of cold-blooded vertebrates: teleost fishes (carassius auratus), anuran amphibians (hyla meridionalis), and reptiles (gallotia galloti; lacertidae). by using antibodies directed against synthetic bovine nt in the three species, immunoreactive cell bodies were discovered mostly in the telencephalon and diencephalon, in particular at the level of the preoptic region the mediobasal hy ...19947836560
immunocytochemical localization of granulin-1 to mononuclear phagocytic cells of the teleost fish cyprinus carpio and carassius auratus.a new class of low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich regulatory growth factors, designated granulins, has been isolated from hematopoietic tissues of a teleost fish (cyprinus carpio) and structurally characterized. granulin-1, the predominant form found in carp spleen, was used to raise polyclonal antibodies in rabbits and to establish a radioimmunoassay. this permitted preliminary tissue distribution studies of granulin-1 to be undertaken in carp (cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (carassius auratus). ...19957829976
nmda receptor antagonist mk-801 blocks learning of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus contiguity but not fear of conditioned stimulus in goldfish (carassius auratus l.).the blockade of learning of pavlovian fear conditioning by the n-methyl-d-aspartic acid (nmda)-receptor antagonist mk-801 was examined in 166 goldfish. in previously untrained fish, mk-801 blocked learning of a light-off or a tone conditioned stimulus (cs) paired with an electrical shock unconditioned stimulus (us). pretraining on the light-off cs did not affect the rate of learning of the tone cs but protected the tone learning from disruption by mk-801. switching from the light-off to the tone ...19947826516
chromium-induced micronuclei in fish.an investigation of the cytogenetic effects of chromium (cr(vi) and cr(iii)) in prussian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) was made. for detecting cytogenetic damage, micronuclei induction in fish erythrocyte cells was employed. fish were investigated 100 m above and 400 m below the discharge of leather waste products into the river ljubljanica, and by exposing fish to three doses of chromium (cr(vi) and cr(iii)) in the laboratory. the exposure of fish to various concentration levels (sub-lethal) ...20137822681
a new class of dna photolyases present in various organisms including aplacental mammals.dna photolyase specifically repairs uv light-induced cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimers in dna through a light-dependent reaction mechanism. we have obtained photolyase genes from drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), oryzias latipes (killifish) and the marsupial potorous tridactylis (rat kangaroo), the first photolyase gene cloned from a mammalian species. the deduced amino acid sequences of these higher eukaryote genes show only limited homology with microbial photolyase genes. together with th ...19947813451
receptor binding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists that inhibit release of gonadotropin-ii and growth hormone in goldfish, carassius auratus.in goldfish, gnrh stimulates gonadotropin-ii (gth-ii) and growth hormone (gh) release. the two native forms of gnrh, salmon gnrh (sgnrh) and chicken gnrh-ii (cgnrh-ii), bind to two classes of gnrh binding sites: high-affinity/low-capacity sites and low-affinity/high-capacity sites. our previous in vitro perifusion studies of goldfish pituitary fragments showed that [ac-delta 3-pro1, 4fd-phe2, d-trp3,6]-mgnrh (analog e), [ac-delta 3-pro1, 4fd-phe2, d-trp3,6]-sgnrh (analog c), and [ac-d(2)nal1, 4c ...19947803606
acoustic response properties of single neurons in the central posterior nucleus of the thalamus of the goldfish, carassius auratus.acoustic responses were recorded extracellularly from single neurons in the thalamic central posterior nucleus (cp). spontaneous activity, best sensitivity, and sharpness of tuning (q10db) of cp neurons ranged from 0 to 36 spikes/s, -40 to 5 db re: 1 dyne/cm2, and 0.18 to 1.80, respectively. the distribution of characteristic frequency (cf) was nonuniform with a mode at 195 hz. temporal response patterns of cp neurons (n = 60) were categorized into three groups: phasic (25%), tonic chopper-like ...19957776269
