Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| synthesis of 2'-aminomethyl derivatives of n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) nucleotide analogues as potential antiviral agents. | a series of purine and pyrimidine n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) derivatives bearing aminomethyl, (dimethylamino)methyl, morpholinomethyl, and (trimethylammonio)methyl groups at the 2'-position were synthesized. the compounds were prepared by alkylation of the heterocyclic bases with appropriately substituted (aminoalkyl)oxiranes followed by condensation of the resulting intermediates with dialkyl ((p-tolylsulfonyl)oxy)methanephosphonate and subsequent treatment of the obtained diester with bromo ... | 1996 | 8765509 |
| mutational studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: the involvement of residues 183 and 184 in the fidelity of dna synthesis. | the high error rates characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt) are a presumptive source of the viral hypermutability that impedes prevention and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we have analyzed two mutants of hiv-1 rt by conducting a comparative study of the accuracy of dna synthesis. each mutant bears a single amino acid substitution adjacent to the two aspartic acid residues at positions 185 and 186 in the highly conserved dna ... | 1996 | 8764985 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of certain alkenyldiarylmethanes as anti-hiv-1 agents which act as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | several novel alkenyldiarylmethane (adam) non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. the most potent of these proved to be 3',3"-dibromo-4',4"-dimethoxy-5'5"-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-diphenyl-1-+ ++heptene (8) adam 8 inhibited the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 in cem cell culture with an ec50 value of 7.1 microm and was active against an array of laboratory strains of hiv-1 in cem-ss and mt-4 cells, but was inactive as an inhibitor of hiv-2. in common with the other kno ... | 1996 | 8759644 |
| pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau: clinical and bacteriological findings, human immunodeficiency virus status and short term survival of hospitalized patients. | to study tuberculosis patients in guinea-bissau with regard to clinical findings, bacteriologically verified diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status and short term survival. | 1996 | 8758105 |
| pathology of paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infections in cote d'ivoire. | during an 8-month period in 1991-92, in abidjan, ivory coast, autopsies were conducted on 156 cadavers of children (76 hiv-1 positive cadavers, 2 hiv-2 positive cadavers, and 77 hiv-negative cadavers) located in the morgue of treichville university hospital center. morgue personnel had screened 417 dead children 1 month to 14 years old for hiv-1 or hiv-2 during the same period, 80 (19%) of whom were hiv-1 or hiv-2 positive. among the dead children younger than 18 months, 81% had hiv iga antibo ... | 1996 | 8756018 |
| isolation and characterization of the first simian immunodeficiency virus from a feral sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) in west africa. | the lineage of hiv-2-like viruses was studied in feral sooty mangabeys (sms) by serological and genetic methods. four feral sooty mangabeys were positive for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibodies and a new isolate, sivsmsl92a, was obtained. genetic analysis of gag genes showed that sivsmsl92a was highly diverse and a distinct sequence subtype within the siv sm/hiv-2 family. the results showed that sivsm is the most diverse group of sivs found thus far in a single monkey species. | 1995 | 8751049 |
| tyrosine phosphorylation as a possible regulatory mechanism in the expression of human immunodeficiency virus genes. | phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine and tyrosine is one of the significant regulatory mechanisms in gene expression and post-translational modifications in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. protein tyrosine phosphorylation in particular is implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and certain pathological modifications including transformation. the overall protein tyrosine phosphorylation is modulated by protein tyrosine kinases (ptk) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptp). ... | 1995 | 8748091 |
| phylogeny and natural history of the primate lentiviruses, siv and hiv. | studies of primate lentivirus phylogeny over the past decade have established a minimum of five related, but genetically distinct, groups of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), each originating from a different african primate species. the hypothesis that hiv-2 (and sivmac) arose by cross-species transmission from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys has been strengthened by a more detailed characterization of the sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2 group of viruses. siv from all four subspecies of african green mo ... | 1995 | 8745080 |
| antiviral activity of the bicyclam derivative jm3100 against drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | bicyclams have recently been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) replication. the prototype of this series, jm3100 exhibits anti-hiv potency at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 micrograms/ml. jm3100 proved to be active when tested against hiv strains resistant to the reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi), 3tc, alpha apa and tibo, at roughly the same co ... | 1996 | 8739608 |
| viral rna binding properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) nucleocapsid protein-derived synthetic peptides. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv-2 (ncp8) contains two cys-his arrays which function as zinc finger motifs (zfms). in this study, we analyzed the viral rna-binding properties of ncp8-derived synthetic peptides using ultraviolet (uv) cross-linking assay. several synthetic peptides containing zfm(s) interacted ph-dependently with in vitro-synthesized hiv-2 rna. although the peptides corresponding to the 1st and 2nd zfms, respectively, failed to interact with the viral rna, the corresponding pe ... | 1996 | 8739036 |
| antiviral effects of milk proteins: acylation results in polyanionic compounds with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in vitro. | a number of native and modified milk proteins from bovine or human sources were analyzed for their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in vitro in an mt4 cell test system. the proteins investigated were lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin a, and beta-lactoglobulin b. by acylation of the amino function of the lysine residues in the proteins, using anhydrides of succinic acid or cis-aconitic acid, protein derivatives were obtained that all sho ... | 1996 | 8738428 |
| acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected and non-hiv-infected adult patients in cameroon: aetiology and outcome. | yaounde central hospital, jamot hospital, yaounde, and cebec hospital in douala. | 1996 | 8733414 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2: human biology of the other aids virus. | 1996 | 8714249 | |
