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protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection.ginseng polysaccharide has been known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. in this study, we investigated whether panax ginseng polysaccharide (gp) would have a preventive effect on influenza infection. administration of mice with gp prior to infection was found to confer a survival benefit against infection with h1n1 (a/pr/8/34) and h3n2 (a/philippines/82) influenza viruses. mice infected with the 2009 h1n1 virus suspended in gp solution showed moderately enhanced survival rates and lower ...201222442708
identification of a novel compound with antiviral activity against influenza a virus depending on pa subunit of viral rna polymerase.influenza viruses have developed resistance to current drugs, creating a need for new antiviral targets and new drugs to treat influenza virus infections. in this study, computational and experimental screening of an extensive compound library identified thc19, which was able to suppress influenza virus replication. this compound had no cytotoxic effects and did not disrupt cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis in mdck cells as confirmed by wst-1 assays, flow cytometry analysis, and caspase ...201222441116
fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza a viruses.antiviral drugs are important components for the control of influenza. the key question is whether antiviral use or natural virus evolution will lead to the emergence of drug-resistant virus with comparable or superior fitness to drug-susceptible counterpart. currently, neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) are the first choice for influenza prevention and treatment. in this article we will review complex process of the risk assessment for the fitness of nais-resistant seasonal h1n1 and h3n2, pan ...201122440915
influenza transmission in a community during a seasonal influenza a(h3n2) outbreak (2010-2011) in mongolia: a community-based prospective cohort study.knowledge of how influenza viruses spread in a community is important for planning and implementation of effective interventions, including social distancing measures. households and schools are implicated as the major sites for influenza virus transmission. however, the overall picture of community transmission is not well defined during actual outbreaks. we conducted a community-based prospective cohort study to describe the transmission characteristics of influenza in mongolia.201222427943
detecting patches of protein sites of influenza a viruses under positive selection.influenza a viruses are single-stranded rna viruses capable of evolving rapidly to adapt to environmental conditions. examples include the establishment of a virus in a novel host or an adaptation to increasing immunity within the host population due to prior infection or vaccination against a circulating strain. knowledge of the viral protein regions under positive selection is therefore crucial for surveillance. we have developed a method for detecting positively selected patches of sites on t ...201222427709
identification of dual receptor-binding specific strains of human h5n1 viruses in china.both the 2, 6 linkage and its topology on target cells are critical for the recognition by human influenza virus. the binding preference of avian flu virus h5n1 ha to the 2, 3-linked sialylated glycans is considered the major factor limiting its efficient infection and transmission in humans. to monitor potential adaptation of h5n1 virus in human population, the surveillance of receptor-binding specificity was undertaken in china.201222424634
clinical predictors for diagnosing pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in fever clinics in beijing, china.symptomatic predictors of influenza could assess risks and improve decisions about isolation and outpatient treatment. to develop such predictors, we undertook a prospective analysis of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza (h3n2) in patients attending fever clinics.201222424628
doxycycline treatment attenuates acute lung injury in mice infected with virulent influenza h3n2 virus: involvement of matrix metalloproteinases.acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe form of acute lung injury (ali), is a major cause of death during influenza pneumonia. we have provided evidence for the involvement of recruited neutrophils, their toxic enzymes such as myeloperoxidase and matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), and neutrophil extracellular traps in aggravating alveolar-capillary damage. in this study, we investigated the effects of doxycycline (dox), an inhibitor of mmps, on influenza-induced ali. balb/c mice were infect ...201222421441
suppression of the antiviral response by an influenza histone mimic.viral infection is commonly associated with virus-driven hijacking of host proteins. here we describe a novel mechanism by which influenza virus affects host cells through the interaction of influenza non-structural protein 1 (ns1) with the infected cell epigenome. we show that the ns1 protein of influenza a h3n2 subtype possesses a histone-like sequence (histone mimic) that is used by the virus to target the human paf1 transcription elongation complex (hpaf1c). we demonstrate that binding of ns ...201222419161
fatal cases of influenza a(h3n2) in children: insights from whole genome sequence analysis.during the northern hemisphere winter of 2003-2004 the emergence of a novel influenza antigenic variant, a/fujian/411/2002-like(h3n2), was associated with an unusually high number of fatalities in children. seventeen fatal cases in the uk were laboratory confirmed for fujian/411-like viruses. to look for phylogenetic patterns and genetic markers that might be associated with increased virulence, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the whole genomes of 63 viruses isolated from fatal cases and ...201222412998
vaccination against influenza in patients with systemic sclerosis.to assess the efficacy and safety of the influenza virus vaccine in systemic sclerosis (ssc) patients compared to healthy controls.201722409886
genetic and pathobiologic characterization of h3n2 canine influenza viruses isolated in the jiangsu province of china in 2009-2010.the newly emerging canine influenza virus (civ) causes considerable concerns for both veterinary and public health. during 2009-2010, six strains of h3n2 influenza virus were isolated from dogs in jiangsu province, china. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the six viruses were most similar to a recent canine-derived subtype h3n2 influenza virus isolated in cats from south korea, which originated from avian strain. by comparing the deduced amino acid sequences ...201222397933
critical role of constitutive type i interferon response in bronchial epithelial cell to influenza infection.innate antiviral responses in bronchial epithelial cells (becs) provide the first line of defense against respiratory viral infection and the effectiveness of this response is critically dependent on the type i interferons (ifns). however the importance of the antiviral responses in becs during influenza infection is not well understood. we profiled the innate immune response to infection with h3n2 and h5n1 virus using calu-3 cells and primary becs to model proximal airway cells. the susceptibil ...201222396801