myxobolus cultus n. sp. (myxosporea: myxobolidae) in the goldfish carassius auratus transformed from the actinosporean stage in the oligochaete branchiura sowerbyi.a new myxosporean myxobolus cultus n. sp. was found in experimentally infected goldfish carassius auratus exposed to actinosporean spores from the oligochaete branchiura sowerbyi (tubificidae). at 2-4 mo following initial exposure, spores of m. cultus were observed in the cartilage of goldfish. a lymphocytic infiltrate surrounded the pseudocysts. some pseudocysts were destroyed and spores had been engulfed by phagocytes. phagocytized spores were also found in the epidermis of skin and within mel ...19957776133
comparative anterograde amnestic and anticonvulsant effects of two types of nmda receptor antagonists: mk-801 and ha-966.the anterograde amnestic effects of non-competitive nmda antagonists mk-801 and ha-966 on classic fear conditioning in goldfish (carassius auratus) were examined in a series of experiments. experiments 1 and 2 contrasted the anterograde amnestic effects of mk-801, (+)ha-966, and (-)ha-966. experiment 3 examined the effects of mk-801 and (+)ha-966 on the expression of conditioned responses. experiments 4 and 5 investigated whether the potency of mk-801, (+)ha-966 or (-)ha-966 in blocking nmda-ind ...19957770609
expression of the antifreeze protein gene in transgenic goldfish (carassius auratus) and its implication in cold adaptation.ocean pout (macrozoarces americanus) antifreeze protein (afp) genes (approximately 10(6) copies) were microinjected into the oocytes of goldfish (carassius auratus). out of a total of 303 oocytes injected, 235 (77.6%) were normally fertilized after in vitro maturation and insemination, and 136 (57.9%) of the fertilized eggs were hatched. dot blot analysis of genomic dna from 2-month-old fish indicated that 30 of the fish (22%) were positive for the afp transgene. the numbers of integrated afp ge ...19957749462
melatonin signal transduction in the goldfish, carassius auratus.generation and reception of melatonin signals in the goldfish, carassius auratus, are reviewed. the photoreceptive pineal gland of the goldfish generates circulating melatonin rhythms according to a given photoperiod under light-dark cycles and in a circadian manner under continuous dark conditions. melatonin is also produced in the retina in a similar fashion. melatonin produced in the pineal gland and retina is considered to act as internal zeitgeber in the brain and retina, respectively, cont ...19947708370
topographic organization of descending projection neurons to the spinal cord of the goldfish, carassius auratus.several neurons from different nuclei give rise to descending spinal tracts and project to various levels in the spinal cord of goldfish, carassius auratus. these were visualized by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) administered to the bilaterally transected spinal cord at 6 levels, corresponding to 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th segments of the vertebral column. as many as 16 brain nuclei or neuronal aggregations and the mauthner cells project posteriorly up to the 20th ...19937690299
involvement of protein kinase c in agonist-stimulated goldfish ovulation.the effects of two protein kinase c (pkc) inhibitors, calphostin c and staurosporine, on the in vitro ovulation of goldfish (carassius auratus) oocytes were investigated. ovulation was stimulated by prostaglandin (pg) f2 alpha (pgf2 alpha, 2.0 micrograms/ml), by sodium orthovanadate (0.1 mm), by a combination of the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (pma, 0.1 micrograms/ml) and calcium ionophore a23187 (0.05 micrograms/ml), by thapsigargin (0.2 micrograms/ml), and by elevated ph (8.1 ...19937683501
characterization of basic proteins from goldfish myelin.myelin basic protein (mbp) from common goldfish (carassius auratus) myelin was extracted with dilute mineral acid. immunological cross-reactivity of the goldfish mbp, with polyclonal antisera raised against bovine mbp, suggested that the goldfish protein has epitopes for these antibodies. it also reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for a seven amino acid epitope (130-137) conserved in the mbp of most mammalian species. to characterize the charge heterogeneity of this protein, we iodinate ...19937678038
development of new nephrons in adult kidneys following gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity results in necrosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells. in mammals, the injured nephron can be repaired by migration and division of surviving cells. we examined this repair process in the fresh-water goldfish, carassius auratus. fish were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg gentamicin and sacrificed at 1, 4, 14, and 21 days. injured nephrons showed regeneration along the basement membrane several days following gentamicin administration. in a ...19957644760