| lymphocyte subpopulation reference ranges for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus-infected chinese adults. | two hundred eight healthy human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv type 2-seronegative chinese adults (78 males and 130 females; mean age, 32 years; age range, 18 to 71 years) were analyzed for lymphocyte subsets by a standardized and quality-controlled flow cytometric immunophenotyping technique. while the leukocyte differential values were comparable to those found in studies of caucasians, the means, medians, and 95% reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets were very different. the 95 ... | 1996 | 8705678 |
| purification of the pets factor. a nuclear protein that binds to the inducible tg-rich element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer. | the peri-ets (pets) site is a tg-rich element found immediately adjacent to two binding sites for the ets family member elf-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer. enhancer activation in response to t cell stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, soluble or cross-linked antibodies to the t cell receptor, or antigen is mediated through this site in conjunction with its two adjacent elf-1 binding sites, pub1 and pub2, and a kappab site. site-specific mut ... | 1996 | 8702655 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins specifically interact with rna polymerase ii. | the tat-responsive region (tar) element is a critical rna regulatory element in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat, which is required for activation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tat. recently, we demonstrated by gel-retardation analysis that rna polymerase ii binds to tar rna and that tat prevents this binding even when tat does not bind to tar rna. these results suggested that direct interactions between tat and rna polymerase ii may prevent rna poly ... | 1996 | 8700889 |
| surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group o infections in the united states. | reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group o variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in north america, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of hiv variants into that region. | 1996 | 8693502 |
| antiretroviral agents as inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and protease. | the human immunodeficiency virus type one integrase (hiv-1 integrase) is required for integration of a double-stranded dna copy of the viral rna genome into a host chromosome and for hiv replication. we have previously reported that phenolic moieties in compounds such as flavones, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), tyrphostins, and curcumin confer inhibitory activity against hiv-1 integrase. we have investigated the actions of several recently described protease inhibitors, possessing novel st ... | 1996 | 8691444 |
| anti-hiv viral interference induced by retroviral vectors expressing a nonproducer hiv-1 variant. | a hut-78 cell clone (f12) harboring a nonproducer human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) variant shows complete resistance to hiv-1 or hiv-2 superinfection. the f12-hiv provirus produces an altered hiv-1 protein pattern and cannot generate even immature viral particles. we demonstrated that hela cd4+ cells transfected with the f12-hiv genome resist hiv superinfection through a cd4-independent mechanism. as f12-hiv appears to be a useful system to induce anti-hiv intracellular immunization, we cons ... | 1996 | 8677743 |
| location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 su glycoprotein. | eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize the su glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rod were produced and characterized. binding sites for eight of these mabs were mapped to epitopes within the cl, v1/v2, c2, and v3 envelope regions. the three other mabs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside vl/v2, v3, and the cd4-binding site. the mabs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expre ... | 1996 | 8676486 |
| betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific inhibitors with a new mode of action. | a series of omega-undecanoic amides of lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for activity in cem 4 and mt-4 cell cultures against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib/lai. the potent hiv inhibitors which emerged, compounds 5a, 16a, and 17b, were all derivatives of betulinic acid (3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid). no activity was found against hiv-2 strain rod. compound 5a showed no inhibition of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase activity with po ... | 1996 | 8676341 |
| hiv and india: looking into the abyss. | serosurveillance of high risk groups started in india in october 1985. the first positive cases were detected in 1986. as of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 hiv positive cases and 559 cases of aids. this is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in std clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. the penetra ... | 1996 | 8673831 |
| human immune response to hiv-1 nef. ii. induction of hiv-1/hiv-2 nef cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-infected healthy individuals. | hiv-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to have a beneficial role in hiv infection. in a previous report we have shown that hiv-1 nef-specific ctl can be readily induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seronegative healthy young adults by in vitro stimulation with autologous epstein-barr virus-transformed b lymphoblastoid cell lines transfected with the hiv-1 nef gene. here we demonstrate that these nef-specific ctl can efficiently lyse hiv-infected primary cd4+ t lymphocy ... | 1996 | 8671645 |
| tfiih functions in regulating transcriptional elongation by rna polymerase ii in xenopus oocytes. | we investigated the role of tfiih in transcription by rna polymerase ii (pol ii) in vivo by microinjection of antibodies against this factor into xenopus oocytes. five different antibodies directed against four subunits of tfiih were tested for effects on transcription of coinjected human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc templates. each of these antibodies severely reduced the efficiency of elongation through human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc terminator elements. in contrast, ... | 1996 | 8668144 |
| a synthetic conformational epitope from the c4 domain of hiv gp120 that binds cd4. | the fourth conserved domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope, the c4 region of glycoprotein 120 (gp120), is believed to be a major part of gp120 that is necessary for binding to cd4. recently, we found that c4 in gp120 is probably an alpha-helix, because antibodies made against helical constructs of c4 react with native and recombinant gp120 but antibodies against linear c4 constructs do not. for the present study, we performed experiments to determine, first, if cd4 c ... | 1996 | 8663408 |
| superinfection of hiv-2-preinfected macaques after rectal exposure to a primary isolate of sivmac251. | to test the protection afforded by a weakly pathogenic hiv-2 isolate against the superinfection or development of siv-induced disease, we intrarectally challenged six hiv-2-preinfected rhesus monkeys with a pathogenic isolate of sivmac251. at the time of siv challenge, none of these hiv-2-infected animals was positive for virus isolation, p27-gag antigenemia, or hiv-2 provirus detection in pbmcs or peripheral lymph nodes. however, all monkeys exhibited anti-hiv-2 antibody titers ranging from 10( ... | 1996 | 8661436 |
