Publications

identification of core and variable components of the salmonella enterica subspecies i genome by microarray.	we have performed microarray hybridization studies on 40 clinical isolates from 12 common serovars within salmonella enterica subspecies i to identify the conserved chromosomal gene pool. we were able to separate the core invariant portion of the genome by a novel mathematical approach using a decision tree based on genes ranked by increasing variance. all genes within the core component were confirmed using available sequence and microarray information for s. enterica subspecies i strains. the ...	2005	16299280
detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is commonly used in molecular epidemiology. however, this technique has never been used in studying intra-family spread of enteric diseases in bangladesh. our objective was to evaluate the intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using pfge. children of either sex, less than 10 years old, who were family contacts of shigella-infected index cases were the study population. pfge was applied if the same serotypes/sub-serotypes of shigella were isolat ...	2006	16288683
immunoproteomics of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t.	shigella flexneri 2a is an important pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in humans. in order to investigate any potential vaccine candidate proteins present in outer membrane proteins (omps) and extracellular proteins of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we use the proteome mapping and database analyzing techniques. a subproteome map and database of omps were established first. one hundred and nine of the total 126 marked spots were cut out and processed to maldi-tof-ms and pmf. eighty-seven spots were ide ...	2005	16281178
[cloning of ipab gene from shigella flexneri and its expression in yeast cell].	ipab gene amplified from s. flexneri 2a by pcr was cloned into pgbkt7 vector (named pgbkt-ipab) and sequencing indicated that the amino encoded by the cloned gene was the same as the reported; the recombination plasmid pgbkt-ipab was transformed into the yeast strain ah109, in which the fusion expression of ipab was analyzed with sds-page and western blotting. this provided the basis for screening the interacting protein with ipab by two hybrid system and understanding the function of ipab in th ...	2003	16279212
[study on gene knockout using red system in shigella flexneri].	the technology of gene knockout using lambda red system in bacteria has been developed lately, but its application being limited to esherichia coli. in order to get some experiences in other bacteria we select four genes, including alka, wcaj, yphf and dam, to test gene knockout using red system in e. coli and shigella. as a result, three genes were successfully knocked out in e. coli except dam while only alka gene was knocked out in shigella. it showed that the red system should be improved if ...	2003	16276895
genome dynamics and diversity of shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery.	the shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. the genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling evidence indicates that shigella, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of e.coli and form a single pathovar. nevertheless, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 causes deadly epidemics but shigella boydii is restricted to the indian subcontinent, while shigella flexneri and shigel ...	2005	16275786
shigella flexneri perinephric abscess and bacteremia.		2005	16270768
construction of prophylactic human papillomavirus type 16 l1 capsid protein vaccine delivered by live attenuated shigella flexneri strain sh42.	to express human papillomavirus (hpv) l1 capsid protein in the recombinant strain of shigella and study the potential of a live attenuated shigella-based hpv prophylactic vaccine in preventing hpv infection, the icsa/virg fragment of shigella-based prokaryotic expression plasmid phs3199 was constructed. hpv type 16 l1 (hpv16l1) gene was inserted into plasmid phs3199 to form the phs3199-hpv16l1 construct, and phs3199-hpv16l1 was electroporated into a live attenuated shigella strain sh42. western ...	2005	16270153
the mreb and min cytoskeletal-like systems play independent roles in prokaryotic polar differentiation.	establishment of an axis of cell polarity and differentiation of the cell poles are fundamental aspects of cellular development in many organisms. we compared the effects of two bacterial cytoskeletal-like systems, the mreb and mincde systems, on these processes in escherichia coli. we report that the min proteins are capable of establishing an axis of oscillation that is the initial step in establishment of polarity in spherical cells, in a process that is independent of the mreb cytoskeleton. ...	2005	16262780
risk factors for mortality due to shigellosis: a case-control study among severely-malnourished children in bangladesh.	to determine the risk factors for death of severely-malnourished bangladeshi children with shigellosis, a case-control study was conducted at the clinical research and service centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research in dhaka, bangladesh. one hundred severely-malnourished children (weight-for-age <60% of median of the national center for health statistics), with a positive stool culture for shigella dysenteriae type 1 or s. flexneri, who died during hospitalization, were comp ...	2005	16262023
toward a better understanding of the basis of the molecular mimicry of polysaccharide antigens by peptides: the example of shigella flexneri 5a.	protein conjugates of oligosaccharides or peptides that mimic complex bacterial polysaccharide antigens represent alternatives to the classical polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines developed so far. hence, a better understanding of the molecular basis ensuring appropriate mimicry is required in order to design efficient carbohydrate mimic-based vaccines. this study focuses on the following two unrelated sets of mimics of the shigella flexneri 5a o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp): (i) a synthet ...	2006	16251186