biochemical and pharmacological evidence for the presence of a1 but not a2a adenosine receptors in the brain of the low vertebrate teleost carassius auratus (goldfish).in whole brain membranes of goldfish, 3h-chlorocyclopentyladenosine bound to adenosine a1 receptors. the a1 receptors were ubiquitously distributed in the brain with a maximum in the hypothalamus and a minimum in the spinal cord. in superfused goldfish cerebellar slices, cyclohexyladenosine inhibited the cyclic amp accumulation stimulated by forskolin and the selective adenosine a1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, reversed this effect. in the same brain preparation, 30 mm k+ stimu ...19957633334
effects of season, temperature, and photoperiod on plasma melatonin rhythms in the goldfish, carassius auratus.effects of season, environmental temperature, and photoperiod on plasma melatonin concentrations were studied in the goldfish, carassius auratus. when goldfish were reared under natural conditions, melatonin levels at mid-dark exhibited seasonal changes, with higher levels obtained in june and september than in december and march. when fish were kept under light:dark (ld) cycle of 12:12 at 5, 15, or 25 degrees c during march-april, temperature-dependent increases in melatonin levels at mid-dark ...19957629692
immunocytochemical localization of sgnrh and cgnrh-ii in the brain of goldfish, carassius auratus.the immunocytochemical distribution of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh) and chicken gnrh-ii (cgnrh-ii) neurons in the brain of goldfish was examined using respective antisera. salmon gnrh-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were localized in the area between the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb (the terminal nerve ganglion), the ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area, and the hypothalamus. chicken gnrh-ii-ir cell bodies were observed in the same areas as were those of sgnrh, alt ...19957629310
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the pituitary of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).binding parameters of radiolabeled pglu-3-me-his2-pro-nh2 ([3h]metrh) to pituitary trh receptors of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (carassius auratus) were investigated. washed pituitary membranes were incubated with [3h]metrh in the absence (b0) or presence of trh or trh analogs under various paradigms. specific binding (bsp) was thermolabile and tissue dependent. association of bsp was slow (k + 1 = 1.43 x 10(7) m-1 min-1) achieving equilibrium binding after 60 min, and remai ...19957622016
distribution of neurons projecting to the trochlear nucleus in goldfish (carassius auratus).the distribution of neurons projecting to the trochlear nucleus of goldfish (carassius auratus) was studied by the electrophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the nucleus. the location of the injection site was electrophysiologically determined by the antidromic field potential elicited from the trochlear nucleus after the electrical stimulation of its nerve. retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the following structures: (1) anterior, tangential and descending nuclei of the ...19957620876
invertebrate and vertebrate immune cells express pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) mrna.we show here that hemocytes and leukocytes with phagocytic activity from both invertebrates (planorbarius corneus, viviparus ater) and vertebrates (carassius auratus, rana esculenta) express pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) mrna, as assessed by in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled human dna probe. these data are in accord with previous observations from our laboratories on the presence in these cells of pomc-derived peptides and strongly suggest that these molecules--highly conserved thro ...19957620207
the warm temperature acclimation-related 65-kda protein, wap65, in goldfish and its gene expression.cdnas encoding a warm temperature acclimation-related protein (wap65) were cloned from the muscle and hepatopancreas cdna libraries of the warm temperature-acclimated goldfish carassius auratus, and their nucleotide sequences containing 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions together with their polyadenylation signal were determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of wap65 was 31% homologous to rat hemopexin. however, goldfish wap65 lacked a few possible glycosylation sites and presumed functional histid ...19957615502
