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urethral inflammation in male chimpanzees caused by ureaplasmas and chlamydia trachomatis.specimens from men with acute non-gonococcal urethritis were tested to determine their microbial content and then given intra-urethrally to male chimpanzees. two animals received ureaplasmas only and one became infected. the second did so when given a different strain. both developed a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmnl) response. two chimpanzees received a mixture of ureaplasmas and chlamydia trachomatis and there was a suggestion that the ureaplasmas delayed or suppressed the chlamydial respons ...201323904075
chlamydia trachomatis glga is secreted into host cell cytoplasm.glycogen has been localized both inside and outside chlamydia trachomatis organisms. we now report that c. trachomatis glycogen synthase (glga) was detected in both chlamydial organism-associated and -free forms. the organism-free glga molecules were localized both in the lumen of chlamydial inclusions and in the cytosol of host cells. the cytosolic glga displayed a distribution pattern similar to that of a known c. trachomatis-secreted protease, cpaf. the detection of glga was specific since th ...201323894341
performance of cobas® 4800 and m2000 real-time™ assays for detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in rectal and self-collected vaginal specimen.a prospective, multicenter trial was designed to compare the performance characteristics of the cobas® 4800 (roche diagnostics, indianapolis, in, usa) and m2000 real-time™ (abbott molecular inc., des plaines, il, usa) assays for detection of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) in rectal and self-collected vaginal swabs. rectal (n = 234) or self-collected vaginal swabs (n = 687) were obtained from consenting individuals visiting their general practitioners, dermatologists, g ...201323891224
chlamydia trachomatis: tlr4-mediated recognition by human dendritic cells is impaired following oestradiol treatment.genital chlamydia trachomatis infection creates a substantial reproductive health burden in women. the high incidence of asymptomatic infection often precludes timely antibiotic therapy to control the sequelae of infection, and therefore a vaccine is required. dendritic cells (dc) are now being used as an adjuvant for vaccine development; however, the fate of c. trachomatis in human dc and differential regulation of cytokine secretion remains unclear. hence, an in vitro study was performed using ...201323888605
anti-inflammatory effects of silver-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (ag-pvp) nanoparticles in mouse macrophages infected with live chlamydia trachomatis.chlamydia trachomatis is a very common sexually transmissible infection in both developing and developed countries. a hallmark of c. trachomatis infection is the induction of severe inflammatory responses which play critical roles in its pathogenesis. antibiotics are the only treatment option currently available for controlling c. trachomatis infection; however, they are efficacious only when administered early after an infection. the objectives of this study are to explore alternative strategie ...201323882139
[if it's not only itching or burning: management of sexually transmitted infections (part 2].in this second part about sexually transmitted infections (sti) we focus on the commonest pathogens related with genital ulcer disease, including herpes simplex virus, treponema pallidum and chlamydia trachomatis. as most of these pathogens can cause long-term sequelae if left untreated it is of upmost importance to be familiar with the clinical manifestations and current diagnostic and therapeutic management. most recent published international guidelines are reviewed to provide an updated over ...201323876687
urogenital chlamydia trachomatis infections among ethnic groups in paramaribo, suriname; determinants and ethnic sexual mixing patterns.little is known about the epidemiology of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis infection (chlamydia) in suriname. suriname is a society composed of many ethnic groups, such as creoles, maroons, hindustani, javanese, chinese, caucasians, and indigenous amerindians. we estimated determinants for chlamydia, including the role of ethnicity, and identified transmission patterns and ethnic sexual networks among clients of two clinics in paramaribo, suriname.201323874730
genus-optimized strategy for the identification of chlamydial type iii secretion substrates.among chlamydial virulence factors are the type iii secretion (t3s) system and its effectors. t3s effectors target host proteins to benefit the infecting chlamydiae. the assortment of effectors, each with a unique function, varies between species. this variation likely contributes to differences in host specificity and disease severity. a dozen effectors of chlamydia trachomatis have been identified; however, estimates suggest that more exist. a t3s prediction algorithm, svm-based identification ...201323873765
chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract: an update.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases. although the prevalence of chlamydial infection is similar in men and women, current research and screening are still focused on women, who develop the most severe complications, leaving the study of male genital tract (mgt) infection underrated. herein, we reviewed the literature on genital ct infection with special focus on the mgt. data indicate that ct certainly infects different parts of the mgt such as ...201323870458
chlamydia screening in pregnancy in australia: integration of national guidelines into clinical practice and policy.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common reportable infection in australia. since 2006, the royal australian and new zealand college of obstetricians and gynaecologists (ranzcog) have recommended chlamydia screening in pregnant women aged <25 years.201323870029
co-infections with ureaplasma parvum, mycoplasma hominis and chlamydia trachomatis in a human immunodeficiency virus positive woman with vaginal discharge.a 30-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infected woman presented with vaginal discharge and associated vulval irritation. the vaginal swabs tested positive for ureaplasma parvum and mycoplasma hominis by both culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the specimen also tested positive for chlamydia trachomatis deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) by cryptic plasmid and omp1 gene pcr assays. the patient was successfully treated with azithromycin based on the antibiotic susceptibility testing ...201323867681
