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preparation and application of steeps of tea as new simulations of urine for the performance testing programme of 14c.(14)c is one of the radionuclides for which the canadian nuclear safety commission has developed performance testing programmes (ptps). during the ptp exercises, clients receive samples of natural urine containing spiked radionuclides, for testing. in these programmes, urine has disadvantages. these include (1) slow collection times from donors, (2) unpleasant smell and (3) potential to transmit diseases. to assist in solving some of these problems, the canadian national calibration reference ce ...201222451164
health-promoting effects of green tea.green tea is manufactured from the leaves of the plant camellia sinensis theaceae and has been regarded to possess anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral effects. many of the beneficial effects of green tea are related to the activities of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), a major component of green tea catechins. for about 20 years, we have engaged in studies to reveal the biological activities and action mechanisms of green tea and egc ...201222450537
diversity of catechin in northeast indian tea cultivars.tea (camellia sinensis l.) leaf contains a large amount of catechins (a group of very active flavonoids) which contribute to major quality attributes of black tea. based on morphological characters tea plants were classified as assam, china, and cambod varieties. the present study is an attempt for biochemical fingerprinting of the tea varieties based on catechin composition in green leaf of cultivars grown in northeast india. assam variety cultivars contained the highest level of catechins foll ...201222448135
protective effect of theaflavins on neuron against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in sh-sy5y cells.theaflavins, the oxidation products of tea polyphenols are important biologically active components of black tea. 6-hydroxydopamine is a pro-parkinsonian neurotoxin. theaflavins could inhibit the auto-oxidation of 6-hydroxydopamine in a dose-dependent manner from 0.5 µg/ml to 25 µg/ml. here we investigated the protective effect of theaflavins on 6-hydroxydopamine induced sh-sy5y cells against apoptosis (within this concentration range). it was found that pretreating sh-sy5y cells with 0.5 µg/ml ...201222448094
epicatechin: endothelial function and blood pressure.epidemiological studies indicate an inverse relationship between flavanol intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease. potential mechanisms include their effects on endothelial function and hypertension. a number of studies have shown that flavanol-rich cocoa reduces blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction, whereas black tea may have opposite effects. these results highlight the importance of the different effects of the multitude of phytochemical constituents in these foods and the need fo ...201222440087
a new norisoprenoid and other compounds from fuzhuan brick tea.fuzhuan brick tea, a kind of dark tea consumed mainly in the border regions of southwestern and northwestern china since the 1860s, is produced from the leaves of camellia sinensis var. sinensis by microbial fermentation. from this special fermented tea, a new norisoprenoid, 3r,9r-oxido-5-megastigmene, was isolated, together with α-linolenic acid, strictin, isovitexin, astragalin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechi ...201222430120
l-theanine extends lifespan of adult caenorhabditis elegans.compounds that delay aging in model organisms may be of significant interest to anti-aging medicine, since these substances potentially provide pharmaceutical approaches to promote healthy lifespan in humans. we here aimed to test whether pharmaceutical concentrations of l-theanine, a putative anti-cancer, anti-obesity, blood pressure-lowering, and neuroprotective compound contained in green tea (camellia sinensis), are capable of extending lifespan in a nematodal model organism for aging proces ...201222422488
chemical analysis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of anthocyanin-rich red leaf tea (cv. sunrouge).the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf order or crop season on anthocyanins and other chemicals in the anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar 'sunrouge' (camellia sinensis x c. taliensis) by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and to study the effect of 'sunrouge' extract on acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh cells.201222419270
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by green and white tea and their simulated intestinal metabolites.by 2034 it is forecast that 5% of the global population will be aged 85 years or over--approximately two and half fold increase on present day figures--which will inevitably lead to an increase in age-associated disorders such as alzheimer's disease. there is mounting evidence that green tea (camellia sinensis) possesses numerous health-promoting properties, and may potentially be beneficial to those suffering from alzheimer's and other diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. thes ...201222418730
evaluation of green tea extract as a glazing material for shrimp frozen by cryogenic freezing.solutions of green tea (camellia sinensis) extract (gte) in distilled water were evaluated as a glazing material for shrimp frozen by cryogenic freezing. total of 2%, 3%, and/or 5% gte solutions (2gte, 3gte, 5gte) were used for glazing. distilled water glazed (gdw) and nonglazed shrimp (ng) served as controls. the gte was characterized by measuring color, ph, (o) brix, total phenols, and % antiradical activity. individual catechins were identified by hplc. the freezing time, freezing rate, and e ...201122417550
the antimicrobial activities of processed nigerian and south african black tea.the antibacterial activity of processed nigerian lipton tea and south african 5 roses tea, extracted using distilled water, chloroform and 70% ethanol were determined against nine (9) enteropathogenic bacteria which includes; bacillus subtilis, proteus sp, enterobacter sp., klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella arizona and staphylococcus aureus. the 2 tea bags, nigerian lipton tea bag and the south african 5 roses tea bag were extracted thr ...201022416657
development of a methodology using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the determination of the carbon isotope ratio of caffeine extracted from tea leaves (camellia sinensis).compound-specific isotope analysis (csia) of the extracted caffeine can be used to determine the authenticity of the origin of tea. elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (ea-irms), which is widely used to measure the carbon isotope ratio of caffeine, has a strict requirement for the purity of the extracted caffeine. to obtain high-purity caffeine from tea leaves, the conventional extraction process has to be repeated and usually takes about 5-6 h. to improve the measurement of the c ...201222396035