specific [3h]spiperone binding sites in the pituitary of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (carassius auratus).dopamine, a catecholamine neurohormone, modulates pituitary hormone release in teleost fishes and other vertebrates. the existence and binding parameters of a pituitary dopamine-neuroleptic receptor from trout were examined and compared with those from goldfish. pituitary homogenate was incubated with [3h]spiperone (d2 antagonist) under several experimental paradigms; incubations were terminated by filtration and bound 3h radioactivity was assessed by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. specific ...19957585324
effect of mptp on dopaminergic neurons in the goldfish brain: a light and electron microscope study.the neurotoxin mptp (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) causes a parkinsonian syndrome in the goldfish (carassius auratus), characterized by transient bradykinesia, the accumulation of mpp+ in the brain, and a decrease in the forebrain and midbrain content of catecholamines (pollard et al., faseb j., 6 (1992) 3108-3116). using light and electron microscopy, we studied the effect of mptp on the distribution and ultrastructure of tyrosine hydroxylase (th)-immunoreactive, dopaminergic ne ...19957583312
[changes in the nucleolar characteristics in fish embryo cells under the action of low doses of radiation].the nucleolus activity of fish embryo cells was stimulated by low-level radiation at a dose rate of 2-13 mgy/h. the size of nucleoli generally increased in embryos of cyprinus carpio, whereas the number of nucleoli was greater in embryos of carassius auratus gibelio. the higher the functional activity of nucleolus is, the more pronounced are changes in the characteristics. the size of single nucleolus at gastrulation is the most sensitive characteristic.20167581803
histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of the goldfish, carassius auratus.the distribution of the neuronal type of nitric oxide synthase in the goldfish brain and spinal cord was investigated via nadph-diaphorase histochemistry and immunocytochemistry using an antiserum raised against the purified mammalian enzyme. many structures, including magnocellular neurosecretory cells, motoneurons, mesencephalic trigeminal neurons, and radial glial fibers, were stained by the nadph-diaphorase reaction but were not immunoreactive. this nonspecific nadph-diaphorase activity was ...19957560292
diffusion coefficients of atp and creatine phosphate in isolated muscle: pulsed gradient 31p nmr of small biological samples.measurements of the intracellular diffusion coefficients (di) of atp and creatine phosphate (pcr) in stable, isolated preparations of skeletal muscle were made by means of pulsed field gradient (pfg) 31p nmr. experiments used a pfg nmr probe specifically designed for small, superfused biological samples. this provided a magnetic field gradient in the z axis of up to 195 g/cm with minimal eddy currents. diatp and dipcr in white (fast, glycolytic) skeletal muscle from goldfish (carassius auratus) ...19957547189
substance p-, f8famide-, and a18famide-like immunoreactivity in the nervus terminalis and retina of the goldfish carassius auratus.we re-investigated the occurrence of substance p-like immunoreactivity in the retina of the goldfish carassius auratus using antisera to substance p and other tachykinins. most antisera labelled a previously described single class of mono-stratified amacrine cells arborizing in layer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. preabsorption experiments showed that these amacrine cells contained at least one tachykinin-like peptide. one antiserum (inc 353) to substance p labelled not only these amacrine cell ...19957541719
reinforcing properties of the neuropeptide substance p in carassius auratus: evidence of dopaminergic system involvement.the aim of the present study was to investigate whether neuropeptide substance p (sp) has reinforcing effects in carassius auratus and whether this effect could be related to dopaminergic neurotransmission. for this purpose fishes were put in a three-compartment box in which one compartment gave access to two others that did not directly link. the time spent in each compartment was registered for 10 min to determine a possible preferred compartment. twenty-four hours later, the fish were given o ...19957535468