shigella spa33 is an essential c-ring component of type iii secretion machinery.	type iii secretion machinery (ttsm), composed of a needle, a basal body, and a c-ring compartment, delivers a subset of effectors into host cells. here, we show that shigella spa33 is an essential component of the c-ring compartment involved in mediating the transit of various ttsm-associated translocated proteins. electron microscopic analysis and pull-down assay revealed spa33 to be localized beneath the ttsm via interaction with mxig and mxij (basal body components). spa33 is also capable of ...	2006	16246841
helical packing of needles from functionally altered shigella type iii secretion systems.	gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with eukaryotic host cells using type iii secretion systems (ttsss or secretons), which comprise cytoplasmic, transmembrane and extracellular domains. the extracellular domain is a hollow needle-like structure protruding 60 nm beyond the bacterial surface. the ttss is activated to transfer bacterial proteins directly into a host cell only upon physical contact with the target cell. we showed previously that the monomer of the shigella flexneri needle, mxi ...	2005	16243352
functional effects of japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) and its components.	the functional effects of japanese style fermented soy sauce (shoyu) have been studied. soy sauce promotes digestion, because the consumption of a cup of clear soup containing soy sauce enhances gastric juice secretion in humans. soy sauce possesses antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, shigella flexneri, vibrio cholera, salmonella enteritidis, nonpathogenic escherichia coli and pathogenic e. coli o157:h7. soy sauce also contains an antihypertensive component. an ...	2005	16243270
the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in north jakarta, indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance.	in preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of north jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area.	2005	16242013
the "domino theory" of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens.	during the adaptation of an organism to a parasitic lifestyle, various gene functions may be rendered superfluous due to the fact that the host may supply these needs. as a consequence, obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens tend to undergo reductive genomic evolution through gene death (nonfunctionalization or pseudogenization) and deletion. here, we examine the evolutionary sequence of gene-death events during the process of genome miniaturization in three bacterial species that have experienc ...	2006	16237210
the epidemiology of travel-associated shigellosis--regional risks, seasonality and serogroups.	to give a detailed risk estimate of contracting travel-associated shigellosis in various regions of the world.	2005	16230220
the needle component of the type iii secreton of shigella regulates the activity of the secretion apparatus.	gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with eukaryotic host cells by using type iii secretion systems (ttsss or secretons). ttsss serve to transfer bacterial proteins into host cells. two translocators, ipab and ipac, are first inserted with the aid of ipad by shigella into the host cell membrane. then at least two supplementary effectors of cell invasion, ipaa and ipgd, are transferred into the host cytoplasm. how ttsss are induced to secrete is unknown, but their activation appears to requir ...	2005	16227202
abl kinases regulate actin comet tail elongation via an n-wasp-dependent pathway.	microbial pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to modulate the host cell cytoskeleton to achieve a productive infection and have proven instrumental for unraveling the molecular machinery that regulates actin polymerization. here we uncover a mechanism for shigella flexneri-induced actin comet tail elongation that links abl family kinases to n-wasp-dependent actin polymerization. we show that the abl kinases are required for shigella actin comet tail formation, maximal intracellular motilit ...	2005	16199863
[dysentery in poland in 2003].	the notified number of dysentery cases is the lowest in this century and even every year decreasing. only 75 cases were notified in the year 2003 (incidence rate 0.20/100 000 population) while 220 cases were registered in 2002 (incidence 0.58/100 000 population). no one death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. only one outbreak of dysentery (due to s. flexneri 2a) was registered involving 23 patients/111 residents of social home for mentally disabled men. source ...	2005	16190529
a bacterial group ii intron-encoded reverse transcriptase localizes to cellular poles.	the lactococcus lactis ll.ltrb group ii intron encodes a reverse transcriptase (ltra protein) that binds the intron rna to promote rna splicing and intron mobility. here, we used ltra-gfp fusions and immunofluorescence microscopy to show that ltra localizes to cellular poles in escherichia coli and lactococcus lactis. this polar localization occurs with or without coexpression of ll.ltrb intron rna, is observed over a wide range of cellular growth rates and expression levels, and is independent ...	2005	16186487
an unusual case of diarrhea.	the clue to this patient's correct diagnosis was his recent return from india. he usually visits there on an annual basis and the occurrence of posttravel infection has been noted in his medical records. this case study shows the importance of assessing patients for fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea after recent travel outside of the united states. shigella gastroenteritis should be in the differential diagnosis for patients with the above clinical presentation. the keys for diagnosis and pro ...	2005	16180784