tea catechins and flavonoids from the leaves of camellia sinensis inhibit yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.four new quercetin acylglycosides, designated camelliquercetisides a-d, quercetin 3-o-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-o″-(e)-p-coumaroyl][β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucoside (17), quercetin 3-o-[2-o″-(e)-p-coumaroyl][β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucoside (18), quercetin 3-o-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)][2-o″-(e)-p-coumaroyl][α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucoside (19), and quercetin 3-o-[2-o″-(e)-p-coumaroyl][α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucos ...201222377672
black tea polyphenols inhibit tumor proteasome activity.tea is a widely consumed beverage and its constituent polyphenols have been associated with potential health benefits. although black tea polyphenols have been reported to possess potent anticancer activities, the effect of its polyphenols, theaflavins on the tumor's cellular proteasome function, an important biological target in cancer prevention, has not been carefully studied. here black tea extract (t5550) enriched in theaflavins inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (ct) activity of the proteasom ...201722351658
epicatechin-3-o-(3″-o-methyl)-gallate content in various tea cultivars (camellia sinensis l.) and its in vitro inhibitory effect on histamine release.it has been reported that epigallocatechin-3-o-(3″-o-methyl)-gallate (egcg3″me) and the egcg3″me-rich green tea ( camellia sinensis l.) cultivar 'benifuuki' exhibit antiallergic effects. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various tea leaf catechins on histamine release from murine bone marrow mast cells (bmmc). at a dose of 50 μg/ml, the rank order of histamine release inhibition was observed to be epicatechin-3-o-(3″-o-methyl)-gallate (ecg3″me) > gallocatechin-3-o-(3″- ...201222339247
complementary therapies, herbs, and other otc agents: green tea (camellia sinensis). 201122329195
quantitative analysis of acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins, chakasaponins i-iii and floratheasaponins a-f, in the flower buds of camellia sinensis from different regional origins.a quantitative analytical method was developed for the determination of acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins, chakasaponins i-iii (1-3) and floratheasaponins a-f (4-9), found in camellia sinensis (theaceae). the practical conditions for separation and detection of these saponins were established on an ods column with methanol containing 5 mm trifluoroacetic acid as a mobile phase, and the detection and quantitation limits of the method were estimated to be 1.1-3.8 and 3.5-12.5 ng, respecti ...201222307219
green tea extract alleviates arsenic-induced biochemical toxicity and lipid peroxidation in rats.the present work was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of an aqueous extract of green tea (gt, camellia sinensis) leaves against arsenic (naaso₂)-induced biochemical toxicity and lipid peroxidation production in experimental rats. the treatment with arsenic exhibited a significant increase in some serum hepatic and renal biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea and creatinin ...201322301814
effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on the motility and penetrability of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa incubated in the fertilization medium.epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) is the major polyphenol in green tea (camellia sinensis) and is known for its antioxidant effects. the objective of the present study was to examine the effects of egcg during in vitro fertilization (ivf) on the sperm quality and penetrability into oocytes. in the first experiment, the effects of concentration and incubation period of egcg on the motility and penetrability of spermatozoa were examined. when frozen-thawed spermatozoa were incubated in ivf medium su ...201222299777
isolation and identification of spermidine derivatives in tea (camellia sinensis) flowers and their distribution in floral organs.recently, tea (camellia sinensis) flowers have attracted increasing interest because of their content of bioactive compounds such as catechins. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of some characteristic compounds in tea flowers.201222298050
post desiccation germination of mature seeds of tea (camellia sinensis l.) can be enhanced by pro-oxidant treatment, but partial desiccation tolerance does not ensure survival at -20°c.the maximal potential desiccation tolerance (mpdt) of tea (camellia sinensis) seeds has been a matter of debate for decades. here we assessed the ability of tea seeds from three sites in china to germinate after desiccation. desiccation tolerance was greatest in kunming, followed by puer and lincang, with kunming seeds tolerating drying to 8% moisture content (mc), or ∼0.5 water activity (a(w)). such tolerance was observed in lincang seeds only when hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂) at 0.5 or 1m was appl ...201222284708
simultaneous determination of polyphenols and major purine alkaloids in greek sideritis species, herbal extracts, green tea, black tea, and coffee by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection.herein, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 phenolic antioxidants: flavan-3-ols, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-gallocatechin, a phenolic acid (gallic acid), a hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid), flavones (apigenin), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin), and purine alkaloids (caffeine theophylline, theobrom ...201222282422
pilot study on which foods should be avoided by patients with psoriasis.fundament: psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease mediated by immune factors. we will explore the foods that act on these factors contributing to psoriasis. as a systemic disease, which shares the same pathophysiological substrate with other comorbidities, diet also leads to worsening of comorbidities.201122281896
potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation.herbs have been used in medicines and cosmetics from centuries. their potential to treat different skin diseases, to adorn and improve the skin appearance is well-known. as ultraviolet (uv) radiation can cause sunburns, wrinkles, lower immunity against infections, premature aging, and cancer, there is permanent need for protection from uv radiation and prevention from their side effects. herbs and herbal preparations have a high potential due to their antioxidant activity, primarily. antioxidant ...201122279374
effects of black tea on blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. 201222271130
turbidimetric and photometric determination of total tannins in tea using a micro-flow-batch analyzer.both turbidimetric and photometric determinations of total tannins in samples of green and black tea, using a micro-flow-batch analyzer (μfba) were studied. the miniaturized system was formed using photocurable urethane-acrylate resin and ultraviolet lithography technique. the turbidimetric method was based on the precipitation reaction of cu (ii) with tannins in acetate medium at a ph of 4.5. the photometric method was based on the complexation reaction of tannins with ferrous tartrate. the tur ...201222265564
