Publications

immunogenicity of two versus three injections of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in adults.	to investigate the immunogenicity of two versus three injections of inactivated strain cr326f-derived hepatitis a vaccine in healthy adults.	1997	9059944
in vitro rna binding of the hepatitis a virus proteinase 3c (hav 3cpro) to secondary structure elements within the 5' terminus of the hav genome.	the secondary structure elements at the 5' nontranslated region (ntr) of the picornaviral rnas can be divided functionally into two domains, one of which directs cap-independent translation, whereas the other is essential for viral rna replication. for the latter, the formation of an rna replication complex that involves particularly viral proteinase-containing polypeptides and cellular proteins has been shown (andino r, rieckhof ge, achacoso pl, baltimore d, 1993, embo j 12:3587-3598; xiang w e ...	1997	9056766
hepatitis a.		1997	9054826
inactivation of hepatitis a virus in plasma products by vapor heating.	the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been associated with the use of a number of solvent/detergent-treated factor viii concentrates and possibly a factor ix concentrate. these reports have emphasized the necessity of using virus-inactivation methods for plasma products that are capable of inactivating nonenveloped viruses such as hav.	1997	9051099
the refined crystal structure of the 3c gene product from hepatitis a virus: specific proteinase activity and rna recognition.	the virally encoded 3c proteinases of picornaviruses process the polyprotein produced by the translation of polycistronic viral mrna. the x-ray crystallographic structure of a catalytically active mutant of the hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase (c24s) has been determined. crystals of this mutant of hav 3c are triclinic with unit cell dimensions a = 53.6 a, b = 53.5 a, c = 53.2 a, alpha = 99.1 degrees, beta = 129.0 degrees, and gamma = 103.3 degrees. there are two molecules of hav 3c in the u ...	1997	9032381
[seroprevalence of hepatitis a in hemophiliacs].	to study the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophiliacs treated with factor viii/ix concentrates.	1996	9026922
acute viral hepatitis in hanoi, viet nam.	a study of acute hepatitis was conducted in hanoi, viet nam, from january 1993 to february 1995; 188 sera from clinical hepatitis cases were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin (ig) m anti-hepatitis a virus (hav), igm anti-hepatitis b core antigen (hbc), igg anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv), igg anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) and igm anti-hev. additionally, 187 sera from control subjects, matched by age, sex and month of admission, with no recent history of hepatitis, were ...	1996	9015503
growth of hepatitis a virus in murine cells.	in order to investigate the growth of hepatitis a virus (hav) in murine cells, l929 cells of the established mouse cell line were transfected with the virion rna or infected with the virions and examined for the formation of negative-strand rna and the rise of the viral infectivity titer. in both the transfected and infected cells, the formation of negative-strand hav rna was assayed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in the transfected cells, infectious hav of an a ...	1996	9014010
prevention of hepatitis a through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip)	this report provides recommendations for use of the newly licensed hepatitis a vaccines (havrix, manufactured by smithkline beecham biologicals, and vaqta, manufactured by merck & company, inc.) in persons > or = 2 years of age and updates previous recommendations for use of immune globulin (ig) for protection against hepatitis a (superseding mmwr 1990;39[no. rr-2]:1-5). for preexposure protection, hepatitis a vaccine can now be used instead of ig in many circumstances; for postexposure prophyla ...	1996	9005304
hepatitis a vaccination by havrix in the czech u.n. troops according to data of seroprevalence in 1991-1995.	viral hepatitis a is a common disease, particularly in developing countries. all staff and troops of the u.n. (united nations) are vaccinated by the havrix vaccine. till 1995 we did not vaccinate czech troops which have operated in the area of former yugoslavia. the main goal of this study was to obtain data about the seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibody among the czech u.n. troops before their departure to the conflict area and to optimize the vaccination approach. the serum samples were exam ...	1996	8996717
two year old hepatitis a vaccine is as good as new.	this was a randomized, controlled, double-blind study assessing the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of newly produced vs 2 year old hepatitis a vaccine. overall 215 non-immune volunteers, 18-39 years old were divided into four groups and administered vaccine at months 0, 1 and 6. three groups each received a different vaccine lot which had been stored at 4 degrees c for 2 years, and one group received recently produced vaccine as control. the mean local and general adverse reaction rates were ...	1996	8994319
immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined hepatitis a and b vaccine in young adults.	the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined vaccine against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in young healthy adults. a total of 150 subjects (20 +/- 1.4 years; 111 females and 39 males) negative for anti-hav, anti-hbs, anti-hbc and hbsag markers, were enrolled and randomized to received the study vaccine from one of the three lots under double blind conditions. three doses of the combined vaccine were administered by intramuscular r ...	1996	8994314
new, ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay for detecting vaccine- and disease-induced hepatitis a virus-specific immunoglobulin g in saliva.	although detection of disease-induced hepatitis a virus (hav)-specific antibodies in saliva has been successfully utilized in a few epidemiological studies, available assays fail to detect lower salivary anti-hav levels associated with vaccine-induced immunity. we present a new capture enzyme immunoassay which employs a three-layer antibody recognition system. evaluation of paired saliva-serum specimens from 1,025 international travellers, 134 other volunteers, and 91 hepatitis a vaccine recipie ...	1997	8968887
