Publications

TitleAbstractYear
Filter
PMID(sorted descending)
Filter
integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western kenya.in western kenya, malaria remains one of the major health problems and its control remains an important public health measure. malaria control is by either use of drugs to treat patients infected with malaria parasites or by controlling the vectors. vector control may target the free living adult or aquatic (larval) stages of mosquito. the most commonly applied control strategies target indoor resting mosquitoes. however, because mosquitoes spend a considerable time in water, targeting the aquat ...201222607227
effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly (diptera: muscidae) caused by five isolates of bacillus thuringiensis.we examined the effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly [stomoxys calcitrans (l.)] caused by bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi 4l3, b. t. darmastedensis 4m1, b. t. thompsoni 401, b. t. thuringiensis hd2, and b. t. kurstaki hd945. at moderate doses, mortality caused by all isolates ranged from 87 to 99% at 15 degrees c and declined to 29-63% as temperature increased to 30 degrees c. a similar pattern was seen when a higher dose was used, except that the reduction in mortality at w ...201222606847
cotton plants expressing a hemipteran-active bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein impact the development and survival of lygus hesperus (hemiptera: miridae) nymphs.the plant bugs lygus hesperus knight (hemiptera: miridae) and l. lineolaris (palisot de beauvois) have emerged as economic pests of cotton in the united states. these hemipteran species are refractory to the insect control traits found in genetically modified commercial varieties of cotton. in this article, we report the isolation and characterization of a 35 kda crystal protein from bacillus thuringiensis, designated tic807, which causes reduced mass gain and mortality of l. hesperus and l. lin ...201222606834
resistance of trichoplusia ni to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac is independent of alteration of the cadherin-like receptor for cry toxins.alteration of binding sites for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in insect midgut is the major mechanism of high-level resistance to bt toxins in insects. the midgut cadherin is known to be a major binding protein for bt cry1a toxins and linkage of bt-resistance to cadherin gene mutations has been identified in lepidopterans. the resistance to bt toxin cry1ac evolved in greenhouse populations of trichoplusia ni has been identified to be associated with the down-regulation of an aminopeptidase ...201222606242
development of a purification method of pure primary lymphocytes for cell viability assays.the maintenance of pure primary lymphocytes culture for long periods may be difficult because of its inability to divide continuously. in addition, lymphocytes separation methods such as ficoll-paque, rbc lysis and immunomagnetic microbeads separation may have some affect on cell viability. the objective of this study is to determine various types of lymphocytes purification methods, in order to prolong primary lymphocytes culture to 72 hours. the second objective is to use these primary lymphoc ...200722593650
bacillus thuringiensis parasporal proteins induce cell-cycle arrest and caspase-dependant apoptotic cell death in leukemic cells.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) parasporal proteins with selective anticancer activity have recently garnered interest. this study determines the efficacy and mode of cell death of bt 18 parasporal proteins against 3 leukemic cell lines (cem-ss, ccrf-sb and ccrf-hsb-2).cell-based biochemical analysis aimed to determine cell viability and the percentage of apoptotic cell death in treated cell lines; ultrastructural analysis to study apoptotic changes and western blot to identify the parasporal protei ...201222591286
computational tridimensional protein modeling of cry1ab19 toxin from bacillus thuringiensis btx-2.we report the computational structural simulation of the cry1ab19 toxin molecule from b. thuringiensis btx-2 based on the structure of cry1aa1 deduced by x-ray diffraction. validation results showed that 93.5% of modeled residues are folded in a favorable orientation with a total energy z-score of -8.32, and the constructed model has an rmsd of only 1.13. the major differences in the presented model are longer loop lengths and shortened sheet components. the overall result supports the hierarchi ...201222573155
rflp analysis of cry1 and cry2 genes of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from india.the pcr-rflp method has been useful for detection of known genes and identification of novel genes. in the present study, degenerate primers were designed from five groups of cry1 genes for pcr-rflp analysis. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates from different regions were evaluated for pcr amplification of various cry1 genes using newly designed primers and cry2 genes using reported primers. pcr analysis showed an abundance of cry1a genes and especially cry1ac genes in isolates from all regions ...201222573148
sustained susceptibility of pink bollworm to bt cotton in the united states.evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the benefits of transgenic crops that produce toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) for insect control. one of the world's most important cotton pests, pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella), has been targeted for control by transgenic cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac in several countries for more than a decade. in china, the frequency of resistance to cry1ac has increased, but control failures have not been reported. in western india, pink bollwor ...201422572905
sequence analysis of inducible prophage phis3501 integrated into the haemolysin ii gene of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis atcc35646.diarrheic food poisoning by bacteria of the bacillus cereus group is mostly due to several toxins encoded in the genomes. one of them, cytotoxin k, was recently identified as responsible for severe necrotic syndromes. cytotoxin k is similar to a class of proteins encoded by genes usually annotated as haemolysin ii (hlyii) in the majority of genomes of the b. cereus group. the partially sequenced genome of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis atcc35646 contains several potentially induced proph ...201222567391
dna barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions.transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have been widely introduced into genetically modified (gm) crops to confer protection against insect pests. concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called non target organisms, ntos) represents a major element of the environmental risk assessments (eras) used by all countries prior to commercial release. compiling a comprehensive list ...201222567120
the transcriptome of spodoptera exigua larvae exposed to different types of microbes.we have obtained and characterized the transcriptome of spodoptera exigua larvae with special emphasis on pathogen-induced genes. in order to obtain a highly representative transcriptome, we have pooled rna from diverse insect colonies, conditions and tissues. sequenced cdna included samples from 3 geographically different colonies. enrichment of rna from pathogen-related genes was accomplished by exposing larvae to different pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbial agents such as the bacteria ba ...201222564783