novel hla-b27-restricted epitopes from chlamydia trachomatis generated upon endogenous processing of bacterial proteins suggest a role of molecular mimicry in reactive arthritis.reactive arthritis (rea) is an hla-b27-associated spondyloarthropathy that is triggered by diverse bacteria, including chlamydia trachomatis, a frequent intracellular parasite. hla-b27-restricted t-cell responses are elicited against this bacterium in rea patients, but their pathogenetic significance, autoimmune potential, and relevant epitopes are unknown. high resolution and sensitivity mass spectrometry was used to identify hla-b27 ligands endogenously processed and presented by hla-b27 from ...201323867464
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in the general population of women in qatar.the arabian gulf region has limited epidemiological data related to sexually transmitted infections. the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection among general population women in doha, qatar.201323863874
field evaluation of the cepheid genexpert chlamydia trachomatis assay for detection of infection in a trachoma endemic community in tanzania.to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and field utility of the cepheid genexpert chlamydia trachomatis (ct) assay (genexpert) for ocular chlamydia infection compared to roche amplicor ct assay (amplicor).201323861986
early expression of the type iii secretion system of parachlamydia acanthamoebae during a replicative cycle within its natural host cell acanthamoeba castellanii.the type three secretion system (t3ss) operons of chlamydiales bacteria are distributed in different clusters along their chromosomes and are conserved at both the level of sequence and genetic organization. a complete characterization of the temporal expression of multiple t3ss components at the transcriptional and protein levels has been performed in parachlamydia acanthamoebae, replicating in its natural host cell acanthamoeba castellanii. the t3ss components were classified in four different ...201323861207
ovarian steroid hormones: effects on immune responses and chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract.female sex hormones are known to regulate the adaptive and innate immune functions of the female reproductive tract. this review aims to update our current knowledge of the effects of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone in the female reproductive tract on innate immunity, antigen presentation, specific immune responses, antibody secretion, genital tract infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis, and vaccine-induced immunity.201323860476
high-resolution typing reveals distinct chlamydia trachomatis strains in an at-risk population in nanjing, china.we investigated chlamydia trachomatis strains from nanjing, china, and whether these strains differed from amsterdam, the netherlands. c. trachomatis type was determined with multilocus sequence typing. most strains were specific to nanjing, but some clustered with strains from amsterdam. this demonstrates a geographical variation in c. trachomatis previously left undetected.201323859913
mutations in hemg mediate resistance to salicylidene acylhydrazides, demonstrating a novel link between protoporphyrinogen oxidase (hemg) and chlamydia trachomatis infectivity.salicylidene acylhydrazides (sahs) inhibit the type iii secretion system (t3s) of yersinia and other gram-negative bacteria. in addition, sahs restrict the growth and development of chlamydia species. however, since the inhibition of chlamydia growth by sah is suppressed by the addition of excess iron and since sahs have an iron-chelating capacity, their role as specific t3s inhibitors is unclear. we investigated here whether sahs exhibit a function on c. trachomatis that goes beyond iron chelat ...201323852872
the consistency of relative incidence rates of nonviral sexually transmissible infections from health insurance claims and surveillance data, 2005-10.given the growing popularity of administrative data for health research, information on the differences and similarities between administrative data and customary data sources (e.g. surveillance) will help to inform the use of administrative data in the field of sexually transmissible infections (stis). the objective of this study was to compare the incidence rates of three nonviral stis from a large health insurance administrative database (marketscan) with surveillance data.201323849061
potential role of enterohepatic helicobacter species as a facilitating factor in the development of chlamydia trachomatis proctitis.gastrointestinal manifestations of chlamydial infection are frequent, yet not always recognised. one of the common entities is proctitis, especially prevalent amongst men who have sex with men (msm). likewise, some enterohepatic helicobacter species have also been associated with proctitis, namely helicobacter (h.) cinaedi and h. fennelliae. it is well established that helicobacter species have general and specific mechanisms for innate immune evasion and suppression, and can affect intestinal h ...201323845558
culture-independent sequence analysis of chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens identifies regions of recombination and in-patient sequence mutations.a culture-independent genome sequencing approach was developed and used to examine genomic variability in chlamydia trachomatis-positive specimens that were collected from patients in the seattle, wa, usa, area. the procedure is based on an immunomagnetic separation approach with chlamydial lps-specific mabs, followed by dna purification and total dna amplification, and subsequent illumina-based sequence analysis. quality of genome sequencing was independent of the total number of inclusion-form ...201323842467
hidden behind autophagy: the unconventional roles of atg proteins.macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular catabolic transport route that generally allows the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components, including bulk cytosol, protein aggregates, damaged or superfluous organelles and invading microbes. target structures are sequestered by double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which are formed through the concerted action of the autophagy (atg)-related proteins. until recently it was assumed ...201323837619
animal models for studying female genital tract infection with chlamydia trachomatis.chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. it is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the world, with more than 100 million new cases of genital tract infections with c. trachomatis occurring each year. animal models are indispensable for the study of c. trachomatis infections and the development and evaluation of candidate vaccines. in this paper, the most commonly used animal models to study female genital tract infections with ...201323836817
chlamydia trachomatis infection in a sample of northern brazilian pregnant women: prevalence and prenatal importance.there are limited data regarding prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection among northern brazilian pregnant women.201323831212
