Publications

[determination of 88 pesticide residues in tea using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].	a multi-residue method for the determination of 88 pesticides in tea using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms) was developed. the target compounds were extracted with acetonitrile by accelerated solvent extraction (ase), and the extracts were cleaned up by solid phase extraction (spe) with a carbon/nh2 cartridge and eluted with acetonitrile-toluene (3:1, v/v) before the identification and quantification of the residues by gc-ms/ms. performance characteristics, such as accuracy ...	2011	21847974
effect of mangrove black tea extract from ceriops decandra (griff.) on hematology and biochemical changes in dimethyl benz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.	effect of the black tea extracted from a mangrove plant species, ceriops decandra (griff.) was studied on dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (dmba)-induced changes in blood hematology and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants in male hamsters. hamsters were painted with 0.5% solution of dmba in liquid paraffin on the right buccal pouch three times in a week up to 14 weeks. each application treated with 0.4mg of dmba. the mangrove black tea extract (mbte) was administrated orally with 5mgkg(-1) twice a day a ...	2011	21843799
green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications.	an expanding body of preclinical evidence suggests egcg, the major catechin found in green tea (camellia sinensis), has the potential to impact a variety of human diseases. apparently, egcg functions as a powerful antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage in healthy cells, but also as an antiangiogenic and antitumor agent and as a modulator of tumor cell response to chemotherapy. much of the cancer chemopreventive properties of green tea are mediated by egcg that induces apoptosis and promotes ce ...	2011	21827739
improvement of mr cholangiopancreatography (mrcp) images after black tea consumption.	evaluation of the efficacy of black tea as the negative oral contrast agent in mrcp.	2011	21818525
a modified ms2 bacteriophage plaque reduction assay for the rapid screening of antiviral plant extracts.	traditional methods of screening plant extracts and purified components for antiviral activity require up to a week to perform, prompting the need to develop more rapid quantitative methods to measure the ability of plant based preparations to block viral replication. we describe an adaption of an ms2 plaque reduction assay for use in s. aureus.	2010	21808571
effects of the aqueous extract of white tea (camellia sinensis) in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model of rats.	white tea (wt) is very similar to green tea (gt) but it is exceptionally prepared only from the buds and young tea leaves of camelia sinensis plant while gt is prepared from the matured tea leaves. the present study was investigated to examine the effects of a 0.5% aqueous extract of wt in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model of rats. six-week-old male sprague-dawley rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals in each group namely: normal control (nc), diabetic control (dbc) and diabetic whi ...	2011	21802923
protective effect of kombucha tea against tertiary butyl hydroperoxide induced cytotoxicity and cell death in murine hepatocytes.	kombucha (kt), a fermented black tea (bt), is known to have many beneficial properties. in the present study, antioxidant property of kt has been investigated against tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (tbhp) induced cytotoxicity using murine hepatocytes. tbhp, a reactive oxygen species inducer, causes oxidative stress resulting in organ pathophysiology. exposure to tbhp caused a reduction in cell viability, increased membrane leakage and disturbed the intra-cellular antioxidant machineries in hepatoc ...	2011	21800502
determination of biogenic amines in infusions of tea (camellia sinensis) by hplc after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (fmoc-cl).	the reagent 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (fmoc-cl) was used for the pre-column derivatization of the biogenic amines (bas) cadaverine (cad), histamine (him), octopamine (ocp), phenylethylamine (pea), putrescine (put), spermidine (spd), spermine (spm), tyramine (tym) and the internal standard 1,6-diaminohexane (dhx). the resulting fmoc-derivatives were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on a superspher(©) c(18) column using a binary gradient generated from sodium acetate an ...	2012	21800261
in vitro human skin permeation and cutaneous metabolism of catechins from green tea extract and green tea extract-loaded chitosan microparticles.	catechins are major antioxidants in green tea (camellia sinensis or camellia assamica), but because they do not permeate the skin well, the application of green tea in cosmetic products has so far been limited. this study aims to evaluate the cutaneous absorption of catechins from an extract of green tea and from a green tea extract-loaded chitosan microparticle. the catechin skin metabolism was also examined. the results suggest that chitosan microparticles significantly improve the ability of ...	2011	21790662
tea triterpenoidal saponins from the roots of camellia sinensis have inhibitory effects against alcohol dehydrogenase.	ten new polyhydroxyolean-12-ene pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponins, named rogchaponins 1- 10, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots of camellia sinensis by a series of chromatographic methods (silica gel flash column and c18 mplc followed by c18 hplc). their structures were established by 1d and 2d-nmr techniques along with ir and hr-tof-ms. rogchaponins r4 ( 4) and r5 ( 5) showed inhibitory activities against yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) with ic (50) values of 16.1?±?3.2 ...	2011	21786220
modulation of hepatic cytochrome p450 activity and carcinogen bioactivation by black and decaffeinated black tea.	the principal objective of this study was to compare the ability of green, black and decaffeinated black tea to modulate hepatic expression of cytochromes p450 in the rat, and the consequences on the bioactivation of some food-borne carcinogens. furthermore, these studies allow inferences to be drawn as to the contribution of caffeine and flavanols in the tea-mediated changes in cytochrome p450 expression. black tea is prepared from fresh tea leaf following oxidation of flavanols by polyphenol o ...	1999	21781908
dynamic calibration approach for determining catechins and gallic acid in green tea using lc-esi/ms.	catechins and gallic acid are antioxidant constituents of camellia sinensis, or green tea. liquid chromatography with both ultraviolet (uv) absorbance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (esi/ms) detection was used to determine catechins and gallic acid in three green tea matrix materials that are commonly used as dietary supplements. the results from both detection modes were evaluated with 14 quantitation models, all of which were based on the analyte response relative to an interna ...	2011	21780803