[vaccination against hepatitis a].	the epidemiology of hepatitis a, a disease endemic in various countries, is in a state of continuous change. adults are more exposed to infection and considering the frequent absence of immunity, in contrast to children in whom the disease is almost always asymptomatic, the disease is often serious and prolonged with a mortality of up to 2.5%. the mode of transmission of hav is predominantly the fecal-oral route; the virus is isolated during the prodromic period of the disease from the feces, bl ...	1996	8966125
[reactivity and immunogenicity of havrix 360 vaccine for hepatitis a].	the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new vaccine against viral hepatitis a, under the name havrix, manufactured by smithkline beecham biologicals, belgium, was studied. a single dose of 1 ml contains not less than 360 elisa units of inactivated hav, strain hm175, cultivated on human diploid cells. the vaccine has been applied intramuscularly to 80 second-grade primary school children under the 0, 1 and 6-month schedule. postvaccinal reactions were followed for three days after each applica ...	1996	8965633
hepatitis a vaccination by intracutaneous low dose administration: a less expensive alternative.	we investigated the immune response to three different intracutaneous (i.c.) doses of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: 72, 144, and 216 elisa units (eu). the response was measured using a quotient score derived from a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (havab abbott) and translated to iu per liter using a world health organization standard serum for hepatitis a virus antibody. the results were compared with the results obtained after an intramuscular (i.m.) full dose, i.e. 1,440 eu, at ...	1996	8953668
synthesis, lipophilic derivatization and interaction with liposomes of hav-vp3 (102-121) sequence by using spectroscopic techniques.	hepatitis a virus (hav) is composed mainly of three structural capsid proteins: vp1, vp2 and vp3. our group has reported the synthesis and the immunogenic evaluation of vp3 (110-121) peptide sequence. in the present work, in order to stimulate a t-cell immune response, we have selected the hav-vp3 (102-121) peptide which has maximum amphipathicity. its synthesis was carried out manually in the solid phase and semipreparative hplc was used for purification of the crude peptide. finally the purifi ...	1996	8952449
prevention of hepatitis a infections: guidelines for use of hepatitis a vaccine and immune globulin. american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases.	the licensing of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines for persons 2 years or older necessitates development of recommendations for pediatric use, as well as a review of the current indications for immune globulin (ig) in hepatitis a prophylaxis. both vaccines are immunogenic and protective in children and adults. a single dose of vaccine induced antibody in 88% to 96% of subjects by 2 weeks and 97% to 100% by 1 month, and protected against subsequent hepatitis a virus (hav) disease occurring 21 ...	1996	8951284
chronic hepatitis a with persistent viral replication.	hepatitis a virus (hav) usually causes an acute self-limited illness. this report describes a patient with hepatitis a whose serum aminotransferase activities remained above normal and whose serum was persistently positive for immunoglobulin (ig) m class anti-hepatitis a 31 months after the onset of hepatitis. liver biopsy carried out 11 months after the onset of hepatitis showed histological changes consistent with chronic hepatitis of moderate severity. hav rna was detected by polymerase chain ...	1996	8950689
[seroprevalence of viral hepatitis a in france in homosexuals and intravenous drug users].	in industrialized countries with a high level of sanitation, immunity against hepatitis a (hva) is not acquired during childhood, and infection typically occurs in adults, mainly in travelers returning from developing countries where infection is endemic. however, the introduction of hepatitis a virus (hav) among certain population groups, such as intravenous drug users (ivdu) or homosexual men, leads to a significant increase in the disease. we conducted a retrospective analysis of seroprevalen ...	1996	8949605
[hepatitis a: clinical course and serology].		1995	8948769
haemolysis in hepatitis a virus infections coinciding with the occurrence of autoantibodies against triosephosphate isomerase and the reactivation of latent persistent epstein-barr virus infection.	haemolysis has been observed frequently as a complication of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, the pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated completely. in individual cases the detection of anti-erythrocyte antibodies of unknown specificity was described. the raised serum igm fraction was shown to consist partially of autoantibodies. previously, we detected autoantibodies of immunoglobulin class m directed against triosephosphate isomerase (igm anti-tpi) in patients with infec ...	1996	8923293
immunity to hepatitis a in paediatric and nursery nurses.	a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of immunity to the hepatitis a virus (hav) was undertaken in paediatric and nursery nurses to ascertain whether these occupational groups were at an increased risk of infection with the virus. seropositivity to hav was measured in 33 surgical (control), 36 paediatric, 55 nursery and 29 specialist paediatric nurses in a district general hospital, community clinics and a children's hospital in the west midlands. igg antibodies to hav were found in 27% of su ...	1996	8918151
the prevalence and direct costs of pre-immunization testing for hepatitis a in general practice.	two hundred and twenty patients in one general practice travelling to destinations where immunization against hepatitis a virus (hav) is recommended were tested for their hav immune status before immunization. age-specific prevalence of prior immunity to hav was estimated. the relative costs of pre-immunization testing and immediate immunization were compared. the most cost-effective testing method for this practice was found to be total population testing prior to immunization with hav vaccine. ...	1996	8917876
immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: a clinical trial with comparison of administration route.	a bicentre, controlled, randomized, open trial was carried out in order to compare the immunogenicity and the reactogenicity of pasteur merieux sérums et vaccins inactivated hepatitis a vaccine on adults, when used with different routes of administration [intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and needless injection using a jet injector device]. vaccines were given at two doses 6 months apart to 147 seronegative subjects. anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) titres were performed at each visit by mod ...	1996	8911009
