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[molecular confirmation of enterovirus type 71 infection: a post-mortem study of two cases].to investigate the diagnostic application of molecular detection of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) infection using post-mortem paraffin-embedded tissue.200919575899
[pathology of enterovirus 71 infection: an autopsy study of 5 cases].to study the clinicopathologic features of fatal enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection.200919573350
[genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolated in beijing, 2006-2008].objective to sequence and analyze the vp1 region of isolated enterovirus from different sources in beijing, 2006-2008.200919565848
[severe enterovirus 71-associated hang-foot-and-mouth disease complicated by brainstem encephalitis: report of 2 cases]. 200919558823
[expression of recombinant vp1 protein of enterovirus 71 and development of serological assay for detection of ev71 infection].to obtain a recombinant purified enterovirus 71 vpi protein and establishment of an early, rapid and accurate serological elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for detection of ev71 infection.200819544656
[study of the clinical and laboratory features of hand-foot-mouth disease].to study the clinical and laboratory features of the mild and severe hand-foot-mouth diseases (hfmd) in shenzhen in 2008.200819544650
human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common febrile disease occurring mainly in young children. although clinical manifestations of hfmd are usually mild and self limiting, a severe ev71 outbreak can lead to a diverse array of neurological diseases. identification of the specific cellular receptors is crucial for elucidating the mechanism of early virus-host interactions and the pathogenesis of enteroviruses. here we identify human p-selectin ...200919543284
scavenger receptor b2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to human enterovirus species a of the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71, together with coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are most frequently associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). although hfmd is considered a mild exanthematous infection, infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including fatal encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis. in recent years, epidemic and spor ...200919543282
appearance of mosaic enterovirus 71 in the 2008 outbreak of china.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a pathogen of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). in the last year and this spring, hfmd caused by ev71 repeatedly broke out and has resulted in at least 50 children's death in china. it is important to know the mechanism effecting genetic diversity of the virus circulating in china in order to prevent future outbreaks in the country. homologous recombination has been proved to play a role in evolution of the virus. in this study, we have performed a phylogenetic analysi ...200919540282
antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71.oxidative stress is known to be a determinant of a host's susceptibility to pathogens. natural compounds with antioxidant activity may provide a preventive measure against infection. tea polyphenols were evaluated for their ability to inhibit enterovirus 71 (ev71) replication in vero cell culture. among the polyphenolic compounds tested, epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and gallocatechin gallate (gcg) potently inhibited replication of ev71. egcg and gcg reduced the titer of infectious progeny vir ...200919537794
water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibited enterovirus 71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line.human infection by enterovirus type 71 (ev71) can cause life-threatening meningo-encephalitis. currently, there is no effective anti-ev71 therapy available. since ev71 infection commonly involves skin lesions, we tested our hypothesis that water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis (g. uralensis) could inhibit the cytopathic effects of ev71 in a human foreskin cell line by using an xtt-based method. our results showed that the water extract of g. uralensis at 3,000 microg/ml has only 30% cytotoxicit ...200919507280
seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in germany.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant pathogen with potential to cause large outbreaks. because little is known about its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology in germany, data for 1997-2007 are presented. four hundred thirty-six sera from persons aging 10 months to 75 years were tested in a neutralisation test; 63.4% of pre-school children were seronegative, whereas about 75% of adults had antibodies to ev71. phylogenetic analysis of 28 isolates associated with neurological or ...200919506798
identification of small interfering rnas which inhibit the replication of several enterovirus 71 strains in china.enterovirus 71 (ev 71) is one of the commonest causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which infects mainly young children. it has been associated with severe neurological complications worldwide, and has caused significant deaths in many provinces of china from march to may 2008. in this study, rna interference (rnai) was used as an antiviral agent to inhibit ev 71 replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. three small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting extremely conserved r ...200919490979
enterovirus 71-induced autophagy detected in vitro and in vivo promotes viral replication.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an important pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old worldwide. however, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. this study reveals that ev71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) and neuroblastoma (sk-n-sh) cells stimulated the autophagic process, which was demonstrated by an increase of punctate gfp-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (gfp-lc3), the level of autophagosome-bound lc3-ii protein and double-membrane autophagosome formation. ev71-i ...200919475621
