Publications

t-cell-independent resistance to infection and generation of immunity to francisella tularensis.	the intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose (ld50) for francisella tularensis lvs in both normal control heterozygote balb/c nu/+ mice and balb/c nu/nu mice was 2 x 10(0). both nu/+ and nu/nu mice given 10(7) lvs bacteria or more intradermally (i.d.) died, with a mean time to death of about 7 to 8 days. on the other hand, nu/+ mice given 10(6) lvs bacteria or less survived for more than 60 days and cleared systemic bacteria, while nu/nu mice given 10(6) lvs bacteria or less survived for more than 10 day ...	1993	8432603
immunotherapy of tularemia: characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with francisella tularensis.	an igm monoclonal antibody (mab) recognized surface antigens specific to francisella tularensis wild-type (schu4) and live vaccine strain (lvs), and reacted with both in elisa and slide agglutination tests. this mab also reacted with lvs microorganisms in tissues of infected mice as assessed by an indirect fluorescence technique. western blot analysis showed the mab to react with antigens associated with f. tularensis lps.	1993	8426087
neutralization of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha blocks in vivo synthesis of nitrogen oxides from l-arginine and protection against francisella tularensis infection in mycobacterium bovis bcg-treated mice.	peritoneal cells from mycobacterium bovis bcg-infected c3h/hen mice produced nitrite (no2-, an oxidative end product of nitric oxide [no] synthesis) and inhibited the growth of francisella tularensis, a facultative intracellular bacterium. both no2- production and inhibition of bacterial growth were suppressed by ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, a substrate inhibitor of nitrogen oxidation of l-arginine, and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tn ...	1993	8423095
feline zoonotic diseases.	many of the feline zoonoses occur more frequently in veterinary personnel owing to their direct contact with cats and the potential for exposure to infected body tissue or fluids. infection of humans with afipia felis, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis, and other aerobic/anaerobic bacteria may cause great discomfort and in some situations terminal illness. although many systemic fungal agents infect humans and cats, only sporothrix schenckii has been shown to infect humans following direct ...	1993	8421889
detection of francisella tularensis in blood by polymerase chain reaction.	we developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for francisella tularensis which we evaluated by using spiked blood samples and experimentally infected mice. the assay detected both type a and type b f. tularensis at levels equivalent to one cfu/microliter of spiked blood. results from polymerase chain reaction-based assay of limiting dilutions of blood from mice infected with the live vaccine strain agreed closely with results from blood culture.	1993	8417022
analysis of a cloned francisella tularensis outer membrane protein gene and expression in attenuated salmonella typhimurium.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of fopa from francisella tularensis. using the polymerase chain reaction fopa was detected in high and low virulence biotypes of f. tularensis. fopa was stably maintained in pbluescript in attenuated salmonella typhimurium where fopa was expressed and located in the outer membrane. this recombinant will be suitable for studies on the role of fopa in immunity against tularaemia.	1993	8405941
susceptibility pattern of scandinavian francisella tularensis isolates with regard to oral and parenteral antimicrobial agents.	some recently introduced antimicrobial agents have only been incompletely evaluated for use in francisella tularensis infections. the present study evaluated the susceptibility pattern of scandinavian human, rodent, and hare f. tularensis isolates with respect to a selection of traditional as well as recently introduced antimicrobial agents. all strains were resistant to the following beta-lactams: penicillin, cephalexin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, and meropenem with minimal i ...	1993	8384458
liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin is effective in the protection and treatment of balb/c mice against francisella tularensis.		1993	8354928
use of immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate francisella tularensis.	three immunoelectron microscopy (iem) methods were employed to show laboratory-cultivated francisella tularensis. by the iem assays, f. tularensis was distinguished from four antigenically distinct gram-negative bacteria. iem should be a valuable tool for confirming presumptive isolates of f. tularensis and may potentially be useful for demonstrating other medically important bacteria.	1993	8349780
[transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis in the tick, ixodes ricinus, infected during the larval stage].	based on previous studies which proved the decisive importance of the degree of bacteraemia of experimentally infected white mice for the degree of infection of ticks ixodes ricinus the authors confirmed the possibility of transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis from larvae via nymphs to imagos by the detection of germs in the ticks and by experiments attempting their transmission to white mice. this applied to imagos even one year after the infection of larvae. transmission was reco ...	1993	8348625
x-ray microanalysis of guinea pigs peripheral blood t and b lymphocytes: before and after antigen stimulation.	t and b lymphocytes from with francisella tularensis (lvs) immunized guinea pigs were separated and stimulated in vitro with the specific antigen. their chemical composition was studied in comparison by x-ray microanalysis before and after stimulation. different elemental spectra of normal t, b and t-suppressor cells were obtained. the common elements were p, s, k, cl and as; i was present only in b cells; cr and na were detected only in t suppressor cells. after stimulation the spectra of these ...	1993	8298431
the entry and intracellular multiplication of francisella tularensis in cultured cells: its correlation with virulence in experimental mice.	five acriflavine agglutination test-positive (acf+) colonies and five negative (acf-) colonies were isolated from each of the four strains (ebina, cmb2, n9, and schu) of francisella tularensis, and the correlation between the virulence in experimental mice and the entry and intracellular multiplication in cultured mouse fibroblast cells (l-929 cells) was examined. all of the acf- colonies derived from the ebina and cmb2 strains were highly virulent in mice, readily entering and growing well in t ...	1993	8295562
