Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| antibody fragment expression and purification. | interest in the potential of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to serve as therapeutic agents has surged in the past decade with a major emphasis on human viral diseases. there has been much attention in this area directed towards the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and promising research developments have emerged on the inhibition of hiv-1 infection by mabs and the identification of several highly conserved neutralizing epitopes. more recently, potent fully-human neutralizing mabs have b ... | 2009 | 19252844 |
| survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water. | the emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), demonstrated that fecally contaminated liquid droplets are a potential vehicle for the spread of a respiratory virus to large numbers of people. to assess potential risks from this pathway, there is a need for surrogates for sars coronavirus to provide representative data on viral survival in contaminated water. this study evaluated survival of two surrogate coronaviruses, transmissible gastroe ... | 2009 | 19246070 |
| detection of novel sars-like and other coronaviruses in bats from kenya. | diverse coronaviruses have been identified in bats from several continents but not from africa. we identified group 1 and 2 coronaviruses in bats in kenya, including sars-related coronaviruses. the sequence diversity suggests that bats are well-established reservoirs for and likely sources of coronaviruses for many species, including humans. | 2009 | 19239771 |
| [expression, purification and antibody preparation of recombinat sars-cov x5 protein]. | x5 protein is one of the putative unknown proteins of sars-cov. the recombinant protein has been successfully expressed in e. coli in the form of insoluble inclusion body. the inclusion body was dissolved in high concentration of urea. affinity chromatography was preformed to purify the denatured protein, and then the product was refolded in a series of gradient solutions of urea. the purified protein was obtained with the purity of > 95% and the yield of 93.3 mg x l(-1). polyclonal antibody of ... | 2008 | 19239038 |
| differential characteristics of the early stage of lung inflammation induced by sars-cov nucleocapsid protein related to age in the mouse. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system which has newly emerged. interestingly, it appears to be a disease that predominantly affects adults while the mortality in children is extremely low. however, the pathogenesis of sars in relation to different characteristics relevant to age remains unclear. | 2009 | 19234811 |
| aryl diketoacids (adk) selectively inhibit duplex dna-unwinding activity of sars coronavirus ntpase/helicase. | as anti-hcv aryl diketoacids (adk) are good metal chelators, we anticipated that adks might serve as potential inhibitors of sars cov (scv) ntpase/helicase (hel) by mimicking the binding modes of the bismuth complexes which effectively competes for the zn(2+) ion binding sites in scv hel thereby disrupting and inhibiting both the ntpase and helicase activities. phosphate release assay and fret-based assay of the adk analogues showed that the adks selectively inhibit the duplex dna-unwinding acti ... | 2009 | 19233643 |
| interaction between sars-cov helicase and a multifunctional cellular protein (ddx5) revealed by yeast and mammalian cell two-hybrid systems. | to reveal the putative cellular factors involved in sars coronavirus replication, the helicase (hel, nsp13) of sars coronavirus was used to screen the cdna library of rat pulmonary epithelial cells using the yeast two-hybrid system. positively interacting proteins were further tested using a mammalian cell hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation in the human a549 cell line, which has been shown to support sars coronavirus replication. out of the seven positive clones observed by yeast two-hybri ... | 2009 | 19224332 |
| case definitions for the 4 diseases requiring notification to who in all circumstances under the ihr (2005). | 2009 | 19219965 | |
| potent human monoclonal antibodies against sars cov, nipah and hendra viruses. | background: recently, several potently neutralizing fully human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars cov) s glycoprotein, and the g glycoprotein of the paramyxoviruses hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) have been discovered [corrected]. objective: to examine, compare and contrast the functional characteristics of hmabs with the potential for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases caused by sars cov, hev and niv. methods: ... | 2009 | 19216624 |
| sars-cov spike proteins expressed by the vaccinia virus tiantan strain: secreted sq protein induces robust neutralization antibody in mice. | the spike (s) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a major target in the development of diagnostic assays and vaccines, but its antigenic and immunogenic properties remain unclear. seven sars-cov spike proteins (s, sq, s1, rbd, s2, s2q, and cx) were generated using the modified vaccinia virus (tiantan strain) as a vector, and their antigenicity and immunogenicity were evaluated. the secreted sq protein in which the transmembrane domain was deleted, as well ... | 2009 | 19210229 |
| functional screen reveals sars coronavirus nonstructural protein nsp14 as a novel cap n7 methyltransferase. | the n7-methylguanosine (m7g) cap is the defining structural feature of eukaryotic mrnas. most eukaryotic viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, including coronaviruses, have evolved strategies to cap their rnas. in this report, we used a yeast genetic system to functionally screen for the cap-forming enzymes encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus and identified the nonstructural protein (nsp) 14 of sars coronavirus as a (guanine-n7)-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) in vivo ... | 2009 | 19208801 |
| a computational analysis of sars cysteine proteinase-octapeptide substrate interaction: implication for structure and active site binding mechanism. | sars coronavirus main proteinase (sars covmpro) is an important enzyme for the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. the active site region of sars covmpro is divided into 8 subsites. understanding the binding mode of sars covmpro with a specific substrate is useful and contributes to structural-based drug design. the purpose of this research is to investigate the binding mode between the sars covmpro and two octapeptides, especially in the region of the s3 subsite, through a m ... | 2009 | 19208150 |
| molecular targets for diagnostics and therapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov). | the large number of deaths in a short period of time due to the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) infection led to the unparalleled collaborative efforts world wide to determine and characterize the new coronavirus (sars-cov). the full genome sequence was determined within weeks of the first outbreak by the canadian group with international collaboration. as per the world health organization (who), the continual lack of a rapid laboratory test to aid the early diagnosis of suspe ... | 2008 | 19203466 |