phylogenetic designation of enterovirus 71 genotypes and subgenotypes using complete genome sequences.human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, vp1 and vp4. based on these, ev-71 is divided into three genotypes, a, b and c, and within the genotypes b and c, there are further subgenotypes, b1-b5 and c1-c5. classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. in the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known ev-71 and human enterovirus a (hev-a) isolates ...201019465162
cross-antigenicity among ev71 strains from different genogroups isolated in yamagata, japan, between 1990 and 2007.we isolated and identified six subgenogroups (b2, b4, b5, c1, c2, and c4) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) between 1990 and 2007 in yamagata, japan. we measured neutralizing antibody (nt ab) titers against those subgenogroup strains and the brcr reference strain for antigenic analysis. serological analysis of 83 residents in yamagata in 2004 showed that differences in the nt ab titer of each individual against the different subgenogroups were mostly within 4-fold. furthermore, sera from guinea pigs, imm ...200919446185
cellular kinase inhibitors that suppress enterovirus replication have a conserved target in viral protein 3a similar to that of enviroxime.previously, we identified a cellular kinase inhibitor, gw5074, that inhibits poliovirus (pv) and enterovirus 71 replication strongly, although its target has remained unknown. to identify the target of gw5074, we searched for cellular kinase inhibitors that have anti-enterovirus activity similar or related to that of gw5074. with this aim, we performed screenings to identify cellular kinase inhibitors that could inhibit pv replication cooperatively with gw5074 or synthetically in the absence of ...200919439558
enterovirus 71 outbreak in the people's republic of china in 2008. 200919439545
novel antiviral agent dtrip-22 targets rna-dependent rna polymerase of enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as an important virulent neurotropic enterovirus in young children. dtrip-22 (4{4-[(2-bromo-phenyl)-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-1-pheny-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) was found to be a novel and potent inhibitor of ev71. the molecular target of this compound was identified by analyzing dtrip-22-resistant viruses. a substitution of lysine for arg163 in ev71 3d polymerase rendered the virus drug resistant. dtrip-22 exhibited the ability to inhi ...200919414569
[simultaneous detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by multiplex real-time pcr with an internal control].to rapidly identify ev71 and ca16 simultaneously.200919388271
lymphocyte and antibody responses reduce enterovirus 71 lethality in mice by decreasing tissue viral loads.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infects the central nervous system and causes death and long-term neurological sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. immunopathological mechanisms have been suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, so anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat patients with neurological symptoms. the present study was therefore designed to investigate the functions of lymphocyte and antibody responses in ...200919386699
neuropathology in 2 cases of fatal enterovirus type 71 infection from a recent epidemic in the people's republic of china: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction study.between late march and june of 2008, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in china. in this outbreak, more than 176,000 cases occurred, and at least 40 people died. however, there has been no description of the neuropathologic features of fatal enterovirus 71 infection cases during this outbreak. we report postmortem studies in 2 fatal cases of enterovirus 71 infection with examination of the central nervous system using histopathology, immunohistochemis ...200919386354
hnrnp a1 interacts with the 5' untranslated regions of enterovirus 71 and sindbis virus rna and is required for viral replication.heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) a1 is involved in pre-mrna splicing in the nucleus and translational regulation in the cytoplasm. the cytoplasmic redistribution of hnrnp a1 is a regulated process during viral infection and cellular stress. here we demonstrate that hnrnp a1 not only is an internal ribosome entry site (ires) trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the 5' untranslated region (utr) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and regulates ires-dependent translation but also bind ...200919339352
enterovirus 71 maternal antibodies in infants, taiwan.enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes life-threatening disease outbreaks in young children in asia. this cohort study was conducted to understand the dynamics of maternal ev71 antibodies in taiwanese young infants. approximately 50% of neonates had detectable ev71 neutralizing antibodies, which declined to almost undetectable levels by 6 months of age.200919331737
dengue virus induces thrombomodulin expression in human endothelial cells and monocytes in vitro.dengue virus (dv) infections can cause severe life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss). however, the mechanism to cause hemorrhage in dv infections remains poorly understood. thrombomodulin (tm), expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and monocytes, is very important in regulation of coagulation and inflammation. therefore, the effect of dv on the tm expression was studied in vitro using both endothelial cells and monocytes.200919307023
epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore, 2001-2007.we reviewed the epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in singapore after the 2000 epidemic caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), with particular reference to the cyclical pattern, predominant circulating enteroviruses and impact of prevention and control measures in preschool centres.200919271036
an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with subgenotype c4 of human enterovirus 71 in shandong, china.an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) included 1149 people in linyi city, shandong province, china, in 2007: three children died.200919269888
hand, foot and mouth disease in a healthy adult caused by intrafamilial transmission of enterovirus 71. 200919239463