[the additive synthesis of a regulatory peptide in vivo: the administration of a vaccinal francisella tularensis strain that produces beta-endorphin].	it has been shown, that vaccine strain of tularemia microbe, f.t.ise., which produced recombinant beta-endorphin, when administered to cba mice. it was shown to increase in the threshold level of pain sensitivity and is associated with peptides associated changes the stereotypic behavior. the observed correlated in time with the pattern of the dynamics of culture in the experimental animals and were associated with the level of recombinant beta-endorphin synthesis.	1993	8274686
a serologic survey for some bacterial and viral zoonoses in game animals in the czech republic.	between 1986 and 1991, sera were collected from 33 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 24 red deer (cervus elaphus), four fallow deer (dama dama), two mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 wild boars (sus scrofa), and 48 hares (lepus europaeus) shot in two areas of the czech republic. collectively, the sera contained antibodies to coxiella burnetii (prevalence of 12%), francisella tularensis (4%), brucella spp. (2%), central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (8%), tahyna (california serogroup) virus (36%) ...	1993	8258864
life and death of an intracellular pathogen: francisella tularensis and the macrophage.		1994	8251580
[the protective properties of the outer membranes of francisella tularensis in an experimental infection in guinea pigs].	subcutaneous immunization, made in a single injection, with outer membrane preparations obtained from f.tularensis vaccine strain 15 and virulent strain a'cole results in intensive immunity to tularemia in guinea pigs, ensuring the protection of 60-100% of the animals within a month after challenge with f.tularensis virulent strain 503 in a dose of 1,000 dcl. the development of protective effect induced by f.tularensis outer membranes can be observed during the first 24 hours and reaches its max ...	1994	8184621
early recognition of atypical francisella tularensis strains lacking a cysteine requirement.	seven cultures referred to in our laboratories as unidentified gram-negative bacilli or haemophilus species were identified as atypical strains of francisella tularensis lacking a requirement for cysteine or enriched medium for growth. the use of cellular fatty acid composition analysis facilitated early recognition of this pathogen and prompt implementation of appropriate biosafety measures.	1994	8150973
analysis of 16s ribosomal dna sequences of francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by pcr.	the 16s ribosomal dnas (rdnas) of two strains of francisella tularensis and one strain of francisella philomiragia were sequenced. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis data, the genus francisella was placed in the gamma subclass of the proteobacteria. the most closely related organism was the intracellular bacterium wolbachia persica. the sequenced 16s rdna molecules of the francisella species exhibited very high levels of similarity (98.5 to 99.9%). two variable regions, comprising 390 to 450 ...	1994	8123561
tularemia: treatment failures with outpatient use of ceftriaxone.	tularemia, an infection caused by the coccobacillus francisella tularensis, can be a difficult disease process to diagnose and treat. the difficulty in treating this disease is related to the pathophysiology of the infection and the toxicity of the antimicrobial agents presently recommended for treatment. recent in vitro data have suggested that antimicrobial drugs other than standard agents (streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline) may be effective. we present eight cases of ...	1993	8110955
[the association of tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria with representatives of the genus francisella in an experiment].		1993	8079568
[study of nonpathogenic strains of francisella, brucella and yersinia as producers of recombinant beta-endorphin].		1994	8068916
[the effect of antigenic fractions of the outer membrane in francisella tularensis on the functional activity of macrophages].	the influence of different gel-chromatographic antigenic fractions (gaf) of the membrane of f. tularensis, strain a'cole, on different forms of reactivity of mouse peritoneal macrophages, such as the adhesion, ingestion and presentation of antigen on the cell surface, has been immunologically evaluated. gaf isolated from f. tularensis have been shown to produce a pronounced modulating effect on all forms of macrophagal functional activity under study. thus, gaf ii with a molecular weight of 85-2 ...	1993	8067125
[the characteristics of the biological properties of capsule-free variants of francisella tularensis].	comparative study of the properties of initial capsular (cap+) and non-capsular (cap-) f. tularensis strains has revealed that the non-capsular variants have their specific biological features. the characteristic features of these variants are avirulence and inability to produce an immunogenic effect in sensitive laboratory animals. cap- mutants, depending on the method of their obtaining, may exhibit different sensitivity to some antibacterial preparations. in contrast to the initial virulent s ...	1993	8067085
[isolation and molecular-genetic characteristic of a cryptic plasmid from the francisella novicida like f6168 strain].	a 4 kb plasmid dna has been isolated from francisella novicida like strain f6168. restriction map of the plasmid was constructed for restriction endonucleases hindiii, xbai, ecorv, bgiii. the plasmid pfn10 has been shown to be stably inherited by f. tularensis. the use of pfn10 for the construction of plasmid vectors for microorganisms of the genus francisella is discussed.	1994	8065386
lipoarabinomannan from mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates by gamma interferon-activated macrophages.	lipoarabinomannan derived from the virulent erdman strain and a rapidly growing, laboratory-attenuated strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis were evaluated for their ability to modulate the production of nitric oxide (no) by macrophages activated with ifn-gamma or ifn-gamma and lps. it was observed that in macrophages pretreated with 100 micrograms ml-1 lam, the no induced by ifn-gamma alone was augmented while the no induced ifn-gamma and lps was reduced. lam was also shown to synergize with ifn ...	1994	8061654