| fast analysis of genomic homologies: primate immunodeficiency virus. | we have recently published a new probabilistic algorithm which performs genomic comparisons on a huge scale. in the present paper it was applied to immunodeficiency viral sequences extracted from international gene databanks. during global sequence analysis of human (hiv1 and hiv2) and simian viruses by means of dot-matrix representation, series of homology were obtained which permitted the definition of families of viruses overlapping the species divisions. sequences of interest were characteri ... | 1996 | 8660432 |
| [morphological analysis of a cell system, infected with different strains of the human immunodeficiency virus]. | cell systems infected with 63 strains of types 1 and 2 hiv virus (hiv-1 and hiv-2) were examined under electron microscope. hiv virions were most frequently detected near the cell membrane or budding from it. in the cytoplasm hiv occurred only in vacuole-like formations. accumulations of mature virions were seen in the cell-to-cell space. mature particles of hiv-1 and hiv-2 differed by their morphology from oncoviral c particles and were similar rater to the visna/medi type lentiviruses. morphol ... | 1995 | 8659180 |
| genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. | it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ... | 1996 | 8648696 |
| inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles. | the human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) vpr and hiv-2 vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate gag polyprotein precursor. the targeting properties of vpr and vpx have been exploited to incorporate foreign proteins into virions by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (x. wu, h.-m. liu, h. xiao, j. kim, p. seshaiah, g. natsoulis, j. d. boeke, b. h. hahn, and j. c. kappes, j. virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). to explore the possibility of utilizing vpx and ... | 1996 | 8648668 |
| polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. part 2. polymerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids and dipeptides. | a series of new polyanions was synthesized via gamma-polymerization, in aqueous micellar solution, of omega-unsaturated anionic surfactants whose polar head was derived from amino acids or dipeptides. the obtained polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. all the test compounds proved active against hiv-1 and hiv-2, their 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) being in the range of 0.04-7.5 micrograms/ml, ... | 1996 | 8648602 |
| should hiv status alter indications for hemorrhoidectomy? | there is a widespread belief that performing hemorrhoidectomy on a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is an invitation for disaster. aim of this study was to compare morbidity of hemorrhoidectomy in hiv-positive (hiv+) with hiv-negative (hiv-) patients. | 1996 | 8646944 |
| [infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2--hiv-2]. | the majority of patients with hiv-2 infection come from west africa or have had sexual contact with a person from there, as hiv-2 is prevalent in this area. hiv-2 is phylogenetically closer related to sivsm and sivmac than to hiv-1. hiv-2 is mainly transmitted by heterosexual contact, whereas the risk of mother-to-child infection is very low. nine cases of hiv-2 infection have been diagnosed in denmark. out of these, seven are from west africa and two have been infected in denmark by individuals ... | 1996 | 8644408 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 glycoprotein enhancement of particle budding: role of the cytoplasmic domain. | previous studies have shown that the glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques modulate biological activities of the viral glycoprotein complex, including syncytium formation, exterior glycoprotein conformation, and glycoprotein incorporation into budding virus particles. we have now utilized a recombinant expression system to study interactions of full-length or truncated hiv-2 glycoproteins with coexpressed hiv- ... | 1996 | 8642705 |
| vpr-induced cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate lentiviruses. | we previously reported that expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain nl4-3 (hiv-1(nl4-3))vpr causes cells to arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. we examined the induction of cell cycle arrest by other hiv-1 isolates and by primary lentiviruses other than hiv-1. we demonstrate that the vpr genes from tissue culture-adapted or primary isolates of hiv-1 are capable of inducing g2 arrest. in addition, we demonstrate that induction of cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of ... | 1996 | 8642681 |
| [residual risks of viral transmission by transfusions and projected yields of additional screening tests. retrovirus epidemiology donors study (reds)]. | the residual risk of virus transmission associated with infectious seroconversion, window period donations can be estimated by combining the incidence rate of infection among repeat donors with the duration of the pre-seroconversion window period, thus deriving the rate of window phase donations missed by current screening. the residual risks are for hiv 2.0/10(6); htlv 1.6/10(6); hcv 9.7/10(6); hbv 15.0/10(6). similarly the net yield and incremental reduction in risk of routine implementation o ... | 1996 | 8640316 |
| characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase. | recently we demonstrated that the p58 subunit of p68/p58 hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) heterodimer, produced by processing of p68/p68 homodimer with recombinant hiv-2 protease, terminates at met484 [fan, n., et al. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 13573-13579]. here we describe purification and characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of recombinant hiv-2 rt. it exhibited both rt and rnase h activities, obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics, and was competitively inhibited by the dna chain terminator ... | 1996 | 8639674 |
| a sensitive assay for the quantification of reverse transcriptase activity based on the use of carrier-bound template and non-radioactive-product detection, with special reference to human-immunodeficiency-virus isolation. | a non-radioactive 96-well microtitre plate reverse transcriptase (rt) assay, based on the use of covalently bound riboadenosine homopolymer in the wells and 5-bromodeoxyuridined 5'-triphosphate (brdutp) as dntp, is described. the whole assay is performed in a single well, including the quantitative detection of incorporated brdu, which is performed immunologically using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-brdu antibody and colorometric reading. the system also allows the use of variable amounts ... | 1996 | 8639277 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-mediated inhibition of hiv type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of hiv-infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2, the second aids-associated human retrovirus, differs from hiv-1 in its natural history, infectivity, and pathogenicity, as well as in details of its genomic structure and molecular behavior. we report here that hiv-2 inhibits the replication of hiv-1 at the molecular level. this inhibition was selective, dose-dependent, and nonreciprocal. the closely related simian immunodeficiency provirus also inhibited hiv-1. the selectivity of inhibition was shown b ... | 1996 | 8633095 |
| predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins by a discriminant function method. | based on the sequence-coupled (markov chain) model and vector-projection principle, a discriminant function method is proposed to predict sites in protein substrates that should be susceptible to cleavage by the hiv-1 protease. the discriminant function is defined by delta = phi+ - phi-, where phi+ and phi- are the cleavable and noncleavable attributes for a given peptide, and they can be derived from two complementary sets of peptides, s+ and s-, known to be cleavable and noncleavable, respecti ... | 1996 | 8628733 |
| monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase: epitope mapping and differential effects on integrase activities in vitro. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) catalyzes the integration of viral dna into the host chromosome, an essential step in retroviral replication. as a tool to study the structure and function of this enzyme, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hiv-1 in were produced. epitope mapping demonstrated that the 17 mabs obtained could be divided into seven different groups, and the selection of mabs representing these groups were tested for their effect on in vitro activities of ... | 1996 | 8627677 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild. | socio-ethological studies on troops of african green monkeys (agms) (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in senegal have documented physical contacts between these two species. elevated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) seroprevalence rates have been reported for the different agm subspecies. we report here the extent to which patas monkeys are infected and compare the relatedness of the viruses isolated from theses two different species. among the 85 agms an ... | 1996 | 8627266 |
| proteolytic activity of human immunodeficiency virus vpr- and vpx-protease fusion proteins. | in addition to gag, pol, and env, primate lentiviruses encode other virion-associated proteins, including vpr, vpx, and vif. vpr- and vpx-staphylococcal nuclease and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with hiv proviruses (wu et al., j. virol. 69, 3389, 1995). to explore whether the viral protease (pr) could be expressed as a proteolytically active fusion protein, the hiv ... | 1996 | 8623547 |
| secondary structural elements as a basis for antibody recognition in the immunodominant region of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. | synthetic peptide antigens corresponding to the entire third variable region v3, the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 subtype b (1), hiv-2 subtype a (5), and hiv-2 subtype b (7) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (table 1). 1 and 5 were also prepared as their glcnac-glycosylated forms at the natural n-glycosylation site nxt (positions 6-8; peptides 4 and 6). additionally, the proposed beta-turn region of 1 ... | 1996 | 8620873 |
| potent and specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-y1 n,n-dialkylcarbamate derivatives. | 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl n,n-dialkylcarbamate (tda) derivatives were found to be highly potent and specific inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a variety of cell cultures. the most potent congener of tda derivatives, rd4-2024, inhibited hiv-1 replication by 50% at concentrations of 12.5 and 4.8 nm in mt-4 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. these concentrations were more than 2,000- and 30,000-fold lower than its 50 ... | 1995 | 8619592 |
| sc-52151, a novel inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease. | sc-52151 is a potent, selective, tight-binding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitor containing the novel (r)-(hydroxyethyl) urea isostere. the mean 50% effective concentration for lymphotropic, monocytotropic strains and field isolates of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus is 26 ng/ml (43 nm). the combination of sc-52151 and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors synergistically inhibited hiv-1 replication without additive toxicity. an extended pos ... | 1995 | 8619573 |
| mutational analysis of the fusion peptide of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1: identification of critical glycine residues. | the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) to fuse its membrane with the membrane of the target cell is a function of a approximately 23-amino-acid amino-terminal segment of the gp41 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein complex, known as the fusion peptide. the sequence of the fusion peptide is highly conserved among different variants of hiv-1 and is also very similar to that of hiv-2 and siv. the fusion peptide is very hydrophobic and has a high content of glycine and alanine r ... | 1996 | 8615045 |
| distinct rate and patterns of human cd4+ t-cell depletion in hu-pbl-scid mice infected with different isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus. | the most fundamental question about infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is the mechanism by which infection leads to depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes, a critical cell type for the regulation of both cellular and humoral immunity. we have studied this issue using a unique small-animal model that is highly susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus. severe combined immune deficient mice are transplanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes to create hu-pbl-scid mice, w ... | 1995 | 8613486 |
| protein stability influences human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpr virion incorporation and cell cycle effect. | using recombinant proteins as standards, we calculated the amount of vpr and vpx present in hiv-2rod particles. we find 2000-3000 copies of vpx per particle but only 40-50 copies of vpr. we investigated the reasons for this discrepancy between vpx and vpr and found that viral factors, including hiv-2 vpx, do not restrict its incorporation. instead, the accumulation of hiv-2rod vpr during infection is restricted by a short protein half-life which acts to limit its virion incorporation. the half-l ... | 1996 | 8610459 |
| poly a-linked non-isotopic microtiter plate reverse transcriptase assay for sensitive detection of clinical human immunodeficiency virus isolates. | a colorimetric reverse transcriptase assay (crt assay) was developed for quantitative detection of hiv-1. in this format, reverse transcriptase incorporates biotin-labeled dutp onto oligo-dt primers hybridized to poly a templates. the templates are covalently bound to the surface of microtiter wells. the amount of incorporated biotin-labeled dutp is measured by binding horseradish peroxidase conjugated streptavidin, washing away unbound peroxidase, adding colorimetric substrate and then reading ... | 1995 | 8609200 |
| false-positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot tests in noninfected blood donors. | the manufacturers' criteria for a positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) western blot (wb) test were recently revised to require reactivity to only two of the following bands: p24, gp41, and gp120/160. in a recent report, low-risk blood donors were identified in whom nonspecific reactivity to multiple env antigens in wb testing resulted in apparently false-positive wbs by these criteria. the present study was conducted to verify the existence of false-positive wbs among noninfected ... | 1996 | 8607152 |
| frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-1/2 supplemental test-indeterminate blood donors. the retrovirus epidemiology donor study. | follow-up studies from the mid-1980s showed that 1 to 5 percent of blood donors testing reactive in anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) enzyme immunoassay (eia) and testing indeterminate in western blot were infected with hiv-1 and were in the process of seroconverting. the present study was conducted to establish the rate of hiv infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1/hiv type 2 (hiv-2) eia-reactive, western blot-indeterminate donors. | 1996 | 8607151 |
| u.s. public health service guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen. | the public health service (phs) has recommended a multifaceted approach to blood safety in the united states that includes stringent donor selection practices and the use of screening tests. blood donations in the united states have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) since march 1985 and type 2 (hiv-2) since june 1992. an estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e., 18-27 donations) are infectious for hiv but are not detected by curr ... | 1996 | 8604210 |
| use of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 reverse transcriptases for structure-function analysis and for mapping susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) are evolutionary related. to study the effect of homologous sequence replacements on polymerase function and to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of hiv-2 rt to nonnucleoside drugs, a series of chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 rts were constructed. analysis of the chimeric rts showed that wild-type levels of rna-dependent dna polymerase activity were retained when both finger and palm subdomain ... | 1996 | 8601218 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection and human african trypanosomiasis: a case-control study in côte d'ivoire. | to assess the association between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in côte d'ivoire, west africa, a cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 301 hat patients recruited in the main foci of the country. for each hat patient, 3 controls, matched for sex, age and residence, were selected. data relating to socio-demographic factors and potential risk factors for trypanosoma brucei gambiense and hiv infections were obtained, and serum samp ... | 1995 | 8594681 |
| [synthesis of an ethylamide of the cyclic undecapeptide sequence 593-603 of transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2]. | ethylamide of cyclic disulfide of peptide hiv-2 antigen corresponding to 593-603 sequence of gp41 protein was synthesized by conventional methods of peptide chemistry in solution. the absence of racemization during fragment condensation was shown. different methods of disulfide bond formation were compared. | 1995 | 8588812 |
| evaluation of a dipstick method for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | serology has been a fundamental tool to prevent post-transfusional infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and for epidemiological surveys, the first step to attempt control of the pandemia. enzyme immunoassay is in widespread use. nevertheless, simpler methods are needed in many countries, where laboratory facilities and trained personnel are limited, and hiv prevalence is high. the evaluation of a simple and noninstrumented hiv antibody test is presented here. the test employs synthe ... | 1995 | 8587001 |
| simple enzyme immunoassay for titration of antibodies to the cd4-binding site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | we report the development of an immunoassay for the titration of antibody to the cd4-binding site (cd4bs) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) surface glycoprotein gp120. this assay is a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which serum antibodies compete with labeled f105, a human monoclonal antibody whose corresponding epitope overlaps the conformation-dependent cd4bs, for binding to purified recombinant gp120 coated on a solid phase. ninety-nine percent (109 of 110) o ... | 1995 | 8586727 |
| potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by mdl 101028, a novel sulphonic acid polymer. | mdl 101028, a novel biphenyl disulphonic acid urea co-polymer was designed and synthesised as a heparin mimetic. this low molecular weight polymer showed potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication in a number of host-cell/virus systems, including primary clinical isolates of the virus cultured in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). when compared with the heterogeneous polysulphated molecules, heparin and dextran sulphate, this chemically defined co ... | 1995 | 8585769 |
| mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 and dual infection: a cohort study in banfora, burkina faso. | a prospective cohort study on the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1), type 2 (hiv2) and dual positivity (hiv1 + hiv2) was carried out in banfora, west burkina faso. the study samples consist of 117 newborns of hiv-seropositive women matched to 234 newborns of hiv-seronegative women. among cases, 91 were born of hiv1-seropositive mothers, 15 were born of hiv2-seropositive mothers and 11 were born of hiv1 and hiv2 dual-seropositive mothers and were included ... | 1995 | 8584359 |
| the in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-hiv activity. | several disulfide benzamides have been shown to possess wide-spectrum antiretroviral activity in cell culture at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations, inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) clinical and drug-resistant strains along with hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus [rice, w. g., supko, j. g., malspeis, l., buckheit, r. w., jr., clanton, d., bu, m., graham, l., schaeffer, c. a., turpin, j. a., domagala, j., gogliotti, r., bader, j. p., halliday, s. m., c ... | 1996 | 8577770 |
| bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride blocks the cd4 cell receptor for hiv. | sexual transmission is the most frequent (86%) route of adult hiv-1 transmission worldwide. in the absence of a prophylactic anti-hiv vaccine, other methods of preventing infection should be implemented. virucidal spermicides have been considered for this purpose, but their application is contraindicated by adverse effects. anti-hiv drugs or virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are expensive, suggesting that their wide use in topical chemoprophylaxis is unlikely. this emphasizes the importan ... | 1996 | 8574970 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication. 2. effect of heteroaromatic linkers on the activity of bicyclams. | a series of bicyclam analogs connected through a heteroaromatic linker have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod) replication in mt-4 cells. the activity of pyridine- and pyrazine-linked bicyclams was found to be highly dependent upon the substitution of the heteroaromatic linker connecting the cyclam rings. for example, 2,6- and 3,5-pyridine-linked bicyclams were potent inhibitors of hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication, whereas the 2,5- and 2,4-subs ... | 1996 | 8568797 |
