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dendritic cells infected by recombinant rabies virus vaccine vector expressing hiv-1 gag are immunogenic even in the presence of vector-specific immunity.dendritic cells (dc) are the most potent antigen presenting cells whose ability to interact with t cells, b cells and nk cells has led to their extensive use in vaccine design. here, we designed a dc-based hiv-1 vaccine using an attenuated rabies virus vector expressing hiv-1 gag (ridc-gag). to test this, balb/c mice were immunized with ridc-gag, and the primary, secondary as well as humoral immune responses were monitored. our results indicate that ridc-gag stimulated hiv-1 gag-specific immune ...201020728525
[optimization of method of titration rabies virus with fluorescence focus units assay].a new fluorescence focus units (ffu) developed for rabies virus titration replace current reference method (ld50) so as to reduce the cost.201020726271
response to vaccination with a commercial inactivated rabies vaccine in a captive colony of brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis).a captive colony of brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) was vaccinated with a commercial monovalent inactivated rabies virus (rabv) vaccine (rabvac 1). baseline rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (vna) and the response to vaccination were measured in 50 bats. rabies vna was detected in the plasma of 64% (27/42) of bats that had been vaccinated 1 yr prior, but only 19% (8/42) had levels considered adequate. rabies vna was detected in the plasma of 63% (5/8) of bats with no record ...201020722268
validation of a less invasive blood sampling technique in rabies serology using reduviid bugs (triatominae, hemiptera).during serologic rabies surveys, bleeding is often difficult or almost impossible in small or endangered mammals such as bats. therefore, the usefulness of an alternative, less invasive technique--that is, the use of blood-sucking reduviid bugs (dipetalogaster maximus and rhodnius prolixus)--was investigated. bugs were used in combination with a conventional method (retro-orbitale bleeding) to obtain blood samples from the same individual nmri-mice (mus musculus) vaccinated against rabies. rabie ...201020722255
intracerebral vaccination suppresses the spread of rabies virus in the mouse brain.to investigate the efficacy of intracerebral (ic) immunization in preventing viral spread in the brain, we immunized mice with inactivated rabies virus via the subcutaneous (sc) or ic route, followed by administration of a lethal dose of rabies virus (challenge virus standard strain), directly into the brains of immunized mice. progressive paralytic neurological signs were observed in control and 75% of sc immunized mice, whereas only 20% of ic immunized mice exhibited symptoms. neutralizing ant ...201020713172
characterization of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) drb exon 2 and dra exon 3 fragments in a primary terrestrial rabies vector (procyon lotor).the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) presents a unique system to explore links between genetic diversity and pathogens, as diversity within mhc is maintained in part by pathogen driven selection. while the majority of wildlife mhc studies have investigated species that are of conservation concern, here we characterize mhc variation in a common and broadly distributed species, the north american raccoon (procyon lotor). raccoons host an array of broadly distributed wildlife diseases (e.g., ...201020706587
resistance to rabies virus infection conferred by the pmliv isoform.various reports implicate pml and pml nuclear bodies (nbs) in an intrinsic antiviral response targeting diverse cytoplasmic replicating rna viruses. pml conjugation to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) is required for its localization within nbs. pml displays antiviral effects in vivo, as pml deficiency renders mice more susceptible to infection with the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). cells derived from these mice are also more sensitive to infection with rabies virus, anot ...201020702643
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for detection of african lyssaviruses from brain material.a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit was evaluated against a selection of isolates of lyssavirus genotypes occurring in africa. the test was carried out in parallel comparison with the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and isolates representing previously established phylogenetic groups from each genotype were included. the specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test compared favourably with the fat and was found to detect all representatives of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in brain samples of either f ...200920698445
ferret badger rabies origin and its revisited importance as potential source of rabies transmission in southeast china.the frequent occurrence of ferret badger-associated human rabies cases in southeast china highlights the lack of laboratory-based surveillance and urges revisiting the potential importance of this animal in rabies transmission. to determine if the ferret badgers actually contribute to human and dog rabies cases, and the possible origin of the ferret badger-associated rabies in the region, an active rabies survey was conducted to determine the frequency of rabies infection and seroprevalence in d ...201020691095
host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats.for rna viruses, rapid viral evolution and the biological similarity of closely related host species have been proposed as key determinants of the occurrence and long-term outcome of cross-species transmission. using a data set of hundreds of rabies viruses sampled from 23 north american bat species, we present a general framework to quantify per capita rates of cross-species transmission and reconstruct historical patterns of viral establishment in new host species using molecular sequence data ...201020689015
field evaluation of an inactivated vaccine to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada.since raccoon rabies first appeared in ontario in 1999, >90,000 raccoons (procyon lotor) have received imrab3 inactivated rabies vaccine via intramuscular (im) injection and were released at the point of capture as part of a multiyear rabies control program, trap-vaccinate-release (tvr). of the 132 confirmed cases infected with raccoon-variant rabies virus in ontario between 1999 and 2005, two were from that vaccinated group, as indicated by the presence of identifying ear tags. during ongoing r ...201020688688