polyphenolic content and comparative antioxidant capacity of flavoured black teas.the content of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids of 12 commercial flavoured black tea infusions was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in the negative electrospray ionization mode. assays for the evaluation of their antioxidant capacity were carried out by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, folin-ciocalteu assay, cyclic voltammetry and potentiometry. flavonoids were predominantly present as glycosides in the studied infusions. only quer ...201222260547
reduction of matrix effects in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry by dilution of the sample extracts: how much dilution is needed?in this study, the relationship between matrix concentration and suppression of electrospray ionization (matrix effects) was investigated. ion suppression of pesticides present in quechers extracts was used as an example. residue-free extracts of four different commodities, avocado, black tea, orange, and rocket (arugula), were fortified with 39 pesticides each. for many of the resulting 156 pesticide/matrix combinations, considerable matrix effects were observed if the coextracted matrix of 8 m ...201222243135
potential role of green tea catechins in various disease therapies: progress and promise.green tea (from the plant camellia sinensis), a beverage whose consumption started 5000 years ago in china, has important biological and pharmacological properties. the beneficial effects of green tea have been attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds that are powerful anti-oxidants and free iron scavengers. of all the catechins found in green tea, namely (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), egcg is the most abundant ...201222229384
the effects of rooibos (aspalathus linearis), green tea (camellia sinensis) and commercial rooibos and green tea supplements on epididymal sperm in oxidative stress-induced rats.reactive oxygen species (ros) are involved in many physiological functions of mammalian sperm. numerous endogenous antioxidants belonging to both enzymatic and non-enzymatic groups can remove excess ros and prevent oxidative stress (os). this study compares the modulation of os by rooibos, chinese green tea and commercial rooibos and green tea supplements in rat sperm. male wistar rats (n = 60) were supplemented with fermented rooibos, 'green' rooibos, chinese green tea, rooibos supplement, gree ...201222228422
cardiovascular effects of black tea and nicotine alone or in combination against experimental induced heart injury.the present study was designed to elucidate the outcome of subchronic co-administration of black tea and nicotine on cardiovascular performance and whether these substances could modulate the isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury. animal groups were control, black tea, nicotine and black tea plus nicotine. test groups received nicotine (2 mg/kg s.c.) and black tea brewed (p.o.) each alone and in combination for 4 weeks. on the 28th day, myocardial damage was induced by isoproterenol (50 mg/kg i.p ...201222228381
molecular regulation of catechins biosynthesis in tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze].catechins are bioprospecting molecules present in tea and any effort towards metabolic engineering of this important moiety would require knowledge on gene regulation. these are synthesized through the activities of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. expression regulation of various genes of these pathways namely phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (cspal), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (csc4h), p-coumarate:coa ligase (cs4cl), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (csf3h), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (csdfr) and antho ...201222226811
black tea (camellia sinensis) decoction shows immunomodulatory properties on an experimental animal model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells.black tea (camellia sinensis) has been used as a daily beverage for time immemorial. immunomodulatory effects of tea are recognized as it stimulates the proliferation of cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. anti-inflammatory effects of tea have also been depicted in the available literature. therefore, we designed this study to examine the potential immunemodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of black tea in a rat model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells.201222224056
antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of camellia sinensis.the role of non-polymeric phenolic (np) and polymeric tannin (pt) constituents in the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of six brands of green, black, and herbal teas of camellia sinensis were investigated.201122224051
withdrawn: characterization and antioxidant activities of an acidic polysaccharide from camellia sinensis.this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201122210484
characterization of l-phenylalanine metabolism to acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol in the flowers of camellia sinensis using stable isotope labeling.acetophenone (ap) and 1-phenylethanol (1pe) are the two major endogenous volatile compounds in flowers of camellia sinensis var. yabukita. until now no information has been available on the biosynthesis of ap and 1pe in plants. here we propose that ap and 1pe are derived from l-phenylalanine (l-phe), based on feeding experiments using stable isotope-labeled precursors l-[(2)h(8)]phe and l-[(13)c(9)]phe. the subacid conditions in the flowers result in more hydrogenation than dehydrogenation in th ...201222209218
analysis of camellia sinensis green and black teas via ultra high performance liquid chromatography assisted by liquid-liquid partition and two-dimensional liquid chromatography (size exclusion × reversed phase).green and black teas (camellia sinensis) contain compounds ranging from simple phenolics to complex glycosides, many of which have well-recognized health benefits. here, we describe two methodologies aiming to achieve a comprehensive analysis of hydro-alcoholic extracts of c. sinensis. in the first step, the extracts were partitioned in water, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform to separate the compounds according to their polarity, yielding less complex samples to be analyzed by ultra high ...201222204932
operation 'p53 hunt' to combat cancer: theaflavins in action.with phytochemicals executing a plethora of anti-tumor mechanisms, targeting the 'guardian angel' p53 appears to be a critical strategy to energize the process of cancer therapeutics. regulation of anti-tumor p53 functions by dietary plant polyphenols particularly black tea and its active component theaflavins has gained immense recognition from the point of view of both efficacy and safety. this review highlights the complexities of p53 functions, molecular mechanisms of its inactivation in can ...201222202062
the effect of black tea on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a normal population.a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial determined the effect of mauritian black tea consumption on fasting blood plasma levels of glucose, lipid profiles and antioxidant status in a normal population.201222198621