anti-enterovirus 71 activity screening of chinese herbs with anti-infection and inflammation activities.antipyretic and toxin-eliminating traditional chinese herbs are believed to possess antiviral activity. in this study, we screened extracts of 22 herbs for activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71). we found that only extracts of houttuynia cordata thunb. could neutralize ev71-induced cytopathic effects in vero cells. the 50% inhibitory concentration of h. cordata extract for ev71 was 125.92 +/- 27.84 mug/ml. antiviral screening of herb extracts was also conducted on 3 genotypes of ev71, coxsackiev ...200919222118
a water extract of pueraria lobata inhibited cytotoxicity of enterovirus 71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line.enterovirus 71 (ev71) can cause brain encephalitis and mortality. however, effective vaccines or chemotherapeutic agents are not yet available. we tested the hypothesis that pueraria lobata could inhibit the cytotoxic effect of ev71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line by the xtt method. our results showed that the water extract of p. lobata could inhibit cytopathy induced by ev71 when given before (p < 0.0001), simultaneously with (p < 0.0001), or after viral infection (p < 0.0001). water e ...200819181583
[when an enterovirus emerges].most of enterovirus infections are benign and the rate of mortality is low in countries with temperate climates. but since the late 1990s, enterovirus 71 (ev-71) has become much more aggressive in asian countries, with the outcome of a neurogenic pulmonary oedema syndrome and it is responsible for huge epidemics. the virological diagnosis rely upon viral isolation and identification by sero-neutralization, and upon the detection of specific igm by elisa and viral rna by rt-pcr. there is no speci ...200919179019
identification and validation of clinical predictors for the risk of neurological involvement in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak.human enterovirus 71 (hev71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) with neurological complications, which may rapidly progress to fulminant cardiorespiratory failure, and death. early recognition of children at risk is the key to reduce acute mortality and morbidity.200919152683
direct identification of human enterovirus serotypes in cerebrospinal fluid by amplification and sequencing of the vp1 region.human enteroviruses (hev) are a major cause of meningitis and other neurological disease. identification of hev serotypes in clinical cases is important for monitoring emergence of more pathogenic variants, epidemiological surveillance and investigating sources of infection. serotype identification is currently problematic following the widespread adoption of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods for hev detection in place of virus culture.200919135410
enterovirus 71 outbreak, brunei.enterovirus 71 (ev71) outbreaks occur periodically in the asia-pacific region. in 2006, brunei reported its first major outbreak of ev71 infections, associated with fatalities from neurologic complications. isolated ev71 strains formed a distinct lineage with low diversity within subgenogroup b5, suggesting recent introduction and rapid spread within brunei.200919116058
genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the 1997, 2000 and 2005 outbreaks, peninsular malaysia.all known field isolates of enterovirus 71 (ev71) can be divided into three distinct genogroups (a, b, c) and 10 subgenogroups (a, b1-5, c1-4) based on vp1 gene sequences. we examined vp1 gene sequences of 10, 12 and 11 ev71 strains isolated in peninsular malaysia during the outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in 1997, 2000 and 2005 respectively. four ev71 strains isolated in the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2006 in sarawak (malaysian borneo) were included to describe their gen ...200719108398
epidemiology of enterovirus types causing neurological disease in austria 1999-2007: detection of clusters of echovirus 30 and enterovirus 71 and analysis of prevalent genotypes.between 1999 and 2007 1,388 stool specimens from patients with acute flaccid paralysis or aseptic meningitis were submitted to the austrian reference laboratory for poliomyelitis. samples (201) yielded non-poliovirus enterovirus in culture. one hundred eighty-one viruses were available for typing and 78 isolates which remained serologically untyped were further analyzed by codehop-pcr and sequencing of the vp1 gene and the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr). typing revealed an echovirus 30 outbreak ...200919107980
[genotype analysis of enterovirus type 71 detected from patients with hand-foot-mouth disease in shenzhen].to carry out genotype analysis of enterovirus type 71, detected from hand-foot-mouth disease patients in shenzhen in 2004.200819103116
[three cases of enterovirus 71 infection with pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage as the early clinical manifestation].to recognize the clinical features of the enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection with pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage as a fulminant and often fatal illness.200819099810
[pay much attention to severe enterovirus 71 infection in children]. 200819099772
[a case with hand, foot and mouth disease associated with central nervous symptoms related to enterovirus 71 in beijing]. 200819099718
antiviral activity of raoulic acid from raoulia australis against picornaviruses.rna viruses are a major source of respiratory diseases worldwide. the lack of effective therapeutical treatment underlines the importance of research for new antiviral compounds. raoulic acid is a principal ingredient of the plant raoulia australis hook. f. antiviral assay using cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method showed that raoulic acid possessed strong antiviral activity against human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) with a 50% inhibition concentration (ic(50)) value of less than 0.1mug/ml, human rhi ...200919097770