| 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moiety: a potent pharmacophore for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of pyrrolyl aryl sulfones. | the synthesis and the evaluation of cytotoxicity and anti-hiv-1 activity of new aryl pyrrolyl (8) and aryl indolyl (9) sulfones are reported. preparation of above sulfones was achieved by reacting arylsulfonyl chlorides with substituted pyrroles and indoles or by condensing sulfonamides with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid according to the clauson-kaas method. chemical requisites relevant to the anti-hiv-1 activity of these compounds are both a 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moie ... | 1996 | 8558522 |
| biological and biochemical anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of uc 38, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | uc 38, a simple analog of oxathiin carboxanilide, uc 84, lacking the oxathiin ring, was found to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1-induced cell killing and hiv replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. uc 38 was active against a wide range of biologically diverse laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1. however, uc 38 was inactive against hiv-2 and both nevirapine- and pyridinone-resistant strains ... | 1996 | 8558446 |
| the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhances viral particle release: a vpu-like factor? | the vpu protein is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-specific accessory protein that is required for the efficient release of viral particles from infected cells. even though hiv-2 does not encode vpu, we found that this virus is nevertheless capable of efficiently releasing virus particles. in fact, the rate of virus release from hela cells transfected with a full-length molecular clone of hiv-2, rod10, was comparable to that observed for the vpu+ hiv-1 nl4-3 isolate and was not fur ... | 1996 | 8551620 |
| the molecular target of bicyclams, potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication. | bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds which act as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. they block an early step in the viral life cycle following adsorption to the cd4 receptor and preceding reverse transcription. to identify the molecular target of these compounds, we genetically analyzed variants of the hiv-1 molecular clone nl4-3, which developed resistance against two structurally related bicyclams, jm2763 ... | 1996 | 8551604 |
| characteristics and clinical significance of a stabilization assay to detect specific antibodies to reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus. | antibodies against reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been detected in seropositive subjects by immunoprecipitation, western immunoblotting, and neutralization assay. recently, we noticed that the antibodies against rt stabilized rt upon heat inactivation, and we have developed a stabilization assay of rt antibody. briefly, the rt of hiv-1 is completely inactivated by incubation at 56 degrees c for 20 min, but this inactivation is inhibited in the pres ... | 1995 | 8548538 |
| antiviral, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties of the isomeric dideoxynucleoside 4(s)-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(s)-furanmethanol. | 4(s)-(6-amino-9h-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(s)-furanmethanol (isodda) is the most antivirally active member of a novel class of optically active isomeric dideoxynucleosides in which the base has been transposed from the natural 1' position to the 2' position and the absolute configuration is (s,s). isodda was active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) (strain iiib), hiv-2 (strain zy), and hiv-1 clinical isolates. combinations of the compound with zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidi ... | 1995 | 8540705 |
| mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in guinea-bissau. | in total, 814 patients with clinically suspected tuberculosis were examined at the raoul follerau hospital in bissau, guinea-bissau. sputum samples were collected, and cultures were grown on löwenstein-jensen medium. isolates were further characterized by standard biochemical methods and nucleic acid probes for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). serum samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. of 17 ... | 1996 | 8537673 |
| a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 provirus load in rural village in west africa. | a community-based study of provirus load in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-infected subjects was done in a rural village in guinea-bissau. hiv-2 provirus load varied considerably, with a geometric mean of 124.3 (95% confidence interval, 86.0-179.6) copies/10(5) cd4 cells, which is a level similar to that found in hiv-1 infection. neither malaria parasitemia, active syphilis, or human t cell leukemia virus coinfection significantly influenced provirus load, nor did age. eleven of 104 h ... | 1996 | 8537668 |
| identification of rantes, mip-1 alpha, and mip-1 beta as the major hiv-suppressive factors produced by cd8+ t cells. | evidence suggests that cd8+ t lymphocytes are involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in vivo, either by cytolytic mechanisms or by the release of hiv-suppressive factors (hiv-sf). the chemokines rantes, mip-1 alpha, and mip-1 beta were identified as the major hiv-sf produced by cd8+ t cells. two active proteins purified from the culture supernatant of an immortalized cd8+ t cell clone revealed sequence identity with human rantes and mip-1 alpha. rantes, mip-1 alp ... | 1995 | 8525373 |
| identification of a hexapeptide inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein by using a combinatorial chemical library. | integration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) dna into the human genome requires the virus-encoded integrase (in) protein, and therefore the in protein is a suitable target for antiviral strategies. to find a potent hiv in inhibitor, we screened a "synthetic peptide combinatorial library." we identified a hexapeptide with the sequence hckfww that inhibits in-mediated 3'-processing and integration with an ic50 of 2 microm. the peptide is active on in proteins from other retroviruses such as h ... | 1995 | 8524782 |
| hiv-2 strikes injecting drug users (idus) in india. | manipur, a north-eastern state of india bordering myanmar, observed introduction of hiv-1 among fairly large number of idus in october 1989, followed by rapid spread within the next 6 months. hiv-2 in injectors was not present until recently, though it was detected from other parts of india in 1991. this communication reports for the first time presence of hiv-2 among young injectors of manipur. all the hiv-2 infected idus were also found to be infected with hiv-1. hiv-2 has affected a large num ... | 1995 | 8522832 |
| the crystallographic structure of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with two synthetic peptidic transition state analog inhibitors. | the crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 protease has been determined in complexes with peptidic inhibitors noa-his-cha psi [ch(oh)ch(oh)]val-ile-amp (u75875) and qnc-asn-cha psi [ch(oh)ch2]val-npt(u92163) (where noa is naphthyloxyacetyl, cha is cyclohexylalanine, amp is 2-aminomethylpyridine, qnc is quinoline-2-carbonyl, and npt is neopentylamine), which have dihydroxyethylene and hydroxyethylene moieties, respectively, in place of the normal scissile bond of the natur ... | 1993 | 8514751 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 multiply spliced transcripts. | viral transcripts, particularly those of the regulatory genes (e.g., rev) in lymphocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2, consist of two types, differing in the structure of the leader sequence derived from the 5' long terminal repeat (ltr). some transcripts undergo a specific splicing event within the 5' ltr, removing an intron consisting of a part of the r region whereas others do not. because this spliced-out r region is a part of the trans-activation respo ... | 1993 | 8512748 |