bacterial pore-forming proteins as anthelmintics.crystal (cry) proteins are made by the gram-positive bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). cry proteins are pore-forming proteins and are the most widely used biological insecticides in the world. our laboratory found some cry proteins are highly effective against a broad range of nematodes (roundworms). here, we discuss our results of cry protein activity against intestinal roundworms. both cry5b and cry21a have therapeutic activities against infections of the roundworm heligmosomoides polygyr ...201222562659
transcriptome profiling of the intoxication response of tenebrio molitor larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal (cry) proteins are effective against a select number of insect pests, but improvements are needed to increase efficacy and decrease time to mortality for coleopteran pests. to gain insight into the bt intoxication process in coleoptera, we performed rna-seq on cdna generated from the guts of tenebrio molitor larvae that consumed either a control diet or a diet containing cry3aa protoxin. approximately 134,090 and 124,287 sequence reads from the control and cry ...201222558093
expression and characterization of a recombinant cry1ac crystal protein fused with an insect-specific neurotoxin ω-actx-hv1a in bacillus thuringiensis.in order to assess possible enhancement of biopesticide activity, the fusion gene of crystal protein gene cry1ac with the insect-specific neurotoxin ω-actx-hv1a gene and egfp was expressed in bacillus thuringiensis acrystalliferous strain cry-b under the control of the native gene expression system. the fusion recombinant cry-b(1ac-actx-egfp) generally produced two or three small crystal-like inclusion bodies in each cell and the gfp signal could be clearly observed. a 166 kda full-length fusion ...201222548233
mining new crystal protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of mixed plasmid-enriched genome sequencing and a computational pipeline.we have designed a high-throughput system for the identification of novel crystal protein genes (cry) from bacillus thuringiensis strains. the system was developed with two goals: (i) to acquire the mixed plasmid-enriched genomic sequence of b. thuringiensis using next-generation sequencing biotechnology, and (ii) to identify cry genes with a computational pipeline (using bttoxin_scanner). in our pipeline method, we employed three different kinds of well-developed prediction methods, blast, hidd ...201222544259
a 50-kilodalton cry2a peptide is lethal to bombyx mori and lymantria dispar.the cry2aa3 gene was introduced into asporogenic bacillus thuringiensis, and the synthesized protoxin killed bombyx mori and lymantria dispar larvae. chymotrypsin hydrolyzed the linkages between 49tyr/val50 and 145lys/ser146 in the protoxin, and 50- and 58-kda fragments were generated, respectively. both peptides killed the larvae of both insects.201222544240
a novel cost-effective medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for mosquito control.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) has been used for mosquito-control programmes the world-wide. indeed, the large-scale production of bti for mosquito control is very expensive due to the high cost of its culture. in the present study, we attempted to widen the scope in developing cost-effective culture medium for bti production, based on the raw materials available on the biosphere, including coconut cake powder, ccp (cocos nucifera), neem cake powder, ncp (azadirachta indica) and ...201222543607
quantification of cry1ab in genetically modified maize leaves by liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry using 18o stable isotope dilution.cry1ab is one of the most common bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins in genetically modified crops, which exhibits strong resistance against insect pests. in the present study, a sensitive and precise liquid chromatography stable isotope dilution multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry (lc-sid-mrm-ms) assay was developed and validated to quantify the amount of cry1ab expression in transgenic maize leaves. the measurement of protein was converted to measurement of unique peptides t ...201222543512
bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal three-domain cry toxins: mode of action, insect resistance and consequences for crop protection.bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are insect pathogens that produce different cry and cyt toxins to kill their hosts. here we review the group of three-domain cry (3d-cry) toxins. expression of these 3d-cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to efficient control of insect pests and a reduction in the use of chemical insecticides. the mode of action of 3d-cry toxins involves sequential interactions with several insect midgut proteins that facilitate the formation of an oligomeric structure ...201322540421
genetically engineered vegetables expressing proteins from bacillus thuringiensis for insect resistance: successes, disappointments, challenges and ways to move forward.genetically engineered (ge) insect-resistant crops that express proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been widely adopted in the two field crops currently commercially available, bt cotton and bt corn. however, the development and commercialization of bt vegetables has lagged in comparison, which is unfortunate since vegetables tend to be insecticide-intensive crops due to high pest pressure and cosmetic standards required for the market. while it is often stated that consumer choice ha ...201422538234
field-evolved resistance to bt maize by western corn rootworm: predictions from the laboratory and effects in the field.crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. however, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve bt resistance. furthermore, resistance has been documented to bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to b ...201222537837
early detection of field-evolved resistance to bt cotton in china: cotton bollworm and pink bollworm.transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins kill some major insect pests, but pests can evolve resistance and thereby reduce the effectiveness of such bt crops. the main approach for slowing pest adaptation to bt crops uses non-bt host plants as "refuges" to increase survival of susceptible pests. to delay evolution of pest resistance to cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac, several countries have required refuges of non-bt cotton, while farmers in china have relied on "natural" re ...201222537835
similar genetic basis of resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in boll-selected and diet-selected strains of pink bollworm.genetically engineered cotton and corn plants producing insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins kill some key insect pests. yet, evolution of resistance by pests threatens long-term insect control by these transgenic bt crops. we compared the genetic basis of resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in two independently derived, laboratory-selected strains of a major cotton pest, the pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella [saunders]). the arizona pooled resistant strain (azp-r) was started with pi ...201222530065
the saposin-like protein spp-12 is an antimicrobial polypeptide in the pharyngeal neurons of caenorhabditis elegans and participates in defence against a natural bacterial pathogen.caenopores are antimicrobial and pore-forming polypeptides in caenorhabditis elegans belonging to the saposin-like protein superfamily and are considered important elements of the nematode's intestinal immune system. in the present study, we demonstrate that, unlike the other members of the multifarious gene family (spps) coding for caenopores, spp-12 is expressed exclusively in two pharyngeal neurons. recombinantly expressed spp-12 binds to phospholipid membranes and forms pores in a ph-depende ...201222519640