simultaneous detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in clinical specimens by multiplex real-time pcr with an internal amplification control.the recent and continuing hfmd outbreak caused by ev71 in several provinces of china since march 2008 has affected thousands of children and resulted in nearly 50 deaths. in this study, a sensitive and specific multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay has been developed for the rapid detection of ev71 and cv-a16. by using an internal amplification control, the real-time assay achieves detection of samples containing inhibitors and avoids false negatives. it should prove useful for clinical diagnosis of ...200919057836
enterovirus 71, one virus and many stories.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant cause of brainstem encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis in taiwan. it may be complicated by autonomic nervous system dysregulation and pulmonary edema (pe). cytokines in the central nervous system and systemic inflammatory responses play important roles in the pathogenesis of ev71-associated pe. pathogenesis-based management with intravenous immunoglobulin and milrinone has been associated with reduced mortality in children with severe ev71 ...200819054915
enterovirus 71 in taiwan.the enterovirus 71 (ev71) outbreak in taiwan in 1998 proved fatal in many children. a seroepidemiological study performed prior to the 1998 outbreak showed pre-epidemic (1997) ev71 seroprevalence rates to be about 60-70% in adults and children older than 6 years of age. a retrospective case review carried out from 1980-81 identified 16 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with central nervous system involvement, two of whom died soon after hospitalization. there were 405 severe cases ...200819054914
detection and quantification of enterovirus 71 genome from cerebrospinal fluid of an encephalitis patient by pcr applications.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and is known to cause encephalitis, but several reports have identified ev71 in cerebrospinal fluid (csf). we detected ev71 in csf from a 20-month-old infant. the patient was diagnosed with brainstem encephalitis associated with hfmd. the clinical features of the patient were high fever (39.1c) and myoclonic jerks, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a bright signal area around the 4th ven ...200819050366
hla-a33 is associated with susceptibility to enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 has caused large epidemics of disease, resulting in many fatalities and severe sequelae, in taiwan and some other countries. in this study, host genetic factors were investigated to link susceptibility to and clinical severity of enterovirus 71 infections.200819047245
real-time monitoring of human enterovirus (hev)-infected cells and anti-hev 3c protease potency by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.a real-time assay system that allows monitoring of intracellular human enterovirus (hev) protease activity was established using the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret). it was accomplished by engineering cells to constitutively express a genetically encoded fret probe. the fret-based probe was designed to contain an enterovirus 71 3c protease (3c(pro)) cleavage motif flanked by the fret pair composed of green fluorescent protein 2 and red fluorescent protein 2 (dsred2). e ...200919015331
far upstream element binding protein 2 interacts with enterovirus 71 internal ribosomal entry site and negatively regulates viral translation.an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) that directs the initiation of viral protein translation is a potential drug target for enterovirus 71 (ev71). regulation of internal initiation requires the interaction of ires trans-acting factors (itafs) with the internal ribosomal entry site. biotinylated rna-affinity chromatography and proteomic approaches were employed to identify far upstream element (fuse) binding protein 2 (fbp2) as an itaf for ev71. the interactions of fbp2 with ev71 ires were co ...200919010963
emerging and re-emerging viruses in malaysia, 1997-2007.over the past decade, a number of unique zoonotic and non-zoonotic viruses have emerged in malaysia. several of these viruses have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality to those affected and they have imposed a tremendous public health and economic burden on the state. amongst the most devastating was the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in 1998, which resulted in 109 deaths. the culling of more than a million pigs, identified as the amplifying host, ultimately brought the outbreak ...200919010076
amantadine as a regulator of internal ribosome entry site.studies of eukaryotes have yielded 2 translation initiation mechanisms: a classical cap-dependent mechanism and a cap-independent mechanism proceeding through the internal ribosomal entry site (ires). we hypothesized that it might be possible to identify compounds that may distinguish between cap-dependent translation and cap-independent ires-mediated translation.200818954527
hemorrhagic stroke associated with pulmonary edema and catastrophic cardiac failure.cerebral arteriovenous fistula (avf) is a vascular malformation that is rare in the pediatric population. older children with cerebral avf tend to present with neurologic problems related to intracranial venous hypertension or intracranial hemorrhage. cardiac and pulmonary complications following acute neurologic injury such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are common in adults, but are rarely reported in children. however, complications have been reported in cases of enterovirus 71 rhombencephalitis ...200818947007
enterovirus 71 infection: a new threat to global public health? 200818848307
heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein k interacts with the enterovirus 71 5' untranslated region and participates in virus replication.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a picornavirus that can cause severe neurological complications in children. like other picornaviruses, the genomic rna of ev71 contains a long 5' untranslated region (utr). cellular proteins interact with the ev71 5' utr, and these interactions are important for virus replication. using an rna pull-down assay and proteomics approaches, this study identified the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k (hnrnp k) as one of the ev71 5' utr-associated proteins. the interac ...200818796723