[the isolation of capsule-free variants of francisella tularensis].	new methods (selection in medium t with 20% tween-80, inducing mutations leading to the appearance of resistance to triphenyl tetrazolium chloride or indoxyl phosphate) helped create a collection of f. tularensis stable non-capsular variants from strains of different subspecies. the characteristic features of all f. tularensis cap- variants include inability to serologic tests with erythrocytic diagnosticum, the absence of capsular antigens, sensitivity to normal human serum.	1993	8059577
passive protection of mice against lethal francisella tularensis (live tularemia vaccine strain) infection by the sera of human recipients of the live tularemia vaccine.	the relative role that humoral immunity plays in protection against infection with the intracellular bacterium, francisella tularensis, remains controversial. cellular immunity is thought to play the major and perhaps only role. the authors, in this article, investigate the immunologic and protective properties of immune serum collected from human recipients of the live tularemia vaccine (lvs). sera of recipients of the vaccine demonstrated reactivity with the vaccine strain by enzyme-linked imm ...	1994	8042659
transfer of immunity against lethal murine francisella infection by specific antibody depends on host gamma interferon and t cells.	both serum and spleen cells from mice immune to francisella tularensis transfer protection to naive recipients. here we characterize the mechanism of protection induced by transfer of immune mouse serum (ims). ims obtained 4 weeks after intradermal infection with 10(3) bacteria of the live vaccine strain (lvs) contained high levels of immunoglobulin g2 (igg2a) and igm (end point titers, 1:16,600 and 1:7,200, respectively) and little igg1, igg2b, or igg3. lvs-specific antibodies were detected 5 d ...	1994	8039881
nitric oxide-independent killing of francisella tularensis by ifn-gamma-stimulated murine alveolar macrophages.	alveolar macrophages (ams) were analyzed for ability to support replication of the intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs). am supported in vitro growth (2 to 3 logs over 5 days) of lvs with a doubling time of 8 +/- 0.8 h. ams were analyzed for responsiveness to rifn-gamma for destruction of this lung pathogen. am treated with 50 u/ml rifn-gamma allowed early growth of bacteria (six doublings over 48 h) but between 48 and 96 h rifn-gamma-treated am eliminated 1.5 ...	1994	8027551
persistence of cell-mediated immunity and decline of humoral immunity to the intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis 25 years after natural infection.	the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the facultative intracellular pathogen francisella tularensis were studied in subjects who had tularemia 25 years earlier. serum agglutinin titers were low. of 53 subjects, only 2 had a titer > 40. the f. tularensis-induced t cell response, on the other hand, was vigorous and in fact similar in magnitude to the response to purified protein derivative (ppd) of mycobacterium tuberculosis. t cells from 44 of 52 subjects showed a significant (p < .05 ...	1994	8014484
neutrophils are critical for host defense against primary infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis in mice and participate in defense against reinfection.	it is generally believed that immunity to experimental infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is an example of t-cell-mediated immunity that is expressed by activated macrophages and mediated by francisella-specific t cells. according to the results presented herein, neutrophils are also essential for defense against primary infection with this organism. it is shown that mice depleted of neutrophils by treatment with the granulocyte-specific monoclonal anti ...	1994	8005668
[europium-labelled staphylococcus aureus protein a as a reagent for determining specific antibodies].	in this work the conditions of labeling protein a with europium ions were studied and the conjugates obtained in this study were compared with traditional peroxidase conjugates currently used in immunochemistry. the conjugates of protein a with eu3+ chelate were obtained with the use of cyclic dianhydride of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (dadetpa). conjugation methods with the use of dadetpa was shown to permit obtaining high-quality conjugates with europium chelates. europium-labeled prote ...	1994	7992539
increased encapsulation and virulence of francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) by subculturing on synthetic medium.	francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs), taken directly from lyophilized vials, did not appear to have a capsule and had low virulence for balb/c mice. when this strain was subcultured on chamberlain's synthetic medium (ph 6.5), it became extensively capsulated (1-5 micron in diameter) and its virulence for balb/c mice increased about 1000-fold. we conclude that the virulence of the attenuated vaccine strain, f. tularensis lvs, may still be influenced by growth conditions.	1994	7975855
cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell-dependent and -independent host defense mechanisms can operate to control and resolve primary and secondary francisella tularensis lvs infection in mice.	immunity to experimental infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is generally considered an example of t-cell-mediated, macrophage-expressed immunity. however, the results of the present study indicate that t-cell-independent mechanisms are also important in anti-francisella defense. they show that mice selectively depleted of cd4+, cd8+, or both t-cell populations by treatment with t-cell subset-specific monoclonal antibodies remained capable of controlling ...	1994	7960142
tularemia.		1994	7956338
streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature.	because of the recent lack of availability of streptomycin--currently considered the drug of choice for the treatment of tularemia--we reviewed the literature on alternative drugs that have been used for this purpose. in addition, we reviewed data on the in vitro susceptibility of francisella tularensis to a wide variety of agents. the rate of cure for streptomycin was 97%, with no relapses. for gentamicin and tetracycline, respectively, the rates of cure were 86% and 88%, the rates of relapse w ...	1994	7948556