transgenic cry1ab rice does not impact ecological fitness and predation of a generalist spider.the commercial release of rice genetically engineered to express a cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) for control of lepidoptera in china is a subject of debate. one major point of the debate has focused on the ecological safety of bt rice on nontarget organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that help control populations of insect pests.201222511982
necrotrophism is a quorum-sensing-regulated lifestyle in bacillus thuringiensis.how pathogenic bacteria infect and kill their host is currently widely investigated. in comparison, the fate of pathogens after the death of their host receives less attention. we studied bacillus thuringiensis (bt) infection of an insect host, and show that nprr, a quorum sensor, is active after death of the insect and allows bt to survive in the cadavers as vegetative cells. transcriptomic analysis revealed that nprr regulates at least 41 genes, including many encoding degradative enzymes or p ...201222511867
identification of the promoter in the intergenic region between orf1 and cry8ea1 controlled by sigma h factor.bacillus thuringiensis cry8ea toxin is specifically toxic to larvae of the asian cockchafer, holotrichia parallela. here we investigated the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the cry8ea1 gene. reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) results indicated that cry8ea1 and an upstream gene (orf1) were cotranscribed. transcriptional fusions with the lacz gene demonstrated that transcription of the cry8ea1 gene started from two promoters: p(orf1), which is located upstream of the orf1 gene, and p(cr ...201222504821
the direct repeat sequence upstream of bacillus chitinase genes is cis-acting elements that negatively regulate heterologous expression in e. coli.to explore the influence of the direct repeat sequence (drs) in bacillus chitinase genes on heterogonous expression in escherichia coli, we cloned and sequenced the entire open reading frame (orf) and upstream sequences of the chitinase b (chib) and chitinase my75 (chimy75) from bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus licheniformis. a pair of 8-bp drs was found upstream of each chi gene. chi orfs with a series of truncated drs were cloned and transformed into e. coli xl-blue. the activity of the tra ...201222500893
low-temperature decontamination with hydrogen peroxide or chlorine dioxide for space applications.the currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at temperatures of >110°c for extended periods to prevent the contamination of extraplanetary destinations. this process is effective and reproducible, but it is also long and costly and precludes the use of heat-labile materials. the need for an alternative to dry-heat microbial reduction has been identified by space agencies. investigations assessing the biological efficacy of tw ...201222492450
production of protocatechuic acid in bacillus thuringiensis atcc33679.protocatechuic acid, or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, is produced by both soil and marine bacteria in the free form and as the iron binding component of the siderophore petrobactin. the soil bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki atcc 33679, contains the asb operon, but does not produce petrobactin. iron restriction resulted in diminished b. thuringiensis kurstaki atcc 33679 growth and the production of catechol(s). the gene product responsible for protocatechuic acid (asbf) and its receptor (f ...201222489181
evidence of reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in multiple lines of bt maize.insect-resistant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize is widely cultivated, yet few studies have examined the interaction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) with different lines of bt maize. as obligate symbionts, amf may be sensitive to genetic changes within a plant host. previous evaluations of the impact of bt crops on amf have been inconsistent, and because most studies were conducted under disparate experimental conditions, the results are difficult to compare.201222473978
multiplex, construct-specific, and real-time pcr-based analytical methods for bt rice with cry1ac gene.qualitative and quantitative analytical methods based on pcr for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice hybrid, namely, mrp 5401 bt expressing a modified version of the bt cry1ac gene, are reported here. multiplex pcr assays were developed to target the cry1ac transgene, cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter, agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator, the neomycin phosphotransferase ii (nptll) marker gene, and an endogenous a-tubulin (tuba) gene in bt rice. the 3.178 kb regio ...201522468358
high-throughput sequence-based analysis of the intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs fed genetically modified mon810 maize expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab (bt maize) for 31 days.the objective of this study was to investigate if feeding genetically modified (gm) mon810 maize expressing the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein (bt maize) had any effects on the porcine intestinal microbiota. eighteen pigs were weaned at ~28 days and, following a 6-day acclimatization period, were assigned to diets containing either gm (bt mon810) maize or non-gm isogenic parent line maize for 31 days (n = 9/treatment). effects on the porcine intestinal microbiota were assessed throu ...201222467509
susceptibility of spodoptera frugiperda and s. exigua to bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa insecticidal protein.the vip3aa protein is an insecticidal protein secreted by bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative stage of growth. the activity of this protein has been tested after different steps/protocols of purification using spodoptera frugiperda as a control insect. the results showed that the vip3aa protoxin was stable and retained full toxicity after being subjected to common biochemical steps used in protein purification. bioassays with the protoxin in s. frugiperda and s. exigua showed pronounced ...201222465567
evolution of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins insecticidal activity.insecticidal cry proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis are use worldwide in transgenic crops for efficient pest control. among the family of cry toxins, the three domain cry family is the better characterized regarding their natural evolution leading to a large number of cry proteins with similar structure, mode of action but different insect specificity. also, this group is the better characterized regarding the study of their mode of action and the molecular basis of insect specificity. ...201222463726
induction of defense response against rhizoctonia solani in cucumber plants by endophytic bacterium bacillus thuringiensis gs1.an endophytic bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis gs1, was isolated from bracken (pteridium aquilinum) and found to have maximal production of chitinase (4.3 units/ml) at 5 days after culture. this study investigated the ability of b. thuringiensis gs1 to induce resistance to rhizoctonia solani kacc 40111 (rs) in cucumber plants. chitinase activity was greatest in rs-treated plants at 4 days. beta-1,3- glucanase activity was highest in gs1-treated plants at 5 days. guaiacol peroxidase (gpod) activ ...201222450798
phospholipase a2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, xenorhabdus nematophila and photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.the entomopathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophila and photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata suppress insect immune responses by inhibiting the catalytic activity of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), which results in preventing biosynthesis of immune-mediating eicosanoids. this study identified pla(2) inhibitors derived from culture broths of these two bacteria. both x. nematophila and p. temperata subsp. temperata culture broths possessed significant pla(2)-inhibitory activities. fractionation ...201222447611