| the spike protein of sars-cov--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, sars-coronavirus (sars-cov). the sars-cov spike (s) protein is composed of two subunits; the s1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain that engages with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the s2 subunit mediates fusion between the viral and host cell membranes. the s protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and t-cell responses, as we ... | 2009 | 19198616 |
| comparative analysis of the immunogenicity of sars-cov nucleocapsid dna vaccine administrated with different routes in mouse model. | the development of strategies to augment the immunogenicity of dna vaccines is critical for improving their clinical utility. one such strategy involves using the different immune routes with dna vaccines. in the present study, the immunogenicity of sars-cov nucleocapsid dna vaccine, induced by using the current routine vaccination routes (intramuscularly, by electroporation, or orally using live-attenuated salmonella typhimurium), was compared in mouse model. the comparison between the three va ... | 2009 | 19186202 |
| sars coronavirus spike protein-induced innate immune response occurs via activation of the nf-kappab pathway in human monocyte macrophages in vitro. | a purified recombinant spike (s) protein was studied for its effect on stimulating human peripheral blood monocyte macrophages (pbmc). we examined inflammatory gene mrna abundances found in s protein-treated pbmc using gene arrays. we identified differential mrna abundances of genes with functional properties associated with antiviral (cxcl10) and inflammatory (il-6 and il-8) responses. we confirmed cytokine mrna increases by real-time quantitative(q) rt-pcr or elisa. we further analyzed the sen ... | 2009 | 19185596 |
| crystal structures of the x-domains of a group-1 and a group-3 coronavirus reveal that adp-ribose-binding may not be a conserved property. | the polyproteins of coronaviruses are cleaved by viral proteases into at least 15 nonstructural proteins (nsps). consisting of five domains, nsp3 is the largest of these (180-210 kda). among these domains, the so-called x-domain is believed to act as adp-ribose-1''-phosphate phosphatase or to bind poly(adp-ribose). however, here we show that the x-domain of infectious bronchitis virus (strain beaudette), a group-3 coronavirus, fails to bind adp-ribose. this is explained on the basis of the cryst ... | 2009 | 19177346 |
| delivery to the lower respiratory tract is required for effective immunization with newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccines intended for humans. | newcastle disease virus (ndv), an avian virus, is being evaluated for the development of vectored human vaccines against emerging pathogens. previous studies of ndv-vectored vaccines in a mouse model suggested their potency after delivery by injection or by the intranasal route. we compared the efficacy of various routes of delivery of ndv-vectored vaccines in a non-human primate model. while delivery of an ndv-vectored vaccine by the combined intranasal/intratracheal route elicited protective i ... | 2009 | 19168110 |
| the identification of a calmodulin-binding domain within the cytoplasmic tail of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace)-2 is a homolog of the well-characterized plasma membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme. ace2 is thought to play a critical role in regulating heart function, and in 2003, ace2 was identified as a functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we have recently shown that like ace, ace2 undergoes ectodomain shedding and that this shedding event is up-regulated by phorbol esters. in the present study, we used gel shift assays to demo ... | 2009 | 19164471 |
| the identification of a calmodulin-binding domain within the cytoplasmic tail of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace)-2 is a homolog of the well-characterized plasma membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme. ace2 is thought to play a critical role in regulating heart function, and in 2003, ace2 was identified as a functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we have recently shown that like ace, ace2 undergoes ectodomain shedding and that this shedding event is up-regulated by phorbol esters. in the present study, we used gel shift assays to demo ... | 2009 | 19164471 |
| a novel replication-competent vaccinia vector mvtt is superior to mva for inducing high levels of neutralizing antibody via mucosal vaccination. | mucosal vaccination offers great advantage for inducing protective immune response to prevent viral transmission and dissemination. here, we report our findings of a head-to-head comparison of two viral vectors modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and a novel replication-competent modified vaccinia tian tan (mvtt) for inducing neutralizing antibodies (nabs) via intramuscular and mucosal vaccinations in mice. mvtt is an attenuated variant of the wild-type vtt, which was historically used as a smallpox ... | 2009 | 19159014 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp9 dimerization is essential for efficient viral growth. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) devotes a significant portion of its genome to producing nonstructural proteins required for viral replication. sars-cov nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9) was identified as an essential protein with rna/dna-binding activity, and yet its biological function within the replication complex remains unknown. nsp9 forms a dimer through the interaction of parallel alpha-helices containing the protein-protein interaction motif gxxxg. in order to ... | 2009 | 19153232 |
| peptide nanoparticles as novel immunogens: design and analysis of a prototypic severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus that cost nearly 800 lives. while there have been no recent outbreaks of the disease, the threat remains as sars coronavirus (sars-cov) like strains still exist in animal reservoirs. therefore, the development of a vaccine against sars is in grave need. here, we have designed and produced a prototypic sars vaccine: a self-assembling polypeptide nanoparticle that repetitively displays a sars b-cell epi ... | 2009 | 19152635 |
| structural basis of inhibition specificities of 3c and 3c-like proteases by zinc-coordinating and peptidomimetic compounds. | human coxsackievirus (cv) belongs to the picornavirus family, which consists of over 200 medically relevant viruses. in picornavirus, a chymotrypsin-like protease (3c(pro)) is required for viral replication by processing the polyproteins, and thus it is regarded as an antiviral drug target. a 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) also exists in human coronaviruses (cov) such as 229e and the one causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). to combat sars, we previously had developed peptidomimetic and ... | 2009 | 19144641 |
| crossing barriers: infections of the lung and the gut. | although known as respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and its sister coronaviruses frequently cause enteric symptoms. in addition, other classically non-enteric viruses (such as hiv and influenza) may also have enteric effects that are crucial in their pathogeneses. these effects can be due to direct infection of the gut mucosa, but can also be because of decreased antibacterial defenses, increased mucosal permeability, bacterial translocation, and systemic leak of en ... | 2009 | 19129753 |
| analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus structural proteins in virus-like particle assembly. | sars-cov has four major structural proteins: the n, s, m, and e proteins. to investigate the mechanism of sars-cov assembly, we cloned the genes encoding these four proteins into the eukaryotic expression vector pcaggs and transfected them into 293t cells. when all four expression vectors were co-transfected vlp formed, as confirmed using electron microscopy. using a rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to the n protein, n-protein-containing particles similar in size to the vlp were also observed ... | 2008 | 19120977 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection in toronto children: a second look. | during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003, there was an impetus to provide clinical information to the medical community in a timely manner. accordingly, a preliminary report of our experience of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infections in children was published without microbiological findings. this report provides an update on pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infections in toronto, ontario, canada, that ... | 2009 | 19117866 |
| sars-cov proteins decrease levels and activity of human enac via activation of distinct pkc isoforms. | among the multiple organ disorders caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), acute lung failure following atypical pneumonia is the most serious and often fatal event. we hypothesized that two of the hydrophilic structural coronoviral proteins (s and e) would regulate alveolar fluid clearance by decreasing the cell surface expression and activity of amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium (na(+)) channels (enac), the rate-limiting protein in transepithelial na(+) vect ... | 2009 | 19112100 |
| the pathogen receptor liver and lymph node sinusoidal endotelial cell c-type lectin is expressed in human kupffer cells and regulated by pu.1. | human lsectin (liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell c-type lectin, clec4g) is a c-type lectin encoded within the l-sign/dc-sign/cd23 gene cluster. lsectin acts as a pathogen attachment factor for ebolavirus and the sars coronavirus, and its expression can be induced by interleukin-4 on monocytes and macrophages. although reported as a liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell-specific molecule, lsectin could be detected in the mutz-3 dendritic-like cell line at the messenger r ... | 2009 | 19111020 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triggers apoptosis via protein kinase r but is resistant to its antiviral activity. | in this study, infection of 293/ace2 cells with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) activated several apoptosis-associated events, namely, cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and poly(adp-ribose) polymerase 1 (parp), and chromatin condensation and the phosphorylation and hence inactivation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eif2alpha). in addition, two of the three cellular eif2alpha kinases known to be virus induced, protein kinase r (pkr) and pkr-like en ... | 2009 | 19109397 |
| glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates the phosphorylation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and viral replication. | coronavirus (cov) nucleocapsid (n) protein is a highly phosphorylated protein required for viral replication, but whether its phosphorylation and the related kinases are involved in the viral life cycle is unknown. we found the severe acute respiratory syndrome cov n protein to be an appropriate system to address this issue. using high resolution page analysis, this protein could be separated into phosphorylated and unphosphorylated isoforms. mass spectrometric analysis and deletion mapping show ... | 2009 | 19106108 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein 6 is required for optimal replication. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) encodes several accessory proteins of unknown function. one of these proteins, protein 6 (p6), which is encoded by orf6, enhances virus replication when introduced into a heterologous murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [mhv]) but is not essential for optimal sars-cov replication after infection at a relatively high multiplicity of infection (moi). here, we reconcile these apparently conflicting results by showing that p6 enhances sa ... | 2009 | 19091867 |
| globalisation and blood safety. | globalisation may be viewed as the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. globalisation is not just an economic phenomenon, although it is frequently described as such, but includes commerce, disease and travel, and immigration, and as such it affects blood safety and supply in various ways. the relatively short travel times ... | 2009 | 19081166 |
| myd88 is required for protection from lethal infection with a mouse-adapted sars-cov. | a novel human coronavirus, sars-cov, emerged suddenly in 2003, causing approximately 8000 human cases and more than 700 deaths worldwide. since most animal models fail to faithfully recapitulate the clinical course of sars-cov in humans, the virus and host factors that mediate disease pathogenesis remain unclear. recently, our laboratory and others developed a recombinant mouse-adapted sars-cov (rma15) that was lethal in balb/c mice. in contrast, intranasal infection of young 10-week-old c57bl/6 ... | 2008 | 19079579 |
| sars- and other coronaviruses. | 2008 | 19068525 | |
| school model and new targeting strategies. | protein-protein interactions play a central role in biological processes and thus are an appealing target for innovative drug design a nd development. they can be targeted bysmall molecule inhibitors, peptides and peptidomimetics, which represent an alternative to protein therapeutics that carry many disadvantages. in this chapter, i describe specific protein-protein interactions suggested by a novel model of immune signaling, the signaling chain homooligomerization (school) model, to be critica ... | 2008 | 19065798 |
| large-scale preparation of uv-inactivated sars coronavirus virions for vaccine antigen. | in general, a whole virion serves as a simple vaccine antigen and often essential material for the analysis of immune responses against virus infection. however, to work with highly contagious pathogens, it is necessary to take precautions against laboratory-acquired infection. we have learned many lessons from the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). in order to develop an effective vaccine and diagnostic tools, we prepared uv-inactivated sars coronavirus on a large scal ... | 2008 | 19057880 |
| establishment and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against sars coronavirus. | immunological detection of viruses and their components by monoclonal antibodies is a powerful method for studying the structure and function of viral molecules. here we describe detailed methods for establishing monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). b cell hybridomas are generated from mice that are hyperimmunized with inactivated sars-cov virions. the hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies that recognize viral component molecules, including t ... | 2008 | 19057876 |