causes of puerperal and neonatal sepsis in resource-constrained settings and advocacy for an integrated community-based postnatal approach.puerperal sepsis and neonatal sepsis are important causes of mortality and morbidity in low-income countries.201323830869
chlamydia trachomatis inhibits telomeric dna damage signaling via transient htert upregulation.epidemiological data exist to support a positive association between chlamydia trachomatis (ctr) infection and gynecological cancers; however, putative cellular mechanisms for this association are lacking. here, we identified ctr-induced perturbations to host cell phenotypes in vitro that persisted after clearance of infection and could directly contribute to host cell transformation. in particular, human telomerase catalytic subunit (htert) mrna expression and catalytic subunit activity were in ...201323830072
sexual health of adolescents in quebec residential youth protection centres.to document risk behaviours and prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections among adolescents aged 14 to 17 years entering care in quebec youth protection centres (ypc).201323823885
[if it's not only itching or burning: management of sexually transmitted infections (part 1)].current clinical aspects of genital ulcer diseases, urethritis and genital warts are reviewed. in the first part we focus on the commonest sexually transmitted pathogens associated with urethritis, including chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoea; and we provide an overview about human papilloma virus related genital infections. diagnostic and treatment approaches are based on the most recent internationally published guidelines and should help practitioners managing their patients, prev ...201323823683
low positivity rate after systematic screening for trichomonas vaginalis in three patient cohorts from general practitioners, sti clinic and a national population-based chlamydia screening study.the goal of this multi-cohort study is to investigate the positivity rate of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among three distinct dutch patient populations and its relation with chlamydia trachomatis (ct) positivity. few studies have been performed in europe where tv positivity rate seems to be low. additionally, the majority of earlier studies have focused on high risk or specific populations.201323821769
host organelle hijackers: a similar modus operandi for toxoplasma gondii and chlamydia trachomatis: co-infection model as a tool to investigate pathogenesis.the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis and the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii are the causative agents of chlamydiosis and toxoplasmosis in humans, respectively. both microorganisms are obligate intracellular pathogens and notorious for extensively modifying the cytoskeletal architecture and the endomembrane system of their host cells to establish productive infections. this review highlights the similar tactics developed by these two pathogens to manipulate their host cell despite their gene ...201323821471
[clinical efficacy of fluconazole, tinidazole and clindamycin vs fluconazole, tinidazole and azithromycin in the treatment of mixed cervical-vaginal infections, included those caused by mycoplasma and chlamydia trachomatis].in the united states 19 million people acquire a sexually transmitted disease every year. sexually transmitted diseases impact in gynecological terms because they may cause sterility, infertility and ectopic pregnancy.201323819423
bacterial infections of the lower genital tract in fertile and infertile women from the southeastern poland.the objective of the study was to investigate the detection rates of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, gardnerella vaginalis, escherichia coli, streptococcus agalactiae and enterococcus faecalis, showing no clinical signs of an ongoing, acute inflammatory state of the vagina and/or the cenrvix, in fertile and infertile women.201323819400
attack rate of chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis and effect of the ccr5-delta-32 mutation: a prospective analysis.factors that predispose patients to chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis (cirea) are poorly defined. data indirectly suggest chemokine receptor-5 (ccr5)-delta-32 mutation might play a role in cirea. we investigated the attack rate of cirea and we hypothesized that the ccr5-delta-32 allele may modulate disease susceptibility.201323818716
risk of pelvic inflammatory disease following chlamydia trachomatis infection: analysis of prospective studies with a multistate model.our objective in this study was to estimate the probability that a chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection will cause an episode of clinical pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) and the reduction in such episodes among women with ct that could be achieved by annual screening. we reappraised evidence from randomized controlled trials of screening and controlled observational studies that followed untreated ct-infected and -uninfected women to measure the development of pid. data from these studies were ...201323813703
home-sampling as a tool in the context of chlamydia trachomatis partner notification: a randomized controlled trial. 201423807656
case report: lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis-from rapid screening to molecular confirmation of a masked sexually transmitted disease.proctitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis l2b can manifest with very mild, nonspecific symptoms, and appropriate diagnostic evaluation is crucial. the case report demonstrates that rapid screening test, detection of specific antibodies in serum, and direct pathogen identification by pcr performed on tissue sample or rectal swab allow successful diagnosis of the still emerging sexually transmitted disease among homosexual patients.201323806660
the potential impact of new generation molecular point-of-care tests on gonorrhoea and chlamydia in a setting of high endemic prevalence.background despite the availability of testing and treatment, bacterial sexually transmissible infections (stis) continue to occur at endemic levels in many remote indigenous communities in australia. new generation molecular point-of-care (poc) tests have high sensitivity, comparable with conventional diagnostic tests, and have the potential to increase the impact of sti screening.201323806149
blind evaluation of the microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence ultrarapid and sensitive chlamydia trachomatis test by use of clinical samples.accurate point-of-care (poc) diagnostic tests for chlamydia trachomatis infection are urgently needed for the rapid treatment of patients. in a blind comparative study, we evaluated microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (mamef) assays for ultrafast and sensitive detection of c. trachomatis dna from vaginal swabs. the results of two distinct mamef assays were compared to those of nucleic acid amplification tests (naats). the first assay targeted the c. trachomatis 16s rrna gene, and t ...201323804384