innate immune response of human alveolar macrophages during influenza a infection.alveolar macrophages (am) are one of the key cell types for initiating inflammatory and immune responses to influenza virus in the lung. however, the genome-wide changes in response to influenza infection in am have not been defined. we performed gene profiling of human am in response to h1n1 influenza a virus pr/8 using affymetrix hg-u133 plus 2.0 chips and verified the changes at both mrna and protein levels by real-time rt-pcr and elisa. we confirmed the response with a contemporary h3n2 infl ...201222396727
the rna polymerase pb2 subunit of influenza a/hongkong/156/1997 (h5n1) restricts the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes [corrected].genetic reassortment plays a critical role in the generation of pandemic strains of influenza virus. the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has been suggested to influence the efficiency of genetic reassortment. however, the role of the rna polymerase in the genetic reassortment is not well understood.201222389716
generation of reassortant influenza viruses within the non-industrial poultry system.we compared the genetic and biologic characteristics of 35 influenza viruses of different epidemiological backgrounds in korea, including h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ). phylogenetic analysis revealed that chicken adapted h9n2 viruses (a/chicken/korea/96006/96 [ck/kor/96006-like]) have acquired aquatic avian gene segments through reassortment, and these reassorted h9n2 viruses were more frequently detected from minor poultry species than from industrial poultry. conversely, gene segments from ...201222386854
age as a determinant for dissemination of seasonal and pandemic influenza: an open cohort study of influenza outbreaks in östergötland county, sweden.an understanding of the occurrence and comparative timing of influenza infections in different age groups is important for developing community response and disease control measures. this study uses data from a scandinavian county (population 427.000) to investigate whether age was a determinant for being diagnosed with influenza 2005-2010 and to examine if age was associated with case timing during outbreaks. aggregated demographic data were collected from statistics sweden, while influenza cas ...201222384066
in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities of four neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 season in japan.the half maximal inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of four neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir; was measured using influenza viruses isolated in the 2010-2011 influenza season in japan. clinical samples for viral isolation were obtained from nasal aspiration, nasopharyngeal swab, or self-blown nasal discharge and cultured with madin-darby canine kidney cells. the type and subtype of h3n2 or b were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chai ...201222370919
multifunctional adaptive ns1 mutations are selected upon human influenza virus evolution in the mouse.the role of the ns1 protein in modulating influenza a virulence and host range was assessed by adapting a/hong kong/1/1968 (h3n2) (hk-wt) to increased virulence in the mouse. sequencing the ns genome segment of mouse-adapted variants revealed 11 mutations in the ns1 gene and 4 in the overlapping nep gene. using the hk-wt virus and reverse genetics to incorporate mutant ns gene segments, we demonstrated that all ns1 mutations were adaptive and enhanced virus replication (up to 100 fold) in mouse ...201222363747
positive selection for gains of n-linked glycosylation sites in hemagglutinin during evolution of h3n2 human influenza a virus.the number of n-linked glycosylation sites in the globular head of hemagglutinin (ha) has increased during evolution of h3n2 human influenza a virus. here natural selection operating on the gains of n-linked glycosylation sites was examined by using the single-site analysis and the single-substitution analysis. in the single-site analysis, positive selection was not inferred at the amino acid sites where the substitutions generating n-linked glycosylation sites were observed, but was detected at ...201122362027
virological surveillance and antiviral resistance of human influenza virus in argentina, 2005-2008.to describe the virological characteristics of the influenza strains circulating in argentina in 2005-2008 and to assess the prevalence of antiviral resistance.201122358415
clinical validation of a point-of-care multiplexed in vitro immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies (the msd influenza test) in four hospitals in vietnam.point-of-care (poc) diagnostic tests for influenza can considerably shorten the time to clinical decision making. an investigational poc test based on a multiplexed immunoassay was developed by meso scale diagnostics, llc (msd), with the objective to make a more sensitive rapid test that can also subtype influenza a viruses (1977 h1, h3, and h5). between february and november 2010, we conducted a prospective multicenter study at four hospitals in vietnam and compared the performance of this test ...201222357497
pathogenesis and transmission of swine origin a(h3n2)v influenza viruses in ferrets.recent isolation of a novel swine-origin influenza a h3n2 variant virus [a(h3n2)v] from humans in the united states has raised concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. here, we analyzed the virulence, transmissibility, and receptor-binding preference of four a(h3n2)v influenza viruses isolated from humans in 2009, 2010, and 2011. high titers of infectious virus were detected in nasal turbinates and nasal wash samples of a(h3n2)v-inoculated ferrets. all four a(h3n2)v viruses possesse ...201222355116
infectivity phenotypes of h3n2 influenza a viruses in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells are controlled by sialic acid binding.in the late 1990s, triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses emerged and spread widely in the us swine population. we have shown previously that an isolate representative of this virus-lineage, a/swine/minnesota/593/99 (sw/mn), exhibits phenotypic differences compared to a wholly human-lineage h3n2 virus isolated during the same time period, a/swine/ontario/00130/97 (sw/ont). specifically, sw/mn was more infectious for pigs and infected a significantly higher proportion of cultured primary swi ...201222353399
serological response to influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix®) and seasonal influenza vaccine 2009/2010 in renal transplant recipients and in hemodialysis patients.in the present study, antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination and to the adjuvanted one-shot influenza a h1n1 vaccine (pandemrix(®)) was investigated in 57 hemodialysis (hd) patients and 48 renal transplant (rt) recipients. specific antibodies were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using a pandemic h1n1 strain and a seasonal h3n2 virus. hi titers of ≥1:40 were considered as protective. hemodialysis patients showed seroprotection against pandemic h1n1 in 35.1%, against ...201222350187