characterization of pharmacologically active compounds that inhibit poliovirus and enterovirus 71 infectivity.poliovirus (pv) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) cause severe neurological symptoms in their infections of the central nervous system. to identify compounds with anti-pv and anti-ev71 activities that would not allow the emergence of resistant mutants, we performed drug screening by utilizing a pharmacologically active compound library targeting cellular factors with pv and ev71 pseudoviruses that encapsidated luciferase-encoding replicons. we have found that metrifudil (n-[2-methylphenyl]methyl)-adenos ...200818796721
a study of acute febrile encephalopathy with special reference to viral etiology.to study the etiological profile of patients with acute febrile encephalopathy syndrome focusing chiefly on the viral etiology, and to correlate clinical and radiological features of patients with viral encephalitis.200818769890
isolating asian enterovirus 71 subgenogroup c4 in two austrian clinical samples from 2004. 200818761929
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency enhances enterovirus 71 infection.variations in the cellular microenvironment affect the host's susceptibility to pathogens. using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd)-deficient fibroblasts as a model, this study demonstrated that the cellular redox status affects infectivity as well as the outcome of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. compared with their normal counterparts, g6pd-deficient cells supported ev71 replication more efficiently and showed greater cytopathic effect and loss of viability. mechanistically, viral infec ...200818753216
the complete genome of enterovirus 71 china strain.five overlapping clones covering the full genome of enterovirus 71 china strain shzh98 were obtained and then the sequences were determined by the chain termination method. it showed that the full length of ev71 shzh98 genome (not including poly a tail) is 7408 bp. there are some diversities on the lengths and sequences of 5' utr and 3' utr between shzh98 and the other ev71 strains. in p1 capsid region, which is closely associated with viral immunogenicity, ev71 strain shzh98 shares the highest ...200118726435
characteristics of bacterial and viral contamination of urban waters: a case study in xi'an, china.in order to gain knowledge on the presence of bacteria and viruses in urban waters, the authors started a long-term study on the microbiological quality of urban lakes and rivers in xi'an, china. in the current study, enteroviruses were chosen as typical viruses and rt-nested pcr was conducted for their detection. universal primers were designed for simultaneous detection of poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and enterovirus 71 which are the most frequently encountered enteroviruses in china. the rt-ne ...200818725735
acute chemokine response in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of children with enterovirus 71-associated brainstem encephalitis.brainstem encephalitis (be) is a serious neurological complication of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. the present study was designed to determine the characteristics of the chemokine response in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of patients with ev71-associated be.200818710325
the circulation of subgenogroups b5 and c5 of enterovirus 71 in taiwan from 2006 to 2007.enteroviruses (evs) are among the most common pathogens in humans. ev71 infections have caused devastating enterovirus-associated outcomes in children globally. in this study, eleven ev71 isolates in taiwan during 2006-2007 were selected for n-terminal vp1 gene analysis. a fragment of 403 bp on vp1 gene was sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. in addition, the full-length genome sequencing was carried out on two selected isolates. the results showed that subgenogroups of b5 and c ...200818706461
aloe-emodin is an interferon-inducing agent with antiviral activity against japanese encephalitis virus and enterovirus 71.in this study, aloe-emodin was identified as a potential interferon (ifn)-inducer by screening compounds from chinese herbal medicine. aloe-emodin showed low cytotoxicity to human hl-cz promonocyte cells and te-671 medulloblastoma cells and significantly activated interferon-stimulated response element (isre) and gamma-activated sequence (gas)-driven cis-reporting systems. moreover, aloe-emodin upregulated expression of ifn-stimulated genes such as dsrna-activated protein kinase and 2',5'-oligoi ...200818701259
molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 in the united kingdom from 1998 to 2006.the last decade witnessed a significant increase in epidemic activity of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) in the western pacific region (wpr). in most european countries, this risk is unrecognized despite occasional cases of severe disease and two severe outbreaks in eastern europe 30 years ago. in this study we report the first examination of the molecular epidemiology of ev71 in the united kingdom from 1998 to 2006. genomic regions encoding the 1d coat protein (vp1) and 3d polymerase (pol) from 32 ...200818650362
attention-deficit/hyperactivity-related symptoms among children with enterovirus 71 infection of the central nervous system.no study has investigated the association between enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection and symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. in this study we evaluated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related symptoms and internalizing problems as long-term sequelae resulting from enterovirus 71 central nervous system infection in children.200818606624
sheng-ma-ge-gen-tang inhibited enterovirus 71 infection in human foreskin fibroblast cell line.sheng-ma-ge-gen-tang (smggt), a popular prescription of chinese traditional medicine, has been used to manage measles infection of children for thousands of years. there are evidences to presume a wider spectrum of antiviral activity of smggt. however, smggt has not been proven to have activity against ev71 infection.200818601992
enterovirus 71 in taiwan, 2004-2006: epidemiological and virological features.we report unusual cases of myocarditis caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and a declining trend in the incidence of ev71 in taiwan since 2005. furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the 5' untranslated region, vp4, and vp1 genes of ev71 isolates in 2004-2005 revealed a divergent phylogeny from the previous taiwanese isolates. no obvious phylogenetically distinct clones or clusters were found related to varying degrees of disease severity or clinical manifestations.200818584550