hiv incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an hiv case registry.sexually transmitted bacterial rectal infections are objective markers of hiv risk behavior. quantifying hiv risk among men who have sex with men (msm) who have had these infections can inform prevention efforts. we measured hiv risk among msm who have and those who have not been diagnosed with rectal chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and/or rectal neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc).201323800942
higher chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in ethnic minorities does not always reflect higher sexual risk behaviour.in affluent countries, the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is often higher in certain ethnic minorities than in the majority population. in the netherlands, we examined why ct prevalence is higher in surinamese/antilleans, the largest minority in the country.201323799146
identification of a serine protease inhibitor which causes inclusion vacuole reduction and is lethal to chlamydia trachomatis.the mechanistic details of the pathogenesis of chlamydia, an obligate intracellular pathogen of global importance, have eluded scientists due to the scarcity of traditional molecular genetic tools to investigate this organism. here we report a chemical biology strategy that has uncovered the first essential protease for this organism. identification and application of a unique cthtra inhibitor (jo146) to cultures of chlamydia resulted in a complete loss of viable elementary body formation. jo146 ...201323796320
characterization of chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded open reading frames.the recent success in transformation of chlamydia trachomatis represents a major advancement in chlamydia research. plasmid-free c. trachomatis serovar l2 organisms can be transformed with chlamydial plasmid-based shuttle vectors pgfp::sw2 and pbrct. deletion of plasmid genes coding for pgp1 to pgp8 in pbrct led to the identification of pgp1, -2, -6, and -8 as plasmid maintenance factors; pgp4 as a transcriptional regulator of chlamydial virulence-associated gene expression; and pgp3, -5, and -7 ...201323794619
genotyping chlamydia trachomatis strains among men who have sex with men from a northern spain region: a cohort study.to determine the prevalence of anorectal chlamydia trachomatis serovars in a group of men who have sex with men (msm) with high risk sexual behaviour, attendees at a sexually transmitted infection (sti) unit from a region in northwest spain.201323794585
prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic gonococcal and chlamydial infection among us navy and marine corps men infected with the hiv: a cohort study.neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) can facilitate transmission of hiv. men who have sex with men (msm) may harbour infections at genital and extragenital sites. data regarding extragenital gc and ct infections in military populations are lacking. we examined the prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic gc and ct infection among this category of hiv-infected military personnel.201323793671
ectopic pregnancy: a review.ectopic pregnancy (ep) presents a major health problem for women of child-bearing age. ep refers to the pregnancy occurring outside the uterine cavity that constitutes 1.2-1.4 % of all reported pregnancies. all identified risk factors are maternal: pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydia trachomatis infection, smoking, tubal surgery, induced conception cycle, and endometriosis. these developments have provided the atmosphere for trials using methotrexate as a non-surgical treatment for ep. the di ...201323793551
chlamydia trachomatis is present and metabolically active during the remitting phase in synovial tissues from patients with chronic chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis.patients with chronic chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis (rea) often show a remitting-relapsing disease phenotype. some information regarding bacterial and host responses to one another during active disease is available but no information for quiescence. this article presents the first molecular genetic insight into the behavior of bacterium and host during remitting rea.201323792903
genomic and phenotypic characterization of in vitro-generated chlamydia trachomatis recombinants.pre-genomic and post-genomic studies demonstrate that chlamydiae actively recombine in vitro and in vivo, although the molecular and cellular biology of this process is not well understood. in this study, we determined the genome sequence of twelve chlamydia trachomatis recombinants that were generated in vitro under antibiotic selection. these strains were used to explore the process of recombination in chlamydia spp., including analysis of candidate recombination hotspots, and to correlate kno ...201323786423
mass treatment with azithromycin for trachoma: when is one round enough? results from the pret trial in the gambia.the world health organization has recommended three rounds of mass drug administration (mda) with antibiotics in districts where the prevalence of follicular trachoma (tf) is ≥10% in children aged 1-9 years, with treatment coverage of at least 80%. for districts at 5-10% tf prevalence it was recommended that tf be assessed in 1-9 year olds in each community within the district, with three rounds of mda provided to any community where tf≥10%. worldwide, over 40 million people live in districts wh ...201323785525
irg and gbp host resistance factors target aberrant, "non-self" vacuoles characterized by the missing of "self" irgm proteins.interferon-inducible gtpases of the immunity related gtpase (irg) and guanylate binding protein (gbp) families provide resistance to intracellular pathogenic microbes. irgs and gbps stably associate with pathogen-containing vacuoles (pvs) and elicit immune pathways directed at the targeted vacuoles. targeting of interferon-inducible gtpases to pvs requires the formation of higher-order protein oligomers, a process negatively regulated by a subclass of irg proteins called irgms. we found that the ...201323785284
screening for chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile women in saudi arabia.chlamydia trachomatis infection is a worldwide-distributed sexually transmitted infection that may lead to infertility.201323785247
chlamydia trachomatis recombinant momp encapsulated in plga nanoparticles triggers primarily t helper 1 cellular and antibody immune responses in mice: a desirable candidate nanovaccine.we recently demonstrated by in vitro experiments that plga (poly d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) potentiates t helper 1 (th1) immune responses induced by a peptide derived from the recombinant major outer membrane protein (rmomp) of chlamydia trachomatis, and may be a promising vaccine delivery system. herein we evaluated the immune-potentiating potential of plga by encapsulating the full-length rmomp (plga-rmomp), characterizing it in vitro, and investigating its immunogenicity in vivo. our hypothes ...201323785233
seroprevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with bad obstetric history and infertility.chlamydia trachomatis has currently emerged as the most common sexually transmitted pathogen. it is usually asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose clinically. it is one of the causes for bad obstetric history (boh) and infertility. women at highest risk often have the least access to health care facilities. therefore there is a need for a rapid, simple, inexpensive and non-invasive test to detect c. trachomatis infection. serological testing forms the mainstay of diagnosing the disease and to ...201123781640
translational potential into health care of basic genomic and genetic findings for human immunodeficiency virus, chlamydia trachomatis, and human papilloma virus.individual variations in susceptibility to an infection as well as in the clinical course of the infection can be explained by pathogen related factors, environmental factors, and host genetic differences. in this paper we review the state-of-the-art basic host genomic and genetic findings' translational potential of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), chlamydia trachomatis (ct), and human papilloma virus (hpv) into applications in public health, especially in diagnosis, treatment, and preventio ...201323781508
multilocus sequence typing of chlamydia trachomatis among men who have sex with men reveals cocirculating strains not associated with specific subpopulations.previous studies identified specific chlamydia trachomatis strains circulating among men who have sex with men (msm). this study investigates whether distinct c. trachomatis strains circulate among subpopulations within the msm community.201323776193
chlamydia infection promotes host dna damage and proliferation but impairs the dna damage response.the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen chlamydia trachomatis (ctr) has been associated with cervical and ovarian cancer development. however, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms remain outstanding. our analysis of ctr-induced alterations to global host histone modifications revealed distinct patterns of histone marks during acute and persistent infections. in particular, ph2ax (ser139) and h3k9me3, hallmarks of dna double-strand breaks (dsbs) and senescence-associated ...201323768498
[bacterial infection as a cause of infertility in humans].microorganisms which are present in the human urogenital tract may be involved in the development of inflammatory changes negatively affecting the genitals in both men and women. pathological conditions due to inflammatory alterations may result in complete loss of fertility. infections of the urogenital tract are responsible for 15% of all cases of infertility in couples. negative impact on the human reproduction is mainly caused by direct damage to the genital tract mucosa by metabolic product ...201323768092
flavonoid naringenin: a potential immunomodulator for chlamydia trachomatis inflammation.chlamydia trachomatis, the agent of bacterial sexually transmitted infections, can manifest itself as either acute cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or a chronic asymptomatic infection. inflammation induced by c. trachomatis contributes greatly to the pathogenesis of disease. here we evaluated the anti-inflammatory capacity of naringenin, a polyphenolic compound, to modulate inflammatory mediators produced by mouse j774 macrophages infected with live c. trachomatis. infected macrophages p ...201323766556
a novel chlamydiaceae-like bacterium found in faecal specimens from sea birds from the bering sea.the family chlamydiaceae contains several bacterial pathogens of important human and veterinary medical concern, such as chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydophila psittaci. within the order chlamydiales there are also an increasing number of chlamydia-like bacteria whose biodiversity, host range and environmental spread seem to have been largely underestimated, and which are currently being investigated for their potential medical relevance. in this study we present 16s rrna, rnpb and ompa gene se ...201023766231
incidence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women in england: two methods of estimation.information on the incidence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is essential for models of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening programmes. we developed two independent estimates of ct incidence in women in england: one based on an incidence study, with estimates 'recalibrated' to the general population using data on setting-specific relative risks, and allowing for clearance and re-infection during follow-up; the second based on uk prevalence data, and information on the duration of ...201423759367
intestinal parasite prevalence in an area of ethiopia after implementing the safe strategy, enhanced outreach services, and health extension program.the safe strategy aims to reduce transmission of chlamydia trachomatis through antibiotics, improved hygiene, and sanitation. we integrated assessment of intestinal parasites into large-scale trachoma impact surveys to determine whether documented environmental improvements promoted by a trachoma program had collateral impact on intestinal parasites.201323755308
perforin-2 restricts growth of chlamydia trachomatis in macrophages.chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that preferentially infects epithelial cells. professional phagocytes provide c. trachomatis only a limited ability to survive and are proficient killers of chlamydiae. we present evidence herein that identifies a novel host defense protein, perforin-2, that plays a significant role in the eradication of c. trachomatis during the infection of macrophages. knockdown of perforin-2 in macrophages did not alter the invasion of ...201323753625
anatomic distribution of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma genitalium infections in men who have sex with men.new cases of gonorrhoea (neisseria gonorrhoeae) and chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) infections have been steadily increasing in scandinavian countries over the last decade. there is a particular urgency in reducing new infections as isolation of multiple drug resistant strains of gonorrhoea is becoming more frequent. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and sites of infection of common sexually transmissible infections (stis) in men who have sex with men (msm).201323751932