influenza vaccine match with circulating strains and indicators of influenza strain impact - canada 1980 to 1992.to determine the similarity between influenza vaccine antigens and viruses associated with laboratory-confirmed infections by virus type/subtype, strain and influenza season; to correlate pneumonia and influenza hospitalization and mortality rates with the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in an influenza season; and to develop predictive indicators of the likely incidence of current strains in the following season.199822346536
hapivirins and diprovirins: novel θ-defensin analogs with potent activity against influenza a virus.θ-defensins are cyclic octadecapeptides found in nonhuman primates whose broad antiviral spectrum includes hiv-1, hsv-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and influenza a virus (iav). we previously reported that synthetic θ-defensins called retrocyclins can neutralize and aggregate various strains of iav and increase iav uptake by neutrophils. this study describes two families of peptides, hapivirins and diprovirins, whose design was inspired by retrocyclins. the goal was to develop ...201222345650
synthesis and anti-influenza activity of aminoalkyl rupestonates.a series of aminoalkyl rupestonates were designed and synthesized by reacting rupestonic acid with 1,ω-dibromoalkanes, followed by amination. all of the new compounds were bioassayed in vitro to determine their activities against influenza a (h3n2, h1n1) and b viruses. the results showed that compounds 5a-5g, which each contain a 1h-1,2,4-triazolyl moiety, were found to be the most potent set of compounds. compound 5g was demonstrated to possess the highest inhibitory activity against influenza ...201222341943
antiviral activity of polyporoid mushrooms (higher basidiomycetes) from altai mountains (russia).antiviral activity against type a influenza virus of birds a/chicken/kurgan/05/2005 (h5n1) and humans a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) was investigated for aqueous extracts from mycelium of 11 basidial fungi species collected in the altai mountains (altai republic, russia). the most perspective strains for producing antiviral medicines are studied strains daedaleopsis confragosa, datronia mollis, ischnoderma benzoinum, trametes gibbosa, t. versicolor, laricifomes officinalis, and lenzites betulina.201222339706
[a survey of levels of antibodies against influenza viruses in the population of wuxi city].to investigate levels of antibodies against type a and type c influenza viruses and those against the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus (before and after the 2009 h1n1 pandemic) among residents in wuxi. to compare levels of antibodies against the 2009 h1n1 influenza virus (one year after the pandemic) in the unvaccinated population with those in the population who received vaccine.201122338222
induction of a cross-reactive antibody response to influenza virus m2 antigen in pigs by using a sendai virus vector.protecting pigs from simultaneous infection with avian, swine, and human influenza viruses would be an effective strategy to prevent the emergence of reassortants with pandemic potential. m2 protein is a candidate antigen for so-called 'universal vaccines,' which confer cross-protection to different influenza viruses in a strain- and subtype-independent manner. we tested whether a recombinant f gene-deleted sendai virus vector that contained an m2 gene derived from an h5n1 avian influenza virus ...201222336036
design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents targeting virus nucleoprotein.the influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) is an emerging target for anti-influenza drug development. nucleozin (1) and its closely related derivatives had been identified as np inhibitors displaying anti-influenza activity. utilizing 1 as a lead molecule, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as new anti-influenza a agents. one of the most potent compounds, 3b, inhibited the replication of various h3n2 and h1n1 influenza a virus strains wit ...201222332894
markers for predicting death as an outcome for mice used in infectious disease research.our goal in this study was to identify objective criteria that could be used to predict an outcome of death in mice subjected to experimental inoculation with infectious organisms. we conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from 4 independent studies that used several infectious agents (influenza virus strains a/hk/x31[h3n2] and a/puerto rico/8/34[h1n1], streptococcus pneumoniae, and candida albicans) and mouse strains (a/j, dba/2j, c57bl/6j, balb/cbyj). postinoculation periods rang ...201122330575
the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus induces anti-neuraminidase (na) antibodies that cross-react with the na of h5n1 viruses in ferrets.a miniaturized neuraminidase inhibition (ni) assay using ha-mismatched h6 reassortant viruses was performed to examine the neuraminidase (na)-specific antibody response in ferrets immunized with live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) strains. the strains tested possessed different nas derived from seasonal h1n1 and h3n2, 2009 pandemic h1n1, and the highly pathogenic influenza h5n1 virus. the anti-na antibodies from the 2009 pandemic strain (a/california/7/2009) immunized ferrets cross-reacted ...201222330124
the community impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic in the who european region: a comparison with historical seasonal data from 28 countries.the world has recently experienced the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century that lasted 14 months from june 2009 to august 2010. this study aimed to compare the timing, geographic spread and community impact during the winter wave of influenza pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 to historical influenza seasons in countries of the who european region.201222325082
an influenza reassortant with polymerase of ph1n1 and ns gene of h3n2 influenza a virus is attenuated in vivo.influenza viruses readily mutate by accumulating point mutations and also by reassortment in which they acquire whole gene segments from another virus in a co-infected host. the ns1 gene is a major virulence factor of influenza a virus. the effects of changes in ns1 sequence depend on the influenza polymerase constellation. here, we investigated the consequences of a virus with the polymerase of pandemic h1n1 2009 acquiring an ns gene segment derived from a seasonal influenza a h3n2 virus, a com ...201222323532
safety and immunogenicity of multimeric-001--a novel universal influenza vaccine.a new vaccine, multimeric-001, containing conserved linear epitopes from the ha, np, and m1 proteins of influenza type a and type b strains was designed to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains, regardless of mutations. we assessed its safety and tolerability and characterized humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by its administration.201222318394
neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in influenza viruses and laboratory testing methods.infection with influenza viruses, including seasonal, avian and pandemic viruses, remains a worldwide public health problem. although influenza virus infection is both vaccine preventable and drug treatable, high rates of mutation and reassortment of viruses can result in reduced effectiveness of vaccines or drugs. currently, two classes of drugs, adamantanes (m2 blockers) and neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), are available for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza infections. given th ...201222311680