synergistic anticancer activity of curcumin and catechin: an in vitro study using human cancer cell lines.	the most practical approach to reduce morbidity and mortality of cancer is to delay the process of carcinogenesis by usage of anticancer agents. this necessitates that safer compounds are to be critically examined for anticancer activity especially, those derived from natural sources. a spice commonly found in india and the surrounding regions, is turmeric, derived from the rhizome of curcuma longa and the major active component is a phytochemical termed curcumin. green tea is one of the most po ...	2011	21780253
inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) activity by polyphenols from tea (camellia sinensis) and links to processing method.	the focus of this study was to investigate angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) inhibiting activity across 34 teas (camellia sinensis) produced by 5 different processing methods including green (gt), oolong (ot), white (wt), black (bt) and dark (dt) teas. in vitro ace inhibitory activity was affected by the tea processing method with ic(50) values for ace inhibition: green < oolong < white < black < dark teas. substrate-dependence of the reaction kinetics was studied for gt and bt polyphenolic si ...	2011	21779569
tea polyphenols induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappab and akt activation in human cervical cancer cells.	phytochemicals present in tea, particularly polyphenols, have anticancer properties against several cancer types. however, studies elucidating the role and the mechanism(s) of action of tea polyphenols in cervical cancer are sparse. in this study, we investigated the mechanism of antiproliferative and apoptotic actions exerted by tea polyphenols on human papilloma virus-18-positive hela cervical cancer cells. treatment of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and black tea pol ...	2011	21776820
comparative healing property of kombucha tea and black tea against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice: possible mechanism of action.	the healing activity of black tea (bt) and bt fermented with candida parapsilosis and kombucha culture, designated as ct and kt respectively against the indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration has been studied in a mouse model. the kt sample (kt4) produced by fermenting bt for four days, showed the best dpph radical scavenging capacity and phenolics contents. hence the ulcer-healing activity of kt4 was compared with those of ct4 and bt. all the tea extracts (15 mg kg(-1)) could effectively heal ...	2010	21776478
oxidative cascade reactions yielding polyhydroxy-theaflavins and theacitrins in the formation of black tea thearubigins: evidence by tandem lc-ms.	lc-ms(n) and direct infusion-ms(n) have been applied for the first time to the characterisation of crude thearubigins isolated from black tea. the data generated have been used to test two hypotheses of thearubigin structure: (i) that a significant fraction of the thearubigins consist of polyhydroxylated derivatives of the better-known catechin dimers (theaflavins, theaflavin mono- and di-gallates, theacitrins) in redox equilibrium with their associated quinones; and (ii) that a significant frac ...	2010	21776470
protective role of black tea extract against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced skeletal dysfunction.	aim. this paper aimed to examine the chemoprotective actions of aqueous black tea extract (bte) against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis- (nash-) induced skeletal changes in rats. material. wistar rats (body wt. 155-175?g) of both sexes, aged 4-5 months, were randomly assigned to 3 groups; group a (control), group b (60% high-fat diet; hfd), and group c (hfd + 2.5% bte). methods. several urinary (calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and calcium-to-creatinine ratio) serum (alkaline phosphatase and serum t ...	2011	21772972
a subacute toxicity evaluation of green tea (camellia sinensis) extract in mice.	green tea is believed to be beneficial to health because it possesses antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer properties. the potential toxicity of green tea when administered at high doses via concentrated extracts, however, has not been completely investigated. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety of green tea extract in icr mice using a subacute exposure paradigm. in this study, mice were orally administered (gavage) green tea extract at doses of 0 (as normal group), 62 ...	2011	21771628
molecular evidence for maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome in tea, camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze.	tea is the most consumed beverage worldwide after water. yet very little is known about the genetics of tea in comparison with other crop species. here we have taken advantage of the polymorphic nature of microsatellite dna to investigate the mode of chloroplast inheritance in tea, camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze. this is important for the correct interpretation of phylogeny and introgression data as well as assessing the suitability of chloroplast transformation as a means for transgene contai ...	2011	21769876
responses to winter dormancy, temperature, and plant hormones share gene networks.	gene networks modulated in winter dormancy (wd) in relation to temperature and hormone responses were analyzed in tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze]. analysis of subtracted cdna libraries prepared using the rna isolated from the apical bud and the associated two leaves (two and a bud, tab) of actively growing (ag) and winter dormant plant showed the downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle/cell division and upregulation of stress-inducible genes including those encoding chaperons durin ...	2011	21755357
anti-uv activity of lentinus edodes mycelia extract (lem).	using our recently established simple method for evaluating protective activity from ultraviolet ray injury (referred to as 'anti-uv activity'), the effectiveness of various antioxidants and plant extracts was investigated.	2011	21753126
fractionation and speciation of arsenic in three tea gardens soil profiles and distribution of as in different parts of tea plant (camellia sinensis l.).	the distribution pattern and fractionation of arsenic (as) in three soil profiles from tea (camellia sinensis l.) gardens located in karbi-anglong (ka), cachar (ca) and karimganj (kg) districts in the state of assam, india, were investigated depth-wise (0-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-100 cm). dtpa-extractable as was primarily restricted to surface horizons. arsenic speciation study showed the presence of higher as(v) concentrations in the upper horizon and its gradual decrease with the increase in so ...	2011	21752421
characterization of novel small rnas from tea (camellia sinensis l.).	small rnas play important roles in plant development, metabolism, signal transduction and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses by affecting gene expression. tea (camellia sinensis l.) is an important commercial crop in the world. to understand the regulatory mechanisms involving small rnas in tea metabolism, we constructed a small rna (srna) library from its tea drink manufacturing tissue part i.e. topmost two leaves and a bud. for the first time, we isolated and cloned six novel small rnas ...	2012	21744261