[the immunological efficacy of francisella tularensis outer membranes for hamadryas baboons].	the protective properties of the preparation of f. tularensis outer membranes (om), obtained from f. tularensis vaccine strain 15, were studied in experiments on hamadryas baboons challenged subcutaneously with f. tularensis virulent strain schu (nonarctic subspecies). the subcutaneous immunization with the om preparation prevented the development of clinically pronounced infection in more than 70% of the monkeys challenged with f. tularensis strain schu in a dose of 787 live microbial cells 30 ...	1994	7941871
[the search for and isolation of an antiphagocytic factor in francisella tularensis].	in this study a search for f. tularensis antiphagocytic factor and an attempt for its isolation were made. for this purpose a fraction of f.tularensis water-saline extract saturated 55-60% with ammonium sulfate was split into separate components by preparative methods. one of them, consisting of two antigens of glycoprotein nature, had the capacity of decreasing the digestion of f.tularensis by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages about 10 times. the study revealed that the protein of the preparati ...	1994	7941862
[the effect of the antigenic fractions of the outer membrane of francisella tularensis on the t-cell immunity indices].	the immunological evaluation of the influence of individual gel-chromatographic antigenic fractions (gaf) of f. tularensis outer membrane on different forms of t-cell reactiveness, such as delayed hypersensitivity (dh), proliferation of lymphocytes in the reaction of blast transformation (rbt) and mixed lymphocyte culture (mlc), has been made. as revealed in this study, gaf isolated from f. tularensis produce a pronounced immunomodulating effect on the processes linked with polyclonal activation ...	1994	7941852
survey for selected diseases in nutria (myocastor coypus) from louisiana.	thirty-two trapper-caught nutria (myocastor coypus) from east baton rouge, iberville, tangipahoa, and st. helena parishes in louisiana (usa) were sampled for several disease agents. antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci, francisella tularensis, leptospira spp., and encephalomyocarditis virus were detected in 7%, 14%, 0%, 7%, and 0% of nutria, respectively. both animals seropositive for leptospirae were positive for l. interrogans serovar canicola. no salmonella spp. were isola ...	1994	7933295
reduced virulence of rifampicin-resistant mutants of francisella tularensis.	rifampicin-resistant mutants of a live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis were produced and screened for virulence in mice; 4 avirulent clones with intraperitoneal (ip) ld50s > 10(6) cfu, compared with 10(2) cfu for lvs, were characterized. growth characteristics at 37 degrees c, surface envelope proteins, and lipopolysaccharide profiles of resistant mutants were identical to those of lvs. polymerase activity of the mutants was more resistant than the enzyme from lvs to the inhibitor ...	1994	7930725
increased synthesis of dnak, groel, and groes homologs by francisella tularensis lvs in response to heat and hydrogen peroxide.	the response of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis lvs to stress was assayed by pulse-labeling with [35s]methionine followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. a temperature increase from 37 to 42 degrees c or exposure to 5 mm hydrogen peroxide induced increased syntheses of at least 15 proteins. among these proteins were a 75-, a 60-, and a 10-kda protein. by n-terminal sequence analysis, these three proteins were found to be extensively homo ...	1994	7903283
[the modification of the clastogenic action of 131i in the bone marrow cells of rats immunized with a tularemia vaccine].	the influence of immunization of wistar rats with the tularemia vaccine (tv) on the clastogenic effect of 131i was studied. the preliminary immunization of rats with tv significantly reduces the number of aberrant metaphases in bone marrow cells by 36.4% one day and by 61.6% eight days after the administering of the radionuclide in comparison with non-immunized animals. possible mechanisms of anticlasterogenesis in animals immunized with tv are discussed.	1994	7900198
growth of francisella tularensis lvs in macrophages: the acidic intracellular compartment provides essential iron required for growth.	murine macrophages supported exponential intracellular growth of francisella tularensis lvs in vitro with a doubling time of 4 to 6 h. lvs was internalized and remained in a vacuolar compartment throughout its growth cycle. the importance of endosome acidification to intracellular growth of this bacterium was assessed by treatment of lvs-infected macrophages with several different lysosomotropic agents (chloroquine, nh4cl, and ouabain). regardless of the agent used or its mechanism of action, ma ...	1995	7890413
serum-sensitive mutation of francisella novicida: association with an abc transporter gene.	francisella novicida is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can survive and grow in macrophages by preventing phagolysosomal fusion. in this study in vitro cassette mutagenesis was used to generate a library of insertion mutants of f.novicida. two related mutants, km14 and km14s, initially identified as defective for growth in macrophages, were found to be sensitive to serum. these mutants were also found to grow approximately 1000-fold less well in the livers and spleens of infected mice. ...	1994	7881549
[an immunological analysis of bacterial persistence in the bone marrow].	a method for the evaluation of bacterial persistence in the bone marrow in association with particular clonogenic target cells was developed. the method was based on the negative selection of cells expressing microbial antigens after treatment with hyperimmune antiserum specific to a given infective agent and the subsequent quantitation of target cells thus eliminated in appropriate assays. using this approach, we demonstrated that mycoplasma arthritidis and l-forms of streptococcus strain l-406 ...	1994	7856346
[transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis by ixodes ricinus ticks infected during the nymphal stage].	the degree of infection of nymphs of ixodes ricinus which finished their feeding on experimentally infected mice on the day of their death from tularaemia represented more than 10(7) cells of francisella tularensis per tick after feeding. the high degree of positivity was preserved in ticks also during one month of metamorphosis. transstadial transmission of the agent from the stage of nymph to the stage of imago was confirmed in adults either by cultivation or by experiments attempting to trans ...	1994	7850217
cytokine expression in the liver during the early phase of murine tularemia.	cytokine expression was determined in the livers of mice inoculated subcutaneously with francisella tularensis lvs. during the first 48 h of infection, there was a logarithmic increase of bacteria in the liver, with a doubling time of 2.5 h. within 48 h, tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin 10 (il-10), il-12, and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) mrnas were expressed, and production of tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma was demonstrated. there was no expression within 96 h of mrna from il-2, il- ...	1995	7822019
isolation of a francisella tularensis mutant that is sensitive to serum and oxidative killing and is avirulent in mice: correlation with the loss of mind homologue expression.	we constructed mutant strains of francisella tularensis biotype novicida by insertional mutagenesis with a kanamycin resistance (kmr) cassette. one mutant, kem7, was defective for survival in macrophages in comparison with the wild-type (wt) strain and a random insertion strain, kem21. while all three strains exhibited intracellular growth, the number of viable kem7 present after 24-48 h of infection was approximately 10 times less than that of wt or kem21. this observation was apparently due to ...	1994	7813885
heat stress alters the virulence of a rifampin-resistant mutant of francisella tularensis lvs.	we have studied the stress response of a rifampin-resistant mutant of francisella tularensis lvs. this mutant, rif 7, was avirulent with an intraperitoneally administered 50% lethal dose greater than 10(7) cfu in a murine model of infection. exposure of rif 7 to heat stress for 5 h in vitro resulted in a 2-log decrease in its 50% lethal dose (p < 0.02). the increase in virulence was dependent on the time of exposure to high temperature and was maximal at 5 h. envelope preparations from heat-stre ...	1995	7806352
the tularaemia vaccine.	tularaemia is a disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis. vaccination resulting in protective immunity is induced by live vaccine only. such vaccination can be performed by scarification utilizing the live vaccine strain of f. tularensis (f. tularensis lvs), which results in good but not complete protection. humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity are induced by vaccination and it has been shown that cell-mediated immunity is a prerequisite for protectio ...	1994	7764815
live tularemia vaccine but not proteins purified from francisella tularensis can confer protection against lethal listeria infection in mice.	immunization of balb/c mice with francisella tularensis vaccine strain 15/10 conferred significant protection against subsequent listerial infection. since immunostimulatory activities could apparently be relevant to surface components of the bacterium, a technique for purification of cell wall proteins was developed. the scheme designed consisted of triton x-100 extraction with subsequent fplc chromatography steps, and resulted in the isolation of homogeneous proteins with molecular masses of 5 ...	1995	7748535
cell-mediated and humoral immune responses after vaccination of human volunteers with the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis.	the specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of human volunteers vaccinated with the francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) were evaluated. in the search for an optimal antigen to measure the immunogenicity of the vaccine in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested irradiation-killed lvs, an aqueous ether extract of the lvs (eex), lipopolysaccharide (lps) from lvs, and a virulent strain (schu4). volunteers were immunized with lvs by scarification. immunoglobulin g (ig ...	1995	7697521
production and partial characterization of hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies against francisella tularensis.	hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against francisella tularensis cellular antigens were produced and characterized. these monoclonal antibodies reacted with f. tularensis in elisa but not by immunoblot, indicating that the antibodies are directed against conformational epitopes. one of these monoclonal antibodies was directed against outer membrane protein (omp) components, and the remainder are likely directed against capsular components. the omp-specific monoclonal antibodies are f. t ...	1993	7686137
mixed natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in west slovakia.	total of 923 small mammals of 7 species were collected in locality záhorská ves, west slovakia, in 1990-1992. among examined small mammal species it was clethrionomys glareolus (48.7% of total, 17.5% positive for tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus antibodies), apodemus flavicollis (29.7% of total, 17.5% positive), a. sylvaticus (11.3% of total, 16.3% positive), and microtus arvalis (6.2% of total, 10.5% positive). the most abundant tick species (larval and nymphal stages) on small mammals was i ...	1995	7676942
[the activity of the phagocytic bactericidal systems in intact guinea pigs and in guinea pigs immunized against tularemia].	the activities of nadp-oxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pml) during the phagocytosis of francisella tularensis and the influence of immunization of on the activity of oxygen-dependent metabolism were studied. the phagocytosis of f.tularensis was found to be accompanied by a rise in the activity of nadp.h-oxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. in the process of immunogenesis the rearrangement of the enzymatic system ...	1995	7653143
[the effect of recombinant tumor necrosis factor on antibody formation in mice immunized with a preparation of the outer membranes from francisella tularensis].	the influence of exogenic human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) on antibody production in mice immunized with the preparation of f.tularensis outer membranes (om) was studied. tnf-alpha was injected into mice in doses of 0.001-10 i.u. before and simultaneously with the injection of the preparation of f.tularensis om. the levels of tularemia antibodies, determined by elisa techniques, and the number of antibody-producing cells (apc) were studied. the study revealed that recombinant ...	1995	7653140