reactivity of human convalescent sera with influenza virus hemagglutinin protein mutants at antigenic site a.how the antibodies of individual convalescent human sera bind to each amino acid residue at the antigenic sites of hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses, and how the antigenic drift strains of influenza viruses are selected by human sera, is not well understood. in our previous study, it was found by a binding assay with a chimeric ha between a/kamata/14/91 (ka/91) and a/aichi/2/68 that convalescent human sera, following ka/91 like (h3n2) virus infection, bind to antigenic site a of ka/91 ha. ...201222309642
invasive pneumococcal pneumonia and respiratory virus co-infections.to confirm whether respiratory virus infections increase susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal pneumonia, we examined data from 11 influenza seasons (1994-2005) in the united states. invasive pneumococcal pneumonia was significantly associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus activities in 5 seasons. association strength was higher when strain h3n2 was the predominant influenza a virus strain.201222305270
synergistic tlr2/6 and tlr9 activation protects mice against lethal influenza pneumonia.lower respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a continue to exact unacceptable worldwide mortality, and recent epidemics have emphasized the importance of preventative and containment strategies. we have previously reported that induction of the lungs' intrinsic defenses by aerosolized treatments can protect mice against otherwise lethal challenges with influenza a virus. more recently, we identified a combination of toll like receptor (tlr) agonists that can be aerosolized to protect m ...201222299046
cross-reactive antibody to swine influenza a(h3n2) subtype virus in children and adults before and after immunisation with 2010/11 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in canada, august to november 2010.in pre- and post-immunisation sera from children (17-120 months-old) and adults (20-59 years-old) immunised with 2010/11 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, we assessed age-related patterns of sero-susceptibility and vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibodies to a representative swine h3n2 (swh3n2) and a related ancestral human h3n2 (a/sydney/5/1997) influenza virus. few children but a greater proportion of adults showed pre-immunisation haemagglutination inhibition titres ≥40 to either viru ...201222297136
one-step detection of the 2009 pandemic influenza a(h1n1) virus by the rt-smartamp assay and its clinical validation.in 2009, a pandemic (pdm) influenza a(h1n1) virus infection quickly circulated globally resulting in about 18,000 deaths around the world. in japan, infected patients accounted for 16% of the total population. the possibility of human-to-human transmission of highly pathogenic novel influenza viruses is becoming a fear for human health and society.201222295077
preexisting influenza-specific cd4+ t cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans.protective immunity against influenza virus infection is mediated by neutralizing antibodies, but the precise role of t cells in human influenza immunity is uncertain. we conducted influenza infection studies in healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to the challenge viruses h3n2 or h1n1. we mapped t cell responses to influenza before and during infection. we found a large increase in influenza-specific t cell responses by day 7, when virus was completely cleared from nasal samples and ...201222286307
synthesis and preliminary biologic evaluation of 5-substituted-2-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-benzoxazoles as a novel class of influenza virus a inhibitors.the diversity-oriented chemistry synthesis together with the random screening approach has permitted the discovery and optimization of novel antiviral lead compounds. in this paper, a series of novel 5-substituted-2-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-benzoxazoles was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-influenza a virus and anti-influenza b virus activity. the activity was monitored by the mts assay in the madin-darby canine kidney cells. compound 7h showed excellent inhibitory activity an ...201222284752
modification of the ferret model for pneumonia from seasonal human influenza a virus infection.the primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. a conventional animal model--intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 10(6) median tissue culture infectious dose of virus--results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 10(9) and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures wit ...201222262355
a novel family of peptides with potent activity against influenza a viruses.the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus has catalysed a search for new antiviral agents to supplement or replace existing drugs. following the success of the human immunodeficiency virus entry blocker enfuvirtide, there has been a resurgence of interest in peptide-based antivirals. in this paper, we report on the discovery of a novel family of peptides (flupep, fp) that function as inhibitors of influenza a virus infection. the prototype peptide (fp1, also known as tkip) inter ...201222258859
evidence for n-glycan shielding of antigenic sites during evolution of human influenza a virus hemagglutinin.after the emergence of influenza a viruses in the human population, the number of n-glycosylation sites (ngs) in the globular head region of hemagglutinin (ha) has increased continuously for several decades. it has been speculated that the addition of ngs to the globular head region of ha has conferred selective advantages to the virus by preventing the binding of antibodies (ab) to antigenic sites (as). here, the effect of n-glycosylation on the binding of ab to as in human influenza a virus su ...201222258255
effects of windowing and zero-padding on complex resonant recognition model for protein sequence analysis.signal processing techniques such as fourier transform have widely been studied and successfully applied in many different areas. techniques such as zero-padding and windowing have been developed and found very useful to improve the outcome of the signal processing methods. resonant recognition model (rrm) and complex resonant recognition model (crrm) that are based on the discrete fourier transform and widely used for the analysis of protein sequences do not consider such methods, which can how ...201122255450
vaxcinetm: an oil-based adjuvant for influenza vaccines.vaccination is the method of choice for the prevention of influenza infection. however, the quantity of the antigen available, especially in the case of pandemics, often fails to meet the global demand. however, improved adjuvants can overcome this problem. preliminary results obtained in this study revealed that one year after a single subcutaneous immunisation with influenza a h3n2 virus in an oil-based carrier, vaxcinetm, outbreed mice produced a high immunoglobulin g response that lasted for ...201122241133