| generation of recombinant coronaviruses using vaccinia virus as the cloning vector and stable cell lines containing coronaviral replicon rnas. | coronavirus reverse genetic systems have become valuable tools for studying the molecular biology of coronavirus infections. they have been applied to the generation of recombinant coronaviruses, selectable replicon rnas, and coronavirus-based vectors for heterologous gene expression. here we provide a collection of protocols for the generation, cloning, and modification of full-length coronavirus cdna using vaccinia virus as a cloning vector. based on cloned coronaviral cdna, we describe the ge ... | 2008 | 19057873 |
| detection of group 1 coronaviruses in bats using universal coronavirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. | the zoonotic transmission of sars coronavirus from animals to humans revealed the potential impact of coronaviruses on mankind. this incident also triggered several surveillance programs to hunt for novel coronaviruses in human and wildlife populations. using classical rt-pcr assays that target a highly conserved sequence among coronaviruses, we identified the first coronaviruses in bats. these assays and the cloning and sequencing of the pcr products are described in this chapter. using the sam ... | 2008 | 19057871 |
| engineering infectious cdnas of coronavirus as bacterial artificial chromosomes. | the construction of coronavirus (cov) infectious clones had been hampered by the large size of the viral genome (around 30kb) and the instability of plasmids carrying cov replicase sequences in escherichia coli. several approaches have been developed to overcome these problems. here we describe the engineering of cov full-length cdna clones using bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs). in this system the viral rna is expressed in the cell nucleus under the control of the cytomegalovirus promote ... | 2008 | 19057870 |
| pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus for analysis of virus entry mediated by sars coronavirus spike proteins. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) contains a spike (s) protein that binds to a receptor molecule (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ace2), induces membrane fusion, and serves as a neutralizing epitope. to study the functions of the s protein, we describe here the generation of sars-cov s protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotype using a vsvdeltag*/gfp system in which the g gene is replaced by the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene (vsv-sars-cov-st19/gf ... | 2008 | 19057867 |
| detection of sars coronavirus in humans and animals by conventional and quantitative (real time) reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. | severe acute respiratory syndrome is a novel human disease caused by a coronavirus of animal origin. soon after the discovery sars-cov, several molecular assays were described for the detection of this virus. of these, conventional and quantitative rt-pcr approaches were the primary tools for sars-cov rna detection. in this chapter we describe a two-step conventional rt-pcr and a one-step quantitative rt-pcr that were used routinely in our laboratories during the sars outbreak. | 2008 | 19057863 |
| characteristic features and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome found in severe acute respiratory syndrome intensive care unit patients. | the aim of the study was to identify characteristic clinical features and outcomes of critically ill patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | 2008 | 19056023 |
| mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome pathogenesis and innate immunomodulation. | the modulation of the immune response is a common practice of many highly pathogenic viruses. the emergence of the highly pathogenic coronavirus severe acute respiratory virus (sars-cov) serves as a robust model system to elucidate the virus-host interactions that mediate severe end-stage lung disease in humans and animals. coronaviruses encode the largest positive-sense rna genome of approximately 30 kb, encode a variety of replicase and accessory open reading frames that are structurally uniqu ... | 2008 | 19052324 |
| novel influenza virus ns1 antagonists block replication and restore innate immune function. | the innate immune system guards against virus infection through a variety of mechanisms including mobilization of the host interferon system, which attacks viral products mainly at a posttranscriptional level. the influenza virus ns1 protein is a multifunctional facilitator of virus replication, one of whose actions is to antagonize the interferon response. since ns1 is required for efficient virus replication, it was reasoned that chemical inhibitors of this protein could be used to further und ... | 2009 | 19052087 |
| nuclear magnetic resonance structure shows that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-unique domain contains a macrodomain fold. | the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of a central segment of the previously annotated severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-unique domain (sud-m, for "middle of the sars-unique domain") in sars coronavirus (sars-cov) nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) has been determined. sud-m(513-651) exhibits a macrodomain fold containing the nsp3 residues 528 to 648, and there is a flexibly extended n-terminal tail with the residues 513 to 527 and a c-terminal flexible tail of residues 649 to 651. a ... | 2009 | 19052085 |
| multiple nucleic acid binding sites and intrinsic disorder of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: implications for ribonucleocapsid protein packaging. | the nucleocapsid protein (n) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) packages the viral genomic rna and is crucial for viability. however, the rna-binding mechanism is poorly understood. we have shown previously that the n protein contains two structural domains--the n-terminal domain (ntd; residues 45 to 181) and the c-terminal dimerization domain (ctd; residues 248 to 365)--flanked by long stretches of disordered regions accounting for almost half of the entire sequence ... | 2009 | 19052082 |
| searching immunodominant epitopes prior to epidemic: hla class ii-restricted sars-cov spike protein epitopes in unexposed individuals. | identification of dominant t cell epitopes within newly emerging and re-emerging infectious organisms is valuable in understanding pathogenic immune responses and potential vaccine designs. however, difficulties in obtaining samples from patients or convalescent subjects have hampered research in this direction. we demonstrated a strategy, tetramer-guided epitope mapping, that specific cd4+ t cell epitopes can be identified by using pbmc from subjects that have not been exposed to the infectious ... | 2009 | 19050106 |
| viral protease inhibitors. | this review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. we concentrate on hiv-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. thus, we discuss the biochemistry of hiv-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if ... | 2009 | 19048198 |
| detection and phylogenetic analysis of group 1 coronaviruses in south american bats. | bat coronaviruses (bt-covs) are thought to be the precursors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. we detected bt-covs in 2 bat species from trinidad. phylogenetic analysis of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene and helicase confirmed them as group 1 coronaviruses. | 2008 | 19046513 |