specific binding of radiolabeled cry1fa insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis to midgut sites in lepidopteran species.cry1fa insecticidal protein was successfully radiolabeled with (125)i-na. specific binding to brush border membrane vesicles was shown for the lepidopteran species ostrinia nubilalis, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera exigua, helicoverpa armigera, heliothis virescens, and plutella xylostella. homologous competition assays were performed to obtain equilibrium binding parameters (k(d) [dissociation constant] and r(t) [concentration of binding sites]) for these six insect species.201222447600
feed intake, milk production and composition of crossbred cows fed with insect-protected bollgard ii® cottonseed containing cry1ac and cry2ab proteins.twenty crossbred lactating multiparous cows were used in a 28-day study to compare dry matter intake (dmi), milk yield, milk composition and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein concentrations in plasma when fed diets containing bollgard ii(®) cottonseed (bgii) or a control non-genetically modified isogenic cottonseed (con). bollgard ii cottonseed contains the cry1ac and cry2ab insecticidal proteins that protect cotton plants from feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran insects. cows were a ...201122440417
biofunctionalization of nanoparticle assisted mass spectrometry as biosensors for rapid detection of plant associated bacteria.this study is based on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) as biosensor to detect the plant associated bacteria (pab) isolates from rhizospheric soil and root. the rapid bacterial detection via on particle ionization/enrichment technique using igg functionalized pt nps (igg-pt nps) assisted maldi-tof ms was successfully used to explore two pab isolates, namely, bacillus thuringiensis and b. subtilis from rhizospheric soil ...201222436686
effect of sub-lethal doses of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and deltamethrin with regard to fertility and organ toxicity in pregnant albino rats.products with bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and synthetic insecticides have been widely used against important vectors of human diseases. however, few studies have addressed the application of these substances on the female reproduction apparatus during pregnancy at doses that do not cause clinical symptoms of intoxication. seventy pregnant albino rats were analyzed with regard to fertility and histopathology of the kidneys, liver and lungs as well as the morphology of the neonates. the rats were ...201322436576
active enhancement of bacillus thuringiensis subsp-israelensis toxins and protein-purification.bacillus thuringiensis sub sp. ilsraelensis de barjac, that produce insecticidal protein endotoxins are used for mosquito control. the bacterium produces several cry and cytoxins that individually show activity against mosquitoes. a crylla protein ia848, which corresponds to the first 848 amino acids from n-terminal of crylla-gene was purified from e. coli by ni-nta affinity isolation, q-sepharose fast-flow chromatography & super-200 size exclusion chromatography. it was determined using laborat ...201122435159
milling effect on the control efficacy of spray-dried bacillus thuringiensis technical powder against diamondback moths.the relationship between the particle size of spray-dried bacillus thuringiensis nt0423 technical powder and its insecticidal activity against diamondbackmoth was investigated in laboratory and glasshouse conditions. a variety of sizes of bt particles were made by homogenisation, followed by pilot-scale milling to optimise further the current bt formulation process.201222413132
molecular and toxigenic characterization of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from commercial ground roasted coffee.thirty samples of roasted ground coffee beans from 10 different commercial brands were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and levels of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains. strains were evaluated for their genetic diversity by repetitive element sequence polymorphism pcr (rep-pcr) and for their toxigenic profiles, i.e., the presence of hbla, hblc, hbld, nhea, nheb, nhec, cytk, ces, and entfm. survival and multiplication of b. cereus sensu lato in the ready-to-drink coffee was ...201222410226
assessment of microbial larvicide spraying with bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, for the prevention of malaria.the aim of this study was to assess the contribution of microbial larvicide spraying, bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, as prevention strategy against malaria.201222405513
functional interactions between members of the repat family of insect pathogen-induced proteins.studies on the transcriptional response to pathogens in the insect larval gut have shown the regulation of several genes after the infection. repat (response to pathogens) genes were first identified in spodoptera exigua midgut as being up-regulated in response to the exposure to bacillus thuringiensis toxins and baculovirus. recently, new members of the repat family showed a constitutive up-regulation in a b. thuringiensis-resistant population. based on a yeast two-hybrid screening, we have det ...201222404489
oxygen supply in bacillus thuringiensis fermentations: bringing new insights on their impact on sporulation and δ-endotoxin production.the growth kinetics, sporulation, and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were evaluated through the analysis of batch cultures with different dissolved oxygen (do) profiles. firstly, do was maintained constant at 5%, 20%, or 50% throughout fermentation in order to identify the most suitable one to improve the main process parameters. higher biomass concentration, cell productivity, and cell yield based on glucose were obtained with 50% do. the higher aeration level also resulted ...201222395904
atomic force microscopy: a powerful tool for studying bacterial swarming motility.swarming motility is a fascinating phenomenon by which some bacteria use flagella to move over solid surfaces. understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying swarming motility requires studying the factors that induce and control flagella expression in swarming cells. traditionally, flagella are observed by optical or electron microscopy, but none of these techniques combine versatility and easiness, with quantitative and high-resolution information. we report an atomic force microscopy (afm) ...201222386764
mosquitocidal properties of calotropis gigantea (family: asclepiadaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against the mosquito vectors.calotropis gigantea leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis were tested first to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around bharathiar university, coimbatore, india. calotropis gigantea leaf was washed with tap water and shade-dried at room temperature. an electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). the powder 500 g of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 l of organic so ...201222382205
complete genome sequence of the highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76.highly hemolytic strain bacillus cereus f837/76 was isolated in 1976 from a contaminated prostate wound. the complete nucleotide sequence of this strain reported here counts nearly 36,500 single-nucleotide differences from the closest sequenced strain, bacillus thuringiensis al hakam. f827/76 also contains a 10-kb plasmid that was not detected in the al hakam strain.201222374959