influenza virus a infection of human monocyte and macrophage subpopulations reveals increased susceptibility associated with cell differentiation.influenza virus infection accounts for significant morbidity and mortality world-wide. interactions of the virus with host cells, particularly those of the macrophage lineage, are thought to contribute to various pathological changes associated with poor patient outcome. development of new strategies to treat disease therefore requires a detailed understanding of the impact of virus infection upon cellular responses. here we report that human blood-derived monocytes could be readily infected wit ...201222238612
dynamic patterns of circulating seasonal and pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza viruses from 2007-2010 in and around delhi, india.influenza surveillance was carried out in a subset of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) presenting at an employee health clinic (ehs) at all india institute of medical sciences (aiims), new delhi (urban) and pediatric out patients department of civil hospital at ballabhgarh (peri-urban), under the comprehensive rural health services project (crhsp) of aiims, in delhi region from january 2007 to december 2010. of the 3264 samples tested, 541 (17%) were positive for influenza viruses, of ...201222235265
history and epidemiology of swine influenza in europe.in europe, swine influenza is considered one of the most important primary pathogens of swine respiratory disease and infection is primarily with h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. the antigenetic characteristics of these viruses distinguish them from others circulating at a global level in pigs. these viruses have remained endemic in european pig populations but significant differences in the circulation of these strains occur at a regional level across europe. the dynamic of co-circulati ...201322234411
cloned cdna of a/swine/iowa/15/1930 internal genes as a candidate backbone for reverse genetics vaccine against influenza a viruses.reverse genetics viruses for influenza vaccine production usually utilize the internal genes of the egg-adapted a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) strain. this egg-adapted strain provides high production yield in embryonated eggs but does not necessarily give the best yield in mammalian cell culture. in order to generate a reverse genetics viral backbone that is well-adapted to high growth in mammalian cell culture, a swine influenza isolate a/swine/iowa/15/30 (h1n1) (rg1930) that was shown to give high y ...201222230579
public health impact of including two lineages of influenza b in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.the annual trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) includes viruses representing three influenza strains - one a/h1n1, one a/h3n2, and one b, although two antigenically distinct lineages of influenza b (victoria and yamagata) co-circulate annually in the united states. predicting which lineage of influenza b will predominate during a season is challenging, and cross-protection by immunization against the other lineage is expected to be low. one proposed alternative is to produce a quadrivalent influen ...201222226861
induction and maintenance of anti-influenza antigen-specific nasal secretory iga levels and serum igg levels after influenza infection in adults.to determine the induction and changes in anti-influenza virus secretory iga (s-iga) levels in nasal washes and serum igg levels in patients with influenza.201222226319
a reduced dose seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adult and elderly patients - a randomized controlled trial.background: with the recent pandemic of influenza a (h1n1) and vaccine shortages, there has been a considerable interest of developing influenza vaccines with reduced doses, allowing for increased production capacity.design: here we report a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center clinical trial of a reduced-dose whole-virion inactivated, adjuvanted influenza vaccine in adult and elderly volunteers.methods: a total of 234 subjects including 120 adults (18-60 years of age) and 114 el ...201222219315
update: influenza a (h3n2)v transmission and guidelines - five states, 2011.from august 17 to december 23, 2011, cdc received reports of 12 human infections with influenza a (h3n2)v viruses that have the matrix (m) gene from the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus (formerly called swine-origin influenza a [h3n2] and pandemic influenza a [h1n1] 2009 viruses, respectively). the 12 cases occurred in five states (indiana, iowa, maine, pennsylvania, and west virginia), and 11 were in children. six of the 12 patients had no identified recent exposure to swine. three of the 12 patie ...201222217624
surveillance in eastern india (2007-2009) revealed reassortment event involving ns and pb1-f2 gene segments among co-circulating influenza a subtypes.abstract: background: influenza a virus encodes for eleven proteins, of which ha, na, ns1 and pb1-f2 have been implicated in viral pathogenicity and virulence. thus, in addition to the ha and na gene segments, monitoring diversity of ns1 and pb1-f2 is also important. methods: 55 out of 166 circulating influenza a strains (31 h1n1 and 24 h3n2) were randomly picked during 2007-2009 and ns and pb1-f2 genes were sequenced. phylogenetic analysis was carried out with reference to the prototype strain ...201222217077
Efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model.Annually adjusted inactivated influenza vaccines can prevent infection and limit the spread of seasonal influenza when vaccine strain closely matches circulating strain. For the years when the match is difficult to achieve, a rapid screening of a larger repertoire of vaccines may be required but is difficult to accomplish due to the lack of a convenient small animal model of seasonal influenza vaccines. The goal of this work was to determine whether the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus, a small labo ...201122210139
development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies for detecting h6 avian influenza viruses.the h6 subtype of avian influenza virus (aiv) infection occurs frequently in wild and domestic birds. aiv antigen detection is preferred for controlling aiv as birds are infected before they produce antibodies. the purpose of this study was to develop an early diagnostic method for aiv detection. six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) developed from a field h6n1 aiv strain were tested for their ability to bind to viruses. the two that showed the greatest binding ability to aivs were used for antigen d ...201122206824
Emergence of novel reassortant H3N2 swine influenza viruses with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes in the United States.Reassortant H1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) carrying 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) genes have been isolated from pigs worldwide. Seven novel reassortant H3N2 SIVs were identified from diseased pigs in the USA from winter 2010 to spring 2011. These novel viruses contain three or five internal genes from pH1N1 and continue to circulate in swine herds. The emergence of novel reassortant H3N2 SIVs demonstrates reassortment between pH1N1 and endemic SIVs in pigs and justifies continuous surveill ...201122198410
