Publications

amino acid composition of human milk is not unique.	to determine whether the amino acid pattern of human milk is unique, we compared the amino acid pattern of human milk with the amino acid patterns of the milks of great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), lower primates (baboon and rhesus monkey) and nonprimates (cow, goat, sheep, llama, pig, horse, elephant, cat and rat). amino acid pattern was defined as the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) (in mg) to the total amino acids (in g). total amino acid concentration was l ...	1994	8027865
gorillas' (gorilla gorilla gorilla) spatial memory in a foraging task.	the spatial memory of 2 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was explored in a simulated foraging task. trials consisted of 2 parts separated by a delay. in the 1st part, half of the total number of food sites were baited with a highly preferred food, and the subject was allowed to search, find, and consume these items (search phase). during the delay the same locations were again baited. after the delay the animal was reintroduced to the test enclosure and allowed to search through the sites agai ...	1994	8026161
estimating errors and confidence intervals for branch lengths in phylogenetic trees by a bootstrap approach.	a method, based on the bootstrap procedure, is proposed for the estimation of branch-length errors and confidence intervals in a phylogenetic tree for which equal rates of substitution among lineages do not necessarily hold. the method can be used to test whether an estimated internodal distance is significantly greater than zero. in the application of the method, any estimator of genetic distances, as well as any tree reconstruction procedure (based on distance matrices), can be used. also the ...	1994	8006997
infectious amyloid precursor gene sequences in primates used for experimental transmission of human spongiform encephalopathy.	based on the analysis of genomic dna from single healthy animals of each of five primate species, nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the infectious amyloid precursor gene of higher apes (gorilla and pan) and old world (macaca) and new world (ateles, saimiri) monkeys showed 95-99% homology to the human sequences, corresponding to their phylogenetic distance from humans. two of 18 amino acids that differed from humans resulted from nucleotide changes at sites of mutations in humans w ...	1994	7991600
expression and chromosomal mapping of the gene encoding the human histone h1.1.	the expression of a human histone h1 isoform (h1.1) was studied in several human tissues. northern blot analysis has revealed that this gene is expressed in testis and thymus, but not in other human tissues. in this report, we demonstrate that the expression of the histone h1.1 gene in human testis is restricted to early round spermatids that belong to the fraction of postmeiotic sperm cells. transcripts hybridizing with the human h1.1 gene could not be detected in testis of mouse, rat, bull or ...	1994	7989039
the origin of human chromosome 2 analyzed by comparative chromosome mapping with a dna microlibrary.	fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of microlibraries established from distinct chromosome subregions can test the evolutionary conservation of chromosome bands as well as chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during primate evolution and will help to clarify phylogenetic relationships. we used a dna library established by microdissection and microcloning from the entire long arm of human chromosome 2 for fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative mapping of the chromosomes of h ...	1994	7981945
sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and old world monkeys.	in man, the spectral shift between the middle-wave (mw) and long-wave (lw) visual pigments is largely achieved by amino acid substitution at two codons, both located in exon 5. a third amino acid site coded by exon 3 is polymorphic between pigments. we have studied the equivalent regions of the cone opsin genes in two members of the hominidea (the gorilla, gorilla gorilla and the chimpanzee, pan troglodytes) and in three members of the cercopithecoidea family of old world primates (the diana mon ...	1994	7975287
primate relaxin: synthesis of gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins.	the synthesis of the hormone relaxin from the species gorilla gorilla (gorilla) and macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) has been achieved. each of the two chains which constitute the peptide structures was assembled separately, the a-chains (24 amino acids) by the boc-polystyrene solid-phase procedure and the b-chains (29 and 28 amino acids) by the fmoc-polyamide (gorilla) and the boc-polystyrene (rhesus monkey) solid-phase methods. after cleavage from the solid supports, the separate chains were pur ...	1994	7945794
patterns of dental development in homo, australopithecus, pan, and gorilla.	smith ([1986] nature 323:327-330) distinguished patterns of development of teeth of juvenile fossil hominids as being "more like humans" or "more like apes" based on statistical similarity to group standards. here, this central tendency discrimination (ctd) is tested for its ability to recognize ape and human patterns of dental development in 789 subadult hominoids. tooth development of a modern human sample (665 black southern africans) was scored entirely by an outside investigator; pongid and ...	1994	7943188
reactivity of primate sera to foamy virus gag and bet proteins.	in order to establish criteria for the serodiagnosis of foamy virus infections we investigated the extent to which sera from infected individuals of human and primate origin react with structural and non-structural virus proteins in immunoblot assays. using lysates from infected cells as the source of virus antigen, antibodies were preferentially detected against the gag proteins and the non-structural bet protein. both the gag precursor molecules of 70 and 74k apparent m(r) and the cytoplasmic ...	1994	7931149
a new retrotransposable human l1 element from the lre2 locus on chromosome 1q produces a chimaeric insertion.	we have found a 2 kilobase insertion containing a rearranged l1 element in the dystrophin gene of a muscular dystrophy patient. we cloned the precursor of this insertion, the second known active human l1 element. the locus, lre2, has one allele derived from the patient which matches the insertion sequence exactly. lre2 has a perfect 13-15 bp target site duplication, two open reading frames, and an unusual 21 bp truncation of the 5' end, suggesting that a slightly truncated element can still retr ...	1994	7920631