adjuvanticity of iscoms incorporating a t cell-reactive lipoprotein of the facultative intracellular pathogen francisella tularensis.	immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) are known to be highly effective adjuvants for envelope antigens of viral agents, but have not been evaluated for use with antigens of intracellular bacteria. balb/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with iscoms into which the t cell-reactive membrane protein tul4 of francisella tularensis had been incorporated. spleen cells from the immunized mice responded in vitro to tul4 and to heat-killed f. tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) with proliferation and pr ...	1995	7631511
analysis of the dnak molecular chaperone system of francisella tularensis.	we have cloned the francisella tularensis (ft) grpe-dnak-dnaj heat-shock genes which are organized in that order. these genes allow heterologous genetic complementation of each respective mutant strain of escherichia coli (ec) for bacteriophage lambda growth. the nucleotide sequences of the ft grpe-dnak-dnaj genes and the deduced amino-acid sequences share significant homologies with their respective ec counterparts. the ft dnak and dnaj proteins cross-react with polyclonal antibodies raised aga ...	1995	7590305
seroepidemiologic study of three zoonoses (leptospirosis, q fever, and tularemia) among trappers in québec, canada.	this study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against francisella tularensis, coxiella burnetii, and certain serovars of leptospira interrogans among trappers in québec, canada. muskrat trapping was identified as a risk factor for f. tularensis infection, whereas having a cat at home apparently protected trappers against infection by l. interrogans. high percentages of control sera were positive for antibodies against c. burnetii (15%) and l. interrogans (5%), most frequentl ...	1995	7583933
levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in serum from humans vaccinated with live, attenuated francisella tularensis.	the levels of interleukin 6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha in serum did not change significantly during the course of immunization with the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis. higher levels of circulating il-6 were found in the sera of vaccinees with good antibody responses than in the sera from nonresponders. preimmunization levels of il-6 in serum were also higher in responders than in nonresponders.	1995	7583930
[methodical bases of the use of erythrocytic diagnostic agents as phagocytosis objects].	the error in assessment of the neutrophil phagocytic activity is 5.8%. this is attained by removal of conglomerations of phagocytosis objects and by ruling out the minimal variations in the duration of contact between the blood and foreign corpuscles and preparation of smears to be examined on the same slide. the content of up to 90% red cells does not influence the neutrophil phagocytic activity, and higher concentration reduces its level.	1995	7582767
electroporation of francisella tularensis.		1995	7550729
nitric oxide: cytokine-regulation of nitric oxide in host resistance to intracellular pathogens.	to discover how nitric oxide (no) synthesis is controlled in different tissues as cells within these tissues combat intracellular pathogens, we examined three distinctively different experimental murine models designed for studying parasite-host interactions: macrophage killing of leishmania major; nonspecific protection against tularemia (francisella tularensis) by mycobacterium bovis (bcg); and specific vaccine-induced protection against hepatic malaria with plasmodium berghei. each model para ...	1994	7537721
[the determination of the antigenic determinant of protective monoclonal antibodies specific to the francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide].	f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) was studied with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) having protective properties. the binding site of these mcab (igg2a) is localized on the o-chain of lps. in contrast to lps isolated from vaccine strain 15, lps isolated from f. tularensis cells in the r-form has no o-chains and does not interact with mcab.	1993	7520655
[a highly sensitive, homogeneous method for determining antibodies and antigens by using liposomes, monoclonal antibodies and complement].	a simple and sensitive method for the determination of francisella tularensis antigen and antibodies to this antigen by means of the complement lysis of liposomes sensitized with f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) is proposed. the possibility of participation of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) in the complement-dependent lysis of liposomes has been studied. the method permits the detection of 50-100 ng/ml of soluble lps antigen in the presence of antiserum or mcab igg f-b11-x and of 50-10 ng/ml ...	1993	7520654
identification and classification of different isolates of francisella tularensis.	the causative agent of tularemia, francisella tularensis, occurs in two main biovars, the highly virulent f. t. biovar tularensis, found in north america; and the less virulent biovar palaearctica, found all over the northern hemisphere. two other biovars have been proposed, f. t. biovar mediaasiatica and f. t. biovar palaearctica var. japonica. in sweden tularemia is most frequently observed in man and varying hares (lepus timidus), and occasionally in other species. tularemia in hares is norma ...	1993	7510445
comparative analysis of antibodies to francisella tularensis antigens during the acute phase of tularemia and eight years later.	approximately 8 years after treatment for tularemia, 14 of 22 (63.6%) individuals tested still had a positive microagglutination test for francisella tularensis antibodies. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-f. tularensis outer membrane antibodies was positive for 55% (immunoglobulin a [iga]), 95% (igg), and 27% (igm) of the late-phase sera, but with antibody levels significantly reduced from those in the acute-phase sera. igg and iga antibody levels in the late-phase sera showed sign ...	1994	7496953