photoperiod effects on carbohydrate metabolites in the goldfish, carassius auratus: role of the pineal and retinal pathways.the effects of exposure to various photoregimes or to constant darkness on liver glycogen and plasma glucose levels in the goldfish were examined during different seasons. in addition, pinealectomized fish and optic nerve sectioned fish were exposed to the photoregimes to assess the potential role of the pineal organ and retinal pathways in mediating photoperiod effects. neither photoperiod manipulation nor exposure to constant darkness affected liver glycogen levels in experiments conducted dur ...19807465877
brain lesions and short-term endocrine effects of monosodium l-glutamate in goldfish, carassius auratus.monosodium l-glutamate (msg) was injected intraperitoneally into goldfish at a dosage of 2.5 mg/g body weight. at 24 h post-injection there was a marked hypertrophy and edema in the region of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (nlt) from the anterior margin of the pituitary stalk through to the posterior end of the nlt, irrespective of the sex of the goldfish. a similar hypertrophy and edema occurred ventral to the anterior commissure in the preoptic region in the anterior-ventral nucleus preopticus ...19807459988
retinal ganglion cell response to axotomy and nerve growth factor antiserum treatment in the regenerating visual system of the goldfish (carassius auratus): an in vivo and in vitro analysis.in vitro nerve growth factor (ngf) antiserum (anti-ngf) treatment was found to significantly depress retinal ganglion cell neurite outgrowth in goldfish explant culture. goldfish retinas, conditioned by a 14-day prior optic nerve crush, demonstrated a significant dose response inhibition of neurite outgrowth if incubated with various concentrations of the antiserum (i.e. concentrations from full strength to 1:100) before explantation for tissue culture. ngf added to the incubation medium contain ...19817459632
toxicity of pulsed monochloramines to goldfish (carassius auratus). 19807459458
comparison of the pineal complex, retina and cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons by immunocytochemical antirhodopsin reaction.the presence of rhodopsin was investigated by an indirect immunocytochemical method in the pineal complex of various vertebrates (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, hypophthalamichthys molitrix, lucioperca lucioperca, triturus vulgaris, bombina bombina, rana esculenta, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, white leghorn chickens, rat), in the retina of lebistes reticulatus, lucioperca lucioperca, rana esculenta, lacerta agilis, pseudemys scripta elegans, the chicken and the rat, ...19807456628
in vivo and in vitro studies on the host specificity of trypanoplasma salmositica.the host specificity of trypanoplasma salmositica was studied by experimental inoculation into 13 species of common teleosts (notropis cornutus, notropis heterolepis, notropis spiloperus, nocomis biguttatus, rhinichthys atratulus, semotilus atromaculatus, carassius auratus, ambloplites rupestris, lepomis gibbosus, etheostoma nigrum, hypentelium nigricans, ictalurus melas, and eucalia inconstans). t. salmositica was not recovered at 14 and 40 days post inoculation. however, large numbers of the p ...19807431516
the effects of lithrium on the development of alcohol tolerance in carassius auratus. 19807429745
evidence for two secretory cell types in the stannius bodies of the teleosts fundulus heteroclitus and carassius auratus.the stannius bodies of killifish and goldfish were ultrastructurally investigated after exposure of the fish to media of different osmolality and calcium content. in both species two structurally different secretory cell types are found. type-1 cells predominate. they contain an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, some large golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter of about 0.4 micron. these cells are activated by transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, but not by transfer ...19807428033
effects of sex steroids on plasma lipids in the goldfish, carassius auratus. 19807427821
effects of salmon gonadotrophin (sg-g100) on plasma lipids in the goldfish. carassius auratus. 19807427820
androgen biosynthesis by testes of the goldfish carassius auratus in vitro: the effect of temperature on the formation of steroid glucuronides. 19807419044
apparent drug resistance to the organophosphate dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate by monogenetic trematodes.gyrodactylus elegans on goldfish, (carassius auratus) from a commercial farm were resistant to recommended dosages of dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate. controlled experiments suggest that a dosage 100 times the commonly recommended minimal dosage (.25 mg/l) was required to remove trematodes. a hypothesis is proposed to account for the development of drug resistant trematodes based on the life cycle of the parasites and continual drug exposure.19807411739