[lymphogranuloma venereum: new serovariant l2b and old "groove sign"].an ongoing lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) outbreak has been reported in several european countries since 2003, related to a new variant l2b. this serovar appears to affect men who have sex with men (msm), most of them being co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the secondary stage of lgv may involve lymph nodes and the inguinal form has sometimes been described on each side of the inguinal ligament thus named the "groove sign". we report the case of lgv serovariant l2b acquire ...201323749408
clinical efficacy of sitafloxacin 100 mg twice daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis.to clarify the clinical efficacy of stfx for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (ngu), including chlamydial urethritis and mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis, this study included male patients with ngu who were 20 years old or older. the pathogens, including chlamydia trachomatis, m. genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum, were detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and the patients were treated with sitafloxacin 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. microbiological and clinical effica ...201323749142
[the diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection among students by using classical and molecular methods].chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted disease. the possibility of serious complications may be prevented by early detection of the bacteria on the uterine cervix by the application of sensitive and reliable tests such as up-to-date molecular tests.201323745341
intranasal vaccination with chlamydia pneumoniae induces cross-species immunity against genital chlamydia muridarum challenge in mice.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the world and specifically in the united states, with the highest incidence in age-groups 14-19 years. in a subset of females, the c. trachomatis genital infection leads to serious pathological sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. chlamydia pneumoniae, another member of the same genus, is a common cause of community acquired respiratory infection with significant numb ...201323741420
antibody signature of spontaneous clearance of chlamydia trachomatis ocular infection and partial resistance against re-challenge in a nonhuman primate trachoma model.chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of trachoma the world's leading cause of infectious blindness. here, we investigate whether protracted clearance of a primary infection in nonhuman primates is attributable to antigenic variation or related to the maturation of the anti-chlamydial humoral immune response specific to chlamydial antigens.201323738030
results of a community-based cervical cancer screening pilot project using human papillomavirus self-sampling in kampala, uganda.to examine the feasibility of a community-based screening program using human papillomavirus (hpv) self-sampling in a low-income country with a high burden of cervical cancer.201323731506
clinical and epidemiological characterization of a lymphogranuloma venereum outbreak in madrid, spain: co-circulation of two variants.the lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) outbreak described in the netherlands in 2003, increased the interest in the genotyping of chlamydia trachomatis. although international surveillance programmes were implemented, these studies slowly decreased in the following years. now data have revealed a new accumulation of lgv cases in those european countries with extended surveillance programmes. between march 2009 and november 2011, a study was carried out to detect lgv cases in madrid. the study was ba ...201423730727
chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein ct228 recruits elements of the myosin phosphatase pathway to regulate release mechanisms.chlamydia trachomatis replicates within a membrane-bound compartment termed an inclusion. the inclusion membrane is modified by the insertion of multiple proteins known as incs. in a yeast two-hybrid screen, an interaction was found between the inclusion membrane protein ct228 and mypt1, a subunit of myosin phosphatase. mypt1 was recruited peripherally around the inclusion, whereas the phosphorylated, inactive form was localized to active src-family kinase-rich microdomains. phosphorylated myosi ...201323727243
the value of negative chlamydia trachomatis antibody in prediction of normal tubes in infertile women.to evaluate the value of chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing in prediction of at least one normal tube in infertile women.201323724517
identification of a novel nuclear localization signal sequence in chlamydia trachomatis-secreted hypothetical protein ct311.we previously reported that chlamydia trachomatis hypothetical protein ct311 was secreted out of chlamydial inclusion and into host cell cytosol. we now found that ct311 further entered host cell nucleus at the late stage of infection and continued to accumulate in the nucleus of c. trachomatis-infected cells. when ct311 was expressed via a transgene in mammalian cells, ct311 protein was exclusively detected in the nucleus, suggesting that ct311 by itself is sufficient for nuclear targeting. how ...201323717625
self-reported risk factors for chlamydia: a survey of pharmacy-based emergency contraception consumers.to investigate the self-reported risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis in pharmacy-based emergency contraception (ec) consumers, evaluate their pharmacy experience and determine whether they would be willing to accept a chlamydia test from the pharmacy.201423711359
chlamydia trachomatis transports nad via the npt1 atp/adp translocase.obligate intracellular bacteria comprising the order chlamydiales lack the ability to synthesize nucleotides de novo and must acquire these essential compounds from the cytosol of the host cell. the environmental protozoan endosymbiont protochlamydia amoebophila uwe25 encodes five nucleotide transporters with specificities for different nucleotide substrates, including atp, gtp, ctp, utp, and nad. in contrast, the human pathogen chlamydia trachomatis encodes only two nucleotide transporters, the ...201323708130
igg subclass antibodies to human and bacterial hsp60 are not associated with disease activity and progression over time in axial spondyloarthritis.spondyloarthritis (spa), an interrelated group of rheumatic diseases, has been suggested to be triggered by bacterial infections prior to the development of an autoimmune response that causes inflammation of the spinal and peripheral joints. because human heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), recently renamed hspd1, and bacterial hsp60 are highly homologous, immunological cross-reactivity has been proposed as a mechanism of disease initiation. however, previous investigations of the humoral immune resp ...201323705835