immune response to hepatitis a virus capsid proteins after infection.	this study was undertaken to determine the immune response of humans to viral capsid polypeptides of hepatitis a virus (hav) after natural infection, which is very important for vaccine development. antiviral capsids in 73 serum samples from patients with acute and chronic hav infections were analyzed by immunoblotting against individual hav capsid polypeptides (vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4) by using a cell culture-based hav antigen. for reference, total anti-hav immunoglobulin g (igg) and anti-hav ig ...	1996	8904442
new hepatitis a vaccines and their role in prevention.	the hepatitis a virus (hav) accounts for 20 to 25% of clinically apparent hepatitis cases worldwide. it generally causes mild to moderately severe acute illness. the serological prevalence of this virus is high in underdeveloped countries where poor sanitary conditions facilitate the spread of the virus. the sentinel counties studies of the centers for disease control in the us have identified a number of factors associated with the acquisition of hav, including household members, homosexual men ...	1996	8882375
hepatitis a transmission by factor ix concentrates.	factor ix concentrates unlike factor viii concentrates have not to date been associated with the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav). a retrospective study by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on a batch of factor ix concentrate used to treat two haemophilia b patients who developed jaundice and igm anti-hav antibodies within 50 days of factor ix administration in 1985 revealed the presence of hav rna. these findings indicate that factor ix concentrates can transmit hav and tha ...	1996	8873425
identification of a surface glycoprotein on african green monkey kidney cells as a receptor for hepatitis a virus.	very little is known about the mechanism of cell entry of hepatitis a virus (hav), and the identification of cellular receptors for this picornavirus has been elusive. here we describe the molecular cloning of a cellular receptor for hav using protective monoclonal antibodies raised against susceptible african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells as probes. monoclonal antibodies 190/4, 235/4 and 263/6, which reacted against similar epitopes, specifically protected agmk cells against hav infection by ...	1996	8861957
detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids.	this study describes the detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in 31 naturally contaminated oyster specimens by nucleic acid amplification and oligonucleotide probing. viruses were extracted by adsorption-elution-precipitation from 50-g oyster samples harvested from an area receiving sewage effluent discharge. ninety percent of each extract was inoculated into primate kidney cell cultures for virus isolation and infectivity assay. viruses in the remaining 10% of oyster extract that wa ...	1996	8837433
supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention.	in a recent statement on the prevention of infections caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), naci described the usual indications for use of immune serum globulin (ig) and the newly available inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (havrix, smithkline beecham). subsequently, a more potent vaccine formulation was licensed, permitting a single dose primary immunization of adults. this supplementary statement addresses this development and comments on vaccine use in children.	1996	8825660
risk of infection with hepatitis a, b or c, cytomegalovirus, varicella or measles among child care providers.	employment as a child care provider has been suggested as an indication for hepatitis a virus (hav) immunization; however, whether this occupational group is at increased risk of hav infection is not well-defined.	1996	8823851
prevalence of helicobacter pylori antibodies in normal children.		1996	8822294
a community prevalence study of antibodies to hepatitis a and e in inner-city london.	the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) was determined in a community-based sample in innercity london where socioeconomic conditions were expected to result in a high prevalence of antibodies to hav, and in which the presence of immigrants from the developing world pose a risk of imported infection of both hav and hev. the seroprevalence of anti-hav was 45.1% in uk born subjects and 69.7% in non-uk born subjects and each group showed differing pat ...	1996	8818970
hepatitis vaccines.	the past two decades have seen a series of breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of viral hepatitis. developed countries have an increasing number of adults who are susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. the licensing of an effective hepatitis a vaccine presents new opportunities for prevention in persons at risk for hav infection. hepatitis b virus infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease throughout the world. although a hepatitis b vaccine has ...	1996	8804380
hepatitis a and vaccination.		1994	8801857
a novel cytopathic microtitre plate assay for hepatitis a virus and anti-hepatitis a neutralizing antibodies.	the slow growth of hepatitis a virus (hav) has made tissue culture assay for infectious virus difficult. strains of the virus of greater cytopathogenicity have been selected for use in plaque cytopathic assays. however, in our hands, this assay has been difficult to reproduce consistently due to problems in maintaining intact cell monolayers over the long incubations involved. this report describes the development of a cytopathic tcid50 assay for hav. from the results of repeated assay of one pr ...	1996	8793842
hepatitis a: from epidemic jaundice to a vaccine-preventable disease.	hepatitis a probably causes an identifiable illness in less than 5% of individuals who are infected with the virus. nonetheless, it has been an important cause of morbidity throughout history. hepatitis a remains endemic in some developing nations, and cyclical epidemics still occur in developed nations, including the united states. because infections are less common in children in developed nations, the pattern of infection has shifted toward older age groups. this shift is a concern because th ...	1996	8792141
anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination: guidelines for an immunization strategy in italy. workshop consensus conference--rome, may 2-3, 1995.		1996	8789832
a virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by pcr and oligoprobe hybridization.	this article reports the development of a method to purify and concentrate intact virions from oyster extracts to volume and quality compatible with viral genomic nucleic acid amplification by reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) and confirmation by oligonucleotide probe hybridization. fifty-gram oyster samples were processed by an adsorption-elution -precipitation method and then seeded with 10(1) to 10(5) pfu of poliovirus type 1 (pv1) or hepatitis a virus (hav). seeded viruses in oyster extract ...	1996	8787405
hepatitis a-vaccines: a comparison between three methods of antigen determination.		1996	8785942
[seroepidemiologic study of the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in children in rome].	the authors evaluated the incidence of infection by hepatitis a virus (hav) in a paediatric population through a seroepidemiological investigation in a group of 278 children (0-12 years old), apparently healthy. the determination of anti-hav antibodies was carried out by elisa-test. of the 287 examined sera, 27 cases turned out hav positive antibodies (9.7%), with the following distribution, according to the groups of age: 0-3 months: 2 of 6 children were positive (mother's antibodies); 3 months ...	1996	8766776
enterically transmitted hepatitis in saudi arabia: an epidemiological study.	rates of exposure to two, enterically transmitted viruses, hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav), were investigated among the populations of two areas of saudi arabia: gizan (a rural area) and riyadh (an urban area, with relatively good sanitation). in riyadh, 24.7% and 1.2% of children were seropositive for hav and hev, respectively, by the age of 12 years. there was a sharp increase in exposure to hav between 13 and 20 years of age (to 63.5%) and most (80.0%) of the subjects aged ...	1996	8762410
determination of the inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in human plasma products using a simple tcid50 assay.	the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with use of fviii concentrates has been reported in a number of european countries. all of these cases were associated with products inactivated by use of solvent detergent treatment. these reports have emphasized the necessity of evaluating virus inactivation methodologies for their ability to inactivate hav. such studies had previously been hampered by the difficulties associated with titration of hav, because of the minimal cytopathic eff ...	1996	8732864
risk factors and prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in children from day-care centers, in goiania, brazil.	a seroepidemiologic survey about hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was carried out in a group comprising 310 children, ranging in age from 3 months to 9 years, from day-care centers, in goiania, a middle sized city in the central region of brazil. the biomarkers employed in the investigation of previous infection include total igg and igm anti-hav antibodies, and for the detection of more recent infection, igm anti-hav antibodies were analyzed. the study was performed in 1991 and 1992. according ...	1995	8729753
causes of acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b.	the authors analyzed acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b in 24 chronic hbsag carriers (20 with positive hbeag, 4 with anti-hbe), more than half of whom were treated with glucocorticoids, by examining specific antigens and antibodies of the hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis delta virus (hdv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). of 38 observed exacerbations of the disease they found in 7 (18%) deterioration after discontinuation of glucocorticoids, ...	1995	8718791
prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis a virus in adult patients with hepatitis a as determined by polymerase chain reaction.	in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, fecal excretion of the virus has been reported to cease shortly after symptoms occur. although there have been several reports on detection of hav in feces using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the duration of fecal hav shedding in human adult hepatitis a has not been well described. in the present study, we applied the reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr system to the detection of fecal hav rna in 10 patients with sporadic hepatitis a. the viral genomic rna was ...	1996	8707246
supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention. laboratory centre for disease control.		1996	8705911
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua.	a cross-sectional survey of the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), and e (hev) antibodies in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua was conducted and associated with demographic data. the overall prevalence of antibodies to hav was 94.6%, to hbv 6.5% and to hev between 4.6% and 8.0%, whereas none of 399 tested subjects showed confirmed seropositivity to hcv. a high hav seropositivity rate (72.7%) was observed even in the lowest age groups tested (2-4 years of age). in ...	1996	8702016
[an epidemiometric model of viral hepatitis a and its use].	the mathematical model of viral hepatitis a has been developed. the model is the system of 7 boundary differential equations which describe changes occurring in the course of time in the main epidemiological groups of the population. on the basis of the proposed model quantitative experiments on the epidemiological effects of a hypothetic program of immunization at hypothetic power of infection have been carried out.	1996	8701653
hepatitis a vaccines.		1996	8691546
[adaptation of hepatitis a virus to nonprimate cells].	hepatitis a virus (hav) was adapted to nonprimate bhk-21 cell line (syrian hamster kidney). enzyme immunoassay, immunoblotting, and slot hybridization demonstrated the capacity of hm175 culture strain to stable reproduction in this cell line. more than 50 passages of adapted hav were carried out, which showed no changes in the basic cultural characteristics of the virus. the data permit a conclusion on the possibility of hav reproduction in nonprimate cells.	1996	8686273