alu elements of the primate major histocompatibility complex.	the chromosomal region constituting the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has undergone complex evolution that is often difficult to decipher. an important aid in the elucidation of the mhc evolution is the presence of alu elements (repeats) which serve as markers for tracing chromosomal rearrangements. as the first step toward the establishment of sets of evolutionary markers for the mhc, alu elements present in selected mhc haplotypes of the human species, the gorilla, and the chimpanzee ...	1994	7919653
two gene duplication events in the human and primate dopamine d5 receptor gene family.	the human dopamine d5 receptor (drd5) gene family consists of the drd5-encoding gene (drd5) and the pseudogenes psi drd5-1 and psi drd5-2. analysis of the 5' utr of drd5 and homologous regions in the pseudogenes revealed that the nucleotide identity (approx. 95%) extended for 1.9 kb and terminated at a monomeric alu sequence in each of the pseudogenes. the presence of alu sequences in the pseudogenes, at this point of divergence with drd5, suggests that alu sequences were involved in the evoluti ...	1995	7890157
length polymorphism of a microsatellite in human and non human primates.	microsatellites are tandem repeats of short sequences elements (most often ca repeats) interspersed in many genomes and which frequently show multiallele polymorphism. they have proved invaluable for genomic mapping in man and other species and may be used for evolutionary studies provided that the available primers can be used in different species. the dystrophin gene, which shows high sequence conservation between man, rodents and chicken contains such polymorphic ca repeats. using the oligonu ...	1994	7882159
a comparative study of higher primate foamy viruses, including a new virus from a gorilla.	few foamy (spuma) retroviruses have been investigated in molecular detail, despite their previous isolation from several mamalian species, including ten neutralization serotypes from various primates. here, we have studied a new gorilla foamy virus (sfv-gg) and investigated its functional and phylogenetic relationship to the human (hfv) and other primate foamy viruses, including that recently described in orangutans (sfv-11). nucleotide sequencing of pcr products obtained from the r/u5 region of ...	1995	7871729
polymorphic tandem repeats in dopamine d4 receptor are spread over primate species.	the human dopamine d4 receptor has polymorphic tandem repeats in the third cytoplasmic loop. however, these repeats are not present in the rat counterpart. to determine whether the tandem repeats are specific to humans or not, we analyzed genomic dna sequences for the d4 receptor of six primate species (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, marmoset). sequencing data revealed that all primates have the 48-bp tandem repeats in the d4 receptor gene. this finding suggests that these repea ...	1995	7857303
a young alu subfamily amplified independently in human and african great apes lineages.	a variety of alu subfamilies amplified in primate genomes at different evolutionary time periods. alu sb2 belongs to a group of young subfamilies with a characteristic two-nucleotide deletion at positions 65/66. it consists of repeats having a 7-nucleotide duplication of a sequence segment involving positions 246 through 252. the presence of sb2 inserts was examined in five genomic loci in 120 human dna samples as well as in dnas of higher primates. the lack of the insertional polymorphism seen ...	1994	7838713
new species-specific alleles at the primate mhc-g locus.	six different ape mhc-g dna sequences (four in humans: hla-g01011, hla-gii, hla-g0103, and hla-giv; one in chimpanzees: patr-gi; and one in gorillas: gogo-g1) have been obtained. only synonymous or conservative ("thr"-to-"ser") substitutions are allowed between the four human alleles. one allele of mhc-g exon-2 sequences has been found both in gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). the patr-g*i dna sequence shows two nonsynonymous substitutions when compared with the h ...	1994	7836065
variability of dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) gene sequence within and among nonhuman primate species.	the dopamine d4 receptor is one of five receptors known to function in mammalian dopaminergic pathways. the dna sequence of the human dopamine d4 receptor gene (drd4) has previously been investigated in several populations and found to be highly polymorphic at both the dna and amino acid levels, exhibiting at least 25 alleles. this variation results from differences in the number and dna sequence of a 48-bp (16-amino acid) repeat unit in the coding region of drd4. in the present study, drd4 dna ...	1995	7831304
concerted evolution of the tandem array encoding primate u2 snrna occurs in situ, without changing the cytological context of the rnu2 locus.	in primates, the tandemly repeated genes encoding u2 small nuclear rna evolve concertedly, i.e. the sequence of the u2 repeat unit is essentially homogeneous within each species but differs somewhat between species. using chromosome painting and the ngfr gene as an outside marker, we show that the u2 tandem array (rnu2) has remained at the same chromosomal locus (equivalent to human 17q21) through multiple speciation events over > 35 million years leading to the old world monkey and hominoid lin ...	1995	7828589
phylogenetic relationships among homo sapiens and related species based on restriction site variations in rdna spacers.	a rapid method, using 12 restriction enzymes, was employed to analyze variations in ribosomal dna (rdna) spacers in a study of phylogenetic relationships between homo sapiens and related species. we mapped restriction sites in the external and internal spacer regions and compared the arrangements of sites. the estimated sequence divergence between homo sapiens and pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus, hylobates lar, h. agilis, and macaca fuscata was 2.7, 2.3, 3.8, 7.3, ...	1994	7826313
cloning and comparative mapping of recently evolved human chromosome 22-specific alpha satellite dna.	we have isolated and characterized a new alphoid probe, named p190.22. its chromosomal location was investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. under high stringency conditions p190.22 recognizes specifically the centromere of chromosome 22. a chromosome 22-specific alphoid subset has been previously reported in the literature (p22/1:2.1). the partial sequence and the genomic organization comparison strongly suggests that they recognize distinct subsets both specific for chromosome 22 ...	1994	7825067
the sesamoid bone of musculus abductor pollicis longus (os radiale externum or prepollex) in primates.	the sesamoid bone of the musculus abductor pollicis longus has been investigated in a series of 276 nonhuman primates representative of 37 genera, and in a series of 300 radiographs of human subjects. the presence of this ossicle in primates is a primitive characteristic. it is present in all nonhuman primates, and is generally articulated with both the scaphoid and trapezium. modifications of the general mammalian pattern exist only in gorilla gorilla, where the sesamoid bone is observed in abo ...	1994	7817720
evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 peroxisomal and mitochondrial targeting. a survey of its subcellular distribution in the livers of various representatives of the classes mammalia, aves and amphibia.	as part of a wider study on the molecular evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (agt1) intracellular compartmentalization, we have determined the subcellular distribution of immunoreactive agt1, using postembedding protein a-gold immunoelectron microscopy, in the livers of various members of the classes mammalia, aves, and amphibia. as far as organellar distribution is concerned, three categories could be distinguished. in members of the first category (type i), all, or nearly all, ...	1994	7813517
a polymerase chain reaction-based method for the identification of dna samples from common vertebrate species.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of vertebrate genomic dnas using a (cac)n primer was found to generate species-specific patterns which are resolvable by agarose gel electrophoresis. of the thirteen species tested (trout, frog, chicken, mouse, rat, cow, dog, african green monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla, rhesus macaque, and human), all species showed discrete amplification products ranging in size from 1.0 to 3.2 kbp although trout and frogs had only weak (cac)n amplification ...	1994	7813391
gene conversion as a secondary mechanism of short interspersed element (sine) evolution.	the alu repetitive family of short interspersed elements (sines) in primates can be subdivided into distinct subfamilies by specific diagnostic nucleotide changes. the older subfamilies are generally very abundant, while the younger subfamilies have fewer copies. some of the youngest alu elements are absent in the orthologous loci of nonhuman primates, indicative of recent retroposition events, the primary mode of sine evolution. pcr analysis of one young alu subfamily (sb2) member found in the ...	1995	7799926
complement component c4 gene intron 9 as a phylogenetic marker for primates: long terminal repeats of the endogenous retrovirus erv-k(c4) are a molecular clock of evolution.	the complement component c4 genes of old world primates exhibit a long/short dichotomous size variation, except that chimpanzee and gorilla only contain short c4 genes. in human it has been shown that the long c4 gene is attributed to the integration of an endogenous retrovirus, herv-k(c4), into intron 9. this 6.36 kilobase retroviral element is absent in short c4 genes. here it is shown that the homologous endogenous retrovirus, erv-k(c4), is present precisely at the same position in the long c ...	1995	7797267
construction of molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees from dna sequences based on minimum complexity principle.	ever since the discovery of a molecular clock, many methods have been developed to reconstruct the molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees. in this paper, we deal with the problem from the viewpoint of an inductive inference and apply rissanen's minimum description length principle to extract the minimum complexity phylogenetic tree. our method describes the complexity of the molecular phylogenetic tree by three terms which are related to the tree topology, the sum of the branch lengths and th ...	1995	7796581
comparative mapping of human alphoid sequences in great apes using fluorescence in situ hybridization.	twenty-seven human alphoid dna probes have been hybridized in situ to metaphase spreads of the common chimpanzee (ptr), the pigmy chimpanzee (ppa), and the gorilla (ggo) to investigate the evolutionary relationship between the centromeric regions of the great ape chromosomes. the surprising results showed that the vast majority of the probes did not recognize their corresponding homologous chromosomes. alphoid sequences belonging to the suprachromosomal family 1 (chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 1 ...	1995	7789981
comparative mapping of dna probes derived from the v kappa immunoglobulin gene regions on human and great ape chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of cosmid clones of human v kappa gene regions to human and primate chromosomes contributed to the dating of chromosome reorganizations in evolution. a clone from the kappa locus at 2p11-p12 (cos 106) hybridized to the assumed homologous chromosome bands in the chimpanzees pan troglodytes (ptr) and p. paniscus (ppa), the gorilla gorilla (ggo), and the orangutan pongo pygmaeus (ppy). human and both chimpanzees differed from gorilla and orangutan by the ma ...	1995	7782075
identification of abo alleles on forensic-type specimens using rapid-abo genotyping.	historically, forensic and clinical laboratories utilize serological techniques to identify abo blood types. these techniques rely on the detection of abo-associated proteins and are sensitive with very accurate results. this laboratory has simplified the identification of abo types by taking advantage of previously reported abo dna sequence differences. the rapid-abo technique involves a two-step process: (i) amplification of dna samples using primer sets specific for the abo alleles and (ii) e ...	1995	7779399
relative size and evolution of the germline repertoire of t-cell receptor beta-chain gene segments in nonhuman primates.	the mammalian t-cell receptor (tcr) gene complexes exist as multiple tandemly arrayed gene segments that have apparently arisen by gene duplication mechanisms. a study of the number of tcr germline gene segments in several primate species might provide insight into the relative rate and patterns of gene duplication and deletion within these gene complexes. dna probes from the tcr beta-chain variable (tcrbv) region gene segment subfamilies 1 through 25 and the constant region gene segment were se ...	1995	7774912
analysis of gc-rich repetitive nucleotide sequences in great apes.	the genomes of four primate species, belonging to the families pongidae (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) and hylobatidae (gibbons), have been analyzed for the presence and organization of two human gc-rich heterochromatic repetitive sequences: beta satellite (beta sat) and longsau (lsau) repeats. by southern blot hybridization and pcr, both families of repeats were detected in all the analyzed species, thus indicating their origin in an ape ancestor. in the chimpanzee and gorilla, as in man, ...	1995	7769618
the immunoglobulin kappa locus of primates.	the immunoglobulin kappa genes of nonhuman primates were studied by using sequence information and hybridization probes derived from the human kappa gene regions. the following results were obtained: (1) v kappa gene probes of the three major human kappa subgroups hybridized to restriction nuclease digests of dna from the chimpanzees pan troglodytes (ptr) and pan paniscus (ppa), the gorilla gorilla gorilla (ggo), the orangutan pongo pygmaeus (ppy), the macaque macaca mulatta (mmu), the marmoset ...	1995	7759095