adenovirus-based vaccines: comparison of vectors from three species of adenoviridae.in order to better understand the broad applicability of adenovirus (ad) as a vector for human vaccine studies, we compared four adenovirus (ad) vectors from families c (ad human serotype 5 [hadv-5; here referred to as adhu5]), d (hadv-26; here referred to as adhu26), and e (simian serotypes sadv-23 and sadv-24; here referred to as chimpanzee serotypes 6 and 7 [adc6 and adc7, respectively]) of the adenoviridae. seroprevalence rates and titers of neutralizing antibodies to the two human-origin ad ...201020686035
fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of african wild dogs in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.in 2007, disease related mortality occurred in one african wild dog (lycaon pictus) pack close to the north-eastern boundary of the serengeti national park, tanzania. histopathological examination of tissues from six animals revealed that the main pathologic changes comprised interstitial pneumonia and suppurative to necrotizing bronchopneumonia. respiratory epithelial cells contained numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and multiple syncytial cells were found throughout the p ...201020684868
coexpression of double or triple copies of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene using a 'self-cleaving' 2a peptide-based replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector.rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a major structural protein and antigen of rabies virus that induces a highly immunogenic response. in the present study, we have used 2a self-cleaving sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to express double or triple copies of the rvg from a single open reading frame derived from human adenovirus 5 (adhu5). the recombinant adenoviruses produce similar virus titers, indicating that the insertion of double or triple copies of the rvg gene linked wit ...201020682459
nk cells as effectors of acquired immune responses: effector cd4+ t cell-dependent activation of nk cells following vaccination.we characterized vaccine-induced cellular responses to rabies virus in naive adult volunteers. contrary to current paradigms, we observed potent and prolonged in vitro nk cell cytokine production and degranulation responses after restimulation of pbmcs with inactivated rabies virus in vaccinated, but not in unvaccinated, individuals. this "recall" nk cell response was absolutely dependent on ag-specific il-2 from cd45ro(+) cd4(+) t cells as well as il-12 and il-18 from accessory cells. important ...201020679529
imported human rabies, the philippines and finland, 2007. 201020678336
bat rabies in massachusetts, usa, 1985-2009.to investigate rabies in massachusetts, we analyzed bat rabies test results before and after introduction of raccoon variant rabies and after release of revised 1999 us advisory committee on immunization practices recommendations for rabies postexposure prophylaxis. bat submissions were associated with level of rabies awareness and specific postexposure recommendations.201020678326
rabid epidemiologies: the emergence and resurgence of rabies in twentieth century south africa.this article discusses the history of rabies in south africa since the early twentieth century. it argues that rabies is a zoonotic disease that traverses rural and urban spaces, that transfers itself between wild and domestic animals and remains a potential threat to human life in the region. scientists discovered an indigenous form of rabies, found primarily in the yellow mongoose, after the first biomedically confirmed human fatalities in 1928. since the 1950s canine rabies, presumed to have ...201120665088
rabies virus infection induces type i interferon production in an ips-1 dependent manner while dendritic cell activation relies on ifnar signaling.as with many viruses, rabies virus (rabv) infection induces type i interferon (ifn) production within the infected host cells. however, rabv has evolved mechanisms by which to inhibit ifn production in order to sustain infection. here we show that rabv infection of dendritic cells (dc) induces potent type i ifn production and dc activation. although dcs are infected by rabv, the viral replication is highly suppressed in dcs, rendering the infection non-productive. we exploited this finding in bo ...201020661430
transmission dynamics of rabies in china over the last 40 years: 1969-2009.rabies is a serious reemerging zoonosis in china. the molecular evolution and transmission patterns of rabies virus inferred from historical data can provide guidelines for better disease control and prevention in the future.201020650678
impact of emergency oral rabies vaccination of foxes in northeastern italy, 28 december 2009-20 january 2010: preliminary evaluation.fox rabies re-emerged in northeastern italy in 2008, in an area bordering slovenia. in 2009, the infection spread westward to veneto region and in 2010 to the provinces of trento and bolzano. aerial emergency oral fox vaccination was implemented in the winter 2009-10. since this vaccination was performed at altitudes below the freezing level, a statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate its impact. of the foxes sampled following the vaccination campaign, 77% showed a rabies antibody titre of ...201020650054
use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies-recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practice. 201020648715
human rabies transmitted by vampire bats: antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from the amazon region (brazil and ecuador).since 2004, the main transmitter of human rabies in latin america has been the vampire bat (desmodus rotundus). based on the nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (rv), we analyzed antigenic and genetic profiles of isolates from 29 samples taken from humans living in different areas of the amazon region. two isolates were from ecuador and 27 from the northern and northeastern regions of brazil, which were obtained during outbreaks in various municipalities in the states of pará and maranhão in the y ...201020637811