glucan-induced enhancement of host resistance to selected infectious diseases.	we conducted studies with mice, rats, and monkeys which demonstrated the ability of glucan to induce either nonspecific or specific enhancement of host resistance to infectious diseases. intravenous pretreatment of mice with glucan significantly enhanced the survival of mice challenged with either venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee) virus or rift valley fever virus. pretreatment was beneficial when initiated 3 days before challenge with vee virus and 7 days before challenge with rift valle ...	1980	7439978
mechanisms of protective immunogenicity of microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide pretreatment in venezuelan encephalitis, q fever and tularaemia.	administration of high-dose (250 mg/kg) cyclophosphamide (cy) to guinea-pigs and mice 3 days prior to immunization with inactivated vaccine derived from venezuelan encephalitis virus (ve), coxiella burnetii and francisella tularensis resulted in accentuated and prolonged delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) and in vitro cellular immunity (cmi) to specific antigen. humoral antibody were either absent or significantly lower in cy-pretreated animals compared to immunized non-pretreated controls. cy ...	1980	7438552
[method of detecting bacteriocins in the agent of tularemia].		1980	7415670
[cross immunity to plague and tularemia].		1980	7395403
host resistance to tick-borne pathogens by virtue of resistance to tick infestation.		1980	7377869
[characteristics of the tularemia prevention measures in the natural foci of the carpathian region].		1980	7376572
cross-reaction to legionella pneumophila antigen in sera with elevated titers to pseudomonas pseudomallei.	a significantly greater incidence (p less than 0.005) of legionella pneumophila microagglutination titers greater than or equal to 32 was found in sera with elevated titers to pseudomonas pseudomallei as compared with sera with negative titers for p. pseudomallei antibodies. the greater incidence of l. pneumophila titers in these sera suggests that l. pneumophila and p. pseudomallei share an antigen. the incidence of l. pneumophila microagglutination titers of greater than or equal to 32 in sera ...	1980	7354127
treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin.	an alternative to streptomycin for treatment of possible tularemia would be useful on occasions when a patient develops a perplexing pneumonia that does not respond to initial treatment. in geographic areas where tularemia is endemic, an antimicrobial drug that is bactericidal for francisella tularensis and is also effective against a spectrum of common pulmonary pathogens, including the enterobacteriaceae and most strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa, would be desirable. the purposes of this repor ...	1980	7352712
[morphological studies for invasion and intracellular growth of f. tularensis in cultured cells (author's transl)].		1981	7345173
respiratory tularemia: comparison of selected routes of vaccination in fischer 344 rats.	fischer 344 rats were given the attenuated live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis by small-particle aerosol, intranasal instillation, or intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection. all of the vaccinated rats developed subclinical infection by 3 days after exposure, which cleared by day 28. temporal patterns and concentrations of the live vaccine strain organism within the hosts were dependent on the route of vaccination. pathological alterations were limited to minimal lung ...	1981	7333669
modulation of the immune response by aerodin. ii. influence on the antiinfectious resistance in rabbits and guinea pigs experimentally infected by francisella tularensis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.		1981	7332454
[natural focus of tularemia on the kerchen peninsula (crimea)].	the study confirming the existence of the steppe-type natural focus of tularemia on the kerch peninsula has been carried out. for the first time the cultures of francisella tularensis have been isolated. voles and house mice play the main role in the circulation of the infection. the parasitic system comprises ticks (ixodidae and nyalomma), as well as some species of fleas. in carrying out erizootological studies for detecting tularemia in the crimea the use of low temperature (0 degrees c) for ...	1981	7331615
[further study of intraspecific taxonomy of francisella tularensis].		1981	7331604
case report. tularemia in ohio: report of two cases and clinical review.	although unusual, human tularemia continues to be reported from areas of the united states which are not heavily endemic for the disease. two patients with ulceroglandular tularemia diagnosed in ohio are described. the causative microorganism, francisella tularensis, is a small, pleomorphic gram negative coccobacillus which requires special microbiological media for laboratory isolation. in nature, the organism is usually transmitted to man by the handling of infected animal tissues and body flu ...	1981	7315867
tularemia simulating acute myocardial infarction.		1981	7299963
[leukocytolysis reaction and the neutrophil damage test as methods of demonstrating allergy to francisella tularensis].		1981	7269912
[peroxidase activity of tularemia bacteria].		1981	7234236
differential alterations in host peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence during the course of bacterial and viral infections.	previous studies have shown that stimulation of the oxidative metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) by in vitro phagocytosis of various microorganisms results in photon emission, termed chemiluminescence (cl). studies were conducted to determine whether bacterial and viral infections induce enhanced basal endogenous host peripheral pmn cl in the absence of in vitro phagocytic stimulation. nonimmune rats and guinea pigs as well as immune rats were inoculated with various doses (10(5) t ...	1980	7228389
demonstration of opsonizing antibodies to francisella tularensis by leukocyte chemiluminescence.	twenty-three individuals were vaccinated with a viable attenuated strain of francisella tularensis, and blood was collected at various time intervals during 4 weeks. to demonstrate opsonizing antibodies, a mixture of serum and vaccine bacteria was incubated, whereafter the chemiluminescence response of polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes to this mixture was recorded. no opsonizing antibodies against f. tularensis were found in sera obtained before vaccination. eleven days after vaccination, sera ...	1980	7216416