using field-evolved resistance to cry1f maize in a lepidopteran pest to demonstrate no adverse effects of cry1f on one of its major predators.spodoptera frugiperda (je smith) represents the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a genetically engineered crop expressing an insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt). in this case it was cry1f-expressing maize (mycogen 2a517). the ladybird beetle, coleomegilla maculata, is a common and abundant predator that suppresses pest populations in maize and many other cropping systems. its larvae and adults are polyphagous, feeding on aphids, thrips, lepidopteran eggs and ...201222373893
bacillus thuringiensis protein transfer between rootstock and scion of grafted poplar.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac protein is a toxin against different leaf-eating lepidopteran insects that attack poplar trees. in the present study, the mode of migration of the bt-cry1ac protein within poplar grafts was investigated. grafting was done using pb29 (transgenic poplar 741 with cry1ac genes), cc71 (transgenic poplar 741 with cry3a genes), non-transgenic poplar 741 and non-transgenic populus tomentosa, either as scion or as rootstock. in order to detect migration of bt-cry1ac pro ...201222372666
chitinase production by bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus licheniformis: their potential in antifungal biocontrol.thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. bacillus thuringiensis nm101-19 and bacillus licheniformis nm120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. the production of chitinase by b. thuringiensis and b. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°c after five days of incubation. a ...201222367944
construction of a promoter-probe vector for bacillus thuringiensis: the identification of cis-acting elements of the chia locus.the expression and application of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chitinase genes have been extensively investigated. however, little information is available regarding the regulation of chitinase gene expression in bt. in this study, a shuttle promoter-probe vector was constructed incorporating the thermostable β-galactosidase gene bgab of b. stearothermophilus as the reporter for the study of bt promoters. using this plasmid, the activity of the chia gene promoter in bt was investigated. deletion ...201222367329
field assessment of bt cry1ah corn pollen on the survival, development and behavior of apis mellifera ligustica.honeybees may be exposed to insecticidal proteins from transgenic plants via pollen. an assessment of the impact of such exposures on the honeybee is an essential part of the risk assessment process for transgenic bacillus thuringiensis corn. a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of transgenic bt cry1ah corn on the honeybee apis mellifera ligustica. colonies of honeybees were moved to bt or non-bt corn fields during anthesis and then sampled to record their survival, development and ...201222364780
sporicidal/bactericidal textiles via the chlorination of silk.bacterial spores, such as those of the bacillus genus, are extremely resilient, being able to germinate into metabolically active cells after withstanding harsh environmental conditions or aggressive chemical treatments. the toughness of the bacterial spore in combination with the use of spores, such as those of bacillus anthracis, as a biological warfare agent necessitates the development of new antimicrobial textiles. in this work, a route to the production of fabrics that kill bacterial spore ...201222352921
detection and identification of vegetative insecticidal proteins vip3 genes of bacillus thuringiensis strains using polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt analysis.in this study, vegetative insecticidal proteins vip3 genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains were detected based on polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) analysis. a pair of primers was designed according to the conservative sequences in 150 bp region of the known vip3 subfamily. the 150 bp regions of difference vip3 genes have only a few nucleotide difference vip3 genes were detected in 8 of 11 standard b. thuringiensis strains, and vip3aa genes, vip3af genes and vip3ba gen ...201222350000
identifying insecticide resistance genes in mosquito by combining aflp genome scans and 454 pyrosequencing.aflp-based genome scans are widely used to study the genetics of adaptation and to identify genomic regions potentially under selection. however, this approach usually fails to detect the actual genes or mutations targeted by selection owing to the difficulties of obtaining dna sequences from aflp fragments. here, we combine classical aflp outlier detection with 454 sequencing of aflp fragments to obtain sequences from outlier loci. we applied this approach to the study of resistance to bacillus ...201222348648
a scallop c-type lectin from argopecten irradians (aictl5) with activities of lipopolysaccharide binding and gram-negative bacteria agglutination.c-type lectins are a family of calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins. in the present study, a c-type lectin (designated as aictl5) was identified and characterized from argopecten irradians. the full-length cdna of aictl5 was of 673 bp, containing a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 24 bp, a 3' utr of 130 bp with a poly (a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 519 bp encoding a polypeptide of 172 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. a c-type lectin-like domai ...201222342746
a practicable detection system for genetically modified rice by sers-barcoded nanosensors.since the global cultivation of genetically modified crops constantly expands, it remains a high demand to establish different ways to sort food and feed that consist or contain genetically modified organisms. surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) spectroscopy is a flexible tool for biological analysis due to its excellent properties for detecting wide varieties of target biomolecules including nucleic acids. in the present study, a sers-barcoded nanosensor was developed to detect bacillus th ...201222342698
bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy.bacterial toxins share the ability to enter host cells to target various intracellular proteins and to modulate host immune responses. over the last 20 years, toxins and their mutated variants, as well as live attenuated bacteria, have been exploited for vaccination and immunotherapy of various infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases. the ability of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to translocate its adenylate cyclase domain across the host cell membrane, as well as the pathway ...201222339216
cadherin binding is not a limiting step for bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cry4ba toxicity to aedes aegypti larvae.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces three cry toxins (cry4aa, cry4ba and cry11aa) that are active against aedes aegypti larvae. the identification of the rate-limiting binding steps of cry toxins that are used for insect control in the field, such as those of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, should provide targets for improving insecticides against important insect pests. previous studies showed that cry11aa binds to cadherin receptor fragment cr7-11 (cadherin repeats 7-11) wi ...022329749
control of mosquito larvae in seasonal wetlands on a wildlife refuge using vectomax cg.there is a great need for novel insecticides to control mosquitoes. vectomax is a new mosquito larvicide that combines toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) and bacillus sphaericus (bs), and is designed to provide extended mosquito control. we tested the initial efficacy and longevity of control of mosquitoes using one of the formulations, vectomax cg, in a full-scale study conducted in seasonal wetlands. vectomax cg was applied by air at 8.9 kg/ha to 3 wetlands and 3 other ...201122329272