Simultaneous quantification of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus using isotope dilution mass spectrometry.Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. Licensed inactivated vaccines for seasonal or pandemic influenza are formulated to contain a preset amount of hemagglutinin (HA), the critical antigen to elicit protection. There is currently no regulatory method that quantifies neuraminidase (NA), the other major membrane-bound protein thought to have protective capability. This is primarily due to the limitations both in sensitivity and in select ...201122197963
In vitro anti-viral effect of ß-santalol against influenza viral replication.The anti-influenza A/HK (H3N2) virus activity of ß-santalol was evaluated in MDCK cells and investigated the effect of ß-santalol on synthesis of viral mRNAs. ß-Santalol was investigated for its antiviral activity against influenza A/HK (H3N2) virus using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method. ß-Santalol exhibited anti-influenza A/HK (H3N2) virus activity of 86% with no cytotoxicity at the concentration of 100µg/ml reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Oseltamivir also showed moderate an ...201122192867
Effects of different adjuvants in the context of intramuscular and intranasal routes on humoral and cellular immune responses induced by detergent-split A/H3N2 influenza vaccines in mice.Influenza A/H3N2 viruses have caused the most severe epidemics since 1968 despite current immunization programs with inactivated vaccines. We undertook a side-by-side pre-clinical evaluation of different adjuvants (Alum, AS03 and Protollin) and routes of administration (intramuscular (i.m.) and intranasal (i.n.)) for assessing their effect on the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of inactivated split vaccines (A/H3N2/New York/55/2004). Humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against the h ...201122190392
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
diagnostic capacity of rapid influenza antigen test: reappraisal with experience from the 2009 h1n1 pandemic.background: the rapid influenza antigen test (riat) has been questioned because of its poor sensitivity. clinicians are confused as to what diagnostic help it may provide. riat was reappraised by other laboratory confirmatory tests for its diagnostic capacity. methods: records of riat, rt-pcr and virus culture, performed for upper respiratory tract samples during the period from july 2009 to january 2010, were reviewed. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (ppv) and negative p ...201122177367
infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells by influenza virus: differential susceptibility to infection by porcine and avian viruses.swine are important hosts for influenza a viruses playing a crucial role in the epidemiology and interspecies transmission of these viruses. respiratory epithelial cells are the primary target cells for influenza viruses.201122174804
mimotopes selected with neutralizing antibodies against multiple subtypes of influenza a.abstract: background: the mimotopes of viruses are considered as the good targets for vaccine design. we prepared mimotopes against multiple subtypes of influenza a and evaluate their immune responses in flu virus challenged balb/c mice. methods: the mimotopes of influenza a including pandemic h1n1, h3n2, h2n2 and h1n1 swine-origin influenza virus were screened by peptide phage display libraries, respectively. these mimotopes were engineered in one protein as multi- epitopes in escherichia coli ...201122171803
[Evolutionary changes in the NA and HA genes of H3N2 influenza virus in the Moscow Region during 2003-2009].During the winter 2009 outbreak in the Moscow Region, H3N2 influenza viruses were isolated from the nasopharyngeal washes of patients via their propagation in the human intestinal (Caco-2) and bronchial (Calu-3) epithelial cell cultures maintaining the proteolytic cleavage of HA0--> HA1+HA2 and multicycle virus replication. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of virus RNA indicated that the 2009 viruses differed from those isolated in 2003 in 14 and 21 amino acids of the neuraminidase (NA) and ...201122171471
Emergence and dissemination of a swine H3N2 reassortant with 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes in pigs in China.The 2009 pandemic influenza virus (pdm/09) has been frequently introduced to pigs and has reassorted with other swine viruses. Recently, H3N2 reassortants with pdm/09-like internal genes were isolated in Guangxi and Hong Kong. Genetic and epidemiological analyses suggest that these viruses have circulated in swine for some time. This is the first evidence that swine reassortant viruses with pdm/09-like genes may have become established in the field, altering the landscape of human and swine infl ...201122171260
Characterization of neutralizing antibodies in adults after intranasal vaccination with an inactivated influenza vaccine.The levels and properties of neutralizing antibodies in nasal wash and serum collected from five healthy adults were examined after intranasal administration of an A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2) split vaccine (45?µg hemagglutinin (HA) per dose; five doses, with an interval of 3 weeks between each dose). Prior to the assays, nasal wash samples were concentrated so that the total amount of antibodies was equivalent to about 1/10 of that found in the natural nasal mucus. Vaccination induced virus-specif ...201222170556
rohlin distance and the evolution of influenza a virus: weak attractors and precursors.the evolution of the hemagglutinin amino acids sequences of influenza a virus is studied by a method based on an informational metrics, originally introduced by rohlin for partitions in abstract probability spaces. this metrics does not require any previous functional or syntactic knowledge about the sequences and it is sensitive to the correlated variations in the characters disposition. its efficiency is improved by algorithmic tools, designed to enhance the detection of the novelty and to red ...201122162994
Local Innate Immune Responses and Influenza Virus Transmission and Virulence in Ferrets.Host innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, including influenza viruses. Ferrets are well recognized as the best model of influenza virus pathogenesis and transmission, but little is known about the innate immune response of ferrets after infection with this virus. The goal of this study was to investigate the contribution of localized host responses to influenza virus pathogenicity and transmissibility in this model by measuring the level of messenger RNA expre ...201122158704
discovery of potential m2 channel inhibitors based on the amantadine scaffold via virtual screening and pharmacophore modeling.the m2 channel protein on the influenza a virus membrane has become the main target of the anti-flu drugs amantadine and rimantadine. the structure of the m2 channel proteins of the h3n2 (pdb code 2rlf) and 2009-h1n1 (genbank accession number gq385383) viruses may help researchers to solve the drug-resistant problem of these two adamantane-based drugs and develop more powerful new drugs against influenza a virus. in the present study, we searched for new m2 channel inhibitors through a combinati ...201122158591