preventive effects of green tea (camellia sinensis var. assamica) on diabetic nephropathy.purpose: this study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of camellia sinensis var. assamica (csva) on diabetic nephropathy in in vitro and in vivo models. materials and methods: mdck cells were incubated with 1 mm of oxalate with or without different concentrations of csva, then mtt and malondialdehyde (mda) assays were performed to investigate the preventive effects of csva on oxalate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. thirty male db/db mice were divided into three groups. group 1 w ...201222187244
tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) play an important role in degeneration of the matrix associated with bone and cartilage. regulation of osteoclast activity is essential in the treatment of bone disease, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. polyphenols in green tea, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), inhibit mmps expression and activity. however, the effects of the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tfdg), on osteoclast and mmp activity are unknown. therefor ...201122186621
antagonistic role of tea against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative dna damage and inhibition of dna repair in swiss albino mice.arsenic (as) contamination in groundwater is of increasing health concern in west bengal, india. arsenic has been associated with various human cancers, but the precise mechanism of its co-carcinogenic action is not clearly elucidated. oxidative stress and defective repair mechanisms may promote accumulation of mutations and may be a stepping stone for carcinogenesis. prevention of arsenic-induced oxidative stress and repair inhibition may reduce the chances of initiation of cancer. tea polyphen ...201122181980
fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of tea (camellia sinensis l.) seed oil extracted by optimized supercritical carbon dioxide.seeds are another product in addition to leaves (raw materials for teas) of tea (camellia sinensis l.) plant. the great increase of tea consumption in recent years raises the challenge of finding commercial applications for tea seeds. in the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-co(2)) extraction edible oil from tea seed was carried out, response surface methodology (rsm) was used to optimize processing parameters including time (20-90 min), temperature (35-45 °c) and pressure (50-90 m ...201122174626
synergistic antioxidant activity of green tea with some herbs.cardiovascular diseases, cancer, arthritis, etc. are caused by free radicals that are byproducts of metabolic pathways. selected plants namely vitis vinifera, phyllanthus emblica l., punica granatum, cinnamomum cassia, ginkgo biloba l., and camellia sinensis linn. are reported to produce antioxidant property. this study is undertaken to support the hypothesis that formulation of a polyherbal combination of these plants shows a synergistic effect with green tea. the extracts of each drug were cha ...201122171315
Dielectrophoresis enhances the whitening effect of carbamide peroxide on enamel.To compare the enamel whitening effect of a 20-minute dielectrophoresis enhanced electrochemical delivery to a 20-minute diffusion treatment.201122165451
reactions of green and black teas with cu(ii).electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) measurements of the products of reactions between cu(ii) and samples of green and black teas showed spectral components from at least six different cu(ii) complexes with both tea types. several of these complexes were common to both teas in spite of major differences in their polyphenol compositions. the ph range observed for complex formation, and the total signal intensity in the ph range 4-8, were greatly different from those for the reactions of cu(ii) w ...201222159216
theaflavin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse fatty liver model.the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) has been increasing, and there is a shortage of liver donors, which has led to the acceptance of steatotic livers for transplantation. however, steatotic livers are known to experience more severe acute ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) injury than normal livers upon transplantation. in the present study, we investigated the role of theaflavin, a polyphenol substance extracted from black tea, in attenuating acute i/r injury in a fatty liver mod ...201122155236
a natural theaflavins preparation inhibits hiv-1 infection by targeting the entry step: potential applications for preventing hiv-1 infection.theaflavins are the major components of tea polyphenols in brewed black tea. we previously reported that theaflavin derivatives, such as tf3, inhibited hiv-1 entry by targeting gp41. however, it is difficult to purify the individual theaflavins and the purified compounds are highly unstable. to develop theaflavins as affordable anti-hiv-1 microbide for preventing hiv sexual transmission, we intended to use an economic natural preparation containing 90% of theaflavins (tfmix). its antiviral activ ...201122155187
a tea/vanadate decoction delivered orally over 14 months to diabetic rats induces long-term glycemic stability without organ toxicity.vanadium can induce potent hypoglycemic effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus animals, but toxic adverse effects have inhibited the translation of these findings. administration of vanadate in a black tea decoction has shown impressive hypoglycemic effects without evidence of toxicity in short-term studies. the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic action and the toxic adverse effects of a tea/vanadate (t/v) decoction in diabetic rats over a 14-month treatment period ...201122146096
an improved protocol for the isolation of rna from roots of tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze).tea, a beverage crop, is a rich source of polyphenols and polysaccharides which greatly attribute to its importance. however, oxidation and precipitation of these compounds during nucleic acids extraction is a limitation to molecular biology and genomic studies. on isolation of total rna from root tissue using established protocols, difficulties were encountered in terms of purity and quantity of isolated rna or some of the methods were time-consuming and also yields were low. the present commun ...201222144070
Theaflavin, a black tea polyphenol, protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against chronic MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of dopominergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, and can be experimentally induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Chronic administration of MPTP/probenecid (MPTP/p) leads to oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, and loss of dopominergic neurons which results in motor impairments. Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between tea ...201222138428
the impact of in vitro aging on the mechanical and optical properties of indirect veneering composite resins.flexural strength, hardness, surface roughness, discoloration, and abrasion resistance are important properties of veneering composite resins. recently introduced veneering resins are purported to have enhanced mechanical properties due to their composition, but their long-term durability is not known.201122133396