treatment of an aedes aegypti colony with the cry11aa toxin for 54 generations results in the development of resistance.to study the potential for the emergence of resistance in aedes aegypti populations, a wild colony was subjected to selective pressure with cry11aa, one of four endotoxins that compose the bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis toxin. this bacterium is the base component of the most important biopesticide used in the control of mosquitoes worldwide. after 54 generations of selection, significant resistance levels were observed. at the beginning of the selection experiment, the half lethal co ...201222310538
functional assignment of yvgo, a novel set of purified and chemically characterized proteinaceous antifungal variants produced by bacillus thuringiensis sf361.this study reports a novel class of antifungal protein derived from bacterial origin. bacillus thuringiensis sf361, the strain also responsible for producing the novel bacteriocin thurincin h, exhibits broad antifungal activity against select members of several fungal genera, including aspergillus, byssochlamys, and penicillium, as well as the pathogenic yeast candida albicans. optimal antifungal production and secretion were observed after-log phase growth when incubated at 37°c in a carbohydra ...201222307285
identification of henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (coleoptera: coccinellidae) midgut putative receptor for bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry7ab3 toxin.bt wz-9 strain, containing a single cry7ab3 toxin, had effective insecticidal activity against larvae of henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata. by incubation with larvae midgut homogenate and trypsin in vitro, 130 kda cry7ab3 protoxin was degraded into the ∼75 kda proteinase-resistant fragments. in vivo analysis, 130 kda cry7ab3 protoxin was also processed into ∼75 kda fragment. histopathological observations indicated that cry7ab3 ingestion by h. vigintioctomaculata larvae causes acceleration in t ...201222306353
effect of mir604 transgenic maize at different stages of development on western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in a central missouri field environment.the establishment and survival of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, was evaluated on transgenic bacillus thuringiensis berliner maize, zea mays l., expressing the mcry3a protein (mir604) and non-bt maize with the same genetic background (isoline maize) at different stages of development in 2007 and 2008. overall, western corn rootworm larval recovery, root damage, and adult emergence were significantly higher on isoline maize compared with mir604. the number of larva ...201122299370
effects of transgenic bt rice on growth, reproduction, and superoxide dismutase activity of folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae) in laboratory studies.transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crylab protein is expected to be commercialized in china in the near future. the use of bt rice for controlling insect pests sparks intensive debates regarding its biosafety. folsomia candida is an euedaphic species and is often used as a "standard" test organism in assessing effects of environmental pollutants on soil organisms. in this study, growth, development, reproduction, and superoxide dismutase activity (sod) of f. candida were inve ...201122299350
a novel cry2ab gene from the indigenous isolate bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki.a novel cry2ab gene was cloned and sequenced from the indigenous isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. this gene was designated as cry2ab25 and its sequence revealed an open reading frame of 1,902 bp encoding a 633 aa protein with calculated molecular mass of 70 kda and pi value of 8.98. the amino acid sequence of the cry2ab25 protein was compared with previously known cry2ab toxins, and the phylogenetic relationships among them were determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of th ...201222297230
bacterial mixture from greenhouse soil as a biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, on oriental melon.the biological control efficacy of a greenhouse soil bacterial mixture of lactobacillus farraginis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis strains with antinematode activity was evaluated against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. two control groups planted in soil drenched with sterile distilled water or treated with the broadspectrum carbamate pesticide carbofuran were used for comparison. the results suggest that the bacterial mixture is effective as a biocontrol agent against ...201222297227
increased resistance of bt aspens to phratora vitellinae (coleoptera) leads to increased plant growth under experimental conditions.one main aim with genetic modification (gm) of trees is to produce plants that are resistant to various types of pests. the effectiveness of gm-introduced toxins against specific pest species on trees has been shown in the laboratory. however, few attempts have been made to determine if the production of these toxins and reduced herbivory will translate into increased tree productivity. we established an experiment with two lines of potted aspens (populus tremula×populus tremuloides) which expre ...201222292004
evidence of bacillus thuringiensis intra-serovar diversity revealed by bacillus cereus group-specific repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based pcr genomic fingerprinting.bacillus thuringiensis is classified into serovars on the basis of h-flagellar antigens. several alternative typing methods have been described. among them, a b. cereus group-specific repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr fingerprinting technique was shown to be discriminative and able to identify b. thuringiensis serovars. the aim of this study was to investigate the genomic diversity and relationship among b. thuringiensis strains collected from different argentinean ecosystems. thirty-s ...201122286045
optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.optimization of chicken feather (cf) based culture medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) biomass in combination with the agro industrial by-product (coconut cake, cc) and manganese chloride (mncl2) has been evaluated. the biomass yield of bti spore/crystal toxin was highest (12.06 g/l) from the test medium (cf+cc+mncl2) compared to the reference medium (luria bertani, lb). toxicity assay with bti produced from the test medium against mosquito vectors (culex ...201222279944
[bacillus anthracis: a molecular look at a famous pathogen].bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive rod belonging to the bacillus cereus group, has an extremely monomorphic genome, and presents high structural and physiological similarity with b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. in this work, the new molecular methods for the identification and typing of b. anthracis developed in the last years, based on variable number tandem repeats or on genetic differences detected through sequencing, are described. the molecular aspects of traditional virulence factor ...201322274828
amino acids y229 and f603 are involved in bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac delta-endotoxin stability and toxicity.bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin shares structurally five conserved blocs with the other delta-endotoxins. in order to study the role of some amino acids belonging to these regions, two mutations, y(229) p and f(603) s, have been introduced separately and respectively in blocs 2 and 5. the resulting mutant proteins cry1ac'1 and cry1ac'3 were affected in their stability and crystallization. both of them lost their toxicity to the lepidopteran larvae ephestia kuehniella. unlike cry1ac'1, cry1ac ...201222268917