selective coprecipitation of polyphenols in bioactive/inorganic complexes.	we investigate the formation of bioactive/inorganic coprecipitates of polyphenols catechins with calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. extracted from the leaves of camellia sinensis, green tea catechins are efficient free radical scavengers, but their purported benefits from the perspective of prevention, health, and nutritional physiology are accompanied by unpleasant organoleptic characteristics: they are notoriously bitter. selective complexation of polyphenols with metal salts is a possib ...	2011	21736351
optimum conditions for the water extraction of l-theanine from green tea.	theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid found in tea (camellia sinensis). it contributes to the favourable umami taste of tea and is linked to various beneficial effects in humans. there is an increasing interest in theanine as an important component of tea, as an ingredient for novel functional foods and as a dietary supplement. therefore, optimal conditions for extracting theanine from tea are required for the accurate quantification of theanine in tea and as an efficient first step for it ...	2011	21735551
l-theanine: properties, synthesis and isolation from tea.	theanine is a non-protein amino acid that occurs naturally in the tea plant (camellia sinensis) and contributes to the favourable taste of tea. it is also associated with effects such as the enhancement of relaxation and the improvement of concentration and learning ability. it is also linked with health benefits including the prevention of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease, the promotion of weight loss and enhanced performance of the immune system. thus, there has been a significant ri ...	2011	21735448
green tea polyphenols in drug discovery - a success or failure?	green tea is made from unfermented dried leaves from camellia sinensis and has been consumed by humans for thousands of years. for nearly as long, it has been used as a folk remedy for a wide array of diseases. more recently, a large number of in-vitro and in-vivo scientific studies have supported this ancient contention that the polyphenols from green tea can provide a number of health benefits. since these compounds are clearly safe for human consumption and ubiquitous in the food supply, they ...	2011	21731575
alpha-tubulin (cstua) up-regulated during winter dormancy is a low temperature inducible gene in tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze].	the present manuscript describes cloning and expression characterization of alpha-tubulin (cstua) gene in an evergreen tree tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] in response to winter dormancy (wd), abiotic stresses (sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide) and plant growth regulators [abscisic acid (aba), gibberellic acid (ga(3)), indole-3-butyric acid (iba), and 6-benzylaminopurine (ba)]. cstua encoded a putative protein of 449 amino acids with a calculated molecular weigh ...	2012	21725638
antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against streptococcus mutans.	there are over 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the human oral cavity, but only a small fraction of those are attributed to causing plaque-related diseases such as caries. streptococcus mutans is accepted as the main cariogenic agent and there is substantial knowledge regarding the specific virulence factors that render the organism a pathogen. there has been rising interest in alternative, target-specific treatment options as opposed to nonspecific mechanical plaque removal or application o ...	2011	21720161
diversity analysis of diazotrophic bacteria associated with the roots of tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze).	the diversity elucidation by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis and 16s rdna sequencing of 96 associative diazotrophs, isolated from the feeder roots of tea on enriched nitrogen-free semisolid media, revealed the predominance of gram-positive over gram-negative bacteria within the kangra valley in himachal pradesh, india. the gram-positive bacteria observed belong to two taxonomic groupings; firmicutes, including the genera bacillus and paenibacillus; and actinobacteria, represented by ...	2011	21715960
polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of raphanus sativus l.	raphanus sativus, a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological properties. antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of r. sativus root extracted with solvents of varying polarity were evaluated using different model systems. polyphenolic content was estimated to be in the range 13.18-63.54ôçëmgôçëg(-1) dry weight, with a considerable amount being obtained with polar solvents. high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of ...	2011	21714734
genotoxic effects of green tea extract on human laryngeal carcinoma cells in vitro.	green tea (camellia sinensis) contains several bioactive compounds which protect the cell and prevent tumour development. phytochemicals in green tea extract (mostly flavonoids) scavenge free radicals, but also induce pro-oxidative reactions in the cell. in this study, we evaluated the potential cytotoxic and prooxidative effects of green tea extract and its two main flavonoid constituents epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and epicatechin gallate (ecg) on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (hep2) ...	2011	21705301
plant polyphenols attenuate hepatic injury after hemorrhage/resuscitation by inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation via nf-kappab in rats.	purpose: oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to hepatic injury after hemorrhage/resuscitation (h/r). natural plant polyphenols, i.e., green tea extract (gte) possess high anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in various models of acute inflammation. however, possible protective effects and feasible mechanisms by which plant polyphenols modulate pro-inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidant signaling after h/r in the liver remain unknown. therefore, we investigated the effects of gte ...	2011	21698494
effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility.	the aim of this study was to investigate whether milk reduces the bioaccessibility of tea catechins, which would compromise tea beneficial effects ascribed to polyphenols. adding milk to black tea has been shown to lead to polyphenol-protein complexes. so far, data on the intestinal stability of polyphenol-protein complexes are scarce. english black tea (0.93 -¦ 0.06 mol/l total catechins) and indian black tea (1.83 -¦ 0.08 mol/l catechins) were prepared with skimmed or full-fat milk and subject ...	2011	21692489
changes of constituents and activity to apoptosis and cell cycle during fermentation of tea.	tea is believed to be beneficial for health, and the effects of the fermentation process on its contributions to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of gastric cancer cells have not been completely investigated. in this study, the chemical components in green tea, black tea and pu-erh tea aqueous extracts were analyzed and compared. the polysaccharide and caffeine levels were substantially higher in the fermented black tea and pu-erh tea, while the polyphenol level was higher in the unfermented gree ...	2011	21673927