detection of enzootic territories and exploration of tularemia epizootics in different types of natural foci of this infection by serological examination of bird pellets and the excrements of beasts of prey.	serological analysis (reaction of antibody neutralization) of pellets of birds and excrements of beasts of prey for the presence of tularemia microbe antigen is an efficient method of detection and investigation of epizootics in all types of natural foci of the infection and also for the exploration of new focal territories. the method permits with small expenditure of labour and within a short time, to collect material characterizing the epizootic process on a large territory. tularemia epizoot ...	1980	7190592
sensitivity to macrolide antibiotics and lincomycin in francisella tularensis holarctica.	among the 345 f. tularensis holarctica strains isolated in europe, asia and north america, two variants were found: one sensitive and the other resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin. these characteristics were not associated with virulence, antigenicity, biochemical activity or source of isolation and displayed high stability in passages in laboratory animals or multiple passages in culture media. the two variants are proposed to be designated as biotype (biovar) i, erythromycin ...	1980	7190590
reduction of brucella species and francisella tularensis cross-reacting agglutinins by dithiothreitol.	cross-reaction agglutinin titers to brucella abortus antigen were found in 42 of 128 tularemia serum specimens, and cross-reaction titers to francisella tularensis antigen were found in 8 of 34 brucellosis serum specimens. the cross-reaction titers were reduced to 10 or less by dithiothreitol, suggesting that the titers are due to immunoglobulin m antibody.	1982	7153327
[resistance to the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in immunization with live tularemia vaccine].	guinea pigs immunized with live tularemia vaccine have been found to possess pronounced resistance to venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. antiviral resistance induced by the vaccine has been found to persist for 1 month. one of the possible mechanisms, though not the only one, of this resistance is the stimulation of macrophages by tularemia vaccine, which results in the enhancement of their resistance to the cytotoxic action of the virus.	1982	7148228
immunity against francisella tularensis in northern finland.	immunity against francisella tularensis in northern finland was studied by antibody determination and by the lymphocyte blast transformation test previously shown to reliably demonstrate immunity to tularemia. seven out of 1072 (0.7%) red cross volunteer blood donors from the rural areas around oulu had agglutinating antibodies with a titre of 80 or higher, and 5 (0.5%) also had cell-mediated reactivity against f. tularensis. none of them was aware of ever having had tularemia, and only 1 recoll ...	1982	7146829
infraspecific taxonomy of tularemia agent francisella tularensis mccoy et chapin.	the authors investigated 286 strains of the tularemia microbe isolated in a number of countries of the old and the new world from humans, hares, rodents, ticks, water and other objects, including 217 strains from the ussr and 69 strains from other countries. as a result, the earlier observed subspecific differences in the biological properties of the tularemia strains isolated in different regions were reconfirmed on an extensive material. it is proposed to designate the three subspecies disting ...	1982	7142690
[study of a natural focus of tularemia in the small carpathian mountains].		1982	7139368
[detection of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in francisella tularensis].	the activity of alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (alpha-nae) has been studied in francisella tularensis strains belonging to 3 subspecies. alpha-nae has been detected spectrophotometrically in native cells and cell extracts of the virulent nonarctic strains schu and cole, holarctic virulent strain no. 503/841 and holarctic vaccine strain no. 15/10, central asian virulent strain no. 543, as well as their attenuated variants. in all the strains studied the presence of 7 alpha-nae isoenzymes has bee ...	1982	7113529
cell-mediated and humoral immunity induced by a live francisella tularensis vaccine.	live attenuated francisella tularensis vaccine induced long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in all 13 subjects studied. lymphocyte blast transformation reactivity to f. tularensis appeared 2 weeks after vaccination in most subjects and remained unchanged for up to 1.5 years. similarly, in most recipients, antibodies against f. tularensis were detectable by both the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the agglutination method from 2 weeks after vaccination, although d ...	1982	7095859
antibodies to francisella tularensis in the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus struthopus) populations of nova scotia and prince edward island and in the moose (alces alces americana clinton) population of nova scotia.		1982	7093820
the effects of strenuous exercise on infection with francisella tularensis in rats.	to investigate the effects of strenuous forced exercise on the course and complications of a bacterial infection and on myocardial responses and performance capacity, rats with tularemia (characterized by pyogranulomatous hepatic and splenic lesions) were exercised by swimming on days 0-6 of infection. levels of glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminases in plasma, densities of pyogranulomatous lesions, and bacterial counts in blood, liver, and spleen were similar in exercising and resting r ...	1982	7077093
"muskrat fever": two outbreaks of tularemia near montreal.		1982	7046897
tularemia in canada with a focus on saskatchewan.	although rare among humans in canada, tularemia is often endemic in wildlife. the inhabitants of rural areas are especially likely to be exposed to the causative bacterium, francisella tularensis, through trapping or through the bites of arthropods. muskrats have replaced rabbits as the principal source of infection, as illustrated by a familial outbreak of oropharyngeal tularemia in saskatchewan. in humans the disease has six distinct forms and can be asymptomatic, but it generally comes to med ...	1982	7046896