large crystal toxin formation in chromosomally engineered bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was due to σe accumulation.seven distinct bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (bta) integrants, were constructed by carrying the chitinase (chibla) gene from b. licheniformis under control of the cry11aa promoter and terminator with and without p19 and p20 genes. the toxicity of bta integrants against 2(nd) instar spodoptera litura larvae was increased 1.8-4.6 fold when compared to that of the wild type strain (bta1). surprisingly, the enhanced toxicity in some strains of bta integrants (btap19cs, btap19cster and btacat ...201222267677
field response of aboveground non-target arthropod community to transgenic bt-cry1ab rice plant residues in postharvest seasons.risk assessments of ecological effects of transgenic rice expressing lepidoptera-cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) on non-target arthropods have primarily focused on rice plants during cropping season, whereas few studies have investigated the effects in postharvest periods. harvested rice fallow fields provide a critical over-wintering habitat for arthropods in the chinese rice ecosystems, particularly in the southern region of the country. during 2006-08, two independent field tria ...201222252123
evaluating the non-rice host plant species of sesamia inferens (lepidoptera: noctuidae) as natural refuges: resistance management of bt rice.although rice (oryza sativa l.) lines that express bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins have shown great potential for managing the major lepidoptera pests of rice in southern china, including sesamia inferens, their long-term use is dependent on managing resistance development to bt toxins in pest populations. the maintenance of "natural" refuges, non-bt expressing plants that are hosts for a target pest, has been proposed as a means to minimize the evolution of resistance to bt toxins in transge ...201122251655
the 60-kda protein encoded by orf2 in the cry19a operon of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan functions like a c-terminal crystallization domain.the cry19a operon of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan encodes two proteins, mosquitocidal cry19a (orf1, 75-kda), and orf2 (60-kda) of unknown function. expression of the cry19a operon in an acrystalliferous strain of b. thuringiensis (4q7) yielded one small crystal per cell, whereas no crystals were produced when cry19a or orf2 were expressed alone. to determine the function of the orf2 protein, different combinations of cry19a, orf2 and the n- or c-terminal half of cry1c were synthesize ...201222247140
screening, diversity and partial sequence comparison of vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3a) genes in the local isolates of bacillus thuringiensis berliner.characterization, direct sequencing of the pcr amplicon and phylogenetic relationship was done to discover a novel vip protein genes of the bt isolates, to improve the prospects for insect control, more vip proteins should be sought out and researched to predict their insecticidal activity. characterization was based on direct sequencing of pcr amplicon using primers specific to vip3a gene was presented here. 12 out of 18 isolates screened were positive for vip gene-specific primers. homology se ...201222246044
comparison of the insecticide susceptibilities of laboratory strains of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.a susceptible strain of aedes albopictus derived from the gainesville strain (florida, usa) was established in our laboratory. the larvicidal efficacies of the neurotoxic insecticides temephos, permethrin and the pure cis and trans-permethrin isomers and the microbial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) against ae. albopictus were estimated and compared to a susceptible strain of aedes aegypti. the larvicidal effect of insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen was also evaluated in b ...201122241122
cereulide produced by bacillus cereus increases the fitness of the producer organism in low-potassium environments.cereulide, produced by certain bacillus cereus strains, is a lipophilic cyclic peptide of 1152 da that binds k(+) ions with high specificity and affinity. it is toxic to humans, but its role for the producer organism is not known. we report here that cereulide operates for b. cereus to scavenge potassium when the environment is growth limiting for this ion. cereulide-producing b. cereus showed higher maximal growth rates (µ(max)) than cereulide non-producing b. cereus in k(+)-deficient medium (k ...201222241046
analysis of opportunities and challenges in patenting of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein genes.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the most widely used microbial control agent. the broad spectrum of susceptible hosts, production on artificial media and ease of application has caused the widespread use of this bacterium against several pests in agriculture, forest and vectors of human diseases. b.thuringiensis toxins are highly species specific which provide economic, environmental benefits, potential for future control and spread of the technology worldwide. this makes the b. thuringiensis cry ...201222239684
increased frequency of pink bollworm resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in china.transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) kill some key insect pests, but evolution of resistance by pests can reduce their efficacy. the main approach for delaying pest adaptation to bt crops uses non-bt host plants as "refuges" to increase survival of susceptible pests. to delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac, the united states and some other countries have required refuges of non-bt cotton, while farmers in c ...201222238687
bt rice evaluation and deployment strategies.bacillus thuringiensis (bt), a gram positive soil bacteria was first identified and named by japanese microbiologist shigetane ishiwata in 1901. during sporulation bt produces proteinaceous parasporal crystal proteins called δ-endotoxins, or cry proteins, which are insecticidal. numerous cry proteins have been isolated and characterized from different bt strains with activity against insects, mites and nematodes. sprayable formulations containing these cry proteins as active ingredients have con ...201522233571
[obtaining of water soluble microbial melanin and study of its some properties].the effective sorption method for melanin isolation and purification from fermentation solutions of bacillus thuringiensis serovar galleriae k1 has been elaborated, the principle process flowsheet is presented. the identification of obtained pigment with the samples of natural and synthetic melanin was done by ir-spectroscopy, and the intensity ratio of optical absorption at 650 and 500 nm allows to refer the isolated melanin to eumelanin class. by thermal treatment it was determined, that melan ...201122232896
evaluation of organically acceptable insecticides as stand-alone treatments and in rotation for managing yellowmargined leaf beetle, microtheca ochroloma (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), in organic crucifer production.background: yellowmargined leaf beetle, microtheca ochroloma, is the most damaging pest of organic crucifer crops in the southern united states. experiments were conducted over four growing seasons (2007-2010) in alabama to evaluate some botanical and microbial insecticides approved by the organic materials review institute (omri) against m. ochroloma in organically grown crucifer crops. insecticides evaluated included pyganic(®) (pyrethrum), aza-direct(®) (azadiractin), entrust(®) (spinosad) ...201222231993