[comparative study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac from experimental and clinical data].	comparative analysis of the specific activities of various batches of hep-a-in-vac vaccine showed that the immunologic efficacy of the agent directly depended on the content of hepatitis a virus antigen in the vaccine dose. the results of studying the immunogenicity of the agent on volunteers are compatible with the results of experimental studies and indicate that the test of guinea pigs adequately assesses this characteristic. assessment of the immunogenic properties of hep-a-in-vac prepared u ...	1995	8686264
[hepatitis a vaccine].		1995	8684338
[immune response to a single dose of a novel kind of hepatitis a vaccine following splenectomy].	the immune response to parenteral antigens is reduced in persons without spleen. the seroconversion rate was measured after application of a new type of vaccine against hepatitis a (immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virus virosome [iriv]) in patients who had undergone a splenectomy after trauma.	1996	8681712
use of nuclease enzyme in the purification of vaqta, a hepatitis a vaccine.	the development of the purification process for vaqta, which results in a highly purified inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, was driven by modifications in the cell-culture and harvest methods which permit hepatitis a virus propagation to support large-scale manufacture. the starting material for the purification was initially a concentrated cell pellet scraped from roller bottles. however, when the cell-culture method was scaled up to use high-surface-area nunc cell factories or costar cubes, the ...	1996	8679106
single dose-inactivated hepatitis a vaccination schedule for susceptible youngsters.	to investigate the feasibility of a single-dose primary hepatitis a vaccination for young travelers.	1996	8677995
specific interaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the 5'-nontranslated rna of hepatitis a virus.	initiation of translation of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna occurs by internal entry and is likely to involve the interaction of trans-acting cellular protein factors with cis-acting structural elements of an internal ribosomal entry segment (ires) within the 5'-nontranslated rna. to characterize interactions between african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cell proteins and the predicted stem-loop iiia (nucleotides 155-235) located at the 5' border of the hav ires, we utilized an electrophoresis mobil ...	1996	8662893
[immunity against hepatitis a in younger age groups and the basis for an immunization program].	the naturally acquired immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) in a sample of 305 children, aged up to 15 years, in the municipality of ivanić-grad amounted to 18.7%. the study was conducted in september 1989. of those 305 children, 16.8% of the boys and 20.7% of the girls were positive. no statistically significant difference was observed with regard to sex (p < 0.01) (chi 2 = 1.4). of the children aged up to two years, 47.4% were exposed to the hepatitis a virus. seropositive for anti-hav were 8.3 ...	1995	8656973
optimization of poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation of hepatitis a virus used to prepare vaqta, a highly purified inactivated vaccine.	poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation has been successfully used to concentrate and purify hepatitis a virus from crude lysate preparations for production of vaqta, a highly purified, formalin-inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. initial results showed that nucleic acids present in the starting material were problematic for the performance of the poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation step. extensive experiments were carried out to identify processing conditions suitable for vaccine manufacture which wou ...	1996	8652125
annulate lamellae and lytic hav infection in vitro.	the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between viral infection and annulate lamellae (al) production by using quantitative and qualitative electron microscopy to document the size and numbers of al in bs-c-1 cells infected with a lytic strain of hepatitis a virus (hav). the progress of the hav infection was found to occur in two phases. in phase 1, cell proliferation and cell death were roughly the same as that of the mock infected control, but there was an increase with time in t ...	1996	8650673
molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of hepatitis a in italy.	the relationship of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates associated with an outbreak in genoa, italy, in 1993 was examined using direct sequencing of amplicons derived by antigen capture pcr (ac/pcr) from faecal samples of the infected persons. forty samples recovered from 38 primary and two secondary cases were examined. the latter were household contacts of the primary cases. in addition, faecal material of 2 unrelated persons infected simultaneously with hepatitis a in genoa were tested. the pcr ...	1995	8636721
amplification of the full-length hepatitis a virus genome by long reverse transcription-pcr and transcription of infectious rna directly from the amplicon.	the genetic study of rna viruses is greatly facilitated by the availability of infectious cdna clones. however, their construction has often been difficult. while exploring ways to simplify the construction of infectious clones, we have successfully modified and applied the newly described technique of "long pcr" to the synthesis of a full-length dna amplicon from the rna of a cytopathogenic mutant (hm 175/24a) of the hepatitis a virus (hav). primers were synthesized to match the two extremities ...	1996	8633073
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine amongst singaporeans.	the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine was studied in healthy singaporean adult volunteers. one hundred and forty healthy volunteers with normal alanine (alt) and aspartate (ast) transaminases and no previous exposure to hav, received three 1 ml doses (720 elisa units) of an inactivated hav vaccine (smithkline beechams biologicals) following a 0, 1, 6 months vaccination schedule. all subjects were asked to record and grade the severity of any reac ...	1995	8629058
replication of hepatitis a viruses with chimeric 5' nontranslated regions.	the role of the 5' nontranslated region in the replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied by analyzing the translation and replication of chimeric rnas containing the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) and various lengths (237, 151, or 98 nucleotides [nt]) of the 5'-terminal hav sequence. translation of all chimeric rnas, truncated to encode only capsid protein sequences, occurred with equal efficiency in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and was much enha ...	1996	8627760