seroconversion following incomplete human rabies postexposure prophylaxis.in august 2008, cdc and the puerto rico department of health conducted a serosurvey of patients who had discontinued rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) prior to completing a schedule of five vaccine doses. the objective was to determine whether further vaccination of these patients was needed based on serum rabies neutralizing antibody levels. eighteen patients consented to serology using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. the world health organization's cutoff value of 0.5 iu/ml wa ...201020637309
two overlapping domains of a lyssavirus matrix protein that acts on different cell death pathways.the lyssavirus matrix (m) protein induces apoptosis. the regions of the m protein that are essential for triggering cell death pathways are not yet clearly defined. we therefore compared the m proteins from two viruses that have contrasting characteristics in terms of cellular apoptosis: a genotype 3 lyssavirus, mokola virus (mok), and a genotype 1 rabies virus isolated from a dog from thailand (tha). we identified a 20-amino-acid fragment (corresponding to positions 67 to 86) that retained the ...201020631119
generation of recombinant european bat lyssavirus type 1 and inter-genotypic compatibility of lyssavirus genotype 1 and 5 antigenome promoters.bat lyssaviruses (fam. rhabdoviridae) represent a source for the infection of terrestial mammals and the development of rabies disease. molecular differences in the replication of bat and non-bat lyssaviruses and their contribution to pathogenicity, however, are unknown. one reason for this is the lack of reverse genetics systems for bat-restricted lyssaviruses. to investigate bat lyssavirus replication and host adaptation, we developed a reverse genetics system for european bat lyssavirus type ...201020614145
rabies virus in insectivorous bats: implications of the diversity of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes for molecular epidemiology.insectivorous bats are the main reservoirs of rabies virus (rabv) in various regions of the world. the aims of this study were to (a) establish genealogies for rabv strains from different species of brazilian insectivorous bats based on the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes, (b) investigate specific rabv lineages associated with certain genera of bats and (c) identify molecular markers that can distinguish between these lineages. the genealogic analysis of n and g from 57 rabv strains ...201020609456
fine mapping and interaction analysis of a linear rabies virus neutralizing epitope.a novel human antibody ar16, targeting the g5 linear epitope of rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) was shown to have promising antivirus potency. using ar16, the minimal binding region within g5 was identified as hdfr (residues 261-264), with key residues hdf (residues 261-263) identified by alanine replacement scanning. the key hdf was highly conserved within phylogroup i lyssaviruses but not those in phylogroup ii. using computer-aided docking and interaction models, not only the key residues (as ...201020601078
safety and efficacy of novel dermal and epidermal microneedle delivery systems for rabies vaccination in healthy adults.in the present pilot study, intradermal id delivery systems with a bd microneedle from 1 to 3mm in length, and epidermal delivery (bd skin abrader) through abraded skin surface relative to standard intramuscular injection were evaluated. circulating neutralizing antibodies were measured against the rabies virus after the vero cells rabies vaccine was administered at d0, d7, d21 and d49. this clinical evaluation in 66 healthy volunteers shows that id delivery using bd microneedle technology of 1/ ...201020600481
characterization of a panel of anti-phosphoprotein monoclonal antibodies generated against the raccoon strain of rabies virus.the generation of a new panel of 32 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the p protein of the raccoon strain of rabies virus is described. through a series of analyses employing competitive elisa and immunoblotting, these mabs were classified into eight groups, each defining an antigenic site, thereby increasing the number of sites now recognized along the length of the p protein. studies on mab reactivity with a collection of diverse lyssaviruses identified sites that were highly conserve ...201020600390
expression of mip-1alpha (ccl3) by a recombinant rabies virus enhances its immunogenicity by inducing innate immunity and recruiting dendritic cells and b cells.previously, we showed that overexpression of mip-1alpha in mouse brain further decreased rabies virus (rabv) pathogenicity (l. zhao, h. toriumi, y. kuang, h. chen, and z. f. fu, j. virol., 83:11808-11818, 2009). in the present study, the immunogenicity of recombinant rabv expressing mip-1alpha (rhep-mip1alpha) was determined. it was found that intramuscular immunization of balb/c mice with rhep-mip1alpha resulted in a higher level of expression of mip-1alpha at the site of inoculation, increased ...201020592092
rig-i mediates nonsegmented negative-sense rna virus-induced inflammatory immune responses of primary human astrocytes.while astrocytes produce key inflammatory mediators following exposure to neurotropic nonsegmented negative-sense rna viruses such as rabies virus and measles virus, the mechanisms by which resident central nervous system (cns) cells perceive such viral challenges have not been defined. recently, several cytosolic dexd/h box rna helicases including retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) have been described that function as intracellular sensors of replicative rna viruses. here, we demonstrate th ...201020578054
subcapsular sinus macrophages prevent cns invasion on peripheral infection with a neurotropic virus.lymph nodes (lns) capture microorganisms that breach the body's external barriers and enter draining lymphatics, limiting the systemic spread of pathogens. recent work has shown that cd11b(+)cd169(+) macrophages, which populate the subcapsular sinus (scs) of lns, are critical for the clearance of viruses from the lymph and for initiating antiviral humoral immune responses. here we show, using vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a relative of rabies virus transmitted by insect bites, that scs macro ...201020577213