intestinal parasites of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the lopé reserve, gabon.	a coprological survey of intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees (pan t. troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) was carried out in the lopé reserve in central gabon. most samples (69%) were positive but the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the 61 gorilla samples (84%) was higher than in the 66 chimpanzee samples (56%). at least 11 species of parasite were observed: six protozoan, one trematode and at least four nematodes. six of the species were found in gorillas an ...	1995	7741597
human (homo sapiens) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) share similar ancestral centromeric alpha satellite dna sequences but other fractions of heterochromatin differ considerably.	the euchromatic regions of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) genome share approximately 98% sequence similarity with the human (homo sapiens), while the heterochromatic regions display considerable divergence. positive heterochromatic regions revealed by the cbg-technique are confined to pericentromeric areas in humans, while in chimpanzees, these regions are pericentromeric, telomeric, and intercalary. when human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonuclease alui and stained by giemsa (alui ...	1995	7726296
conservation of sequences between human and gorilla lineages: adp-ribosyltransferase (nad+) pseudogene 1 and neighboring retroposons.	the evolution of adp-ribosyltransferase (nad+) pseudogene 1 (adprtp1) was studied among higher primates. when the human pseudogene was used to probe genomic dna from chimpanzee, gorilla, macaque, howler monkey and lemur, a fragment from gorilla produced the most intense hybridization signal. the resultant hybridization pattern indicated a modified pseudogene structure in these primates relative to the human and gorilla loci. sequence comparison of this new dna locus (adprtp1 and surrounding retr ...	1995	7721098
identification of human skeletal muscle from a tissue fragment by detection of human myoglobin using a double-sandwich elisa.	a method for identifying human skeletal muscle by detection of human myoglobin using a double-sandwich elisa was developed. when an extract was prepared from 0.1 g skeletal muscle homogenized with 10 ml pbs, this method was able to detect human myoglobin in extracts diluted 10(4)-fold. there was no difference in the detection limit between individuals or sites of origin of skeletal muscles. species specificity was good and no cross reaction occurred with skeletal muscle from other animals except ...	1995	7713460
quantitative study of chimpanzee and gorilla counterparts of the human d antigen.	the reactivities of three human anti-d monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with human, chimpanzee, and gorilla red blood cells (rbcs) were compared by quantitative radioimmunology and indirect immunofluorescence methods. the number of antigenic sites varies widely in gorillas (from 48,000-283,000), while in chimpanzees this number is very close to that observed in human r1r2 rbcs. the affinity of the anti-d antibodies was slightly lower with ape rbcs than with d-positive human rbcs. in chimpanzee, the ...	1993	7692054
increased heterogeneity of tyrosine hydroxylase in humans.	humans produce four different forms of tyrosine hydroxylase (th) mrna via alternative splicing of the gene. here we demonstrate that new- and old-world monkeys and the gorilla produce only two of the th isoforms. comparison among the genomic dna sequences of various primates revealed that mutations that had accumulated in the genomic dna created a new exon, resulting in the appearance of two new th isoforms in man. these findings offer new insight into the sequence of events leading to the evolu ...	1993	7689834
the genomic sequence for prader-willi/angelman syndromes' loci of human is apparently conserved in the great apes.	chromosomal changes through pericentric inversions play an important role in the origin of species. certain pericentric inversions are too minute to be detected cytogenetically, thus hindering the complete reconstruction of hominoid phylogeny. the advent of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique has facilitated the identification of many chromosomal segments, even at the single gene level. therefore the cosmid probe for prader-willi (pws)/angelman syndrome to the loci on human c ...	1995	7666455
conservation of the down syndrome critical region in humans and great apes.	a quarter century ago, a chimpanzee with trisomy 22 was reported to have the clinical manifestation of down syndrome. the features of down syndrome in human have been associated with chromosome 21 band q22.3. the recent availability of chromosome and loci specific probes has prompted us to utilize the human cosmid probe (d21s65) for the trisomy 21 region in the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmeus). interestingly, the hybridizati ...	1995	7665094
the nerve supply to coracobrachialis in apes.	the origin of the nerve supply to coracobrachialis from the brachial plexus in apes was investigated in 4 arms from 4 chimpanzees, both arms of a gorilla and 4 arms from 4 gibbons. the general architecture of the brachial plexus was the same as in the human. in the apes examined, the nerves supplying this muscle could be classified into 2 groups: (1) distal branches arising from the musculocutaneous nerve, and (2) proximal branches arising in the region of the lateral cord. on the basis of their ...	1995	7649839
evolution of a repeat sequence in the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene in primates.	a polymorphism of the variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) type is located 97 bp downstream of exon vi of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (pthrp) gene in humans. the repeat unit has the general sequence g(ta)nc, where n equals 4-11. in order to characterize the evolutionary history of this vntr, we initially tested for its presence in 13 different species representing four main groups of living primates. the sequence is present in the human, great apes, and old world monkeys, but not ...	1995	7647463
comparative mapping of yrrm- and tspy-related cosmids in man and hominoid apes.	using chromosomal in situ hybridization it has been demonstrated that specific members of the yrrm and the tspy families are multicopy and y chromosome specific in hominoids. after hybridization with the yrrm-related cosmid a5f and the tspy-related cosmids cos36 and cy91, a reverse and complementary pattern of main and secondary signals is detected on the y chromosomes of the human, the pygmy chimpanzee and the gorilla, while the location of signals coincides on the y chromosomes of the chimpanz ...	1995	7606360