rna-protein interactions at the 3' end of the hepatitis a virus rna.	the regulative cis-acting terminal rna structures and the proteins involved in the amplification of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome are unknown. by uv cross-linking/label transfer experiments, we have analyzed sequences of the 3'-nontranslated region (3'ntr) and preceding domains of the viral genome for their ability to interact with host proteins. a series of cdna constructs were used to create genomic- and antigenomic-sense transcripts. the results show that the 3'-ntr-poly(a) interacted wi ...	1996	8627714
identification of hepatitis a virus non-structural protein 2b and its release by the major virus protease 3c.	the rna genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) encodes a giant polyprotein that is putatively cleaved proteolytically into four structural and seven non-structural proteins. so far, most of the proposed non-structural proteins and their respective cleavage sites have not been identified. a vaccinia virus recombinant (vrgorf) containing the complete hav orf under the control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter was used to express hav in recombinant animal cells (bt7-h) that constitutively expressed t7 dn ...	1996	8627228
a simian strain of hepatitis a virus, agm-27, functions as an attenuated vaccine for chimpanzees.	the agm-27 strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) was originally isolated from an african green monkey with hepatitis and appears to represent a true simian strain. the virus caused acute hepatitis after intravenous inoculation into african green monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets. cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with the virus did not develop hepatitis, probably because of prior exposure to hav. chimpanzees inoculated with a high dose of the virus did not develop signs of hepatitis, although the v ...	1996	8627022
auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure--a multicenter european study.	auxiliary liver transplantation (lt) is a special procedure of lt which could be proposed to patients with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) and has for aim that complete regeneration of the native liver (nl) left in place will allow the graft recipient to resume normal liver function after allograft withdrawal. we report 30 cases of auxiliary lt performed for fhf in 12 european centers. twenty-five of 30 patients were younger than 50 years. the cause of fhf was hepatitis a virus (hav) in 4 patien ...	1996	8621143
active immunization against hepatitis a is now warranted in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient subjects.		1996	8607537
hepatitis a vaccine.	hepatitis a continues to cause sporadic cases, epidemics, and occasional deaths in the united states. a killed virus vaccine for immunization against hepatitis a has recently been approved by the food and drug administration. one hundred percent seroconversion occurs after a series consisting of a primary dose and a second booster shot 6-12 months later. co-administration of immune-globulin and hepatitis a vaccine lowers ultimate antibody levels 50% compared with vaccine alone. targets for immun ...	1996	8607483
changes ahead in childhood immunization.		1996	8594229
risk factors for hepatitis a, b and c virus infection among swedish expatriates.	the influence of different risk factors for viral hepatitis a, b and c, particularly if sexual contact with the indigenous population was related to an increased risk of having hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers, was assessed by multivariate analysis in a logistic regression model in a prospectively enrolled series of 563 adult swedish expatriates. the most frequently reported recognised risk factors for the acquisition of viral hepatitis (as reported in a self-administered questionnaire) were havi ...	1995	8586840
antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha on hepatitis a virus replication in human liver cells.	human recombinant interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) was assayed for its antiviral effect on hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. ifn-alpha resulted in concentration-dependent reduction of hav antigen expression and hav replication. ifn-alpha had a prophylactic effect, but was still effective when it was added after the infection, even at the end of the first replication cycle. an important increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in the ifn-treate ...	1995	8585761
virosomes as carriers for combined vaccines.	immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) are liposomes which carry the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus on their surface. a hepatitis a vaccine using iriv as carrier has very good immunogenicity and is well tolerated. the objective of this study was to produce a fivefold combined vaccine against hepatitis a and b, diphtheria, tetanus and influenza a/b, and to show that in principle irivs can serve as carriers for multiple antigens which have good immunogenicity and are ...	1995	8585285
risk of hepatitis a in dutch hemophilia patients.	recently, clotting factor preparations transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) to hemophilia patients. to study the risk of hav infection in dutch hemophilia patients, serum samples of 341 patients with hemophilia were tested for hav antibodies (anti-hav). 197/341 patients (group 1) were treated with clotting factor concentrates produced from large plasma pools, 144/341 patients (group 2) were treated with small pool cryoprecipitate. the test results were compared to those of healthy blood donors (n ...	1995	8584994
recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing hepatitis a virus structural polypeptides: detection of an anti-vp0 response in convalescent-phase sera.	we have generated a number of recombinant vaccinia viruses which expressed the hepatitis a virus (hav) structural polypeptides vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, either alone or in combination. the relevant sequences encoding these polypeptides were amplified from cloned cdna by pcr and then cloned into the insertion vector pgs62. the presence of the hav structural polypeptide-encoding sequences in the recombinant viruses was confirmed by southern blot analysis, whilst their transcription and translation w ...	1995	8574835