recombinant diabody-based immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of rabies virus glycoprotein.the potency of rabies vaccines, determined using the nih mouse protection test, can be directly correlated to the amount of rabies virus glycoprotein (rv gp) present in the vaccine. in an effort to develop a simple and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using recombinant diabody for quantification of rv gp, the variable heavy (v(h)) and light chain (v(l)) domains of an rv gp-specific human monoclonal antibody (mab) secreted by a human x mouse heterohybridoma (human mab r16e5) wa ...201020573881
[analysis of full-length gene sequence of a rabies vaccine strain ctn-1 for human use in china].ctn-1 is one of the rabies vaccine strains for human use in china, but there has been no report on the full-length gene sequence of ctn-1. in this study, the full-length gene of ctn-1 was amplified by rt-pcr, each pcr product was cloned into t vector and then sequenced, assemblied and compared with other vaccine strains as well as the wild chinese rabies isolates. the phylogenetic tree of g gene was constructed and the genetic homology was analyzed. the results revealed that ctn-1 was 11 925nt ( ...201020572340
reassessing the risk from rabies: a continuing threat to the uk?the threat of re-introduction of rabies virus into the united kingdom exists on several levels. firstly, importation of live animals into the uk continues to challenge the regulations in place to ensure that the virus does not enter the country. secondly, the indigenous bat population is known to carry a virus genetically related to rabies virus, the european bat lyssavirus (eblv). molecular characterization of this virus has further characterized it as being eblv type 2, genetically distinct fr ...201020558215
comparative analysis of rabies virus reverse transcription-pcr and virus isolation using samples from a patient infected with rabies virus.definite and rapid diagnosis of rabies is required for individual case management as well as for public health. for the first time, a direct comparison of virus isolation with quantitative real-time reverse transcription (rt)-pcr on human rabies samples was conducted. rt-pcr was found to be more sensitive than virus isolation.201020554825
[a human rabies case with antemortem diagnosis].rabies, which is an acute, progressive, fatal zoonotic infectious disease, is almost always caused by the bite of rabid animals containing rabies virus in their saliva. since there is no established specific therapy for rabies, preventive and prophylactic measures are of critical importance. in this report a case of human rabies diagnosed antemortem, was presented. a 29 year old man was admitted to harran university hospital (in sanliurfa province, located at southeastern anatolia) emergency ser ...201020549967
genetic evidence for domestic raccoon dog rabies caused by arctic-like rabies virus in inner mongolia, china.an outbreak of rabies affected domestic raccoon dogs on an animal farm in inner mongolia, china in 2007. a study was conducted to characterize the aetiological agent and clarify the origin of the rabies virus. brain tissues were obtained from five rabid raccoon dogs. viral nucleoprotein antigen was detected in the brain tissues and five rabies viruses were isolated from these rabid animals. phylogenetic analysis of the n and g gene sequences showed that these isolates were closely related to arc ...201120546631
contrasting landscape epidemiology of two sympatric rabies virus strains.viral strain evolution and disease emergence are influenced by anthropogenic change to the environment. we investigated viral characteristics, host ecology, and landscape features in the rabies-striped skunk disease system of the central great plains to determine how these factors interact to influence disease emergence. we amplified portions of the n and g genes of rabies viral rna from 269 samples extracted from striped skunk brains throughout the distribution of two different rabies strains f ...201020546130
analysis of chinese rabies virus isolates from 2003-2007 based on p and m protein genes.phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences or deduced amino acid sequences of phosphoprotein (p protein), matrix (m) protein, and glycoprotein (g protein) genes of 18 chinese isolates of rabies virus (rabv) from 2003-2007 showed that these isolates formed a separate monophyletic lineage consisting of sub-lineages a and b. compared with laboratory-fixed strains, recent chinese isolates of sub-lineage b contained val or ala instead of met69 in p protein, which is involved in generating truncate ...201020545436
targeted brain delivery of itraconazole via rvg29 anchored nanoparticles.the blood-brain barrier is a major barrier in the neurological diseases treatment and precludes the entry of drugs from blood to brain. here, we developed 29-amino-acid peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) peptide conjugated itraconazole-loaded albumin nanoparticles (rvg29-itz-nps). the rvg29 peptide was conjugated to the albumin nps using biotin-binding streptavidin as crosslinker. the nps were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug loading and release b ...201120540685
molecular basis of neurovirulence of flury rabies virus vaccine strains: importance of the polymerase and the glycoprotein r333q mutation.the molecular mechanisms associated with rabies virus (rv) virulence are not fully understood. in this study, the rv flury low-egg-passage (lep) and high-egg-passage (hep) strains were used as models to explore the attenuation mechanism of rv. the results of our studies confirmed that the r333q mutation in the glycoprotein (g(r333q)) is crucial for the attenuation of flury rv in mice. the r333q mutation is stably maintained in the hep genome background but not in the lep genome background during ...201020538851
assessing the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity of human rabies vaccines when administered by intradermal route: results of a metaanalysis.the metadata of 10 published studies and 3 vaccine trial reports comprising of 19 vaccine cohorts from four countries conducted over a period of 23 years (1986 - 2009) was used for metaanalysis. the vaccines studied were purified chick embryo cell vaccine (rabipur, india & germany), purified vero cell rabies vaccine (verorab, france; indirab, india) & human diploid cell vaccine (mirv, france).the potency of these vaccines varied from 0.55 iu to 2.32 iu per intradermal dose of 0.1 ml per site. th ...201020523131
why does the prognosis remain so poor in human rabies? 201020521888