evolution of the cryptic fmr1 cgg repeat.	we have sequenced the 5' untranslated region of the orthologous fmr1 gene from 44 species of mammals. the cgg repeat is present in each species, suggesting conservation of the repeat over 150 million years of mammalian radiation. most mammals possess small contiguous repeats (mean number of repeats = 8.0 +/- 0.8), but in primates, the repeats are larger (mean = 20.0 +/- 2.3) and more highly interrupted. parsimony analysis predicts that enlargement of the fmr1 cgg repeat beyond 20 triplets has oc ...	1995	7581454
presence and abundance of cenp-b box sequences in great ape subsets of primate-specific alpha-satellite dna.	cenp-b, a highly conserved centromere-associated protein, binds to alpha-satellite dna, the centromeric satellite of primate chromosomes, at a 17-bp sequence, the cenp-b box. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with an oligomer specific for the cenp-b box sequence, we have demonstrated the abundance of cenp-b boxes on all chromosomes (except the y) of humans, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. this sequence motif was not detected in the genomes of other primates, incl ...	1995	7563136
gorilla and orangutan c-myc nucleotide sequences: inference on hominoid phylogeny.	the nucleotide sequences of the gorilla and orangutan myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy nucleotide method. as previously observed in the human and chimpanzee sequences, an open reading frame (orf) of 188 codons overlapping exon 1 could be deduced from the gorilla sequence. however, no such orf appeared in the orangutan sequence. the two sequences were aligned with those of human and chimpanzee as hominoids and of gibbon and marmoset as outgroups of hominoids. the branching order in th ...	1995	7563112
the chimpanzee alpha-fetoprotein-encoding gene shows structural similarity to that of gorilla but distinct differences from that of human.	the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) alpha-fetoprotein (afp)-encoding gene (afp) spans 18,867 bp from the transcription start point to the polyadenylation site, and the nucleotide (nt) sequence reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of afp. in addition, we report 3121 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 4886 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. the entire 26,874 bp of contiguous dna reported here was determined from three overlapping lambda phage clones. ...	1995	7557431
a common mutation in the hominoid class i a-locus ifn-responsive element results in the loss of enhancer activity.	despite the observed coordinate expression of hla-a and -b antigens in somatic tissues, there is growing evidence that the a and b class i genes are differentially regulated at the transcriptional level. previous studies indicate that this may be related to locus-specific structural differences in certain enhancer elements. we have recently examined the 5' proximal regulatory regions of the a and b homologs in the higher non-human primates and found pronounced differences between the loci. seque ...	1995	7547711
nuclear counterparts of the cytoplasmic mitochondrial 12s rrna gene: a problem of ancient dna and molecular phylogenies.	monkey mummy bones and teeth originating from the north saqqara baboon galleries (egypt), soft tissue from a mummified baboon in a museum collection, and nineteenth/twentieth-century skin fragments from mangabeys were used for dna extraction and pcr amplification of part of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. sequences aligning with the 12s rrna gene were recovered but were only distantly related to contemporary monkey mitochondrial 12s rrna sequences. however, many of these sequences were identica ...	1995	7543951
the presence of prostate-specific antigen-related genes in primates and the expression of recombinant human prostate-specific antigen in a transfected murine cell line.	human prostate-specific antigen (psa) has been shown as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (w. j. catalona et al., j. am. med. assoc., 270: 948-954, 1993) and was approved in 1994 by the food and drug administration for early detection of prostate cancer. immunotherapies directed against psa have been suggested in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. one of the essential questions is to define which nonhuman species express psa for experimental studies. using southern blot ana ...	1995	7538903
structural analysis of the rh-like blood group gene products in nonhuman primates.	rh-related transcripts present in bone marrow samples from several species of nonhuman primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, crab-eating macaque) have been amplified by rt-polymerase chain reaction using primers deduced from the sequence of human rh genes. nucleotide sequence analysis of the nonhuman transcripts revealed a high degree of similarity to human blood group rh sequences, suggesting a great conservation of the rh genes throughout evolution. full-length transcripts, potentially encodi ...	1995	7536710
recent african origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial dnas.	we analyzed the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences of three humans (african, european, and japanese), three african apes (common and pygmy chimpanzees, and gorilla), and one orangutan in an attempt to estimate most accurately the substitution rates and divergence times of hominoid mtdnas. nonsynonymous substitutions and substitutions in rna genes have accumulated with an approximately clock-like regularity. from these substitutions and under the assumption that the orangutan and africa ...	1995	7530363
c4 gene polymorphism in primates: evolution, generation, and chido and rodgers antigenicity.	eleven new c4d genomic primate sequences of the fourth complement factor (c4) have been obtained. seven of them belong to five species not yet explored for this gene: pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzee), cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey), macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus), and saguinus oedipus (cotton top tamarin). the new world monkeys (tamarins, four individuals) sequenced for c4 have a single c4d sequence only, which shows a b isotypic specificity and a rodgers ...	1994	7525470
the hla-b73 antigen has a most unusual structure that defines a second lineage of hla-b alleles.	the nucleotide sequence of cdna encoding the hla-b73 antigen was determined; it is unusually divergent, differing from other hla-b alleles by 44-77 nucleotide substitutions. features that distinguish the b7301 heavy chain from other hla-b heavy chains include multiple substitutions in the alpha 3 domain and a duplication-deletion within the transmembrane region that increases the length of b7301 compared to other hla-b heavy chains. the duplication-deletion is shared with subsets of b alleles ...	1994	7524186