preventing hepatitis a infections in travelers to endemic areas.	in 1995, 24 million travelers from the united states are anticipated to visit developing countries where hepatitis a is endemic. passive immunization with immune globulin, before exposure or within two weeks following exposure to the hepatitis a virus, protects against clinical disease in < 70-90% of immunized individuals. the duration of protection, measured in months, is relatively short. active immunization with a single dose of inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine appears to provide greater ...	1995	8561258
safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children 2 to 5 years old.	the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine were assessed. seventy healthy children aged between 2 and 5 years old, who lacked antibodies against the hepatitis a virus, were enrolled in this study. with a 0-, 1-, and 6-month vaccination schedule, the children received three doses of 360 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) units of hepatitis a vaccine intramuscularly (deltoid). safety parameters were recorded in standardized diary cards by the parents on the ...	1995	8557400
[the screening of hepatitis virus and its efficacy].	1. infection of hepatitis a virus (hav) was prevented with hepatitis a vaccine. high risk groups of hav infection should be inoculated this vaccine because japanese peoples less than 40 years old didn't have immunity for hav. 2. infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) was scarcely observed in japan. 3. infection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by blood transfusion was eradicated after the screening with anti-hbc antibody for blood donors. and maternal transmissions of hbv and infections of hbv in hospit ...	1995	8551671
mutations within the 5' nontranslated rna of cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus which enhance cap-independent translation in cultured african green monkey kidney cells.	mutations in the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) of an attenuated, cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav), hm175/p16, enhance growth in cultured african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells but not in fetal rhesus monkey kidney (frhk-4) cells (s. p. day, p. murphy, e. a. brown, and s. m. lemon, j. virol. 66: 6533-6540, 1992). to determine whether these mutations enhance cap-independent translation directed by the hav internal ribosomal entry site (ires), we compared the translational activities ...	1996	8551562
pathogenesis of hepatitis a in orally inoculated owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus).	the pathogenesis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was studied in owl monkeys following oral administration of the wild-type hm-175 strain of hav. stools were collected daily and blood and pharyngeal swabs twice weekly for viral isolation, and animals were necropsied at various intervals after inoculation. organs were examined for the presence of virus by isolation in cell culture and for viral antigens by immunofluorescence. monkeys excreted hav in the stools for 1-4 days after inoculation, ...	1995	8551278
an outbreak of hepatitis a among irish haemophiliacs.	an outbreak of hepatitis a (hav) occurred in 1992 in irish haemophilia a patients treated with high purity solvent-detergent (sd) treated factor viii. similar outbreaks were reported in italy, germany and belgium. the aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak, and to test the hypothesis that it was caused by exposure to sd-treated factor viii.	1995	8550281
trends in hepatitis a virus infection with reference to the process of urbanization in the greater madrid area (spain).	hepatitis a is an infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route. endemicity within a specific country is directly related to sanitation and hygienic standards, while being inversely related to socioeconomic conditions. we studied how the process of urbanization witnessed in madrid had influenced the transmission of hepatitis a infection. in the madrid autonomous region, this process first began in the early sixties and was not brought to a close until the late seventies. catalytic models were us ...	1995	8549732
role of the pyrimidine-rich tract on the translation of 'chimeric' polio-hepatitis a mrnas with engineered 5'-terminal untranslated regions.	the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-utr) of picornavirus rna contains a series of cis-acting elements required for the internal initiation of translation, including a pyrimidine-rich tract (prt), which in entero- and rhinoviruses is located about 20 nts upstream from a silent aug triplet in the vicinity of the translation initiation site. in hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, the prt is only 12 nts upstream from the legitimate aug initiation codon, and a second, longer prt in a region far removed ...	1995	8533464
[serum hepatitis b markers: atypical patterns detected at the hospital insular de gran canaria].	two atypical serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection were detected in 19 patients during a 18-month period study. pattern 1 (10 patients) was consistent with hbv-2 infection. reactivity of hbsag was confirmed by neutralization tests; the absence of other markers was also verified, included anti-hbcigm. three of the patients were classified in high risk groups and seven in the low risk groups for hepatitis b; in none of them was co-infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) detected. ...	1995	8532922
use of digoxigenin-labeled rna probe to test hepatitis a virus antiviral drugs.	a nucleic acid hybridization assay was used to evaluate inhibitory activity of antiviral compounds against hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture and compared to radioimmunoassay by analysis of variance procedure. the 5' genomic end of the hm-175 strain was used as digoxigenin-labeled rna probe. dot-blot examination showed a reduction of detectable hav rna in infected cells when treated with amphotericin b. an antiviral dose-effect was shown by statistical analysis of densitometric measures of ...	1995	8532379
direct sequencing of hepatitis a virus strains isolated during an epidemic in france.	direct sequencing of pcr products was used to study the vp1 region of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome (position 2199 to 2356) of nine strains isolated from human stools collected during a hepatitis a epidemic (western france, 1992), three strains from environmental samples (1990, 1991, and 1992), and two hav cell culture isolates (the french strain cf53/lyon and strain clf). these viruses differed from cf53/lyon (genotype i) by between 1 and 10.3%, and results indicated the existence of two g ...	1995	8526512