design, synthesis, and evaluation of 3c protease inhibitors as anti-enterovirus 71 agents.human enterovirus (ev) belongs to the picornavirus family, which consists of over 200 medically relevant viruses. a peptidomimetic inhibitor ag7088 was developed to inhibit the 3c protease of rhinovirus (a member of the family), a chymotrypsin-like protease required for viral replication, by forming a covalent bond with the active site cys residue. in this study, we have prepared the recombinant 3c protease from ev71 (tw/2231/98), a particular strain which causes severe outbreaks in asia, and de ...200818583140
the molecular basis of mouse adaptation by human enterovirus 71.a mouse-adapted strain of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) was selected by serial passage of a hev71 clinical isolate (hev71-26m) in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells (cho-26m) and in newborn balb/c mice (mp-26m). despite improved growth in cho cells, cho-26m did not show increased virulence in newborn balb/c mice compared with hev71-26m. by contrast, infection of newborn mice with mp-26m resulted in severe disease of high mortality. skeletal muscle was the primary site of replication in mice for bo ...200818559932
[the enter of viruses family picornaviridae in residents macrophages].viruses enter in cells through clathrin- and dinamin-mediated uptake route-endocytosis, caveolae-mediated local destruction of cell plasma membranes, and macropinocytosis. the non-enveloped viruses to which picornaviridae famiy is attributed are important human and animal pathogens. the aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms of penetration of viruses of this family (polio-, echo 11-, entero 71- and coxsackie b1-viruses) into resident macrophages. after attachment to the plasma membrane ...200818540199
pathologic characterization of a murine model of human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis.we describe a model of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis in 2-week-old mice that shares many features with the human central nervous system (cns) disease. mice were infected via oral and parenteral routes with a murine-adapted virus strain originally from a fatal human case. the mice succumbed to infection after 2 to 5 days. vacuolated and normal-appearing cns neurons showed viral rna and antigens and virions by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy; inflammation wa ...200818520772
[2008 guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients infected by enteric virus ev71]. 200818471350
expression of vp1 protein in the milk of transgenic mice: a potential oral vaccine protects against enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the most common etiological agent detected in cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) resulting in incidences of neurological complications and fatality in recent years. the clinical data have already shown the significant increase in recent ev71 epidemic activity throughout the asia-pacific region. due to the lack of an effective antiviral agent, primary prevention of the disease, including the development of an effective vaccine, has been the top priority in terms ...200818450335
acute encephalitis caused by intrafamilial transmission of enterovirus 71 in adult.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease and sometimes causes severe neurologic complications, mainly in children. we report a case of adult-onset encephalitis caused by intrafamilial transmission of a subgenogroup c4 strain of ev71. this case elucidates the risk for ev71 encephalitis even in adults.200818439374
identification of human cd4 t-cell epitopes on the vp1 capsid protein of enterovirus 71.the identification of human cd4 t-cell epitopes within a protein vaccine candidate is of great interest,as it provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in protective immunity and may therefore help in the design of effective vaccines and diagnostic tools. the entire amino acid sequence of the vp1 capsid protein from enterovirus 71 (ev 71) strain 41 was submitted to analysis by the propred algorithm for the identification of potential promiscuous human cd4 t-cellepitopes. three r ...200818419256
first detection of enterovirus 71 from an acute flaccid paralysis case with residual paralysis in iran.in an attempt to determine the types of non-polio enteroviruses (npevs) in acute flaccid paralysis (afp) cases in iran, we detected enterovirus 71 (ev71) in an afp case with residual paralysis for the first time. cell culture detected no enteroviruses, while rt-pcr and subsequent sequencing revealed that the specimen was positive for ev71. ev71 is the causative agent of a variety of diseases from hand, foot and mouth disease to severe neurological complications and is now considered as an import ...200818403258
[study on the association of hand, foot and mouth disease and enterovirus 71/ca16 among children in beijing, 2007].to reveal the etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease in children in beijing.200718399150
development of multiplex real-time hybridization probe reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for specific detection and differentiation of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease have been reported in the asia pacific region over the last few years and resulted in significant fatalities. the 2 main etiologic agents are enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). both viruses are closely related genetically and show similar clinical symptoms. however, ev71 are associated with neurologic complications and can lead to fatalities. in this study, we developed a multiplex real-time hybridization probe reverse transcript ...200818394844
immunization with virus-like particles of enterovirus 71 elicits potent immune responses and protects mice against lethal challenge.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an etiologic agent responsible for seasonal epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and causes outbreaks with significant mortality among young children. to develop the vaccine, we have produced and purified the ev71 virus-like particle (vlp) that resembles the authentic virus in appearance, capsid structure and protein composition. in this study, we further evaluated the potential of vlp as a vaccine by comparing the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by th ...200818329759