galanin immunoreactivity within the primate basal forebrain: evolutionary change between monkeys and apes.	galanin immunoreactivity (gal-ir) is differentially expressed within the basal forebrain of monkeys and humans. most monkey magnocellular basal forebrain neurons colocalize gal-ir. in contrast, virtually no human magnocellular basal forebrain neurons express gal-ir. rather, an extrinsic galaninergic fiber plexus innervates these neurons in humans. the present study examined the expression of gal-ir within the basal forebrain of apes to establish the phylogenetic level at which this transformatio ...	1993	7504703
effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the central african republic.	the objectives of this 27 month study were to document the positional behaviors used by lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the central african republic and to compare the effects of body size dimorphism on the use of arboreal substrates. during this study, despite their great size, all gorillas used trees regularly. predictions concerning the relationship of body size to arboreal behavior were generally upheld. small branch and suspensory activities were rare for silverbacks. females ...	1995	7485438
mobilization of an erv9 human endogenous retroviral element during primate evolution.	erv9 is a low repeated family of human endogenous retroviral elements, which has close to 50 members, in addition to at least 4000 solitary ltrs. previous work has shown that randomly selected ltrs can promote transcription of reporter genes, raising the possibility that these sequences may affect the expression of adjacent cellular genes. we report here the structural organization in different primate species of a zinc-finger coding gene whose expression is driven in humans by a solitary erv9-l ...	1995	7483274
divergence time and population size in the lineage leading to modern humans.	we have developed maximum likelihood (ml) methods for comparisons of nucleotide sequences from unlinked genomic regions. in the case of a single species, the ml method primarily estimates the effective population size (ne) under both constant size and abrupt expansion conditions. in the case of two or three species, the ml method simultaneously estimates the species divergence time and the effective size of ancestral populations. this allows us to trace the evolutionary history of the human popu ...	1995	7482371
a reanalysis of the south african australopithecine natural endocasts.	sulcal patterns of six previously available south african australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. in addition, a seventh natural endocast, from sts 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. using the taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid-like rath ...	1980	7468789
congestive heart failure and nephritis in an adult gorilla.		1980	7451348
interstitial cell tumour of the testis in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	the post mortem in an adult male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) aged approximately 33 years revealed very small testes, and the cut surface of the left testis appeared nodular. microscopic examination showed a marked atrophy of seminiferous tubules and fibrosis together with a diffuse interstitial cell hyperplasia. two interstitial cell adenomas were identified in the left testis.	1980	7441719
venous drainage of the hind limb in the monkey (macaca fascicularis).	detailed dissection and histological examination of the hind limb veins in twelve adult limbs of macaca fascicularis confirm that the main superficial venous channels are a short saphenous vein and the venae comitantes of branches of the arteria saphena. three sets of constant perforating veins were located, and the number and location of valves in these and the main superficial venous channels were noted. venous sinuses were found in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. dissections of the superfic ...	1980	7440399
within-species brain-body weight variability: a reexamination of the danish data and other primate species.	a restudy of the danish brain weight data published by pakkenberg and voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. the relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. comparative data for smaller samples of pan, gorilla, pongo, ...	1980	7416241
developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies.	this study of the developing pongid dentition is based on cross-sectional radiographic data of juvenile pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus skulls. comparisons with developmental features of the human dentition are made, and possible explanations for the formation of larger teeth within the reduced pongid growth period are discussed. the data presented in this study provide an alternative method for ageing individual pongid crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. t ...	1981	7338332
ultrasonic estimation of gestational age in the lowland gorilla: a biparietal diameter growth curve.		1981	7328032
successful treatment of an infertile male lowland gorilla.		1981	7328031
sudden death associated with atherosclerosis in a gorilla.		1981	7328030
relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the african apes.	examination of relative growth and allometry is important for our understanding of the african apes, as they represent a closely related group of species of increasing body size. this study presents a comparison of ontogenetic relative growth patterns of some postcranial dimensions in pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla. interspecific proportion differences among the three species are also analyzed. it is stressed that reliable ontogenetic information can only be obtained if subad ...	1981	7325219
the effects of distamycin a on gorilla-, chimpanzee- and orangutan lymphocyte cultures.	lymphocyte cultures from the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan were treated with the oligopeptide antibiotic distamycin a. this at-specific dna-ligand induces a distinct undercondensation in the quinacrine-bright heterochromatin of the gorilla and chimpanzee. this is also the case in human lymphocyte cultures. distamycin a further causes an undercondensation in the nonheterochromatic bands 17q21 of the gorilla and 16q22 of man. no visible distamycin a-sensitive chromosome regions are determined ...	1981	7297124
eclampsia in a lowland gorilla.		1981	7282812
a quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. iv. posterior association nuclei-the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus.	nuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya in the thalamic association complex, the pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei (pu-lp) were compared among two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans. the human pu has approximately twice as many neurons as do the great apes, whereas the human and gorilla lp have a similar number. the numbers of neurons in the human pu and combined pu-lp complex were predictable from the ape data. never ...	1981	7270664