| development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based test with a cocktail of nucleocapsid and spike proteins for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-specific antibody. | a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-based immunoglobulin g (igg)-plus-igm antibody detection test for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been developed by using a cocktail of four recombinant polypeptides as the antigen. these recombinant fragments were designed as parts of two different structural proteins from sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). one recombinant polypeptide, s251-683, was designed as part of the spike glycoprotein, and the other three polypeptides comp ... | 2009 | 19038782 |
| the expression and antigenicity of a truncated spike-nucleocapsid fusion protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | in the absence of effective drugs, controlling sars relies on the rapid identification of cases and appropriate management of the close contacts, or effective vaccines for sars. therefore, developing specific and sensitive laboratory tests for sars as well as effective vaccines are necessary for national authorities. | 2008 | 19038059 |
| synthetic recombinant bat sars-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice. | defining prospective pathways by which zoonoses evolve and emerge as human pathogens is critical for anticipating and controlling both natural and deliberate pandemics. however, predicting tenable pathways of animal-to-human movement has been hindered by challenges in identifying reservoir species, cultivating zoonotic organisms in culture, and isolating full-length genomes for cloning and genetic studies. the ability to design and recover pathogens reconstituted from synthesized cdnas has the p ... | 2008 | 19036930 |
| differential inhibitory activities and stabilisation of dna aptamers against the sars coronavirus helicase. | the helicase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) possesses ntpase, duplex rna/dna-unwinding and rna-capping activities that are essential for viral replication and proliferation. here, we have isolated dna aptamers against the sars-cov helicase from a combinatorial dna library. these aptamers show two distinct classes of secondary structure, g-quadruplex and non-g-quadruplex, as shown by circular dichroism and gel electrophoresis. all of the aptamers that were selected ... | 2008 | 19031435 |
| turkey coronavirus non-structure protein nsp15--an endoribonuclease. | turkey coronavirus (tcov) polyprotein was predicted to be cleaved into 15 non-structural proteins (nsp2 to nsp16), but none of these nsps have been characterized. tcov nsp15 consists of 338 residues and shares 40% sequence similarity to u-specific nidovirales endoribonuclease (nendou) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. objective: the purpose of the present study was to characterize tcov nsp15. methods: the tcov nsp15 gene was cloned into ptriex1 and expressed as a c-terminal his-t ... | 2008 | 19023218 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus-induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate sars pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), which is caused by a novel coronavirus (cov), is a highly communicable disease with the lungs as the major pathological target. although sars likely stems from overexuberant host inflammatory responses, the exact mechanism leading to the detrimental outcome in patients remains unknown. pulmonary macrophages (mphi), airway epithelium, and dendritic cells (dc) are key cellular elements of the host innate defenses against respiratory infections. while pulmo ... | 2009 | 19004938 |
| structural and biochemical investigation of heptad repeat derived peptides of human sars corona virus (hsars-cov) spike protein. | hsars-cov is the causative agent for sars infection. its spike glycoprotein (s) is processed by host furin enzyme to produce s1 and s2 fragments, the latter being crucial for fusion with the host membrane. this takes place via formation of a coiled coil 6-helix bundle involving n and c-terminal heptad repeat domains (hr-n and hr-c) of s2. several fluorescent and non-fluorescent peptides from these domains were synthesized to examine their interactions by circular dichroism, thermal denaturation, ... | 2008 | 18991761 |
| broadening of neutralization activity to directly block a dominant antibody-driven sars-coronavirus evolution pathway. | phylogenetic analyses have provided strong evidence that amino acid changes in spike (s) protein of animal and human sars coronaviruses (sars-covs) during and between two zoonotic transfers (2002/03 and 2003/04) are the result of positive selection. while several studies support that some amino acid changes between animal and human viruses are the result of inter-species adaptation, the role of neutralizing antibodies (nabs) in driving sars-cov evolution, particularly during intra-species transm ... | 2008 | 18989460 |
| simple tests for rapid detection of canine parvovirus antigen and canine parvovirus-specific antibodies. | canine parvovirus (cpv) is the number one viral cause of enteritis, morbidity, and mortality in 8-week-old young puppies. we have developed twin assays (slide agglutination test [sat] for cpv antigen and slide inhibition test [sit] for cpv antibody) that are sensitive, specific, cost-effective, generic for all genotypes of cpv, and provide instant results for cpv antigen detection in feces and antibody quantification in serum. we found these assays to be useful for routine applications in kennel ... | 2009 | 18987166 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses induced by 3a dna vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) or sars-like coronavirus in mice. | vaccine development for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) has mainly focused on the spike (s) protein. however, the variation of the s gene between viruses may affect the efficacy of a vaccine, particularly for cross-protection against sars-like cov (sl-cov). recently, a more conserved group-specific open reading frame (orf), the 3a gene, was found in both sars-cov and sl-cov. here, we studied the immunogenicity of human sars-cov 3a and bat sl-cov 3a dna vaccines in mice t ... | 2009 | 18987164 |
| crystal structures of two coronavirus adp-ribose-1''-monophosphatases and their complexes with adp-ribose: a systematic structural analysis of the viral adrp domain. | the coronaviruses are a large family of plus-strand rna viruses that cause a wide variety of diseases both in humans and in other organisms. the coronaviruses are composed of three main lineages and have a complex organization of nonstructural proteins (nsp's). in the coronavirus, nsp3 resides a domain with the macroh2a-like fold and adp-ribose-1"-monophosphatase (adrp) activity, which is proposed to play a regulatory role in the replication process. however, the significance of this domain for ... | 2009 | 18987156 |
| conserved amino acids w423 and n424 in receptor-binding domain of sars-cov are potential targets for therapeutic monoclonal antibody. | the receptor-binding domain (rbd) on spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is the main region interacting with the viral receptor-ace2 and is a useful target for induction of neutralizing antibodies against sars-cov infection. here we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), targeting rbd, with marked virus neutralizing activity. the mabs recognize a new conformational epitope which consists of several discontinuous peptides (aa. 343-367, 373-390 ... | 2009 | 18986662 |