Updated bioavailability and 48 h excretion profile of flavan-3-ols from green tea in humans.Green tea is a popular beverage, prepared with infusion of unfermented dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, and is one of the most relevant sources of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. This study reports green tea flavan-3-ol absorption, metabolism and complete urinary excretion up to 48 h in 20 healthy volunteers. Urinary and tea samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Green tea contained monomeric flavan-3-ols and proanthocya ...201122133145
development and certification of green tea-containing standard reference materials.a suite of three green tea-containing standard reference materials (srms) has been issued by the national institute of standards and technology (nist): srm 3254 camellia sinensis (green tea) leaves, srm 3255 camellia sinensis (green tea) extract, and srm 3256 green tea-containing solid oral dosage form. the materials are characterized for catechins, xanthine alkaloids, theanine, and toxic elements. as many as five methods were used in assigning certified and reference values to the constituents, ...201222127575
pu-erh tea, green tea, and black tea suppresses hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia and fatty acid synthase through activating ampk in rats fed a high-fructose diet.although green tea extract has been reported to suppress hyperlipidemia, it is unclear how tea extracts prepared from green, oolong, black and pu-erh teas modulate fatty acid synthase expression in rats fed on a high-fructose diet. in this animal study, we evaluated the hypolipidemic and hypoleptinemia effect of these four different tea leaves fed to male wistar rats for 12 weeks. the results showed that a fructose-rich diet significantly elevated serum triacylglycerols, cholesterol, insulin, an ...201122127373
computer aided screening and evaluation of herbal therapeutics against mrsa infections.methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), a pathogenic bacterium that causes life threatening outbreaks such as community-onset and nosocomial infections has emerged as 'superbug'. the organism developed resistance to all classes of antibiotics including the best known vancomycin (vrsa). hence, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. this study mainly evaluates the potential use of botanicals against mrsa infections. computer aided design is an initial platform to screen nov ...201122125390
A crude extract from immature green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves promotes Toll-like receptor 7-mediated interferon-a production in human macrophage-like cells.Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) senses viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-a and -ß, in macrophages such as dendritic cells (DCs), and its immune system protects the host from virus infection. Here, we found that a crude extract from immature green tea leaves (iTPS) containing a macromolecule with ssRNA fragments, induces IFN-a production in human macrophage-like cells. In addition IFN-a production was inhibited by treatment with TLR7 inhibitor ...201122124541
Dietary agents in the prevention of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicty: preclinical observations.Long term alcohol consumption is one of the important causes for liver failure and death. To complicate the existing problem there are no dependable hepatoprotective drugs and a large number of patients prefer using complementary and alternative medicines for treating and managing hepatic complications. Almost 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, proclaimed "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." Exploring the association between diet and health continues even toda ...201122119904
Theaflavin Inhibits LPS-Induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 Expression in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Through the Blockade of NF-?B and MAPK Signaling Pathways.Theaflavin, the main polyphenol in black tea, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of theaflavin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from ICR mice. The effects of theaflavin on the expression of proinflammatory mediators, LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B), and mitogen-activated prote ...201122111069
simultaneous determination of seven bioactive components in oolong tea camellia sinensis: quality control by chemical composition and hplc fingerprints.a simple and reliable method of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was developed for the quality control of oolong tea (the dry leaves of camellia sinensis ): the quality control included the hplc fingerprint and the quantitative determination of seven bioactive compounds chemicals, namely, (-)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, (-)-epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and (-)-epicatechin gallate. the developed analyses of the chemicals excelle ...201222098505
the pharmacological mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by green tea, rooibos and enalaprilat - a study on enzyme kinetics.green tea (camellia sinensis l.) and rooibos (aspalathus linearis dahlg.) inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) in vitro and in vivo. the ace inhibitor enalaprilat has been described previously as a competitive inhibitor and sometimes as a non-competitive inhibitor. the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of ace inhibition of green tea and rooibos by enzyme kinetics, and to compare this with enalaprilat. a michaelis-menten kinetics and lineweaver-burk graph s ...201222095883
tlc bioautographic method for detecting lipase inhibitors.bioautographic assays using tlc play an important role in the search for active compounds from plants. a tlc bioautographic assay has previously been established for the detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors but not for lipases.201422095552
magnesium nutrition on accumulation and transport of amino acids in tea plants.free amino acids in young tea shoots are important chemical constituents, remarkably influencing the quality of green teas. nutrient solution, soil pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of magnesium nutritional status on accumulation and transport of free amino acids in tea plants (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze).201222083631
pu-erh black tea extract supplementation attenuates the oxidative dna damage and oxidative stress in sprague-dawley rats with renal dysfunction induced by subchronic 3-methyl-2-quinoxalin benzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide exposure.3-methyl-2-quinoxalin benzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide (quinocetone, qct), has been used to treat dysentery and promote growth in animal feeding. however, available data show that qct has potential nephrotoxicity. the present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of pu-erh black tea extract (pbte) which is a traditional remedy in china with antioxidant properties against oxidative dna damage and oxidative stress in a rat model of qct-induced renal dysfunction. increased serum crea ...201122079314