development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas.	in march 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the yerkes regional primate research center of emory university. observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. this report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. as expected, measures of mother-infant contac ...	1981	7262467
development, validation, and application of a rapid method for detection of ovulation in great apes and in women.	a rapid hemagglutination inhibition test for detection of pregnancy in nonhuman primates has been modified to permit detection of the midcycle luteinizing hormone (lh) peak in hominid species. the test has been validated by correlation with immunoassayable lh activity in serum and urine. it has been used by the authors and others from prediction of ovulation in the gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee, and human. this predictive capacity has been of value to experiments in natural breeding, artificial ...	1981	7250394
[genetic distances between man, chimpanzee, and gorilla based on electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocyte enzymes (author's transl)].		1981	7228030
control role of an adult male in a captive group of lowland gorillas.	an adult male gorilla was removed from the social group in which it had resided for 27 months. there was an immediate increase in aggressive behaviors among the remaining adult females, as well as an intensification of mother-infant social behaviors. the return of the male resulted in an immediate rise in male aggression and a decline in female aggression, with a gradual return to baseline levels in most behaviors. the control role of the male in the group through aggressive behaviors is suggest ...	1982	7201445
characterisation of a human y chromosome repeated sequence and related sequences in higher primates.	the human y chromosome carries 2000 copies of a tandemly repeated sequence, 2.47 kb long, which constitutes about 20% of the dna of this chromosome. these sequences are localised on the tip of the long arm of the y chromosome. related sequences are present in dna of females with a related but distinguishable restriction pattern. these autosomal sequences are distributed in tandem arrays on a number of autosomes. related sequences are also present in gorilla and chimpanzee. in gorilla they resemb ...	1982	7182127
ultrasonic evaluation of echinococcosis in four lowland gorillas.	four captive lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) were subjected to abdominal ultrasonic scanning. evidence of progressive infection by the enzootic parasite echinococcus vogeli was observed in all 4 of them. ultrasonic scanning revealed abdominal disease, with evidence of both hepatic and bowel involvement. three gorillas subsequently died. necropsy results validated the ultrasonic diagnoses.	1982	7174458
epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas.	acute enteritis characterized by watery diarrhea and lethargy occurred in 4 lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) during a 5-week period at the los angeles zoo. numerous trophozoites of balantidium coli were seen in fresh feces from each gorilla. potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 1 fecal sample. results of fecal flotation examinations were negative for eggs of metazoan parasites. the gorillas were treated with antibiotics and metronidazole or paromomycin, or both. the most ...	1982	7174457
[the trigeminal nerve-innervated jaw muscles in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, blumenbach 1799) and the gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla, savage and wyman 1847)].		1982	7160604
[electrophoretic variation and specification in different species of anthropoïd apes].	the techniques involved in the measurement of the electrophoretic mobilities of human proteins have been applied for similar protein electrophoretic mobility measurements in various species of anthropoïd apes. a study of the electrophoretic polymorphism in the chimpanzee shows that this species has a similar variability to that of man, although the average individual heterozygosity level is lower. for a certain number of erythrocyte protein loci, the electrophoretic mobilities in man, chimpanzee ...	1982	7152516
production of a monoclonal antibody to human liver alkaline phosphatase.	a monoclonal antibody to human liver alkaline phosphatase (alp) has been produced by the mouse-hybridoma method using a partially purified enzyme preparation as antigen. the particular hybridoma secreting the antibody was detected by a screening procedure based on the retention of enzyme activity by the enzyme/antibody complex. the antibody cross-reacts strongly with human kidney and bone alps but not with human placental or intestinal alps. it also cross-reacts with liver and kidney alps from g ...	1982	7151274
the origin of man: a chromosomal pictorial legacy.	man, gorilla, and chimpanzee likely shared an ancestor in whom the fine genetic organization of chromosomes was similar to that of present man. a comparative analysis of high-resolution chromosomes from orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and man suggests that 18 or 23 pairs of chromosomes of modern man are virtually identical to those of our "common hominoid ancestor", with the remaining pairs slightly different. from this lineage, gorilla separated fist, and three major chromosomal rearrangements ...	1982	7063861
gorilla diseases and causes of death.	the causes of 48 gorilla deaths were investigated and normal weights for organs ascertained. half of the gorilla deaths in zoos occurred before maturity at around 8 years of age. eight of the 48 died in the perinatal period from rejection, stillbirth or abortion. the majority of gorillas succumb to various types of enterocolitis. the most common aetiological agents are shigella, salmonella, balantidia and a variety of parasites, principally strongyloides. a variety of preventable virus infection ...	1980	7003132
evidence of similar organization of the chromosomes carrying the major histocompatibility complex in man and other primates.	the chromosome localization and gene synteny of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) of the great apes and rhesus monkey were investigated using somatic cell hybrids. the presence of the mhc antigens was determined either with a microadsorption technique employing primate alloantisera, or with a radioimmune assay. the enzymes phosphoglucomutase 3 (pgm3), glyoxalase 1 (glo1), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (sod2), and soluble maleic enzyme (me1) were assayed in those hybrids where elect ...	1980	7002489