| identification of a minimal peptide derived from heptad repeat (hr) 2 of spike protein of sars-cov and combination of hr1-derived peptides as fusion inhibitors. | the heptad repeats (hr1 and hr2) of the spike protein of sars-cov are highly conserved regions forming a critical 6-helix bundle during the fusion step of virus entry and are attractive targets of entry inhibitors. in this study, we report that a minimal hr2 peptide, p6 of 23-mer, can block the fusion of sars-cov with an ic(50) of 1.04+/-0.22 microm. this finding supports the structural prediction of the deep groove of hr1 trimer as a target for fusion inhibitors, and suggests p6 as a potential ... | 2009 | 18983873 |
| differential activities of cellular and viral macro domain proteins in binding of adp-ribose metabolites. | macro domain is a highly conserved protein domain found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. macro domains are also encoded by a set of positive-strand rna viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of animal cells, including coronaviruses and alphaviruses. the functions of the macro domain are poorly understood, but it has been suggested to be an adp-ribose-binding module. we have here characterized three novel human macro domain proteins that were found to reside either in the cytoplasm and nucleu ... | 2009 | 18983849 |
| protease-mediated entry via the endosome of human coronavirus 229e. | human coronavirus 229e, classified as a group i coronavirus, utilizes human aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor; however, its entry mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. we found that hela cells infected with 229e via apn formed syncytia when treated with trypsin or other proteases but not in a low-ph environment, a finding consistent with syncytium formation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). in addition, trypsin induced cleavage of the 229e s protein. by using ... | 2009 | 18971274 |
| seroprevalence of sars coronavirus among residents near a hospital with a nosocomial outbreak. | an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) occurred in taiwan from april to july 2003. a nosocomial outbreak of sars occurred at kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital (cgmh) in may 2003. the purpose of our study was to survey the prevalence of the sars coronavirus (cov) in a community adjacent to kaohsiung cgmh and collect demographic data, including basic information about health status, household, and possible risk factors for sars-cov infection. | 2008 | 18971158 |
| an efficient method for recovery of target ssdna based on amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. | in this paper, an improved recovery method for target ssdna using amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (asmnps) is reported. this method takes advantages of the amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles prepared using water-in-oil microemulsion technique, which employs amino-modified silica as the shell and iron oxide as the core of the magnetic nanoparticles. the nanoparticles have a silica surface with amino groups and can be conjugated with any desired bio-molecules t ... | 2005 | 18970204 |
| expression of sars-coronavirus spike glycoprotein in pichia pastoris. | to establish a rapid and economical method for the expression of viral proteins in high yield and purity by pichia pastoris, the s protein of the sars-cov was selected in this study. six s glycoprotein fragments were expressed in escherichia coli bl21 and yeast km71h strains. after purification by affinity chromatography, the protein identities were confirmed by western blot analysis, n-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. the proteins expressed in e. coli were low in solubility and bound ... | 2009 | 18958613 |
| plp2, a potent deubiquitinase from murine hepatitis virus, strongly inhibits cellular type i interferon production. | infections by coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (scov) and mouse hepatitis virus a59 (mhv-a59) result in very little type i interferon (ifn) production by host cells, which is potentially responsible for the rapid viral growth and severe immunopathology associated with sars. however, the molecular mechanisms for the low ifn production in cells infected with coronaviruses remain unclear. here, we provide evidence that papain-like protease domain 2 (plp2), ... | 2008 | 18957937 |
| detection of antibodies against sars-coronavirus using recombinant truncated nucleocapsid proteins by elisa. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a lifethreatening emerging respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus, sars-cov. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars-cov is highly antigenic and may be a suitable candidate for diagnostic applications. we constructed truncated recombinant n proteins (n1 [1-422 aa], n2 [1- 109 aa], and n3 [110-422 aa]) and determined their antigenicity by western blotting using convalescent sars serum. the recombinants containing n1 and n3 reacted with convalescent ... | 2008 | 18955825 |
| emerging and zoonotic infections in women. | emerging infections, many zoonotic, are caused by a variety of pathogens with global distribution. previously rare pathogens have emerged; global travel facilitates their rapid spread. human encroachment on remote areas has brought contact with zoonotic diseases never before characterized. although systematic study of rare outbreaks can be challenging, knowledge of emerging pathogens and their effects on women is accumulating. this article discusses effects of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, ... | 2008 | 18954762 |
| prior immunization with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein causes severe pneumonia in mice infected with sars-cov. | the details of the mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) causes severe pneumonia are unclear. we investigated the immune responses and pathologies of sars-cov-infected balb/c mice that were immunized intradermally with recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) that expressed either the sars-cov spike (s) protein (lc16m8rvv-s) or simultaneously all the structural proteins, including the nucleocapsid (n), membrane (m), envelope (e), and s proteins (lc16m8rvv- ... | 2008 | 18941225 |
| [sars vaccines]. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging disease derived from wild animals and is highly pathogenic with a high mortality. a novel coronavirus sars coronavirus was identified to be a causative agent for sars. since its discovery, many trials have been executed to establish the prophylactic and therapeutics toward sars using laboratory animals. a number of different types of vaccines, such as inactivated virus vaccine, subunit vaccine, dna vaccine and vaccine using viral expression ... | 2008 | 18939499 |
| interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and nl63 coronavirus spike proteins with angiotensin converting enzyme-2. | although in different groups, the coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) and nl63 use the same receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ace)-2, for entry into the host cell. despite this common receptor, the consequence of entry is very different; severe respiratory distress in the case of sars-cov but frequently only a mild respiratory infection for nl63. using a wholly recombinant system, we have investigated the ability of each virus receptor-binding protein, s ... | 2008 | 18931070 |