retesting for genital chlamydia trachomatis among visitors of a sexually transmitted infections clinic: randomized intervention trial of home- versus clinic-based recall.reinfections of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) are common. in a two-armed intervention study at an urban sti clinic in the netherlands, heterosexual ct-positive visitors received an invitation for retesting after 4-5 months. interventions were either home-based sampling by mailed test-kit, or clinic-based testing without appointment.201323705624
structure of the chlamydia trachomatis immunodominant antigen pgp3.chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease. left untreated, it can lead to ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. here we present the structure of the secreted c. trachomatis protein pgp3, an immunodominant antigen and putative virulence factor. the ∼84-kda pgp3 homotrimer, encoded on a cryptic plasmid, consists of globular n- and c-terminal assemblies connected by a triple-helical coiled-coil. the c-terminal domains posses ...201323703617
attitudes to chlamydia screening elicited using the social networking site facebook for subject recruitment.chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) is the commonest bacterial sexually transmissible infection worldwide and contributes to significant morbidity in females. we examined potential barriers and facilitating factors for screening in young victorian women, using the social networking site, facebook to recruit participants.201323702200
cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a new zealand sexual health clinic.although multiple studies have confirmed mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men, there is less evidence of its pathogenicity in women. our aims were to determine the prevalence of m. genitalium in a sample of women attending a sexual health clinic and to assess whether there was any association between the detection of m. genitalium and a diagnosis of cervicitis in this population.201323702105
assessing a potential role of host pannexin 1 during chlamydia trachomatis infection.pannexin 1 (panx1) is a plasma membrane channel glycoprotein that plays a role in innate immune response through association with the inflammasome complex. probenecid, a classic pharmacological agent for gout, has also been used historically in combination therapy with antibiotics to prevent cellular drug efflux and has been reported to inhibit panx1. as the inflammasome has been implicated in the progression of chlamydia infections, and with chlamydial infections at record levels in the us, we ...201323700432
timing and frequency of chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing in a cross-sectional study of hiv postexposure prophylaxis recipients.australian hiv postexposure prophylaxis (pep) guidelines recommend chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrheae (ng) testing at both baseline and 2-week postexposure visits. we aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of testing at one or more visits, and predictors of infection.201323698512
detection of chlamydia trachomatis by immunological and genetic methods in female sex workers and the local female population of reproductive age in mymensingh, bangladesh.to investigate the accurate prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in mymensingh, a local area in central-northern bangladesh, 40 female sex workers (fsw) and 110 sexually active women (saw, non-fsw) of reproductive age from a local community with clinical symptoms were examined by an immunochromatography test (ict) and plasmid-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) during a 1-year period from july 2011 to june 2012 using the endocervical swab as a specimen. by ict and/or pcr, the ...201323698492
role for chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins in inclusion membrane structure and biogenesis.the chlamydial inclusion membrane is extensively modified by the insertion of type iii secreted effector proteins. these inclusion membrane proteins (incs) are exposed to the cytosol and share a common structural feature of a long, bi-lobed hydrophobic domain but little or no primary amino acid sequence similarity. based upon secondary structural predictions, over 50 putative inclusion membrane proteins have been identified in chlamydia trachomatis. only a limited number of biological functions ...201323696825
[purulent keratoconjunctivitis due to neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis coinfection].gonococcal conjunctivitis is a rare infection induced by neisseria gonorrhoeae and it usually manifests as a hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis. ocular access of the infectious secretion during sexual intercourse is the way of transmission among adults. inclusion conjunctivitis caused by the serovars d-k of chlamydia trachomatis also affects the sexually active population. authors present a case of a 33-year-old homosexual man who was treated for late latent syphilis formerly. clinical symptoms ...201323692878
formulation, characterization, and expression of a recombinant momp chlamydia trachomatis dna vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection affecting millions of people worldwide. previous vaccination attempts have employed the recombinant major outer membrane protein (momp) of c. trachomatis nonetheless, with limited success, perhaps, due to stability, degradation, and delivery issues. in this study we cloned c. trachomatis recombinant momp dna (dmomp) and encapsulated it in chitosan nanoparticles (dmcnp) using the complex coacervation technique. physiochemical cha ...201323690681
association of chlamydia trachomatis infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus with genital human papillomavirus infection in men: the hpv in men study.studies in women indicate that some sexually transmitted infections promote human papillomavirus (hpv) persistence and carcinogenesis. little is known about this association in men; therefore, we assessed whether chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) serostatus are associated with genital hpv prevalence, an early event in hpv-related pathogenesis.201323680908
association of sexually transmitted infections with high-risk human papillomavirus types: a survey with 802 female sex workers in china.a cross-sectional study that investigated the association between cervical infection of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, or mycoplasma genitalium and infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus among female sex workers in china found that the presence of cervical c. trachomatis or m. genitalium infection was independently associated with infection with certain high-risk types of specific high-risk human papillomavirus among this population.201323680906