phylogenetic relationships of theaceae inferred from chloroplast dna sequence data.	tribal and generic relationships within theaceae were investigated using cladistic analyses of chloroplast-encoded rbcl and matk + flanking intergenic spacer region data. molecular data were employed because recent morphological and anatomical studies of tea (camellia sinensis) and related plant species provide conflicting support for tribal and generic relationships within the family. parsimony analyses of separate and combined data consistently identify three strongly supported lineages: theea ...	2001	21669662
green tea and black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies.	observational studies on tea consumption and prostate cancer (pca) risk are still inconsistent. the authors conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between green tea and black tea consumption with pca risk. thirteen studies providing data on green tea or black tea consumption were identified by searching pubmed and isi web of science databases and secondary referencing qualified for inclusion. a random-effects model was used to calculate the summary odds ratios (or) and their co ...	2011	21667398
identification and cross-species transferability of 112 novel unigene-derived microsatellite markers in tea (camellia sinensis).	tea unigene-derived microsatellite (tugms) markers were identified from the publicly available est data in camellia sinensis for characterization and future genome mapping studies in tea.	2011	21653500
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits pancreatic lipase and reduces body weight gain in high fat-fed obese mice.	tea (camellia sinensis, theaceae) has been shown to have obesity preventive effects in laboratory studies. we hypothesized that dietary epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) could reverse metabolic syndrome in high fat-fed obese c57bl/6j mice, and that these effects were related to inhibition of pancreatic lipase (pl). following treatment with 0.32% egcg for 6 weeks, a 44% decrease in body weight (bw) gain in high fat-fed, obese mice (p < 0.01) was observed compared to controls. egcg treatment incre ...	2011	21633405
coffee and tea consumption in relation to inflammation and basal glucose metabolism in a multi-ethnic asian population: a cross-sectional study.	abstract: background: higher coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in cohort studies, but the physiological pathways through which coffee affects glucose metabolism are not fully understood. the aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between habitual coffee and tea consumption and glucose metabolism in a multi-ethnic asian population and possible mediation by inflammation. methods we cross-sectionally examined the association between coffee, gree ...	2011	21631956
search for antidiabetic constituents of medicinal food.	many foods are known to have not only nutritive and taste values but also medicinal effects. in chinese traditional medicine, the treatment using medicinal foods has been recommended highly. recently, we examined the effects of the extract and constituents of several medicinal foods on experimental models of diabetes. in this paper, we focus on the bioactive constituents of four medicinal foods, namely the antidiabetic constituents from 1) the roots, stems and leaves of salacia plants, 2) the ma ...	2011	21628977
polyphenol composition of a functional fermented tea obtained by tea-rolling processing of green tea and loquat leaves.	phenolic constituents of a new functional fermented tea produced by tea-rolling processing of a mixture (9:1) of tea leaves and loquat leaves were examined in detail. the similarity of the phenolic composition to that of black tea was indicated by high-performance liquid chromatography comparison with other tea products. twenty-five compounds, including three new catechin oxidation products, were isolated, and the structures of the new compounds were determined to be (2r)-2-hydroxy-3-(2,4,6-trih ...	2011	21627083
identification and characterization of 74 novel polymorphic est-ssr markers in the tea plant, camellia sinensis (theaceae).		2010	21616837
a randomised crossover trial to compare the potential of stannous fluoride and essential oil mouth rinses to induce tooth and tongue staining.	this study compared the staining potential of two experimental amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouth rinses (a and b), a phenolic/essential oil rinse (c) and a negative control, water, rinse (d). the study was a single centre, randomized, single-blind, four treatment crossover study design among healthy participants. prior to each study period, participants received a dental prophylaxis. on the monday of each period, subjects suspended oral hygiene, and under supervision, rinsed with the alloca ...	2012	21614461
green and black tea in relation to gynecologic cancers.	scope: observational studies have evaluated the relationship between green tea intake and cancers of the ovary and endometrium, but we are not aware of the published studies on green tea intake and risk of human papillomavirus (hpv)-related cancers of the cervix, vagina, or vulva. methods and results: a critical review of the published literature on tea intake and risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers was conducted. in meta-analyses, we report inverse associations for green tea intake and risk ...	2011	21595018
green tea extract ameliorates reperfusion injury to rat livers after warm ischemia in a dose-dependent manner.	scope: polyphenolic constituents of green tea (camellia sinensis) have been shown to be potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ros). thus, this study was designed to assess its effects after liver ischemia-reperfusion. methods and results: fasted sprague-dawley rats were gavaged with different concentrations of green tea extract (gte) 2 h before 90 min of warm ischemia of the left lateral liver lobe (30% of liver). controls were given the same volume of ringer's solution. a preparation of ...	2011	21595017
skeletal fluorosis from brewed tea.	high fluoride ion (f(-)) levels are found in many surface and well waters. drinking f(-)-contaminated water typically explains endemic skeletal fluorosis (sf). in some regions of asia, however, poor quality "brick tea" also causes this disorder. the plant source of brick, black, green, orange pekoe, and oolong tea, camellia sinensis, can contain substantial amounts of f(-). exposure to 20 mg f(-) per day for 20 yr of adult life is expected to cause symptomatic sf. high f(-) levels stimulate oste ...	2011	21593111
effect of black tea on enteral feeding tolerance in icu patients.	tea consumption has been known mostly as a well-drink after water in the world. tea drink can affect balance of fluids and renal function. in addition, it can cause loss of many viruses in the stomach and can increase or decrease gastrointestinal movements. this research was done to determine the effect of tea on increasing enteral feeding tolerance in icu patients in alzahra hospital.	2010	21589775
a novel method for quantitative determination of tea polysaccharide by resonance light scattering.	a new method for the determination of tea polysaccharide (tps) in green tea (camellia sinensis) leaves has been developed. the method was based on the enhancement of resonance light scattering (rls) of tps in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc)-naoh system. under the optimum conditions, the rls intensity of cpc was greatly enhanced by adding tps. the maximum peak of the enhanced rls spectra was located at 484.02 nm. the enhanced rls intensity was proportional to the concentration of t ...	2011	21571584