| differential regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer in monocytes at various stages of differentiation. | we have demonstrated that stimulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer in t cells is dependent upon at least four cis-acting elements, including two purine-rich binding sites, pub1 and pub2, which are capable of binding members of the ets family of proto-oncogenes, the pets (peri-ets) site, which lies just upstream of the pub2 site, and a single kappa b site (d. m. markovitz, m. smith, j. m. hilfinger, m. c. hannibal, b. petryniak, and g. j. nabel, j. virol. 66:5479-54 ... | 1993 | 8510231 |
| antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the vpr gene inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary human macrophages. | the replication of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) in human macrophages is influenced by genetic determinants which have been mapped predominantly to the viral envelope. however, in hiv-2, the vpr gene has also been suggested as an important modulator of viral expression in human macrophages. we synthesized five antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the vpr mrna of hiv-1ba-l, a highly macrophage-tropic viral strain, and measured their effect on hiv-1ba-l replicat ... | 1993 | 8510229 |
| vpx of simian immunodeficiency virus is localized primarily outside the virus core in mature virions. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contain a unique regulatory gene, vpx. the vpx protein is packaged in mature virions and is required for efficient viral replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. to study the localization of vpx in mature virions, conical and bar-shaped core structures of siv from macaques (sivmac) were purified. the sivmac core has a density of approximately 1.25 g/cm3, compared with 1.16 g/cm3 for an int ... | 1993 | 8510227 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu has a cd4- and an envelope glycoprotein-independent function. | vpu is a 16-kda membrane-associated phosphoprotein that is expressed from the same, singly spliced message as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein precursor, gp160. previous studies suggest that vpu functions in the late stages of viral replication, possibly in virus egression from the cell. recently, it has been demonstrated that vpu functions to allow gp160 to be more efficiently processed by disrupting cd4-gp160 complexes generated by transfection of hela cell ... | 1993 | 8510220 |
| cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble hiv-1 and hiv-2 transmembrane proteins. | to further characterize cell surface proteins binding to recombinant soluble (rs) forms of the transmembrane glycoproteins gp41 of hiv-1 (rsgp41) and gp36 of hiv-2 (rsgp36). | 1993 | 8507415 |
| [infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in the republic of djibouti: literature review and regional data]. | the first evidence of hiv infection in djibouti, east africa, was found in the spring of 1986; the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) was diagnosed in march 1988; and, as of the end of 1991, 104 cases of aids had been reported. hiv-1 infection was predominant. previously published results of four serosurveys carried out in october 87, june 1998, february 1990, and from january 1991 to april 1991 among high risk groups are presented and compared. the subjects included street ... | 1993 | 8505889 |
| [the pathogenicity of the human immunodeficiency virus hiv-2 as seen by epidemiologists]. | the purpose of this study is an evaluation of hiv-2 pathogenicity through an epidemiological analysis, specially in africa. it is acknowledged that the incubation, or more specially the lapse of time between the infection and the aids disease, is longer with hiv-2 than with hiv-1. more over, a certain number of surveys done in africa show that the average age is higher with hiv-2 than with hiv-1; this is a regular sign of lower pathogenicity. it appears that the sexual transmission of the virus ... | 1993 | 8505887 |
| [ancient serological traces of infections by the human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 and hiv-2 in sub-saharan africa. a different geography]. | despite of some heavy methodological limitations, the analysis of some serological data collected before 1985 allows to establish the selective regional distribution of the two infections. hiv-2 is prevalent in the west african sites which are studied and he has been observed since the sixties. the foci and the sporadic cases of the hiv-1 which are known are localized principally in the east-central africa. (research done under the sponsorship of the a.n.r.s. (paris)). | 1993 | 8505886 |
| regulation of autoproteolysis of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteases with engineered amino acid substitutions. | autoproteolysis of the retroviral aspartyl proteases is a major obstacle to purification and analysis of these enzymes. a mutagenic approach to rendering autolytic cleavage sites less labile was applied to the primary cleavage site between leu5 and trp6 in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) protease. from predictions based on known substrates it was concluded that amino acids lys or ser in place of gln at position 7 would prevent cleavage at the leu5-trp6 peptide bond, therefore stabilizing ... | 1993 | 8505318 |
| [seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv) in mali on 3,496 sera]. | our main objective has been geared toward the appreciation of the importance of the infection by human immunodeficiency virus in mali. our study was based on 3,496 sera deducted from march 1987 to january 1989. all positive sera at elisa have been confirmed by western blot. the total seroprevalence of the study is 8.41%. this fact has been noticed higher in prostitutes, young men, more in women than in men in widows and divorced couples, in traders, in travellers of high endemic countries. the s ... | 1993 | 8504258 |
| recombination between human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv) type 1 and 2 results in generation of defective hybrid viruses. | dual infection by hiv-1 and hiv-2 is already documented. to test if this could lead to recombination and generation of altered viruses, recombination between hiv-1 and hiv-2 dnas was studied. release of recombinant viruses was detected following cotransfection of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with truncated versions of these proviral dnas. linearization of plasmid dnas was required for virus production. analysis of viral particles by hybridization revealed the presence of viral rna. however viral ... | 1993 | 8503921 |
| antiviral effects of different cd4-immunoglobulin constructs against hiv-1 and siv: immunological characterization, pharmacokinetic data and in vivo experiments. | the cd4 cell surface antigen belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is the primary receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). the high affinity interaction between hiv-1 and cd4 is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. recombinant soluble cd4 (rscd4) has been shown in vitro to be an effective inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2 propagation in lymphoid cells. a variety of antibody-like molecules were constructed, consisting of different parts of the extracellular domain ... | 1993 | 8503781 |