correlation of leukorrhea and trichomonas vaginalis infection.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted infection (sti) causing vaginitis. microscopy has poor sensitivity but is used for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in resource-poor settings. we aimed to provide a more reliable diagnosis of trichomoniasis by investigating an association with leukorrhea. women presenting for evaluation of vaginal discharge, sti exposure, or preventative gynecologic examination were evaluated for trichomonas infection. vaginal ph was determined and microscopy was ...201323678058
hiv, rectal chlamydia, and rectal gonorrhea in men who have sex with men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a midwestern us city.men who have sex with men (msm) who report receptive anal intercourse (rai) are currently recommended to undergo at least annual screening for rectal chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) infection.201323677015
the prevalence of serum immunoglobulin g antibody to chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women presenting at the university of port harcourt teaching hospital, nigeria.this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of igg antibody to chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile patients at the university of port harcourt teaching hospital and to determine associated factors between this and infertility.201123675227
chlamydia trachomatis infection results in a modest pro-inflammatory cytokine response and a decrease in t cell chemokine secretion in human polarized endocervical epithelial cells.the endocervical epithelium is a major reservoir for chlamydia trachomatis in women, and genital infections are extended in their duration. epithelial cells act as mucosal sentinels by secreting cytokines and chemokines in response to pathogen challenge and infection. we therefore determined the signature cytokine and chemokine response of primary-like endocervix-derived epithelial cells in response to a common genital serovar (d) of c. trachomatis. for these studies, we used a recently-establis ...201323673287
recognition and treatment of chlamydial infections from birth to adolescence.the "silent epidemic" of chlamydia trachomatis threatens to cause reproductive damage and infertility in many of the 50 million women who acquire it each year. female reproductive tract infection has more recently been linked to stillbirth and premature delivery. innate immune cells and mediators appear to be the primary players in pathogenesis, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in disease development. although adaptive antibody and cd4 t cell responses appear primarily protective, these ...201323654060
chlamydia screening interventions from community pharmacies: a systematic review.chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible infection in australia. increasing the number of people aged 16-25 years being tested for chlamydia has become a key objective. the strategy recommends that chlamydia screening sites should be easy to access. community pharmacies are conveniently located and easily accessible. this review aimed to determine the different types of pharmacy-based chlamydia screening interventions, describe their uptake rates, an ...201323651619
[comparative analysis on both high risk behaviours, infection of hiv and syphilis between married and unmarried men who have sex with men].to understand the distribution of marriage status among men who have sex with men (msm) in the city of changzhou, and to explore the impact of marriage on aids related high risk behaviors and hiv infection in this population.201323648243
sequences of multiple bacterial genomes and a chlamydia trachomatis genotype from direct sequencing of dna derived from a vaginal swab diagnostic specimen.ultra-deep illumina sequencing was performed on whole genome amplified dna derived from a chlamydia trachomatis-positive vaginal swab. alignment of reads with reference genomes allowed robust snp identification from the c. trachomatis chromosome and plasmid. this revealed that the c. trachomatis in the specimen was very closely related to the sequenced urogenital, serovar f, clade t1 isolate f-sw4. in addition, high genome-wide coverage was obtained for prevotella melaninogenica, gardnerella vag ...201323647919
association of chlamydia trachomatis infection with human papillomavirus (hpv) & cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a pilot study.human papillomavirus (hpv) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is considered a potential cofactor in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). the objective of this pilot study was to determine the association of ct infection with hpv, other risk factors for cervical cancer, and cin in symptomatic women.201323640561
direct urine polymerase chain reaction for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: a simple means of bringing high-throughput rapid testing to remote settings?background rapid point-of-care tests (pocts) for chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) and gonorrhoea (neisseria gonorrhoeae) have the potential to confer health benefits in certain populations even at moderate sensitivities; however, suitable pocts for these organisms are currently lacking.201323639791
chlamydial intracellular survival strategies.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen and the causative agent of blinding trachoma. although chlamydia is protected from humoral immune responses by residing within remodeled intracellular vacuoles, it still must contend with multilayered intracellular innate immune defenses deployed by its host while scavenging for nutrients. here we provide an overview of chlamydia biology and highlight recent findings detailing how this vacuole-bound pathogen manipul ...201323637308
development and evaluation of a next-generation digital pcr diagnostic assay for ocular chlamydia trachomatis infections.droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) is an emulsion pcr process that performs absolute quantitation of nucleic acids. we developed a ddpcr assay for chlamydia trachomatis infections and found it to be accurate and precise. using pcr mixtures containing plasmids engineered to include the pcr target sequences, we were able to quantify with a dynamic range between 0.07 and 3,160 targets/μl (r(2) = 0.9927) with >95% confidence. using 1,509 clinical conjunctival swab samples from a population in which trachom ...201323637300
sting-dependent recognition of cyclic di-amp mediates type i interferon responses during chlamydia trachomatis infection.sting (stimulator of interferon [ifn] genes) initiates type i ifn responses in mammalian cells through the detection of microbial nucleic acids. the membrane-bound obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis induces a sting-dependent type i ifn response in infected cells, yet the ifn-inducing ligand remains unknown. in this report, we provide evidence that chlamydia synthesizes cyclic di-amp (c-di-amp), a nucleic acid metabolite not previously identified in gram-negative bacteria, and ...201323631912
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