development of microsatellite and amplicon length polymorphism markers for camellia japonica l. from tea plant (camellia sinensis) expressed sequence tags.	simple sequence repeats and amplicon length polymorphism markers for camellia japonica were developed, based on camellia sinensis sequences in the national center for biotechnology information database. in total, 2495 gene sequences were used to design 216 primer pairs. to identify amplicon length polymorphism markers, 61 gene loci in 16 camellia individuals were re-sequenced. in total, 10 markers (three expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats and seven amplicon length polymorphisms) yie ...	2009	21564753
producing low-caffeine tea through post-transcriptional silencing of caffeine synthase mrna.	in this study, attempt has been made to produce a selected cultivar of tea with low-caffeine content using rnai technology. the caffeine biosynthetic pathway in tea has been proposed to involve three n-methyltransferases such as xanthosine methyltransferase, 7-n-methylxanthine methyltransferase and 3, 7-dimethylxanthine methyltransferase. last two steps of caffeine biosynthesis in tea have been known to be catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme known as caffeine synthase. to suppress the caffeine sy ...	2011	21562910
black tea and theaflavins suppress various inflammatory modulators and i-nos mediated nitric oxide synthesis during gastric ulcer healing.	abstract the modulation of the cyclooxygenase-independent pathway by black tea (bt) and its constituent theaflavins (tfs) during their healing action against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration in mice was investigated. on the 3(rd) day of its administration, indomethacin (18 mg/kg) induced maximum stomach ulceration, which was associated with increased myeloperoxidase (mpo) activity (93.3%, p < 0.001), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression (1.6-fold, p < 0.001), along with a ...	2011	21545263
tea in chemoprevention of cancer.	this review summarizes available information on epidemiological and experimental data showing an association of tea consumption with cancer prevention. studies showing cancer risk associated with tea consumption are also summarized. tea is grown in about 30 countries and, next to water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. experimental studies demonstrating the chemopreventive effects of tea have been conducted principally with green tea; limited studies have also assessed the usef ...	1996	21544351
the inhibitory effect of camellia sinensis extracts against the neuromuscular blockade of crotalus durissus terrificus venom.	in geographically isolated populations where intensive medical care or serum therapy is not easily accessible snake envenomation is a major cause for concern. the aim of the present study was to test camellia sinensis extracts, theaflavin and epigallocatechin (two of the main c. sinensis components) against the irreversible neuromuscular blockade induced by crotalus durissus terrificus venom in mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm preparations. a quantitative histological study was also performed. the ...	2010	21544176
modulating effects of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas on the development of esophageal papillomas in rats.	widespread consumption of herbal teas has stimulated interest in their role as cancer preventive agents. the present investigation monitored the modulation of methylbenzylnitrosamine (mbn)-induced esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis by rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (cyclopia intermedia) herbal and camellia sinensis teas in male f344 rats. the tumor multiplicity was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by unfermented honeybush (45.5%), green (50%), and black (36%) teas, while the ...	2011	21541901
mechanistic issues concerning cancer prevention by tea catechins.	the cancer preventive activities of tea (camellia sinensis, theaceae) have been demonstrated in animal models for cancers at different organ sites and suggested by some epidemiological studies. many mechanisms for cancer prevention have been proposed based on studies in cell lines, which demonstrated the modulation of signal transduction and metabolic pathways by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), the most abundant and active polyphenol in green tea. these molecular events may result in cell ...	2011	21538856
chemopreventive effects of tea in prostate cancer: green tea versus black tea.	the polyphenol compositions of green tea (gt) and black tea (bt) are very different due to post-harvest processing. gt contains higher concentrations of monomeric polyphenols, which affect numerous intracellular signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer (cap) development. bt polymers, on the other hand, are poorly absorbed and are converted to phenolic acids by the colonic microflora. therefore, after consumption of gt, higher concentrations of polyphenols are found in the circulation, wher ...	2011	21538852
the role of antioxidant versus pro-oxidant effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer prevention.	consumption of green tea (camellia sinensis) may provide protection against chronic diseases, including cancer. green tea polyphenols are believed to be responsible for this cancer preventive effect, and the antioxidant activity of the green tea polyphenols has been implicated as a potential mechanism. this hypothesis has been difficult to study in vivo due to metabolism of these compounds and poor understanding of the redox environment in vivo. green tea polyphenols can be direct antioxidants b ...	2011	21538850
structural characterization and antioxidant activities of 2 water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from tea (camellia sinensis) flower.	the water-soluble crude polysaccharide tea flower polysaccharide (tfp), obtained from tea (camellia sinensis) flower by boiling-water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by sephadex g-100 column chromatography, giving 2 polysaccharide fractions termed tfp-1 and tfp-2. the structural features of tfp-1 and tfp-2 were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), gel-permeation chromatography (gpc), rheometer, infrared (ir) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (nm ...	2011	21535815
effect of girdling at various positions of 'huang zhi xiang' tea tree (camellia sinensis) on the contents of catechins and starch in fresh leaf.	the contents of starch and catechins in the fresh leaf of 'huang zhi xiang' oolong tea trees girdled at the bottom, middle (on the big branches) and top (on the small branches) were determined. the study demonstrated that the starch contents from girdled trees were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that from non-girdled ones. furthermore, the contents of (-)-epicatechin (ec), (-)-epigallocatechin (egc), total catechins (tc) and simple catechins (sc) from girdled trees were significantly higher ...	2011	21523413
a novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach for the rapid determination of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of sample.	many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are carcinogenic, and some have been reported to be present in tea. people can be exposed to pahs through tea consumption. therefore, there is real importance for the determination of pahs in tea. because of the complex matrix of tea, it is hard to detect pahs in tea without cleanup and chromatographic separation procedures. in this research, for the first time, a novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach coupling nonlinear variable-angle ...	2011	21520950
inhibition of citral degradation by oil-in-water nanoemulsions combined with antioxidants.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions combined with six different natural antioxidants on the stability of citral. acidic emulsions (lecithin-stabilized palm kernel lipid in ph 3 buffer) containing 1000 ppm citral and 1000 ppm antioxidants (black tea extract, ascorbic acid, naringenin, tangeretin, β-carotene, and tanshinone) were stored at 25 and 50 °c, respectively. the emulsions with and without antioxidants were analyzed by solid phase ...	2011	21517071
the inhibition of the mammalian dna methyltransferase 3a (dnmt3a) by dietary black tea and coffee polyphenols.	abstract:	2011	21510884
identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (aspalathus linearis) by hplc-esi-ms (tof/it).	rooibos (aspalathus linearis) is a rich source of polyphenols and used to make a mild-tasting tea containing no caffeine, is low in tannins compared to green or black teas, and has antioxidant and antimutagenic/antitumoral properties. in vivo results show that rooibos has beneficial effects upon the lipid profile by decreasing serum triglycerides and cholesterol. in this sense, we have developed a simple and rapid method to separate and characterize simultaneously the polyphenolic compounds in a ...	2011	21509483
iron(iii) reducing and antiradical activities of three sideritis from turkey.	context: sideritis species (lamiaceae) are widely used as herbal tea and have been used in folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, digestive, and antimicrobial activities in turkey. sideritis dichotoma huter., sideritis erythrantha boiss. var. cedrotorum, and sideritis vuralii h. duman et başer are available as commercial products in turkey. objective: the antiradical activities of the various solvent extracts of sideritis species are investigated here for the first time. mate ...	2011	21500963
constituents of the green tea seeds of camellia sinensis.	green tea (camellia sinensis) leaves are known to contain active ingredients such as catechins and caffeine, and are widely useful materials. recently, green tea flowers also have been in the spotlight. however, little attention has been paid to the tea seeds. in this work, the constituents of green tea seeds and green tea leaves were compared. caffeine was found in the seeds, whereas catechins (usually obtained from green tea leaves) were not observed. next, we investigated the constituents of ...	2011	21485277
identification of differentially expressed genes in dormant (banjhi) bud of tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) using subtractive hybridization approach.	growth regulation associated with dormancy is an essential element in plant's life cycle that leads to changes in expression of large number of genes. forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) libraries were developed to identify and characterize the genes associated with bud (banjhi) dormancy in tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze). efficiency of subtraction was confirmed by comparing the abundance of β-actin gene. a total of 17 and 45 unique sequences were obtained from ...	2011	21481598
anthocyanins from new red leaf tea 'sunrouge'.	new red leaf tea cultivar 'sunrouge' (camellia taliensis × camellia sinensis), for which an application for registration was made in 2009, is an anthocyanin-rich tea. the anthocyanin content of 'sunrouge' was the highest among 4 tea cultivars, and was 8.4 times higher than that of 'yabukita'. we purified and isolated 6 anthocyanins from 'sunrouge' by chromatography, and identified them by lc/ms/ms and nmr analysis. as a result, the four anthocyanins were identified as delphinidin-3-o-β-d-(6-(e)- ...	2011	21480597
neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction.	theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) characteristically present in tea leaves (camellia sinensis). it has a similar chemical structure to glutamate, which is a neurotransmitter related to memory. theanine passes through the blood-brain barrier and has been shown to have a cerebroprotective effect and a preventive effect on neuronal cell death after transient cerebral ischemia. the neuroprotective effect is partly due to the antagonistic action of theanine on glutamate receptor subtype ampa and kainat ...	2011	21477654
theaflavins extracted from black tea inhibit airway mucous hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in rats.	theaflavins isolated from black tea have been used in studies on the prevention of tumor growth. the aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with theaflavins influences the mucus hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in the lungs of experimental rats. firstly, cigarette smoke was aerosolized using a machine designed for inhalation by rats. the rats were divided into the negative control group, the cigarette smoke inhalation group, the theaflavins (tfs) treatment group, and the ...	2011	21475988
the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potentials of tea polyphenols.	tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world reported to have multiple health benefits. preventive and therapeutic benefits of tea polyphenols include enhanced general well being and anti-neoplastic effects. the pharmacologic action of tea is often attributed to various catechins present therein. experiments conducted in cancer cell lines and animal models demonstrate that tea polyphenols protect against cellular damage caused by oxidative stress and altered immunity. tea polyphenols mo ...	2012	21466438
targeting the wingless signaling pathway with natural compounds as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents.	the aberrant activation of the wingless (wnt) signaling pathway is a key element involved in carcinogenesis as wnt regulates a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and cell motility. upon wnt receptor activation, the canonical "wnt/beta-catenin" as well as the non canonical "wnt/planar cell polarity, wnt/ca²⁺" pathways are activated. this offers multiple possibilities to target the aberrant regulation of this signaling pathway in order to co ...	2012	21466435
detection of total phenol in green and black teas by flow injection system and unmodified screen printed electrode.	a flow injection system using an unmodified gold screen-printed electrode was employed for total phenol determination in black and green teas. in order to avoid passivation of the electrode surface due to the redox reaction, preoxidation of the sample was realized by hexacyanoferrate(iii) followed by addition of an edta solution. the complex formed in the presence of edta minimizes or avoids polymerization of the oxidized phenols. the previously filtered tea sample and hexacyanoferrate(iii) reag ...	2010	21461407