rapid detection of enterovirus 71 by real-time taqman rt-pcr.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the main etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and has been associated with neurological complications which resulted in fatalities during recent outbreaks in asia pacific region.200818304867
viral protein synthesis is required for enterovirus 71 to induce apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells.human glioblastoma cells (sf268) develop apoptosis, as characterized by dna fragmentation and caspase activation, upon infection with enterovirus 71 (ev71). to determine the step in virus replication that triggers apoptosis, the authors used ultraviolet (uv)-inactivated virus, inhibitors of protein and viral rna synthesis, and chloroquine to block virus uncoating. activation of caspase-3 was detected 24 h after infection with ev71 but not with uv-inactivated ev71. apoptosis was inhibited when ev ...200818300075
[serum types of enterovirus and clinical characteristics of 237 children with hand, foot and mouth disease in shenzhen].to study the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics and the serum types of enterovirus of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children.200818289469
ribavirin reduces mortality in enterovirus 71-infected mice by decreasing viral replication.enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes fatal encephalitis in young children. however, there is no effective antiviral drug available for infected patients. ribavirin is currently used for the treatment of several rna virus infections clinically, so its anti-ev71 efficacy was evaluated. in vitro results showed that ribavirin effectively reduced the viral yields (with an ic50 of 65 microg/ml) and virus-induced cytopathic effect in human and mouse cell lines. in vivo results showed that ribavirin reduced the ...200818279075
the distribution of inflammation and virus in human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis suggests possible viral spread by neural pathways.previous neuropathologic studies of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis have not investigated the anatomic distribution of inflammation and viral localization in the central nervous system (cns) in detail. we analyzed cns and non-cns tissues from 7 autopsy cases from malaysia and found cns inflammation patterns to be distinct and stereotyped. inflammation was most marked in spinal cord gray matter, brainstem, hypothalamus, and subthalamic and dentate nuclei; it was focal in the cerebrum, mainly in ...200818219253
prevalence of enteroviruses in hot spring recreation areas of taiwan.enteroviruses can be introduced into the water environment as a result of human activity. contaminations within hot tubs, spas and public baths are also possible. we investigated the distribution of enteroviruses at six hot spring recreation areas throughout taiwan. spring water was collected from 34 sites and enteroviruses were detected in 13 (38.2%). the most frequently detected was coxsackievirus a2, followed by echovirus 11. enterovirus 71 (ev 71) and porcine enterovirus 9 were detected once ...200818218023
epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern vietnam, 2005.during 2005, 764 children were brought to a large children's hospital in ho chi minh city, vietnam, with a diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease. all enrolled children had specimens (vesicle fluid, stool, throat swab) collected for enterovirus isolation by cell culture. an enterovirus was isolated from 411 (53.8%) of the specimens: 173 (42.1%) isolates were identified as human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and 214 (52.1%) as coxsackievirus a16. of the identified hev71 infections, 51 (29.5%) were c ...200718217559
recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects neonatal mice from a lethal challenge with enterovirus type 71.the human enterovirus genus of the piconavirus family causes most of the febrile illnesses that affect children during the summer season in taiwan. enterovirus type 71 (ev71) plays a key role in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) combined with severe paralysis or encephalitis. it is important to find a method for preventing infection with ev71 since there is no antiviral agent or vaccine for humans. in this study, we developed a transgenic mouse model for demonstrating the protecti ...200818207613
molecular detection and prevalence of enterovirus within environmental water in taiwan.to investigate the presence of enterovirus rna in various samples of environmental water collected in taiwan during 2004-2005, and to characterize the genotypes and distribution of the viruses identified in taiwan.200818201176
antiviral activity of pyridyl imidazolidinones against enterovirus 71 variants.pyridyl imidazolidinone is a novel class of capsid binder which can inhibit enterovirus 71 (ev71). in this study, we tested the susceptibility of six recombinant viruses with different single-site mutations in vp1. eleven modified pyridyl imidazolidinones were synthesized and used to probe the interaction between these compounds and the ev71 vp1 protein. we found that the d31n or e98k mutant viruses were susceptible to bulkier compounds, which suggested that mutations at these two sites in vp1 m ...200818196474
a mammalian cell-based reverse two-hybrid system for functional analysis of 3c viral protease of human enterovirus 71.although several cell-based reporter assays have been developed for screening of viral protease inhibitors, most of these assays have a significant limitation in that numerous false positives can be generated for the compounds that are interfering with reporter gene detection due to the cellular viability. to improve, we developed a mammalian cell-based assay based on the reverse two-hybrid system to monitor the proteolytic activity of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) 3c protease and to validate the ...200818190777