Polymerase activity of hybrid ribonucleoprotein complexes generated from reassortment between 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 influenza A viruses.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: A novel influenza virus (2009 pdmH1N1) was identified in early 2009 and progressed to a pandemic in mid-2009. This study compared the polymerase activity of recombinant viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes dervied from 2009 pdmH1N1 and the co-circulating seasonal H3N2, and their possible reassortants. RESULTS: The 2009 pdmH1N1 vRNP showed a lower level of polymerase activity at 33oC compared to 37oC, a property remenisence of avian viruses. The 2009 pdmH1N1 vRNP was f ...201122152041
impaired wound healing predisposes obese mice to severe influenza virus infection.(see the editorial commentary by beck, on pages 172-3, and the article by kim et al, on pages 244-51.) for the first time, obesity appeared as a risk factor for developing severe 2009 pandemic influenza infection. given the increase in obesity, there is a need to understand the mechanisms underlying poor outcomes in this population. in these studies, we examined the severity of pandemic influenza virus in obese mice and evaluated antiviral effectiveness. we found that genetically and diet-induce ...201222147799
[Comparative immunogenicity studies of cultural and peptide influenza vaccines].Comparative immunogenicity studies of experimental vaccines based onA/Aichi/2/68 neuraminidase peptide fragments (NA) and influenza virus A and B strains produced in MDCK cell culture.201122145349
discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses.seasonal epidemics caused by influenza virus are driven by antigenic changes (drift) in viral surface glycoproteins that allow evasion from preexisting humoral immunity. antigenic drift is a feature of not only the hemagglutinin (ha), but also of neuraminidase (na). we have evaluated the antigenic evolution of each protein in h1n1 and h3n2 viruses used in vaccine formulations during the last 15 y by analysis of ha and na inhibition titers and antigenic cartography. as previously shown for ha, ge ...201122143798
molecular epidemiology of influenza a/h3n2 viruses circulating in uganda.the increasing availability of complete influenza virus genomes is deepening our understanding of influenza evolutionary dynamics and facilitating the selection of vaccine strains. however, only one complete african influenza virus sequence is available in the public domain. here we present a complete genome analysis of 59 influenza a/h3n2 viruses isolated from humans in uganda during the 2008 and 2009 season. isolates were recovered from hospital-based sentinel surveillance for influenza-like i ...201122132146
use of a human influenza challenge model to assess person-to-person transmission: proof-of-concept study.background. influenza transmission in humans remains poorly understood. in particular, the relative contribution of contact, large droplet, and aerosol transmission is unknown. the aims of this proof-of-concept study were to determine whether an experimentally induced influenza infection is transmissible between humans and whether this would form a viable platform for future studies. methods. in a quarantine facility, healthy volunteers ("donors") were inoculated with a/wisconsin/67/2005 (h3n2) ...201222131338
A Novel Reassortant Canine H3N1 Influenza Virus between Pandemic H1N1 and Canine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Korea.During recent canine influenza surveillance in South Korea, a novel canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N1 which was a putative reassortant between pandemic H1N1 2009 and H3N2 canine influenza viruses was isolated. Genetic analysis for 8 genomes of the influenza virus revealed that novel H3N1 isolate presented high similarities (99.1-99.8%) with pandemic influenza H1N1 except for the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. The HA gene nucleotide sequences of the novel CIV H3N1 was similar (99%) to that of CIV H3N2 ...201122131311
Limited Human-to-Human Transmission of Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Virus - Iowa, November 2011.On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. None of the children were hospitalized, and each has recovered from a mild episode of febrile respiratory illness. All three were in contact with one another, and none had a known recent exposure to swine. No additional human infections with this virus have been detected in Iowa, and no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmis ...201122129996
comparative analyses of pandemic h1n1 and seasonal h1n1, h3n2, and influenza b infections depict distinct clinical pictures in ferrets.influenza a and b infections are a worldwide health concern to both humans and animals. high genetic evolution rates of the influenza virus allow the constant emergence of new strains and cause illness variation. since human influenza infections are often complicated by secondary factors such as age and underlying medical conditions, strain or subtype specific clinical features are difficult to assess. here we infected ferrets with 13 currently circulating influenza strains (including strains of ...201122110664
epitope peptides of influenza h3n2 virus neuraminidase gene designed by immunoinformatics.the virus surface protein neuraminidase (na) is a main subtype-specific antigen in influenza type a viruses. neuraminidase functions as an enzyme to break the bonds between hemagglutinin (ha) and sialic acid to release newly formed viruses from infected cells. in this study, na genes from the h3n2 subtype virus were sequenced and na proteins were screened for b-cell epitopes and assessed based on immunoinformatics. based on this information, three peptides es8, rr9, and wk7 (covering amino acid ...201122107789
synthesis and biological evaluation of sialic acid derivatives containing a long hydrophobic chain at the anomeric position and their c-5 linked polymers as potent influenza virus inhibitors.conversions of the c-5 acetamide group in sialic acid into two kinds of cc double bond substituents were accomplished under shotten-baumann conditions. the polymerizable glycomonomers also contain a hydrophobic chain or hydroxyl group at the anomeric position. radical polymerizations of the fully protected glycomonomers were carried out with acryl amide in the presence of ammonium persulfate (aps) and n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine (temed), followed by deprotection to furnish water-soluble ...201222100261
false positive pcr results linked to administration of seasonal influenza vaccine.false positive pcrs occur as a consequence of specimen to specimen or amplicon to specimen contamination within the laboratory. evidence of a novel contamination at time of specimen collection linked to influenza vaccine administration in the same location as influenza sampling is described. clinical, circumstantial and laboratory evidence was gathered for each of 5 cases of influenza like illness (ili) with unusual pcr patterns of positivity for seasonal h1n1, h3n2, h1n1 (2009), and influenza b ...201122096134
Absence of Influenza A(H1N1) During Seasonal and Pandemic Seasons in a Sentinel Nursing Home Surveillance Network in the Netherlands.To describe the epidemiological, virological, and institutional characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) in nursing homes (NHs).201122091963
adaptation of a duck influenza a virus in quail.quail are thought to serve as intermediate hosts of influenza a viruses between aquatic birds and terrestrial birds, such as chickens, due to their high susceptibility to aquatic-bird viruses, which then adapt to replicate efficiently in their new hosts. however, does replication of aquatic-bird influenza viruses in quail similarly result in their efficient replication in humans? using sialic acid-galactose linkage-specific lectins, we found both avian (sialic acid-α2-3-galactose [siaα2-3gal] li ...201122090115