characterization of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus nucleoprotein.three anti-rabies virus (rabv) nucleoprotein (n) monoclonal antibodies (mab) were characterized by immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. one of these mabs recognized the antigen by all of the assays, while the other two recognized n only in the native form in the immunofluorescence assay. these data, together with epitope mapping studies, suggest that two anti-n mabs recognize conformational epitopes located within the n-terminal region of the rabv n protein. the ...201020521069
host immunity to repeated rabies virus infection in big brown bats.bats are natural reservoirs for the majority of lyssaviruses globally, and are unique among mammals in having exceptional sociality and longevity. given these facets, and the recognized status of bats as reservoirs for rabies viruses (rabvs) in the americas, individual bats may experience repeated exposure to rabv during their lifetime. nevertheless, little information exists with regard to within-host infection dynamics and the role of immunological memory that may result from abortive rabv inf ...201020519458
[the establishment of a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for testing rabies virus neutralizing antibody.].to establish a rapid fluorescent inhibition test (rffit) for testing rabies virus neutralizing antibody and the titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibody. cvs-11 was used as the standard challenge virus, and three generations prepared for the establishment of the virus library.201020513292
immunovirological correlates in human rabies treated with therapeutic coma.a 37-year-old woman was admitted to hospital and over the next 5 days developed a progressive encephalitis. nuchal skin biopsy, analyzed using a rabies taqman(c) pcr, demonstrated rabies virus rna. she had a history in keeping with exposure to rabies whilst in south africa, but had not received pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. she was treated with a therapeutic coma according to the "milwaukee protocol," which failed to prevent the death of the patient. rabies virus was isolated from csf and s ...201020513093
[an epidemiological investigation of the rabies between 1999 - 2008 in yancheng city, jiangsu province.].to better understand the epidemiology of rabies during the past ten years in yancheng city, jiangsu province.201020510058
induction of neutralizing antibody responses to anthrax protective antigen by using influenza virus vectors: implications for disparate immune system priming pathways.viral vectors based on influenza virus, rabies virus (rv), and vaccinia virus (vv) were used to express large polypeptide segments derived from the bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa). for the infectious influenza virus vector and recombinant vv constructs, the receptor binding domain (rbd or domain 4) or the lethal and edema factor binding domain (lef or domain 1') were engineered into functional chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) glycoproteins. in the case of the rv vector, the viral glycoprot ...201020504926
analysis of an outbreak of human rabies in 2009 in hanzhong district, shaanxi province, china.between march and august 2009, there was an outbreak of rabies in both humans and dogs in hanzhong district, shaanxi province, china. about 7300 humans were bitten by dogs and 20 died of rabies due to failure to perform postexposure prophylaxis. the local authorities therefore conducted a dog slaughter campaign. from a random selection of brains of dogs culled in the campaign, 0/27 tested positive for rabies virus by immunofluorescence. of two dogs known to have bitten humans, one was shown to c ...201120491584
a new outbreak of rabies in rare ethiopian wolves (canis simensis).between october 2008 and may 2009, five brain samples from the carcasses of the rare ethiopian wolf (canis simenensis) were submitted for rabies virus testing. rabies virus was detected in all five samples, and this confirmed that a further outbreak of rabies had occurred within the wolf population in the bale mountains of ethiopia. sequence comparison of a partial fragment of the nucleoprotein-coding gene demonstrated that all viruses showed 100% sequence identity, suggesting a single introduct ...201020490607
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...201020484176
rabies out-break in mules at mansehra, pakistan.an unusual sickness in mules at batrasi camp, district mansehra, pakistan, was reported. twelve animals died with in 2-3 days after showing the clinical symptoms confusing with colic and nervous disorders. animals did not respond to any treatment. a team of veterinary doctors/researchers from institute visited the place and collected the samples and information in all aspects related to any disease occurrence on epidemiological basis. animals were also showing symptoms confusing with rabies. bra ...201120483443
on the evolution of fixed strains of rabies virus. 193820475418
further studies in anti-rabies immunisation. rabies virus-exalted and classical strains compared. 193120475112
a preliminary study of chemo- and cytokine responses in rabies vaccine recipients of intradermal and intramuscular regimens.plasma from 10 patients who had received rabies vaccine either intradermally (id) or intramuscularly (im) was examined for 20 chemo- and cytokines. plasma samples were withdrawn on days 0, 3 and 7 after vaccination. these chemo- and cytokines and sampling days were chosen based on data collected from a protein array analysis of 122 cytokines conducted on one recipient of vaccine administered im and one recipient of vaccine administered id. although eotaxin, interleukin (il)-5 in the id and il-1 ...201020470796
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bovines and equines between 2007 and 2008, in the states of são paulo and minas gerais.rabies is an acute disease of the central nervous system and is responsible for the deaths of thousands of humans, wild animals and livestock, particularly cattle, as well as causing major economic losses. this study describes the genetic characterization of rabies virus variants that circulate in desmodus rotundus populations and are transmitted to herbivores.201020464137