| homologous superinfection of both producer and nonproducer hiv-infected cells is blocked at a late retrotranscription step. | an hut-78 cell clone (f12) chronically infected by a nonproducer hiv-1 variant (federico et al., (1989) aids res. hum. retroviruses 5, 385-396) is fully resistant to superinfection with hiv-1 or hiv-2. we demonstrate that, in spite of the down-regulation of cd4 receptors, superinfecting-hiv-1 and -hiv-2 cross the f12 plasma membrane (even in the presence of okt4a monoclonal antibodies) but fail to complete retrotranscription. we utilized a series of polymerase chain reaction primers designed to ... | 1993 | 8503167 |
| [evaluation of various criteria for the interpretation of western blot for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. spanish group for the study of hiv-2]. | the western blot (wb) is the most commonly used test to confirm the presence of antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). different criteria of interpretation of the band profile have been proposed with there being no unanimity as to its reliability. the sensitivity and specificity of several criteria proposed for the interpretation of wb were evaluated and the individual significance of the reactivity of each band of the wb was analyzed. | 1993 | 8497143 |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-like illness associated with systemic mycoplasma fermentans infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual man. | a 35-year-old homosexual man developed a composite nodal kaposi's sarcoma and peripheral t-cell lymphoma that were associated with a peripheral blood cd4-positive lymphocyte count of only 43/mm3. the patient subsequently developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and eventually died due to disseminated cryptococcus neoformans. numerous premortem tests for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 were negative by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, viral i ... | 1993 | 8491493 |
| competitive eia for anti-hiv-2 detection in the gambia: use as a screening assay and to identify possible dual infections. | the performance of a competitive eia for the detection of hiv-2-specific antibody utilising a viral lysate antigen was assessed over a 3 year period in the gambia, west africa, and compared with a commercially available assay, elavia-2, using three panels of sera. an immunodominant region of the transmembrane glycoprotein of an hiv-2 isolate (ant 53) was also cloned and expressed in e. coli as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein and the resulting recombinant protein substituted in place of the e ... | 1993 | 8487035 |
| clinical correlations in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected patients. | in portugal, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) seropositivity is higher than in other european countries or north america. recent literature data points out a possible difference on the pathogenic potential and on the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2, suggesting a lower virulence of hiv-2. facing these hypothesis and the increasing number of hiv-2 cases, we analysed two infected groups hiv-1 and hiv-2, trying to correlate the ophthalmologic lesions present in both p ... | 1993 | 8485393 |
| mapping the determinants of human immunodeficiency virus 2 for infectivity, replication efficiency, and cytopathicity. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) isy and the newly derived hiv-2kr are infectious molecular clones that yield viruses differing markedly in their abilities to infect and/or induce syncytia in various t- and monocytoid-cell lines. chimeric viruses were constructed from these two viral genomes to localize the genetic determinants of some of these properties. envelope sequences, particularly those spanning the cd4 binding site, appear to be critical for the ability of hiv-2kr to infect molt-4 ... | 1993 | 8483938 |
| mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein cd4 binding region and fusion domain with truncated proteins expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is more closely related to certain simian immunodeficiency viruses than to hiv-1. the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope (env) glycoproteins share only approximately 40% amino acid (aa) sequence homology. additionally, hiv-1 and hiv-2 seem to differ in pathogenicity and in host range. in order to identify the functional domains of the hiv-2 env glycoprotein, e.g., the cd4 binding region, the membrane anchor, and the fusion site, and to compare them to equivalent ... | 1993 | 8480426 |
| a comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity and hepatitis b surface antigenemia (hbs ag) among the same group of apparently healthy pregnant women in lagos, nigeria: a preliminary report. | two hundred and fifty apparently healthy pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of the lagos university teaching hospital (luth), lagos, nigeria were screened for a comparison of the prevalence of hiv seropositivity and hepatitis b surface antigenemia (hbs ag) amongst them. the karpas aids cell test for hiv seropositivity and bioman hepatitis test kits were used as described by the manufacturers. hiv seropositive cases were confirmed using the western blot test. results re ... | 1993 | 8476507 |
| seroprevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection among children diagnosed with protein-calorie malnutrition in nigeria. | excessive weight loss due to protein calorie malnutrition (pcm) is a significant problem in nigerian children. this syndrome may be difficult to differentiate from the wasting disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. we studied 70 children admitted to the baptist medical center in ogbomosho, nigeria in 1990 with pcm for prevalence of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. the cohort was from low-risk mothers and had a median age of 25 months (range, 4 months-9 years) with ... | 1993 | 8472780 |
| [a multicenter study of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) in spain (1991). the spanish group for the study of hiv-2]. | to january 1991 thirteen cases of hiv-2 infection had been reported in spain. paradoxically, neighboring countries, i.e. france and portugal, have reported more than one thousand cases, and are the most hiv-2 prevalent areas outside west africa. we report the results of a prospective, nationwide study on the prevalence of hiv-2 infection conducted in spain in 1991. in addition, an evaluation of testing methodologies is made. | 1993 | 8469039 |
| secondary structure of the hiv-2 leader rna comprising the trna-primer binding site. | the initiation of reverse transcription of a retroviral rna genome occurs by a trna primer bound near the 5' end of the genomic rna at a position called the primer-binding site (pbs). to understand the molecular basis for this rna-rna interaction, the secondary structure of the leader rna of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna was analyzed. in vitro synthesized hiv-2 rna was probed with various structure-specific enzymes and chemicals. a computer program was then used to predict ... | 1993 | 8464701 |
| sentinel surveillance for hiv-2 infection in high-risk us populations. | we conducted sentinel surveillance in persons practicing behaviors known to transmit retroviruses to determine the us presence and extent of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). | 1993 | 8460726 |