rapid identification of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance mutations in seasonal influenza virus a(h1n1), a(h1n1)2009, and a(h3n2) subtypes by melting point analysis.the high mutation rate of influenza virus, combined with the increasing worldwide use of influenza virus-specific drugs, allows the selection of viruses that are resistant to the currently available antiviral medications. therefore, reliable tests for the rapid detection of drug-resistant influenza virus strains are required. we evaluated the use of a procedure involving real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by melting point analysis (mpa) of hybrids formed between the pcr product a ...201122089329
evolutionary analysis of human-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) genes associated with the codon usage patterns since 1993.this study investigated genetic variations in eight major genes (hemagglutinin, ha; neuraminidase, na; matrix protein, mp; non-structural protein, ns; nucleoprotein, np; polymerase, pa; pa basic protein 1, pb1; and pa basic protein 2, pb2) of the influenza a virus subtype h3n2 (a/h3n2) to determine the evolutionary pattern in codon bias. a total of 6,881 sequences isolated between 1993 and 2010 were used. the relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) and g+c% content at the three codon positions we ...201122086505
temporally structured metapopulation dynamics and persistence of influenza a h3n2 virus in humans.populations of seasonal influenza virus experience strong annual bottlenecks that pose a considerable extinction risk. it has been suggested that an influenza source population located in tropical southeast or east asia seeds annual temperate epidemics. here we investigate the seasonal dynamics and migration patterns of influenza a h3n2 virus by analysis of virus samples obtained from 2003 to 2006 from australia, europe, japan, new york, new zealand, southeast asia, and newly sequenced viruses f ...201122084096
Identification of H5N1-Specific T-Cell Responses in a High-risk Cohort in Vietnam Indicates the Existence of Potential Asymptomatic Infections.Background. Most reported human H5N1 viral infections have been severe and were detected after hospital admission. A case ascertainment bias may therefore exist, with mild cases or asymptomatic infections going undetected. We sought evidence of mild or asymptomatic H5N1 infection by examining H5N1-specific T-cell and antibody responses in a high-risk cohort in Vietnam. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested using interferon-? enzyme-linked immunospot T assays measuring the respo ...201222080094
Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010.Swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been recognized as important pathogens for pigs and occasional human infections with swine origin influenza viruses (SOIV) have been reported. Between1990 and 2010, a total of twenty seven human cases of SOIV infections have been identified in the United States. Six viruses isolated from1990 to 1995 were recognized as classical SOIV (cSOIV) A(H1N1). After 1998, twenty-one SOIV recovered from human cases were characterized as triple reassortant (tr_SOIV) inherit ...201222078166
subtyping influenza a virus with monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence assay.the recent association of certain influenza a virus subtypes with clinically relevant phenotypes has led to the increasing importance of subtyping by clinical virology laboratories. to provide clinical laboratories with a definitive immunofluorescence assay for the subtyping of influenza a virus isolates, we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the major circulating influenza a virus subtypes using multiple inactivated h1n1, h3n2, and 2009 h1n1 strains individually as immuno ...201122075584
Characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in Vietnam in 2009 and 2010.In the surveillance of avian influenza in Vietnam, 26 H9N2, 1 H3N2, 1 H3N8, 7 H4N6, 3 H11N3, and 1 H11N9 viruses were isolated from tracheal and cloacal swab samples of 300 domestic ducks in April 2009, and 1 H9N6 virus from 300 bird samples in March 2010. Out of the 27 H9 virus isolates, the hemagglutinins of 18 strains were genetically classified as belonging to the sublineage G1, and the other nine belonged to the Korean sublineage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the 27 H9 viruses ...201122068881
vaccination with ns1-truncated h3n2 swine influenza virus primes t cells and confers cross-protection against an h1n1 heterosubtypic challenge in pigs.the diversity of contemporary swine influenza virus (siv) strains impedes effective immunization of swine herds. mucosally delivered, attenuated virus vaccines are one approach with potential to provide broad cross-protection. reverse genetics-derived h3n2 siv virus with truncated ns1 (ns1δ126 tx98) is attenuated and immunogenic when delivered intranasally in young pigs. we analyzed t-cell priming and cross-protective efficacy in weanling piglets after intranasal inoculation with ns1δ126 tx98 ve ...201222067263
safety and immunogenicity of a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine in healthy korean children: a randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, phase iii study.we report results of a randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, phase iii study conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a new trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine (gc501) manufactured by the green cross corporation in korea. a total of 283 healthy children aged 6 months to < 18 yr were randomized to receive either gc501 or control. of the gc501 recipients, seroconversion occurred in 48.5% for a/h1n1, 67.7% for a/h3n2 and 52% for influenza b. the proportion of ...201122065897
Identification of novel virus inhibitors by influenza A virus specific reporter cell based screening.As influenza viruses have developed resistance towards current drugs, it is urgent to find potential novel antiviral inhibitors. Here we generated an influenza virus reporter cell line in which the luciferase gene was driven by the influenza virus promoter and screened a small compound library (NCI Diversity Set II). Ten compounds were identified to have inhibitory activity against influenza A virus H1N1. Among them, four compounds blocked influenza virus replication through inhibiting the activ ...201222057306
Boosting Heterosubtypic Neutralization Antibodies in Recipients of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Vaccine.Background. A mass vaccination has been implemented to prevent the spread of 2009 pandemic influenza virus in China. Highly limited information is available on whether this vaccine induces cross-reactive neutralization antibodies against other subtypes of influenza viruses. Methods. We employed pseudovirus-based assays to analyze heterosubtypic neutralization responses in serum samples of 23 recipients of 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine. Results. One dose of pandemic vaccine not only stimulated ...201222052887
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