updated list of bat species positive for rabies in brazil.this paper presents an updated list of bat species positive for rabies in brazil. it was developed based on database research via the internet, of international and national literature and annals of the most important technical and scientific meetings related to rabies and chiroptera in brazil from 1996 to 2009. the new list of rabies positive bats consists of 41 species, belonging to 25 genera and three families: phyllostomidae 43.9%, vespertilionidae 29.3% and molossidae 26.8%. in addition, qu ...201020464127
[rabies virus isolation in the salivary glands of insectivorous bats].this study determined the presence of the rabies virus in salivary glands, as well as its titre and antigenic characterisation and the level of exposure to the virus from contact between domestic animals and humans. twenty-six positive brain samples were selected, 80% of which were from the brazilian free-tailed bat, tadarida brasiliensis, corresponding to the period 1999-2005. antigenic characterisation was conducted on a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus nucleoprotei ...200920462155
a multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus.a multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr) method was developed for the detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus (cdv). a pair of primers (p1 and p4) specific for cdv corresponding to the highly conserved region of the cdv genome were used as a common primer pair in the first-round pcr of the nested pcr. primers p2 specific for cdv wild-type strains, were used as the forward primer together with the common reverse ...201020433759
role of interferon antagonist activity of rabies virus phosphoprotein in viral pathogenicity.the fixed rabies virus (rv) strain nishigahara kills adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas the chicken embryo fibroblast cell-adapted strain ni-ce causes nonlethal infection in adult mice. we previously reported that the chimeric ce(nip) strain, which has the phosphoprotein (p protein) gene from the nishigahara strain in the genetic background of the ni-ce strain, causes lethal infection in adult mice, indicating that the p gene is responsible for the different pathogenicities of t ...201020427527
molecular characterization of a chinese variant of the flury-lep strain.the entire genome of rabies virus vaccine strain flury-lep-c, a chinese variant of the rabies virus vaccine strain flury-lep, was sequenced. the overall length of the genome of flury-lep-c strain was 11 924 nucleotides (nt), comprising a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1353 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 894 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, l) gene of 6384 nt, and a trailer region of 70 nt. there was ...201020423522
spatial and temporal dynamics of rabies virus variants in big brown bat populations across canada: footprints of an emerging zoonosis.phylogenetic analysis of a collection of rabies viruses that currently circulate in canadian big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) identified five distinct lineages which have emerged from a common ancestor that existed over 400 years ago. four of these lineages are regionally restricted in their range while the fifth lineage, comprising two-thirds of all specimens, has emerged in recent times and exhibits a recent demographic expansion with rapid spread across the canadian range of its host. four o ...201020406385
the basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum.the basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence not only movement, but putatively also cognition and affect. both structures receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex. thus, the basal ganglia and cerebellum form multisynaptic loops with the cerebral cortex. basal ganglia and cerebellar loops have been assumed to be anatomically separate and to perform distinct functional operations. we investigated whether there is any direct route for basal gangl ...201020404184
a method for simultaneous detection and identification of brazilian dog- and vampire bat-related rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.at present, the sporadic occurrence of human rabies in brazil can be attributed primarily to dog- and vampire bat-related rabies viruses. reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was employed as a simultaneous detection method for both rabies field variants within 60 min. vampire bat-related rabies viruses could be distinguished from dog variants by digesting amplicons of the rt-lamp reaction using the restriction enzyme alwi. amplification and digestion could both ...201020403387
comparative analysis of rabies virus isolates from brazilian canids and bats based on the g gene and g-l intergenic region.rabies virus (rabv) isolates from two species of canids and three species of bats were analyzed by comparing the c-terminal region of the g gene and the g-l intergenic region of the virus genome. intercluster identities for the genetic sequences of the isolates showed both regions to be poorly conserved. phylogenetic trees were generated by the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods, and the results were found to agree between the two methods for both regions. putative amino acid sequenc ...201020401500
new rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the yucatan peninsula.in february 2008, three white-nosed coatis (nasua narica) were found dead in a recreational park in cancun, mexico. the diagnosis of rabies virus (rabv) infection was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence test. the phylogenetic analysis performed with the complete rabv nucleoprotein gene positioned this isolate close to a sequence of a human rabies case reported during 2008 from oaxaca, mexico, sharing 93% similarity. in turn, these two variants are related to another variant found in rabid tad ...201020392303
antibody levels against rabies among occupationally exposed individuals in a nigerian university.the authors investigated the levels of anti-glycoprotein antibodies against rabies virus in the sera of occupationally exposed humans at the university of ibadan, nigeria. a quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in sera from 20 zoological garden workers, 20 veterinarians and 30 clinical veterinary students at the university of ibadan. the sera were obtained between september 2008 and february 2009. of these 70 ...201020391364
[targeted inhibition of rabies virus replication in vitro by single chain antibody domain mediated vector expression shrna delivery].single chain antibody-mediated delivery is a novel approach for targeting shrna to appropriate cells. in this report, we studied whether this shrna delivery strategy would be effective against rabies virus.201020387470