intake of japanese and chinese teas reduces risk of parkinson's disease.	studies that have addressed the association between the intake of coffee or caffeine and parkinson's disease (pd) were conducted mainly in western countries. little is known about this relationship in an asian population. therefore, we performed an assessment of the association of the intake of coffee, other caffeine-containing beverages, and caffeine with the risk of pd in japan. the study involved 249 pd cases and 368 control subjects. information on dietary factors was obtained through a self ...	2011	21458354
review of liver injury associated with dietary supplements.	dietary supplements (ds) are easily available and increasingly used, and adverse hepatic reactions have been reported following their intake. to critically review the literature on liver injury because of dss, delineating patterns and mechanisms of injury and to increase the awareness towards this cause of acute and chronic liver damage. studies and case reports on liver injury specifically because of dss published between 1990 and 2010 were searched in the pubmed and embase data bases using the ...	2011	21457433
characterization of tea cultivated at four different altitudes using 1h nmr analysis coupled with multivariate statistics.	the taste of black tea differs according to the different areas in which the tea is grown, even for the same species of tea. a combination of (1)h nmr spectroscopy and partial least-squares discriminate analysis (pls-da) was used to assess the quality differences of tea leaves from four cultivation areas with different elevations, ran > 1800 m, uda = 1200 m, meda = 600 m, and yata < 300 m, in sri lanka. as a result of a statistical analysis, pls-da showed a separation between high- and low-quali ...	2011	21456619
black tea prevents high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.	the chemoprotective actions of aqueous black tea extract (bte) against high-fat diet (hfd) (60%)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (nash) were examined in wistar rats of both sexes. the results indicated that the hfd rats had higher concentrations of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and bilirubin than the corresponding control rats. the enzymes serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransfera ...	2011	21452373
black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial.	there is a belief that caffeinated drinks, such as tea, may adversely affect hydration. this was investigated in a randomised controlled trial. healthy resting males (n 21) were recruited from the general population. following 24 h of abstention from caffeine, alcohol and vigorous physical activity, including a 10 h overnight fast, all men underwent four separate test days in a counter-balanced order with a 5 d washout in between. the test beverages, provided at regular intervals, were 4 × 240 m ...	2011	21450118
[using green and black tea extracts to prevent toxic effects of acetone].	the authors demonstrated use of water-alcohol extracts of green and black tea for possible prevention of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism disorders in rats liver due to acetone intoxication. polyphenols obtained from tea and injected into the animals before acetone intoxication resulted in preserved serum glucose level, phospholipid and neutral lipid contents, lower levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerines, saturated fatty acids in liver.	2010	21446066
inhibition and disaggregation of α-synuclein oligomers by natural polyphenolic compounds.	aggregation of alpha-synuclein (αs) into oligomers is critically involved in the pathogenesis of parkinson's disease (pd). using confocal single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we have studied the effects of 14 naturally-occurring polyphenolic compounds and black tea extract on αs oligomer formation. we found that a selected group of polyphenols exhibited potent dose-dependent inhibitory activity on αs aggregation. moreover, they were also capable of robustly disaggregating pre-formed αs oli ...	2011	21443877
the impact of packaging materials on the antioxidant phytochemical stability of aqueous infusions of green tea (camellia sinensis) and yaupon holly (ilex vomitoria) during cold storage.	ready to drink (rtd) teas are a growing segment in the beverage category, brought about by improvements in the flavor of these products and healthy market trends driven by consumers. the presented results evaluated the antioxidant phytochemical stability of rtd teas from aqueous infusions of traditional green tea (camellia sinensis) and a botanical tea from yaupon holly (ilex vomitoria) as influenced by packaging materials during cold storage. two common packaging materials for rtd products are ...	2011	21434687
prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer by tea, a review.	biomedical research has uncovered the mechanisms whereby tea promotes good health and lowers the risk of major chronic diseases, such as heart disease and many types of cancer. the active components in tea are polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate in green tea, theaflavins and thearubigins in black tea. green and black tea and the polyphenols have similar beneficial effects. the mechanisms are categorized into 5 groups. 1) tea polyphenols are powerful antioxidants. they decrease the oxidation of ...	2003	21432397
effect of black tea aqueous non-dialysate onhelicobacter pylori infection in mongolian gerbils.	recently, the appearance ofhelicobacter pylori (h. pylori) resistant to antibiotics has been reported. the development of an antibiotic therapy which would not induce resistant strains ofh. pylori is anticipated. in the present study, the antibiotic effect of black tea aqueous non-dialysate (btnd), the fraction different from tea catechins, onh. pylori was investigated using mongolian gerbils infected withh. pylori.	2004	21432329
[adsorption kinetic study of the interaction between human salivary alpha-amylase and the polyphenoles from the black/green tea].	to explore the driving force of the oral astringency produced by the interaction of theaflavin (tf) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) to human salivary a-amylase(hsa).	2011	21427890
tea and cancer prevention: epidemiological studies.	experimental studies have consistently shown the inhibitory activities of tea extracts on tumorigenesis in multiple model systems. epidemiological studies, however, have produced inconclusive results in humans. a comprehensive review was conducted to assess the current knowledge on tea consumption and risk of cancers in humans. in general, consumption of black tea was not associated with lower risk of cancer. high intake of green tea was consistently associated with reduced risk of upper gastroi ...	2011	21419224
molecular binding of black tea theaflavins to biological membranes: relationship to bioactivities.	molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the interactions of three theaflavin compounds with lipid bilayers. experimental studies have linked theaflavins to beneficial health effects, some of which are related to interactions with the cell membrane. the molecular interaction of theaflavins with membranes was explored by simulating the interactions of three theaflavin molecules (theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate) with a mixed bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl- ...	2011	21417313