differential gene expression in tea (camellia sinensis l.) calli with different morphologies and catechin contents.tea (camellia sinensis) is a commercially important crop that contains valuable secondary metabolites. to understand the molecular regulation of secondary metabolism in tea, we selected and analyzed two cell lines of tea callus (yunjing63y and yunjing63x) that showed different morphological characteristics and catechin contents. yunjing63y callus was yellow and tight, while yunjing63x callus was white and loose. hplc analyses showed that yunjing63y contained 3.71 times higher levels of catechins ...201222078995
herbivore-induced volatiles from tea (camellia sinensis) plants and their involvement in intraplant communication and changes in endogenous nonvolatile metabolites.as a defense response to attacks by herbivores such as the smaller tea tortrix ( adoxophyes honmai yasuda), tea ( camellia sinensis ) leaves emit numerous volatiles such as (z)-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, α-farnesene, benzyl nitrile, indole, nerolidol, and ocimenes in higher concentration. attack of kanzawa spider mites ( tetranychus kanzawai kishida), another major pest insect of tea crops, induced the emission of α-farnesene and ocimenes from tea leaves. the exogenous application of jasmonic acid ...201122077631
dietary patterns and nutritional health of women: the nutrition transition in rural tanzania.many developing countries are experiencing a rapid nutrition transition in urban areas.201122073796
black tea theaflavins inhibit formation of toxic amyloid-β and α-synuclein fibrils.causal therapeutic approaches for amyloid diseases such as alzheimer's and parkinson's disease targeting toxic amyloid oligomers or fibrils are still emerging. here, we show that theaflavins (tf1, tf2a, tf2b, and tf3), the main polyphenolic components found in fermented black tea, are potent inhibitors of amyloid-β (aβ) and α-synuclein (αs) fibrillogenesis. their mechanism of action was compared to that of two established inhibitors of amyloid formation, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and c ...201122054421
green tea and theanine: health benefits.historically, the medicinal use of green tea dates back to china 4700 years ago and drinking tea continues to be regarded traditionally in asia as a general healthful practice. numerous scientific publications now attest to the health benefits of both black and green teas, including clinical and epidemiological studies. although all tea contains beneficial antioxidants, high-quality green and white teas have them in greater concentrations than black tea. today, scientists believe that the main a ...201222039897
Preparation, preliminary characterization, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from the flower of tea plant (Camellia sinensis).In the present study, the crude polysaccharides from the flowers of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) (TFPS) were prepared with hot water and further fractionated on a DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography to afford three purified fractions of TFPS-1, TFPS-2 and TFPS-3. Then, their preliminary structures, antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro and hepatoprotective activity in vivo were investigated. Compared with TFPS-2 and TFPS-3, TFPS-1 had relative higher content of sulfate and relative complic ...201122033094
translocation of radiocesium from stems and leaves of plants and the effect on radiocesium concentrations in newly emerged plant tissues.an accident occurred at the fukushima dai-ichi nuclear power plant in march 2011 at which time large amounts of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere and the sea. in early may 2011, it was found that newly emerged tea (camellia sinensis) leaves contained radiocesium, both (134)cs and (137)cs in some areas more than 300 km away from the fukushima plant. to understand the mechanisms of radiocesium transfer to newly emerged tissues (shoots, leaves and fruits) of other plants in the future ...201222027214
Effects of various cooking methods and food components on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish.Fish consumption is the main source of human exposure to mercury. Studies from specific human populations have reported Hg levels lower than those modeled from consumption data. These discrepancies between expected and measured Hg levels may be explained by differences in dietary habits such as cooking methods and food components on fish Hg bioavailability. We assessed the effects of three cooking methods (no cooking, frying and boiling) and of the co-ingestion of selected food items (tea, coffe ...201122014585
plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases.this paper reports the content in macronutrients, free sugars, polyphenols, and inorganic ions, known to exert any positive or negative action on microbial oral disease such as caries and gingivitis, of seven food/beverages (red chicory, mushroom, raspberry, green and black tea, cranberry juice, dark beer). tea leaves resulted the richest material in all the detected ions, anyway tea beverages resulted the richest just in fluoride. the highest content in zinc was in chicory, raspberry and mushro ...201122013381
assessment of sample cleanup and matrix effects in the pesticide residue analysis of foods using postcolumn infusion in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.matrix effect profiles can be used to visualize the effect of the sample matrix to the data signals occurring in a chromatogram. in the present study these profiles were generated by postcolumn infusion of a standard pesticide mix with extracts of different food matrices prepared by the quechers method. complete raw extracts as well as individual clean-up steps were analyzed. this allowed for a detailed comparison of the interferences caused by the matrix effects from various food samples. it al ...201121999915
antibacterial activity of iranian green and black tea on streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study.dental caries is a common infectious disease. streptococcus mutans is the pre-valent decay microorganism. the anti streptococcus mutans activity of non fermented and semi-fermented tea has been shown. the aim of this study was to determine the anti streptococcus mutans activity of iranian green and black tea (non fermented and fermented type).201121998809
nigerian foodstuffs with prostate cancer chemopreventive polyphenols.dietary polyphenols are antioxidants that can scavenge biological free radicals, and chemoprevent diseases with biological oxidation as their main etiological factor. in this paper, we review our laboratory data vis-ὰ-vis available literature on prostate cancer chemopreventive substances in nigerian foodstuffs. dacryodes edulis fruit, moringa oleifera and syzygium aromaticum contained prostate active polyphenols like ellagic acid, gallate, methylgallate, catechol, kaempferol quercetin and their ...201121992488