identification of immunodominant vp1 linear epitope of enterovirus 71 (ev71) using synthetic peptides for detecting human anti-ev71 igg antibodies in western blots.a major igg-specific immunodominant vp1 linear epitope of enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain 41 (5865/sin/00009), defined by the core sequence legttnpng, was identified by pepscan analysis. oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino-acid sequence of synthetic peptide sp32 were cloned and over-expressed in escherichia coli as a recombinant glutathione-s-transferase (gst)-sp32 fusion protein. in elisas, this protein did not react with human anti-ev71 igg antibodies, but there was significant immunoreac ...200818076666
cooperative effect of the attenuation determinants derived from poliovirus sabin 1 strain is essential for attenuation of enterovirus 71 in the nod/scid mouse infection model.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and is also associated with serious neurological disorders. an attenuated ev71 strain [ev71(s1-3')] has been established in the cynomolgus monkey infection model; this strain contains the attenuation determinants derived from the type 1 poliovirus vaccine strain, sabin 1 [pv1(sabin)], in the 5' nontranslated region (ntr), 3d polymerase, and 3' ntr. in this study, we analyzed the effect of the attenuation determinants of ...200818057246
appearance of intratypic recombination of enterovirus 71 in taiwan from 2002 to 2005.genetic recombination is a well-known phenomenon for enteroviruses. in this study, we determined the phylogenetic relationships of five distinct regions of the ev71 genome for 73 ev71 isolates from 1986 and from 1998 to 2005 in taiwan. phylogenetic analyses showed that the 5'-utr, vp4-vp2, vp1, and 3d regions of ev71 isolated in 2004 and 2005 were grouped into genotype c. however, the 2b region of these isolates differed in that it grouped with genotype b, indicating recombination within ev71 ha ...200818036697
upper aerodigestive tract sequelae in severe enterovirus 71 infection: predictors and outcome.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection sequelae can be severe and life-threatening, and long-term follow-up outcomes remain unknown. therefore, we conducted a retrospective follow-up study to review airway and neurological sequelae development in patients with severe ev71 infection. we also studied the incidence and risk factors for tracheotomy and gastrostomy requirement.200818029029
highly attenuated bordetella pertussis strain bpze1 as a potential live vehicle for delivery of heterologous vaccine candidates.bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, is a promising and attractive candidate for vaccine delivery via the nasal route, provided that suitable attenuation of this pathogen has been obtained. recently, the highly attenuated b. pertussis bpze1 strain has been described as a potential live pertussis vaccine for humans. we investigated here the use of bpze1 as a live vehicle for heterologous vaccine candidates. previous studies have reported the filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) ...200817954727
an integrated microfluidic system using magnetic beads for virus detection.an integrated system capable of sample pretreatment using antibody-conjugated magnetic beads and one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) on a microfluidic system was developed to accelerate the detection of rna viruses such as dengue virus or enterovirus 71. the targeted virus in the sample was first captured by the specific antibody-conjugated magnetic beads, which were manipulated by micro-electromagnets made of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology. the rna of ...200817911000
passive protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by neutralizing antibodies elicited by a synthetic peptide.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections could lead to high mortalities and neither vaccine nor therapeutic treatment is available. we investigated vaccination with a synthetic peptide sp70 representing a neutralizing linear vp1 epitope of ev71 strain 41 (subgenogroup b4) and passive transfer of anti-sp70 antibodies to protect suckling balb/c mice against ev71 infectivity. when the mouse anti-sp70 antisera with a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:32 were passively administered to one-day-old suckling mic ...200717890123
outbreak of neurologic enterovirus type 71 disease: a diagnostic challenge.similar to poliovirus, enterovirus type 71 (ev71) causes severe disease, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction. large epidemics of ev71 infection have been reported worldwide.200717879907
ozone exposure in the culture medium inhibits enterovirus 71 virus replication and modulates cytokine production in rhabdomyosarcoma cells.in the present study, the effects of ozone exposure on enterovirus 71 (ev71) replication and related cytokine production were investigated. rhabdomyosarcoma cells (rd) were exposed to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm ozone or filtered air under different exposure regimens before or after infection for 1 or 2 h. the results revealed that at a proper concentration of ozone, e.g., 1.5 or 2 ppm, ozone exposure restricted virus production, prolonged survival time of cells and modulated cytokine production relat ...200717764758
enterovirus 71 meningoencephalitis during chemotherapy in a child with metastatic osteosarcoma.enterovirus meningoencephalitis is rare but can be severe. very few cases of these infections have been reported in pediatric oncology. we report the case of a 10-year-old boy with tibial osteosarcoma and lung metastases who developed enterovirus 71 meningoencephalitis during aplasia. clinical features comprised fever, hypotension, vesicular rash, generalized seizures, and altered consciousness. diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on samples of cerebrospinal fluid and skin vesic ...200717762499
inhibition of enterovirus 71 in virus-infected mice by rna interference.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children. it is often associated with neurological complications and has caused high mortality levels in recent outbreaks in the asia pacific region. currently, there is no effective antiviral therapy against ev71 infections. in this study, we have evaluated and compared the efficacies of three different forms of small interfering rnas (sirnas) in inhibiting ev71 replication in a murine model. we h ...200717712333
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