chromosomes and spermatozoa of the african great apes.	we have analysed the chromosome constitution of 8 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), 3 pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus), and 16 gorillas (gorilla gorilla). in the chimpanzees, the frequency of brilliant q-band polymorphisms accounted for 8.85 regions per individual, and in the gorilla 14.9, whereas in man it was only 2.9-4.6. variation in the amount of constitutive heterochromatin was also observed, and the gorilla appeared to be the most variable of all. a detailed analysis of the spermatozoa of th ...	1980	6934315
reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees.	information was collected over a period of almost 12 years on the gorillas of the virunga volcanoes region of rwanda and zaire, most of it collected since september 1972. comparisons were made with the gombe stream chimpanzee population (values in parentheses). gorilla females matured at about 8 years (compared with 9-10 years for the chimpanzee) and first bred at 10-11 years (11-12 years). males started to breed later, possibly at 15 years (about 13 years). oestrous periods of female gorillas l ...	1980	6934312
infectious diseases of the great apes of africa.	the chimpanzee is the most extensively used ape in biomedical research. its phylogenetic relationship to man has made it one of the most desirable of research animals. however, because of this closeness to man, the chimpanzee is highly susceptible to human (and other primate) infectious agents, particularly viruses. this susceptibility makes the chimpanzee the only known available test system for aetiological studies on such diseases as hepatitis, neurological diseases of suspected viral origin, ...	1980	6934309
monitoring the female reproductive cycle of great apes and other primate species by determination of oestrogen and lh in small volumes of urine.	a practical approach for monitoring the reproductive cycle of primates is described. ovulation, implantation, gestation and post-partum amenorrhoea were identified from measurements of total immunoreactive oestrogen and lh bioactivity in incomplete daily urine samples collected from various species, including a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orang-utan. oestrogen values were determined by radioimmunoassay of hydrolysed urine using a non-specific oestriol antiserum and lh was assessed by measuring ...	1980	6934307
hormonal and immunological aspects of sex steroid-binding plasma protein of primates.	sex steroid-binding plasma protein binds dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and oestradiol with high affinity (kd,eq. approximately 0.5, 1 and 2 nm, respectively), in man (h-sbp) and in monkeys. steroid-binding specificity is identical in all primates. however oestrone does not displace dihydrotestosterone binding in man or chimpanzee. gel filtration experiments and immunoelectrophoretic analysis with a mono-specific antiserum raised in the rabbit against h-sbp indicate cross-reactivity with pri ...	1980	6934306
chromosomal evolution of the great apes and man.	a study of all the chromosomal changes that have occurred during evolution of the great apes and man gives an indication of the phylogeny of these species. their karyotypes differ from one another by a dozen chromosomal changes. the karyotype of their ancestor was very similar to that of living orangutans. reconstruction of the sequence of the chromosomal changes indicates that, after the isolation of the orang-utan, a common ancestral population existed for the other species. then, each branch ...	1980	6934305
hormonal and immunological aspects of the phylogeny of sex steroid binding plasma protein.	sex steoid binding plasma protein (sbp) in man and in monkeys binds the androgens dihydrotestosterone and testosterone and the estrogen estradiol with high affinity (kd approximately 0.5, 1, and 2 nm, respectively). detailed studies of steroid binding specificity give the same results in all primates, except that in humans and chimpanzees estrone does not compete for dihydrotestosterone binding. in other mammals, sbps of artiodactyla and lagomorpha have the same range of affinities for androgens ...	1980	6933505
molar size sequence in the great apes: gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee.	in ape dentitions the common molar size sequence is assumed to be mc greater than m2 greater than m1. this sequence is held in contrast to the assumed human sequence, m1 greater than m2 greater than m3. using mesiodistal, buccolingual, and cross-sectional area dimensions, this study indicates that the molar size progression in all three great ape species varies extensively from the assumed sequence.	1980	6928425
legg-calvé-perthes disease in a lowland gorilla.		1981	6906911
the evolutionary basis of some clinical disorders of the human foot: a comparative survey of the living primates.	the living primates are a highly diverse group of essentially arboreal animals whose feet are variously adapted for grasping, climbing, and leaping in trees. one of the most remarkable aspects of the anatomical variation in the feet of the extant primates is that this diversity can be arranged in a graduated sequence ranging from the primitive transtarsal-opposition type of grasping foot found in the lemurs, through the specialized transmetarsal-adduction type that characterizes the higher prima ...	1983	6873777
premaxillary-maxillary suture asymmetry in a juvenile gorilla. implications for understanding dentofacial growth and development.	a specimen of juvenile gorilla was found that had the premaxillary-maxillary suture coursing between the lateral deciduous incisor and deciduous canine on one side of the jaw, but between the central and lateral deciduous incisors on the other; in the latter, the suture also separates the alveolus of the lateral deciduous incisor from the crypt of the growing successional lateral incisor. rather than dismiss this exception to the traditional dictum of tooth identification--which is based on the ...	1983	6862325
size and diet in the evolution of african ape craniodental form.	interspecific differences in craniodental morphology among pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla are analyzed. these apes differ in both diet and body size, and thus present an excellent example in which to apply an allometric criterion of subtraction in order to determine morphological differences which might be related to divergent dietary specialization. the use of ontogenetic allometry in particular as a criterion of subtraction is discussed. bivariate and multivariate results i ...	1983	6862324
the external relief of the naso-labial integument of pan troglodytes, pan paniscus and gorilla gorilla (primates, hominoidea).		1983	6837092
a new intestinal parasitic entodiniomorph ciliate from wild lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon?		1982	6820805