motor and non-motor projections from the cerebellum to rostrocaudally distinct sectors of the dorsal premotor cortex in macaques.in the caudal part of the dorsal premotor cortex of macaques (area f2), both anatomical and physiological studies have identified two rostrocaudally separate sectors. the rostral sector (f2r) is located medial to the genu of the arcuate sulcus, and the caudal sector (f2c) is located lateral to the superior precentral dimple. here we examined the sites of origin of projections from the cerebellum to f2r and f2c. we applied retrograde transsynaptic transport of a neurotropic virus, cvs-11 of rabie ...201020384784
standardization and assessment of cell culture media quantities in roller poly ethylene terephthalate bottles employed in the industrial rabies viral vaccine production.vero cells are utilized for production of rabies vaccine. this study deals with the optimize quantity media require for the rabies vaccine production in the smooth roller surface. the rabies virus (pasteur vaccine strain) is infected to monolayer of the various experimented bottles. to analyze the optimal quantity of media for the production of rabies viral harvest during the process of vero cell derived rabies vaccine. the trials are started from 200 to 400 ml (ptarv-1, ptarv-2, ptarv-3, ptarv- ...200920384277
human rabies - kentucky/indiana, 2009.on october 19, 2009, clinicians from kentucky contacted cdc regarding a suspected case of rabies in a man from indiana aged 43 years. this report summarizes the patient's clinical presentation and course, the subsequent epidemiologic investigation, and, for the first time, provides infection control recommendations for personnel performing autopsies on decedents with confirmed or suspected rabies infection. before the patient's death on october 20, a diagnosis of rabies was suspected based on th ...201020379132
amino acid substitutions at positions 242, 255 and 268 in rabies virus glycoprotein affect spread of viral infection.rabies virus nishigahara strain kills adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas the derivative rc-hl strain does not. it has previously been reported by us that the r(g 242/255/268) strain, in which amino acids at positions 242, 255 and 268 on the g protein have been replaced by those from the nishigahara strain in the genetic background of the rc-hl strain, kills adult mice. this indicates that these three amino acids of g protein are important for pathogenicity of the nishigahara str ...201020377742
re-emergence of dog rabies in mpumalanga province, south africa.dog rabies has commonly been associated with the eastern and southern border areas in mpumalanga province, and the nkomazi district in the east has been most affected. in other parts of the province, canid rabies has been under control for many years; however, in 2008, dog rabies spread to other parts of the province and resulted in a widespread outbreak. the objective of this study was to genetically characterize rabies viruses in an attempt to determine the source of this recent outbreak. fift ...201020370435
the immune response to rabies virus infection and vaccination.infection with rabies virus causes encephalitis in humans that has a case fatality rate of almost 100%. this inability to resolve infection is surprising since both pre-exposure vaccination and, if given promptly, post-exposure vaccination is highly effective at preventing encephalitic disease. the principal immunological correlate of protection produced by vaccination is neutralizing antibody. t-helper cells contribute to the development of immunity whereas cytotoxic t cells do not appear to pl ...201020368119
lesions of the central nervous system induced by intracerebral inoculation of balb/c mice with rabies virus (cvs-11).balb/c mice were inoculated intracerebrally with fixed rabies virus (cvs-11) and pathomorphological changes in the central nervous system were studied. infected mice showed ruffled hair, hunchback, anorexia, emaciation and ataxia at 5 days postinoculation (dpi), but paralysis did not occur. viral antigens were first detected in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 3 dpi, and these cells exhibited apoptosis at 5 dpi. microglial cells and astroglial cells significantly inc ...201020339258
[sequencing and analysis of complete genome of rabies viruses isolated from chinese ferret-badger and dog in zhejiang province].based on sequencing the full-length genomes of four chinese ferret-badger and dog, we analyze the properties of rabies viruses genetic variation in molecular level, get the information about rabies viruses prevalence and variation in zhejiang, and enrich the genome database of rabies viruses street strains isolated from china. rabies viruses in suckling mice were isolated, overlapped fragments were amplified by rt-pcr and full-length genomes were assembled to analyze the nucleotide and deduced p ...201020329558
[sequencing and analyses on glycoprotein gene of rabies viruses isolated in zhejiang province, china.].based on sequencing the genomes of glycoprotein (gp) gene of rabies viruses isolated in zhejiang, we analyzed the properties of rabies viruses genetic variation in molecular level, and to compare with those of other representative vaccine strains and street virus strains, get the information about rabies viruses variation.201020302704
use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices.this report summarizes new recommendation and updates previous recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) for postexposure prophylaxis (pep) to prevent human rabies (cdc. human rabies prevention---united states, 2008: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. mmwr 2008;57[no. rr-3]). previously, acip recommended a 5-dose rabies vaccination regimen with human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) or purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv). these ...201020300058
[analysis of multisynaptic neuronal pathways by using rabies virus].transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses is a useful tool for morphological analysis of the organization of multisynaptic neuronal pathways. rabies virus is known to label neurons transsynaptically in a retrograde direction. here, we examined the input systems of the primary motor cortex with respect to the somatotopic arrangement. rabies virus was injected into the hindlimb, proximal forelimb, distal forelimb, and orofacial regions of the primary motor cortex in macaques, and the distribu ...201020297727