anti-hepatitis a antibody titers after passive immunization with hepatitis a hyperimmune globulin.		1995	8525412
intragastric infection induced in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203).	several species of non-human primates have been used in studies on experimental infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). attempts to infect a south-american marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203) are described here. four seronegative animals were inoculated intragastrically and one was sacrificed on day 11, 20, 47 and 62 after infection. one uninfected animal was included as control. liver, small intestine, lymph node, spleen and kidney samples were collected for his ...	1995	8520524
hepatitis a antibody titres after infection and immunization: implications for passive and active immunization.	titres of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) were determined in patients, in donors, and in volunteers after active, passive, and combined immunization. highest titres were found in recently infected persons: in 109 igm anti-hav positive persons, the geometric mean titre (gmt) was 15,400 miu/ml. the gmt in 265 anti-hav positive blood donors was 10,700 miu/ml. the anti-hav seroprevalence in 19,746 donors increases with age: at the age of 40 years, 50% have antibodies. titres after active, ...	1993	8515245
[molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus].	the genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) is a linear plus-strand rna molecule of 7,500 nucleotides and it shares common strategies of construction and function of the picornavirus family. since it has a unique nucleotide sequence homology, hav has been classified in the genus of hepatovirus, newly added to the family. nucleotide sequence of the putative vp1/2a junction area was found variable and a 168 nucleotide portion of the region has been compared with many hav sequences obtained from all over ...	1993	8464144
vertical transmission of hepatitis a resulting in an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit.	vertical transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) has not been reported. from 25 october to 15 november 1989, 10 cases of symptomatic hav infection occurred among neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) staff. testing of other nicu staff and patients identified 4 infected infants. hepatitis a among staff was associated with caring for 1 of these infants, infant a (relative risk [rr], undefined; p = .05). risk of illness was greater for staff who did not routinely wash their hands after treating infan ...	1993	8440928
evaluation of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in canadians 40 years of age or more.	to assess the side effects and immune responses after three serial doses of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in people 40 years of age or more.	1993	8431816
cell type-specific proteins which interact with the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis a virus rna.	the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr) of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains structural elements which facilitate 5' cap-independent initiation of virus translation and are likely to interact with cellular proteins functioning as translation initiation factors. to define these interactions, we characterized the binding of ribosome-associated proteins from several cell types to synthetic rnas representing segments of the 5'ntr by using a uv cross-linking/label transfer assay. four major proteins ( ...	1993	8411373
hepatitis a: hepatotropism and influence on myelopoiesis.	immunopathologic mechanisms leading to liver tissue injury in hepatitis caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) were studied in an autologous in vitro model. data show virus-specific killing by liver-infiltrating t lymphocytes in man and support the hypothesis that hepatocellular damage as well as efficient elimination of virus-infected hepatocytes is mediated by hla-restricted, hav-specific cd8+ t lymphocytes. furthermore, experimental results demonstrate that human interferon-gamma produced by hav-s ...	1993	8407240
a new method of rna preparation for detection of hepatitis a virus in environmental samples by the polymerase chain reaction.	a new method based on rna preparation from shellfish by polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and trichloroacetic acid (tca) extraction was developed for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the extraction provides high yield and the extracted rna is undegraded. this method proved to be particularly useful for detection of rna viruses from environmental samples by pcr.	1993	8395540
depression of the immune response to an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine administered concomitantly with immune globulin.	inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine is given in a three-dose schedule. when rapid protection is needed, injection of immune globulin (ig) concomitantly with the first dose could provide passive protection until adequate active antibody response has developed. a possible effect of ig on the immune response to the vaccine was studied in healthy volunteers; 28 received vaccine alone, and 34 received the first dose simultaneously with 5 ml of ig. a control group received hepatitis b vaccine, ...	1993	8394864
synthesis of immunogenic hepatitis a virus particles by recombinant baculoviruses.	recombinant baculoviruses were constructed which contained the hepatitis a virus (hav) open reading frame (orf) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. northern blot analysis with an hav-specific oligonucleotide probe demonstrated a single transcript large enough to include the hav orf in spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with these recombinants. immunoblots revealed a 220 kda protein representing the hav polyprotein. in addition, proteins which co-migrated with hav capsid proteins, and ...	1993	8393604
mutations in the 3a genomic region of two cytopathic strains of hepatitis a virus isolated in italy.	two strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) were isolated in cell culture and found to induce a cytopathic effect at early passages. the nucleotide sequences of the 5' non-translated region (5'ntr) and of genes 2b, 2c, 3a and 3b were determined for these strains and found to contain mutations similar to those detected in cell-culture adapted variants of hav strain hm175. in addition, gene 3a shows a deletion of three aspartic acid residues near the n-terminus of the polypeptide. in combination with v ...	1993	8391192