histogenesis of the goldfish retina.the order of production of retinal cells was studied in embryos of the goldfish, carassius auratus, using 3h-thymidine autoradiography. cell division ceases first in the neuroepithelium at the fundus of the eye between embryonic stages 19 and 20 and gradually becomes restricted to the retinal margin by stage 24. in the fundus the cells whose nuclei will reside in the inner layer of the retina stop dividing earlier than the cells whose nuclei will reside in the outer retinal layers. thus the gang ...19807410599
rod and cone inputs to bipolar cells in goldfish retina.five morphological types of bipolar cells which make synaptic contact with rods and cones are distinguished in the retina of adult goldfish (carassius auratus) by characteristics readily observable in the light microscope. cells were designated type a or type b according to whether their axons terminate in the distal part (sublamina a) or proximal part (sublamina b) of the inner plexoform layer, respectively. analysis of serial semi-thin sections of golgi-impregnated cells demonstrates that each ...19807410596
time course and pattern of optic fiber regeneration following tectal lobe removal in the goldfish.following single tectal lobe removal in the adult goldfish, carassius auratus, the pattern of regeneration of the optic fibers which had previously projected to that tectum was examined at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postoperative using 3h-proline radioautography. we found that regenerating optic fibers grew across the midline through the transverse, minor, horizontal, and posterior commissures to innervate the remaining tectum. at early postoperative times innervation of the tectum was cont ...19807410595
the metabolism of gonadotropin in goldfish, carassius auratus: tissue uptake and distribution during the reproductive cycle. 19807409470
plasma clearance of gonadotropin in goldfish, carassius auratus, during the annual reproductive cycle. 19807409468
continued in vitro growth of fibroblast-like cells (rbcf-1) derived from the caudal fin of the fish, carassius auratus. 19807409028
retinal ganglion cell response to nerve growth factor in the regenerating and intact visual system of the goldfish (carassius auratus).light and electron microscopic observations indicated that 1 microgram ngf injected into the goldfish eye at the time of optic nerve crush initiated significant retinal ganglion cell body, nuclear and nucleolar hypertrophy when compared to controls at 7 days post-axotomy (7 dpa). in addition, the ultrastructural morphometric values for ngf-treated retinal ganglion cells at 7 dpa were not significantly different from the normal hypertrophy found in 14 dpa controls. therefore, it appears that ngf ...19807407558
effect of sodium selenite & selenomethionine on the accumulation & acute toxicity of mercuric & methylmercuric chloride in the goldfish carassius auratus. 19807399588
behaviour of some radioactive compounds of mercury & selenium in aquarium water & their direct uptake by the goldfish carassius auratus. 19807399585
involvement of the preoptic region in gonadotropin release-inhibition in goldfish, carassius auratus.lesions were made in various hypothalamic and preoptic regions in sexually mature female and male goldfish. destruction of the pituitary stalk, and lateral anterior hypothalamic tract areas caused ovulation and increased serum gonadotropin levels. destruction of the entire preoptic region or a major part of the anterior nucleus preopticus periventricularis also caused ovulation and increased serum gth levels. lesions in other locations were ineffective. the results indicate that a gonadotropin r ...19807393408
physiological changes observed in the goldfish (carassius auratus) during behavioral arousal and fright. 19807387594
[the sequence of the alpha- and beta-chains of the goldfish hemoglobin (carassius auratus) (author's transl)].the primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains from goldfish hemoglobin are given. the globin chains were separated by gel filtration after oxidation of globin with air. the peptides for sequencing were obtained by chemical and enzymatical cleavage. the alpha-chain has 142 residues, the beta-chain 147. the alpha-chain is acetylated at the amino-terminal residue. compared with the human chains, there are 66 amino acid differences in the alpha-chain, 72 residues are different in the beta-cha ...19807380396