interaction of proteinase inhibitors with cry1ac toxicity and the presence of 15 chymotrypsin cdnas in the midgut of the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).background: the potential development of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton and surging of non-targeted insects is a major risk in the durability of bt plant technology. midgut proteinases are involved in bt activation and degradation. proteinase inhibitors may be used to control a wide range of insects and delay bt resistance development. proactive action to examine proteinase inhibitors for synergistic interaction with bt toxin and cloning of proteinase cdnas for rnai is necessar ...201222228503
comparison of quantitative pcr and culture-based methods for evaluating dispersal of bacillus thuringiensis endospores at a bioterrorism hoax crime scene.since the anthrax mail attacks of 2001, law enforcement agencies have processed thousands of suspicious mail incidents globally, many of which are hoax bioterrorism threats. bio-insecticide preparations containing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) spores have been involved in several such threats in australia, leading to the requirement for rapid and sensitive detection techniques for this organism, a close relative of bacillus anthracis. here we describe the development of a quantitative pcr (qpcr) m ...201222227150
parasitism by the endoparasitoid, cotesia flavipes induces cellular immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility of the sugar cane borer, diatraea saccharalis to bacillus thuringiensis.cotesia flavipes cameron (hymenoptera: braconidae), is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis fabricius (lepidoptera: crambidae). the aim of this research was to analyze cellular immunosuppression of d. saccharalis parasitized by c. flavipes in terms of encapsulation, melanization, and hemocyte nodule formation. the encapsulation assay was done 1 and 6 days after parasitoid oviposition. in addition, the susceptibility of parasitized and nonparasitzed larv ...201122225507
co-expression and synergism analysis of vip3aa29 and cyt2aa3 insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis.vegetative insecticidal protein (vip3) from bacillus thuringiensis shows high activity against lepidopteran insects. cytolytic δ-endotoxin (cyt) also has high toxicity to dipteran larvae and synergism with other crystal proteins (cry), but synergism between cyt and vip3 proteins has not been tested. we analyzed for synergism between cyt2aa3 and vip3aa29. both cyt2aa3 and vip3aa29 genes were co-expressed in escherichia coli strain bl21 carried on vector pcoladuet-1. vip3aa29 showed insecticidal a ...201222218570
the effect of seston on mortality of simulium vittatum (diptera: simuliidae) from insecticidal proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.water was collected from a site on the susquehanna river in eastern pennsylvania, where less-than-optimal black fly larval mortality had been occasionally observed after treatment with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac insecticidal crystalline proteins (bti icps). a series of experiments was conducted with simulium vittatum zetterstedt larvae to determine the water related factors responsible for the impaired response to bti icps (vectobac 12s, strain am 65-52). seston in the w ...201122217757
the pore-forming protein cry5b elicits the pathogenicity of bacillus sp. against caenorhabditis elegans.the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis is a pathogen of insects and nematodes and is very closely related to, if not the same species as, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis. the defining characteristic of b. thuringiensis that sets it apart from b. cereus and b. anthracis is the production of crystal (cry) proteins, which are pore-forming toxins or pore-forming proteins (pfps). although it is known that pfps are important virulence factors since their elimination results in reduced virule ...201122216181
large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance.the refuge strategy is used worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to insecticides that are either sprayed or produced by transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops. this strategy is based on the idea that refuges of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide promote survival of susceptible pests. despite widespread adoption of this approach, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. here we tested the refuge strategy with 8 y of data on refuge ...201222215605
safety assessment of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice t1c-19 in sprague-dawley rats from metabonomics and bacterial profile perspectives.bacillus thuringiensis rice is facing commercialization as the main food source in the near future. the unintended effects of genetically modified (gm) organisms are the most important barriers to their promotion. we aimed to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for genetically modified foods by using metabonomics and bacterial profile approaches. t1c-19 rice flour or its transgenic parent mh63 was used at 70% wt/wt to produce diets that were fed to rats for ∼ 90 days. urine metabolite chang ...201222215564
mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum (family: solanaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).the bio-efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, were assessed against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of culex quinquefasciatus, under the laboratory conditions. the medicinal plants were collected from the outskirt bharathiar university, coimbatore, tamil nadu, india. the shade dried plant materials were extracted by employing the soxhlet apparatus with ethanol (organic solvent) for 8 h and filtered. the extracts were concentr ...201222215195
a 54-kda protein encoded by pbtoxis is required for parasporal body structural integrity in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.strains of bacillus thuringiensis such as b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (onr-60a) and b. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (pg-14) pathogenic for mosquito larvae produce a complex parasporal body consisting of several protein endotoxins synthesized during sporulation that form an aggregate of crystalline inclusions bound together by a multilamellar fibrous matrix. most studies of these strains focus on the molecular biology of the endotoxins, and although it is known that parasporal body stru ...201122210770
suppressing erwinia carotovora pathogenicity by projecting n-acyl homoserine lactonase onto the surface of pseudomonas putida cells.n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) serve as the vital quorum-sensing signals that regulate the virulence of the pathogenic bacterium erwinia carotovora. in the present study, an approach to efficiently restrain the pathogenicity of e. carotovora-induced soft rot disease is described. bacillus thuringiensis-derived n-acyl homoserine lactonase (aiia) was projected onto the surface of pseudomonas putida cells, and inoculation with both strains was challenged. the previously identified n-terminal moi ...201122210621
bacillus manliponensis sp. nov., a new member of the bacillus cereus group isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment.a gram-positive, endospore-forming, new bacillus species, strain bl4-6(t), was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the yellow sea. strain bl4-6(t) is a straight rod, with motility by peritrichate flagella. the cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. the major fatty acids are iso-c(15:0) and summed feature 3 (containing c(16:1) ω7c/iso-c(15:0) 2oh, and/or iso-c(15:0) 2oh/c(16:1) ω7c). cells are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. the g ...201122203569
Refresh
firstprev
...11121314151617181920...
nextlast
Displaying items 1701 - 1800 of 7316