| sars coronavirus: unusual lability of the nucleocapsid protein. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a contagious disease that killed hundreds and sickened thousands of people worldwide between november 2002 and july 2003. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the coronavirus responsible for this disease plays a critical role in viral assembly and maturation and is of particular interest because of its potential as an antiviral target or vaccine candidate. refolding of sars n-protein during production and purification showed the presence of two addition ... | 2008 | 18926799 |
| a noncovalent class of papain-like protease/deubiquitinase inhibitors blocks sars virus replication. | we report the discovery and optimization of a potent inhibitor against the papain-like protease (plpro) from the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov). this unique protease is not only responsible for processing the viral polyprotein into its functional units but is also capable of cleaving ubiquitin and isg15 conjugates and plays a significant role in helping sars-cov evade the human immune system. we screened a structurally diverse library of 50,080 compounds for ... | 2008 | 18852458 |
| evaluation of peptide-aldehyde inhibitors using r188i mutant of sars 3cl protease as a proteolysis-resistant mutant. | the 3c-like (3cl) protease of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus is a key enzyme for the virus maturation. we found for the first time that the mature sars 3cl protease is subject to degradation at 188arg/189gln. replacing arg with ile at position 188 rendered the protease resistant to proteolysis. the r188i mutant digested a conserved undecapeptide substrate with a k(m) of 33.8 microm and k(cat) of 4753 s(-1). compared with the value reported for the mature protease contai ... | 2008 | 18845442 |
| topology and membrane anchoring of the coronavirus replication complex: not all hydrophobic domains of nsp3 and nsp6 are membrane spanning. | coronaviruses express two very large replicase polyproteins, the 16 autoproteolytic cleavage products of which collectively form the membrane-anchored replication complexes. how these structures are assembled is still largely unknown, but it is likely that the membrane-spanning members of these nonstructural proteins (nsps) are responsible for the induction of the double-membrane vesicles and for anchoring the replication complexes to these membranes. for 3 of the 16 coronavirus nsps-nsp3, nsp4, ... | 2008 | 18842706 |
| t cell responses to whole sars coronavirus in humans. | effective vaccines should confer long-term protection against future outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (sars-cov) with unknown animal reservoirs. we conducted a cohort study examining multiple parameters of immune responses to sars-cov infection, aiming to identify the immune correlates of protection. we used a matrix of overlapping peptides spanning whole sars-cov proteome to determine t cell responses from 128 sars convalescent samples ... | 2008 | 18832706 |
| genome-wide analysis of protein-protein interactions and involvement of viral proteins in sars-cov replication. | analyses of viral protein-protein interactions are an important step to understand viral protein functions and their underlying molecular mechanisms. in this study, we adopted a mammalian two-hybrid system to screen the genome-wide intraviral protein-protein interactions of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and therefrom revealed a number of novel interactions which could be partly confirmed by in vitro biochemical assays. three pairs of the interactions identified were detected in both directions: no ... | 2008 | 18827877 |
| design and synthesis of cinanserin analogs as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3cl protease inhibitors. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 3cl protease is an attractive target for the development of anti-sars drugs. in this paper, cinanserin (1) analogs were synthesized and tested for the inhibitory activities against sars-coronavirus (cov) 3cl protease by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) assay. four analogs show significant activities, especially compound 26 with an ic(50) of 1.06 microm. | 2008 | 18827378 |
| a sars dna vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a phase i clinical trial. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus is a member of the coronaviridae (cov) family that first appeared in the guangdong province of china in 2002 and was recognized as an emerging infectious disease in march 2003. over 8000 cases and 900 deaths occurred during the epidemic. we report the safety and immunogenicity of a sars dna vaccine in a phase i human study. | 2008 | 18824060 |
| new respiratory viruses of humans. | acute respiratory viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide and most acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. many of these viruses cause the highest burden of disease in specific risk groups such as young infants, the elderly, and immune-compromised individuals. although the most important respiratory viruses of humans have been identified in the last century, in the past decade about a dozen "new" viruses have been discovered that may cause a high burd ... | 2008 | 18820582 |
| inhibition of the interaction between the sars-cov spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a highly pathogenic emergent virus which replicates in cells that can express abh histo-blood group antigens. the heavily glycosylated sars-cov spike (s) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which serves as a cellular receptor. epidemiological analysis of a hospital outbreak in hong kong revealed that blood group o was associated with a low risk of infection. in this study, we used a cellular model of adhesion to investigate ... | 2008 | 18818423 |
| inhibition of the interaction between the sars-cov spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a highly pathogenic emergent virus which replicates in cells that can express abh histo-blood group antigens. the heavily glycosylated sars-cov spike (s) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which serves as a cellular receptor. epidemiological analysis of a hospital outbreak in hong kong revealed that blood group o was associated with a low risk of infection. in this study, we used a cellular model of adhesion to investigate ... | 2008 | 18818423 |
| systematic assembly of a full-length infectious clone of human coronavirus nl63. | historically, coronaviruses were predominantly associated with mild upper respiratory disease in humans. more recently, three novel coronaviruses associated with severe human respiratory disease were found, including (i) the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, associated with a significant atypical pneumonia and 10% mortality; (ii) hku-1, associated with chronic pulmonary disease; and (iii) nl63, associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in children and adults wor ... | 2008 | 18818320 |