carassius auratus gibelio: the prussian carp as a model for the stenohaline freshwater teleost. 19807379533
periovulatory changes in serum cortisol levels in the goldfish, carassius auratus. 19807372097
electroencephalographic studies on arousal in the goldfish (carassius auratus).goldfish with implanted intracranial electroencephalographic (eeg) electrodes showed high-voltage slow activity of 6-9 hz and a low-voltage fast activity of 16-24 hz when resting in the dark. the former frequency was prevalent in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and midbrain but remained only in parts of the midbrain and cerebellum when the fish was left resting in an illuminated environment. in this latter condition the 16-24 hz activity became predominant. presentation of two stimuli, the onse ...19807364997
effects of pinealectomy and melatonin treatment on growth in the goldfish, carassius auratus. 19807364214
localization of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites to the goldfish retinotectal projection.the optic tectum of the goldfish carassius auratus is a rich source of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-btx) binding protein. in order to determine whether some fraction of these receptors is present at retinotectal synapses, we have compared the histological distribution of receptors revealed by the use of [125i]alpha-btx radioautography to the distribution of optic nerve terminals revealed by the use of cobalt and horseradish peroxidase (hrp) techniques. the majority of alpha-btx binding is concentra ...19807357466
the origins of the centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb in the goldfish, carassius auratus: an experimental study using the fluorescent dye primuline as a retrograde tracer.the origin of the centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb in the goldfish was examined by injecting a fluorescent dye, primuline, into the olfactory bulb by means of hydraulic pressure. three to five days after the primuline injection, which was confined to the unilateral olfactory bulb, a large number of primuline-labeled perikarya appeared in two telencephalic areas on the ipsilateral side: the area ventralis telencephali pars dorsalis (vd) and the ventral part of the area dorsalis telencepha ...19807357427
the effects of lithium chloride on spontaneous alternation behaviour in the goldfish (carassius auratus).spontaneous alternation behaviour of goldfish was observed in a two-unit t maze. whilst significant degrees of alternation occurred under both lithium and sodium treatment, alternation under lithium was significantly lower than under sodium. in a second experiment it was shown that lithium increased the amount of random or erratic behaviour demonstrated by fish. the effects of lithium on spontaneous alternation were fully explained by a lithium-induced increase in randomness of activity, without ...19807354909
acquired immunity against trypanosoma danilewskyi in goldfish, carassius auratus.two groups of goldfish maintained at 20 degrees c were experimentally infected with two different sized inocula of trypanosoma danilewskyi. one group was inoculated with 380,000 trypanosomes/fish and the other with 3800. forty and 90% of the fish, respectively, survived. all surviving fish challenged 190 days post-infection were protected from re-infection. the plasma of these fish when inoculated into another group of fish also protected them from infection. finally, trypanosomes incubated in v ...19817329722
some observations on perisinusoidal lipocyte (ito cell) of carassius auratus liver as revealed by electron microscopy. 19817315185
the biotransformation of [14c]phenol in some freshwater fish.1. the biotransformation of phenol was investigated in eight species of freshwater fish: bream (abramis brama), goldfish (carassius auratus), guppy (poecilia reticulata), minnow (phoxinus phoxinus), perch (perca fluviatilis), roach (rutilus rutilus), rudd (scardinius erythropthalmus) and tench (tinca tinca), when exposed to sublethal concentrations of phenol in the aquarium water. 2. the two conjugates, phenyl sulphate and phenyl glucuronide, were the sole detected products produced by bream, pe ...19817293212