the effect of hibiscus sabdariffa on lipid profile, creatinine, and serum electrolytes: a randomized clinical trial.background. hibiscus sabdariffa l. (hs), a member of malvaceae family, is a medicinal plant with a worldwide fame. its effect on reducing serum lipids is mentioned in several studies. the purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of this plant in reducing the serum's lipids in hypertensive patients. materials and methods. ninety hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to receive hibiscus sabdariffa (hs) tea or black tea for 15 days. the patients were asked to drink the tea within 20 ...201121991538
black tea extract prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced nf-κb signaling and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis.black tea has been shown to elicit anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic properties. in this study, we investigated the impact of black tea extract (bte) on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced nf-κb signaling in bone marrow derived-macrophages (bmm) and determined the therapeutic efficacy of this extract on colon inflammation.201121989142
antimicrobial activity of calendula officinalis, camellia sinensis and chlorhexidine against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after extraction of unerupted third molars.the objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of mouthwashes containing calendula officinalis l., camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the adherence of microorganisms to suture materials after extraction of unerupted third molars.201121986652
Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).In order to study the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract on rainbow trout, a study with a 30-day feeding trial was conducted. Commercial diets with graded levels of decaffeinated green tea extract, 20 mg (T1), 100 mg (T2), 500 mg (T3) per kg feed were prepared. 120 rainbow trout (35 ± 3 g) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in triplicates and fed one of the 3 experimental diets formulated or control diet. After feeding trial, 12 fish from each group were sampled for anal ...201121985858
rooibos (aspalathus linearis) offers cardiac protection against ischaemia/reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart.rooibos, a unique south african herbal tea, is known to be an important source of unique polyphenolic compounds. in the present study we have quantified the main polyphenolic compounds in both fermented/traditional and unfermented/"green" rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and evaluated its cardioprotective effects against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. male wistar rats consumed aqueous rooibos and green tea (camellia sinensis) extracts (2%, w/v) for 7 weeks before their hearts were rapidly excised an ...201121982437
Effect of light units on tooth bleaching with visible-light activating titanium dioxide photocatalyst.This study evaluated the influence of different light sources on the efficiency of an office bleaching agent containing visible-light activating titanium dioxide photocatalyst (VL-TiO(2)) using an artificial discoloration tooth model. Extracted bovine teeth were stained by black tea. The CIE L*a*b* values were measured before and after nine consecutive treatments by the VL-TiO(2)-containing bleaching agent (TiON in Office, GC, Tokyo, Japan). A halogen light unit (CB; CoBee, GC) or an LED unit (G ...201121946494
effect of green tea (camellia sinensis l.) extract on morphological and functional changes in adult male gonads of albino rats.green tea, prepared from the steamed and dried leaves of the shrub camellia sinensis, is known for its antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects. however, its effects on male gonadal functions have not been explored adequately and the present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of green tea extract on gonads of adult male albino rats. results of in vivo studies showed that green tea extract (gte) at mild (1.25 g%, identical to 5 cups of tea/day), moderate (2.5 g%, identical ...201121941943
Anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis in mice.The methanolic extract from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis cultivated in Fujian Province showed inhibitory effects on body weight gain and the weight of visceral fats in high-fat diet-fed mice and/or Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetic (TSOD) mice. A suppressive effect of the extract on food intake was suggested to contribute to the anti-obesity effect. The n-butanol (BuOH)-soluble fraction also reduced food intake in normal diet-fed mice. A principal constituent, chakasaponin II, inhibited gast ...201121925888
theaflavins inhibit the atp synthase and the respiratory chain without increasing superoxide production.four dietary polyphenols, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf3), have been isolated from black tea, and their effects on oxidative phosphorylation and superoxide production in a model system (escherichia coli) have been examined. the esterified theaflavins were all potent inhibitors of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (atp) synthase, inhibiting at least 90% of the activity, with ic(50) values in the range of 10-20 μm. atp-driven prot ...201121924889
characteristic fragmentation patterns of trimethylsilyl and trimethylsilyl-oxime derivatives of plant disaccharides as obtained by gas chromatography coupled to ion-trap mass spectrometry.the characteristic fragmentation pattern of six reducing and two non reducing type disaccharides-(neohesperidose, acuminose, sambubiose, rutinose, vicianose, primverose, and two arabinosyl-inositols) has been described. these saccharides have not been previously identified by on-line chromatographic techniques. unambiguous specific characteristics of the tms (oxime)s such as mass distribution, syn/anti oximes ratios and elution order proved to be associated with their reducing or non reducing ch ...201121924428
characterization of volatile components of tea flowers (camellia sinensis) growing in kangra by gc/ms.volatile flavour components of tea flowers (camellia sinensis) were isolated by two methods viz. simultaneous distillation extraction (sde), supercritical fluid extraction (sfe), analyzed by gc and gc/ms and compared with headspace analysis (hs). the composition of the volatile components extracted by the three methods differed considerably. in sfe, phenylethanol (14.7%), linalool (7.9%), (e)-linalool oxide furanoid (3.5%), epoxy linalool (1.6%), geraniol (2.3%) and hotrienol (1.5%) were major c ...201121922925
Protective effect of black tea on integral membrane proteins in rat liver.Ethanol intoxication is accompanied by oxidative stress formation. Consequently, it leads to disturbances in cellular metabolism that can alter the structure and function of cell membrane components. Black tea displays antioxidant properties, protects membrane phospholipids and may protect integral membrane proteins. In the present study, we examined whether black tea induces changes in the liver integral membrane proteins of 12-months old rats chronically intoxicated with ethanol. To estimate q ...201121920720
Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea consumption is higher in Argentina and other South American countries than those of coffee or tea (Camellia sinensis). The effects of Yerba Mate on bone health have not previously been explored. From a program for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, postmenopausal women who drank at least 1L of Yerba Mate tea daily during 4 or more years (n=146) were identified, and matched by age and time since menopause with an equal number of women who did not drink Yer ...201221920487
comparative antimutagenic and anticancer activity of three fractions of black tea polyphenols thearubigins.antimutagenic and anticancer effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins (tf) and thearubigins (tr) have previously been reported. tr is a complex mixture of polyphenols. in this study, our interest was to fractionate tr and to study the antimutagenic and anticancer activities of the fractions. three fractions of tr, namely tr-1, tr-2, and tr-3, were isolated by chromatographic processes. antimutagenic activity of these 3 fractions was carried out on 4 salmonella strains by ames assay. anticanc ...201121919645
structural identification of mouse fecal metabolites of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.black tea consumption has been associated with many health benefits including the prevention of cancer and heart disease. theaflavins are the major bioactive polyphenols present in black tea. unfortunately, limited information is available on their biotransformation. in the present study, we investigated the metabolic fate of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (tfdg), one of the most abundant and bioactive theaflavins, in mouse fecal samples using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass ...201121906744
identification of polyphenolic compounds and black tea extract as potent inhibitors of lipid membrane destabilization by aβ₄₂ aggregates.amyloid-β (aβ) aggregation is a recognized key process in the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease (ad). misfolded aβ peptides self-assemble into higher-order oligomers that compromise membrane integrity, leading to synaptic degeneration and neuronal cell death. the main aim of this study was to explore whether small-molecule compounds and black tea extract can protect phospholipid membranes from disruption by aβ aggregates. we first established a robust protocol for aggregating aβ₄₂ peptides int ...201121891862
evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and dna damage analyses.theaflavins (tfs) are the dimers of a couple of epimerized catechins, which are specially formed during black tea fermentation. to explore the differences among four main tf derivatives (theaflavin (tf(1)), theaflavin-3-gallate (tf(2)a), theaflavin-3'-gallate (tf(2)b), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf(3))) in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ros) in vitro, their properties of inhibiting superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical, and their effects on hydroxyl rad ...201121887850
resveratrol and black tea polyphenol combination synergistically suppress mouse skin tumors growth by inhibition of activated mapks and p53.cancer chemoprevention by natural dietary agents has received considerable importance because of their cost-effectiveness and wide safety margin. however, single agent intervention has failed to bring the expected outcome in clinical trials; therefore, combinations of chemopreventive agents are gaining increasing popularity. the present study aims to evaluate the combinatorial chemopreventive effects of resveratrol and black tea polyphenol (btp) in suppressing two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis ...201121887248
antibacterial effects of theaflavin and synergy with epicatechin against clinical isolates of acinetobacter baumannii and stenotrophomonas maltophilia.stenotrophomonas maltophilia and acinetobacter baumannii are recognised as important nosocomial pathogens; however, due to their intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics, treatment options are limited. polyphenols from black tea have been shown to possess antibacterial action. in this study, the antibacterial effects of various concentrations of theaflavin as well as combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin were determined using the disk diffusion assay. the results showed strong antibacte ...201121885260
effect of supplementation of soft drinks with green tea extract on their erosive potential against dentine.matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) inhibitors reduce dentine erosion. this in vitro study evaluated the effect of the supplementation of soft drinks with green tea extract, a natural inhibitor of mmps, on their erosive potential against dentine.201121884149
biomimetic one-pot preparation of a black tea polyphenol theasinensin a from epigallocatechin gallate by treatment with copper(ii) chloride and ascorbic acid.chromatographic separation of black tea polyphenols is too difficult to supply sufficient quantities of pure compounds for biological experiments. thus, facile methods to prepare black tea constituents were desired. treatment of epigallocatechin gallate with copper(ii) chloride efficiently afforded an unstable quinone dimer, dehydrotheasinensin a, and subsequent treatment with ascorbic acid stereoselectively yielded theasinensin a. the latter is a dimer with an r-biphenyl bond, one of the major ...201121881268
a genome-wide microarray highlights the antiinflammatory genes targeted by oolong tea theasinensin a in macrophages.theasinensin a is one of the oolong tea theasinensins, which differ from green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins. in a previous study, we found that theasinesin a had a potential effect on antiinflammation since theasinensin a suppressed lps-induced cox2 and pge(2) production. to clarify the molecular mechanisms, we investigated the gene expression profiling in macrophage-like cells treated with theasinensin a through a genome-wide dna microarray in the present study. among 22,050 oligonuc ...201121864060
anti-hyperglycemia properties of tea (camellia sinensis) bioactives using in vitro assay models and influence of extraction time.tea (camellia sinensis) has well-known health benefits, which are attributed to its polyphenolic metabolites. this research explored the potential of regular tea consumption and influence of extraction time typically used in daily consumption of tea, as a therapeutic dietary support for potential management of early stage type 2 diabetes using in vitro assay models. extraction times of 2 and 5 minutes were compared. the 5-minute extraction time had significantly higher total phenolic content com ...201121859352
csice1 and cscbf1: two transcription factors involved in cold responses in camellia sinensis.c-repeat/dehydration-responsive element binding factors (cbfs) can induce the expression of a suite of cold-responsive genes to increase plant cold tolerance, and inducer of cbf expression 1 (ice1) is a major activator for cbf. in the present study, we isolated the full-length cdnas of ice1 and cbf from camellia sinensis, designated as csice1 and cscbf1, respectively. the deduced protein csice1 contains a highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) domain and c-terminal region of ice1-like pr ...201221850593
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