green tea drinking is inversely associated with urinary incontinence in middle-aged and older women.	to investigate the association between green tea consumption and urinary incontinence among middle-aged and older women.	2011	21404319
cancer prevention by tea: evidence from laboratory studies.	the cancer preventive activities of tea (camellia sinensis theaceae) have been studied extensively. inhibition of tumorigenesis by green tea extracts and tea polyphenols has been demonstrated in different animal models, including those for cancers of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, bladder, liver, pancreas, prostate, and mammary glands. many studies in cell lines have demonstrated the modulation of signal transduction and metabolic pathways by (-)-epigall ...	2011	21397027
oral hypoglycaemic, antihyperglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of sri lankan broken orange pekoe fannings (bopf) grade black tea (camellia sinensis l.) in rats.	ethnopharmcological relevance: sri lankan traditional practitioners recommend the consumption of black tea infusion (bti) made from camellia sinensis l. plant for regulation of glycaemia. however, they do not specify the grade of tea and their origin (i.e., agroclimatic elevation) and as such many prediabetics and milddiabetics use bopf grade tea.	2011	21397000
determination and comparison of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) content in pu-erh and other types of chinese tea.	two previous studies have reported that pu-erh tea contains a high level of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and has several physiological functions. however, two other researchers have demonstrated that the gaba content of several pu-erh teas was low. due to the high value and health benefits of gaba, analysis of mass-produced pu-erh tea is necessary to determine whether it is actually enriched with gaba. a high-performance ...	2011	21395338
aluminium and nutrients induce changes in the profiles of phenolic substances in tea plants (camellia sinensis cv ttes, no. 12 (tte)).	tea plants are always cultivated in acid soils in hilly regions and their growth can be dependent on to soluble aluminium (al). the mechanism of al detoxification and the influence of al on phenolic compounds (i.e. catechin) in the roots of tea plants has remained obscure. this study aimed to investigate the influence of al changes on the concentrations of phenolic substances in tea plants through hydroponic experiments.	2011	21384367
the chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents.	tea (camellia sinensis, theaceae) is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. the three major types of tea, green tea, oolong tea, and black tea, differ in terms of the manufacture and chemical composition. there are numerous studies in humans, animal models, and cell lines to suggest potential health benefits from the consumption of tea, including prevention of cancer and heart diseases. many of the health benefits have been attributed to the polyphenolic constituents in tea. cat ...	2011	21371557
egcg stimulates autophagy and reduces cytoplasmic hmgb1 levels in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages.	historically, consumption of green tea (camellia sinensis) has been associated with health benefits against multiple diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. emerging evidence has suggested a pathogenic role for hmgb1, a newly identified "late" mediator of lethal systemic inflammation, in the aforementioned diseases. here we demonstrated that a major ingredient of green tea, egcg, was internalized into hmgb1-containing lc3-positive cytoplasmic vesicles (likely aut ...	2011	21371444
tea contains potent inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatase ptp1b.	tea is widely consumed all over the world. studies have demonstrated the role of tea in prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases including diabetes and obesity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. ptp1b is a widely expressed tyrosine phosphatase which has been defined as a target for therapeutic drug development to treat diabetes and obesity. in screening for inhibitors of ptp1b, we found that aqueous extracts of teas exhibited potent ptp1b inhibitory effects with an ic50 value ...	2011	21371422
understanding the broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.	during the last century, the world population has shown a staggering increase in its proportion of elderly members and thus, neurodegenerative diseases like alzheimer's and parkinson's diseases (ad and pd, respectively) are becoming an increasing burden. brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly are characterized by oxidative damage, dysregulation of redox metals homeostasis and inflammation, supporting a therapeutic use of antioxidants. natural plant polyphenols (flavonoids and ...	2011	21368374
[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and tea infusions].	tea is the one of most widely consumed beverage in the world. it is generally believed that tea consumption might have health promoting properties. but residues of certain chemical compounds might impose a health threat on tea drinkers. the main contaminants are heavy metals, fluoride, pesticides and even dioxins. tea lives which possess a high surface area can be contaminated with atmospheric pahs. the manufacturing processes may also introduce pahs into tea lives. the aim of his study was to d ...	2010	21365858
evaluation of the antioxidant properties of fruit and flavoured black teas.	objective: antioxidant properties of the water extracts of the commercial bagged fruit and flavoured black teas were evaluated and compared with typical black teas of c. sinensis. methods: folin-ciocalteu (fc) assay, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (cuprac) and dpph radical method were used for these purposes. the content of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids was also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in the negative electrospray ioni ...	2011	21360165
preparation and application of tea to a tritium performance testing programme.	a simple, but novel technique, for adjusting steeps of black tea to produce fluids, which are visually and spectroscopically similar to urine, has been developed at the national calibration reference centre for bioassay and in vivo monitoring in canada. the method uses scans of absorbance versus wavelength, in the uv-vis range (200-800 nm) to select diluted tea steeps that simulate urine. tea solutions (1 and 10 %) were spiked with tritium and distributed to laboratories for performance testing ...	2012	21357582
deep sequencing of the camellia sinensis transcriptome revealed candidate genes for major metabolic pathways of tea-specific compounds.	tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. however, the tea plant, camellia sinensis, is difficult to culture in vitro, to transform, and has a large genome, rendering little genomic information available. recent advances in large-scale rna sequencing (rna-seq) provide a fast, cost-effective, and reliable approach to generate large expression datasets for functional genomic analysis, which is especially suitable for non-model species with un-sequenced genomes.	2011	21356090