ruffed cell: a new type of neuron with a distinctive initial unmyelinated portion of the axon in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (carassius auratus). iii. three-dimensional structure of the ruffed cell dendrite.the three-dimensional structure of the ruffed cell dendrite in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (carassius auratus) was studied by means of light and high-voltage electron microscopy of golgi-impregnated material, combined golgi-electron microscopy, and electron microscopy of serial thin sections. ruffed cell dendrites ramify in the glomerular area with tufted branching patterns. they give rise to many appendages of various shapes and sizes: sheetlike processes, fingerlike projections, or smal ...19817287936
seasonal differences in brain activity and responsiveness shown by the goldfish, (carassius auratus). 19817283929
the goldfish immune response. i. characterization of the humoral response to particulate antigens.anti-red blood cells (rbc) and anti-hapten antibody synthesis were studied in the goldfish, carassius auratus. spontaneous haemagglutination titres were found against all the antigens tested. a weak secondary response was observed in rbc-primed fish boosted during the end-phase of the primary antibody production. however, when the second antigenic challenge was performed during the early exponential phase of a primary stimulation, an important amplified response was obtained. the antibody produc ...19817275178
the glomerulus of a stenohaline fresh-water teleost, carassius auratus gibelio, adapted to saline water. a scanning and transmission electron-microscopic study.prussian carp, carassius auratus gibelio, were maintained in aquaria with a salinity of 15 0/00 for 3 months. more than 90% of the glomeruli disappeared from the tissue as a result of the adaptation to saline water. kidney tissue was excised and prepared for electron microscopy after perfusion fixation in situ. the fine structure of the renal corpuscle was compared with the normal ultrastructure of glomeruli of control fish from fresh-water aquaria. the main alterations include retraction of the ...19817273133
alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase in goldfish (carassius auratus) leukocytes.alkaline phosphatase activity and peroxidase activity were studied in granulocytes from the peripheral blood of carassius auratus by cytochemical procedures for both light and electron-microscope examination. alkaline phosphatase reaction products appeared in juvenile neutrophil granules and in portions of eosinophil granules. peroxidase reaction products were observed in mature neutrophil granules and in portions of eosinophil granules. basophils showed negative results. the presence of alkalin ...19817271703
normal and abnormal retinal projections following the crush of one optic nerve in goldfish (carassius auratus).optic nerve regeneration was examined with [3h]proline radioautography in fish that had one nerve crushed. fibers had not yet grown beyond the crush site at 2 days post-crush (pc) and were at the optic chiasm by 4-5 days pc. by 6 days pc the fibers had reinnervated the rostral pole of the contralateral tectum, the lateral geniculate nucleus and area pretectalis dorsalis and ventralis. area preopticus, nucleus opticus dorsolateralis and nucleus opticus commissurae posterior were partially reinner ...19817263949
deficits in habituation of cardiac arousal responses incurred by telencephalic ablation in goldfish, carassius auratus, and their relation to other telencephalic functions.the effects of telencephalic ablation on the habituation of cardiac arousal responses in goldfish was studied. the ablation was performed either by ligating the telencephalon of habituated fish between stimulus presentations or by aspiration prior to habituation. the former technique caused dishabituation; the latter, a slower rate of habituation than that of sham-operated controls. the habituation deficit incurred by surgical ablation was found to decline with time, being small after 2 wk. the ...19817251953
deficits in foraging behavior after telencephalon ablation in the goldfish (carassius auratus). 19817202623
water-electrolyte balance in goldfish carassius auratus, under constant and diurnally cycling temperature conditions.1. the effects of acclimation to constant and diurnally cycling temperatures upon water-electrolyte regulation were examined in goldfish held at 20, 25, 30 and 25 +/- 5 degrees c, and sampled at 03.00, 09.00 15.00 and 21.00 h. plasma and epaxial muscle levels of na, k, ca, mg, cl and water were determined. using cl space as an indicator of extracellular phase volume, mean cellular cation concentrations were estimated. 2. fish held at constant temperature exhibited significant diurnal variations ...19827201004
structural organization of sperm chromatin from the fish carassius auratus. 19827198994
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