studies on the cultivation of the aetiological agent of rabies in vitro and its nature. 194620289742
[not available]. 194720268399
rabies; a case report with notes on the isolation of the virus from saliva. 194720265780
[not available]. 194720256108
[not available]. 194720254289
[not available]. 194720248847
cultivation of rabies virus in vitro. 194720241611
feline vaccination protocols: is a consensus emerging?three international panels have been established over the past 11 years to provide veterinarians with guidelines on the use of feline vaccines. these are the american association of feline practitioners (aafp) feline vaccine advisory panel, the world small animal association vaccine guidelines group (wsava vgg) and the european advisory board on cat diseases (abcd). the major recommendations of these three panels are summarised to show areas of agreement and areas of discrepancy. while the recom ...201020235015
ins and outs of cerebellar modules.the modular concept of cerebellar connections has been advocated in the lifetime work of jan voogd. in this concept, a cerebellar module is defined as the conglomerate of one or multiple and non-adjacent, parasagittally arranged zones of purkinje cells, their specific projection to a well-defined region of the cerebellar nuclei, and the climbing fiber input to these zones by a well-defined region of the inferior olivary complex. the modular organization of these olivo-cortico-nuclear connections ...201020232190
rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease.antibodies play a central role in prophylaxis against many infectious agents. while neutralization is a primary function of antibodies, the fc- and complement-dependent activities of these multifunctional proteins may also be critical in their ability to provide protection against most viruses. protection against viral pathogens in vivo is complex, and while virus neutralization--the ability of antibody to inactivate virus infectivity, often measured in vitro--is important, it is often only a pa ...201020231877
targeted delivery of sirna to macrophages for anti-inflammatory treatment.inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and the associated neuronal apoptosis characterizes a number of neurologic disorders. macrophages and microglial cells are believed to be the major source of tnf-alpha in the central nervous system (cns). here, we show that suppression of tnf-alpha by targeted delivery of small interfering rna (sirna) to macrophage/microglial cells dramatically reduces lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in viv ...201020216529
evolutionary history of african mongoose rabies.two biotypes or variants of rabies virus (rabv) occur in southern africa. these variants are respectively adapted to hosts belonging to the canidae family (the canid variant) and hosts belonging to the herpestidae family (the mongoose variant). due to the distinct host adaptation and differences in epidemiology and pathogenesis, it has been hypothesized that the two variants were introduced into africa at different times. the objective of this study was to investigate the molecular phylogeny of ...201020214938
temporal and spatial dynamics of rabies viruses in china and southeast asia.phylogenetic studies have revealed a profound understanding about the biodiversity of rabies viruses in china, but little is known about their evolutionary dynamics in the country. in the present study, the complete g gene sequences of 33 rabies virus isolates (rabvs) isolated from distinct chinese provinces were determined and phylogenetic analysis was conducted using these g sequences and 93 others retrieved from genbank representing china and southeast asia. further evolutionary history of ra ...201020214936
reconstruction and expression of the mri-contrast protein, ferritin, with recombinant rabies vectors.attenuated recombinant rabies vector could be an ideal system for delivery of contrast agent gene for magnetic resonance imaging (mri) because of its neurotropic nature. in this study, the gene of a biomolecular contrast agent, ferritin, was successfully cloned into two rabies virus vectors, vaccine-based pctn and street strain-based pnh. recombinant virus granules were obtained and proved to express ferritin by rt-pcr after transfection of ctn-ferritin and nh-ferritin vector systems in bhk-21 c ...201020213528
identification of protein interaction regions of vinc/neat1/men epsilon rna.the virus inducible non-coding rna (vinc) was detected initially in the brain of mice infected with japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and rabies virus. vinc is also known as neat1 or men epsilon rna. it is localized in the nuclear paraspeckles of several murine as well as human cell lines and is essential for paraspeckle formation. we demonstrate that vinc interacts with the paraspeckle protein, p54nrb through three different protein interaction regions (pirs) one of which (pir-1) is localized n ...201020211624
management and outcomes after multiple corneal and solid organ transplantations from a donor infected with rabies virus.this article describes multiple transmissions of rabies via transplanted solid organ from a single infected donor. the empirical milwaukee treatment regimen was used in the recipients.201020205588
production of glycoprotein-deleted rabies viruses for monosynaptic tracing and high-level gene expression in neurons.recombinant rabies viruses rendered replication-deficient by the deletion of their envelope glycoprotein gene are useful tools for neuroscientists, permitting (1) extraordinarily high transgene expression levels within neurons, (2) retrograde infection of projection neurons through their axon terminals, (3) targeted infection of genetically specified neurons and (4) monosynaptic tracing of neuronal inputs. here we present a detailed protocol for the production of high-titer and high-purity viral ...201020203674
terrestrial rabies and human postexposure prophylaxis, new york, usa.during 1993-2002, cats accounted for 2.7% of rabid terrestrial animals in new york but for one third of human exposure incidents and treatments. nonbite exposures and animals of undetermined rabies status accounted for 54% and 56%, respectively, of persons receiving rabies treatments.201020202438
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