| importance of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains in the interaction of the s protein of sars-coronavirus with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. | cholesterol present in the plasma membrane of target cells has been shown to be important for the infection by sars-cov. we show that cholesterol depletion by treatment with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (m beta cd) affects infection by sars-cov to the same extent as infection by vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudotypes containing the surface glycoprotein s of sars-cov (vsv-delta g-s). therefore, the role of cholesterol for sars-cov infection can be assigned to the s protein and is unaffected by ... | 2008 | 18814896 |
| risk factors for sars infection within hospitals in hanoi, vietnam. | we investigated a nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in vietnam in 2003 and attempted to identify risk factors for sars infection. of the 146 subjects who came into contact with sars patients at hospital a, 43 (29.5%) developed sars, and an additional 16 (11%) were asymptomatic but sars-coronavirus (cov) seropositive. the asymptomatic infection rate accounted for 15.5% of the total number of infected patients at hospital a, which was higher than that of 6.5% observe ... | 2008 | 18806349 |
| a prime-boost vaccination protocol optimizes immune responses against the nucleocapsid protein of the sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious infectious disease caused by the sars coronavirus. we assessed the potential of prime-boost vaccination protocols based on the nucleocapsid (nc) protein co-administered with a derivative of the mucosal adjuvant malp-2 or expressed by modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva-nc) to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels. the obtained results demonstrated that strong immune responses can be elicited both at sy ... | 2008 | 18805454 |
| rhesus angiotensin converting enzyme 2 supports entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in chinese macaques. | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) utilizes for target cell entry and, therefore, plays an important role in sars pathogenesis. since chinese rhesus (rh) macaques do not usually develop sars after sars-cov infection, it has been suggested that rh-ace2 probably does not support viral entry efficiently. to determine the role of rh-ace2 in early lung pathogenesis in vivo, we studied eleven chinese rhesus monkeys exper ... | 2008 | 18801550 |
| rhesus angiotensin converting enzyme 2 supports entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in chinese macaques. | angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) utilizes for target cell entry and, therefore, plays an important role in sars pathogenesis. since chinese rhesus (rh) macaques do not usually develop sars after sars-cov infection, it has been suggested that rh-ace2 probably does not support viral entry efficiently. to determine the role of rh-ace2 in early lung pathogenesis in vivo, we studied eleven chinese rhesus monkeys exper ... | 2008 | 18801550 |
| sars-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. | positive-strand rna viruses, a large group including human pathogens such as sars-coronavirus (sars-cov), replicate in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. their replication complexes are commonly associated with modified host cell membranes. membrane structures supporting viral rna synthesis range from distinct spherular membrane invaginations to more elaborate webs of packed membranes and vesicles. generally, their ultrastructure, morphogenesis, and exact role in viral replication remain to b ... | 2008 | 18798692 |
| design, synthesis and antiviral efficacy of a series of potent chloropyridyl ester-derived sars-cov 3clpro inhibitors. | design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 5-chloropyridine ester-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors is described. position of the carboxylate functionality is critical to potency. inhibitor 10 with a 5-chloropyridinyl ester at position 4 of the indole ring is the most potent inhibitor with a sars-cov 3clpro ic(50) value of 30 nm and an antiviral ec(50) value of 6.9 microm. molecular docking studies have provided possible b ... | 2008 | 18796354 |
| interactions between m protein and other structural proteins of severe, acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) structural proteins (s, e, m, and nc) localize in different subcellular positions when expressed individually. however, sars-cov m protein is co-localized almost entirely with s, e, or nc protein when co-expressed in the cells. on the other hand, only partial co-localization was observed when s and e, s and nc, or e and nc were co-expressed in the cells. interactions between sars-cov m and other structural proteins but not inter ... | 2008 | 18792806 |
| entry from the cell surface of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus with cleaved s protein as revealed by pseudotype virus bearing cleaved s protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) is known to take an endosomal pathway for cell entry; however, it is thought to enter directly from the cell surface when a receptor-bound virion spike (s) protein is affected by trypsin, which induces cleavage of the s protein and activates its fusion potential. this suggests that sars-cov bearing a cleaved form of the s protein can enter cells directly from the cell surface without trypsin treatment. to explore this possibility, w ... | 2008 | 18786990 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus elicits a weak interferon response compared to traditional interferon-inducing viruses. | the aim of the present study is to investigate changes of interferon (ifn) production occurring over the first 48 h after infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) and to compare these changes to those induced by well-established ifn-inducing viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis (vsv) and newcastle viruses (ndv). experiments have been carried out using pbmcs of 10 different healthy donors. the results showed that the ... | 2008 | 18781076 |
| toona sinensis roem tender leaf extract inhibits sars coronavirus replication. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a life-threatening disease caused by the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). the development of new antiviral agents for sars-cov is an important issue. we tried to find potential resource from traditional chinese medicine (tcm) for development of new drugs against sars-cov. | 2008 | 18762235 |
| an immunosuppressed syrian golden hamster model for sars-cov infection. | several small animal models have been developed for the study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) replication and pathogenesis. syrian golden hamsters are among the best small animal models, though little clinical illness and no mortality are observed after virus infection. cyclophosphamide was used to immunosuppress hamsters leading to a prolonged disease course and higher mortality after sars-cov infection. in addition, there was a significant weight loss, expanded tiss ... | 2008 | 18760437 |
| an immunosuppressed syrian golden hamster model for sars-cov infection. | several small animal models have been developed for the study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) replication and pathogenesis. syrian golden hamsters are among the best small animal models, though little clinical illness and no mortality are observed after virus infection. cyclophosphamide was used to immunosuppress hamsters leading to a prolonged disease course and higher mortality after sars-cov infection. in addition, there was a significant weight loss, expanded tiss ... | 2008 | 18760437 |