[effects of different compositions of gegenqinlian decoction on experimental shigellosis in rabbits].	to investigate the relations between different compositions of gegenqinlian decoction and their effects on experimental shigellosis in rabbits to explore the composition protocol of gegenqinlian decoction.	2005	16174580
immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ...	2006	16169130
genetic diversity of shigella species from different intercontinental sources.	one hundred and twenty three strains of shigella spp. (mostly shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri) were isolated between 1995 and 2000 from patients suffering from traveller's diarrhoea. seventy nine of them have been typed by digestion of their chromosomal dna with xba i and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. results show a high degree of heterogeneity in both s. sonnei and s. flexneri isolates. this is the first time that the molecular typing of such a high number of geographically unrelated ...	2005	16168941
the shigella flexneri effector ospg interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. they use a type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells and induce their entry into epithelial cells or trigger apoptosis in macrophages. we present evidence that the effector ospg is a protein kinase that binds various ubiquitinylated ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, including ubch5, which belongs to the stem cell factor scf(beta-trcp) complex promoting ubiquitination of phosphorylated inhibitor of nf-ka ...	2005	16162672
rapid differentiation among bacteria that cause gastroenteritis by use of low-resolution raman spectroscopy and pls discriminant analysis.	use of classical microbiological methods to differentiate bacteria that cause gastroenteritis is cumbersome but usually very efficient. the high cost of reagents and the time required for such identifications, approximately four days, could have serious consequences, however, mainly when the patients are children, the elderly, or adults with low resistance. the search for new methods enabling rapid and reagentless differentiation of these microorganisms is, therefore, extremely relevant. in this ...	2005	16158301
[epidemiological situation in enteric infections in the republic of armenia].		2005	16146241
optimal word sizes for dissimilarity measures and estimation of the degree of dissimilarity between dna sequences.	several measures of dna sequence dissimilarity have been developed. the purpose of this paper is 3-fold. firstly, we compare the performance of several word-based or alignment-based methods. secondly, we give a general guideline for choosing the window size and determining the optimal word sizes for several word-based measures at different window sizes. thirdly, we use a large-scale simulation method to simulate data from the distribution of sk-ld (symmetric kullback-leibler discrepancy). these ...	2005	16144805
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel derivatives of benzofuran: part 1. synthesis and antimicrobial activity of (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methylcyclobutyl) ketoxime derivatives.	the reaction of salicylaldehyde with 1-phenyl-1-methyl-3-(2-chloro-1-oxoethyl) cyclobutane (1) and potassium carbonate was used to prepare (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl) methanone (2) for the starting reagent purposes. (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methyl cyclobutyl) ketoxime (3) was synthesized from the reaction of the compound (2) with hidroxylamine. new derivatives of (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methyl cyclobutyl) ketoxime (3) such as, o-glycidylketoxime (4) and o-phenylacylke ...	2005	16129517
characterization of oak and birch dust-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage raw 264.7 cells.	occupational exposure to wood dust is related to several respiratory diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. however, virtually nothing is known about molecular mechanisms behind wood dust-induced pulmonary inflammation. to elucidate the effects of wood dust exposure on cytokine and chemokine expression in murine macrophage cell line cells, mouse raw 264.7 cells were exposed to two selected hardwood dusts, oak and birch. tio2 and lps were used as controls. expression ...	2005	16122864
shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among men who have sex with men--chicago, illinois, 2003-2004.	during 2003-2004, the chicago department of public health (cdph) investigated an increase in reported shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among adult males. this report summarizes the investigation into those cases and underscores the potential for sexual transmission of enteric infections among men who have sex with men (msm).	2005	16121121
pathogenicity of shigella in healthy carriers: a study in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic.	shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients and non-diarrheal carriers were examined by pcr for the presence of two pathogenic genes, chromosomal ipah and invasive plasmid encoded ial. shigella spp. were detected in 7 of 72 diarrheal cases examined (9.7%), and 9 of 145 non-diarrheal cases (6.2%). all isolates from diarrheal cases harbored both ipah and ial, while all isolates from non-diarrheal cases were positive for ipah but not ial. these results suggested that shigella spp. in healthy car ...	2005	16116257
biosafety evaluation of recombinant live oral bacterial vaccines in the context of european regulation.	live bacterial vaccines represent a highly valid preventive strategy in the fight against infectious disease. however, the road from research to market is peppered with hurdles, one of which is the requirement for high biosafety characteristics, which the candidate vaccine has to display. in europe, the european agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (emea) is the relevant authority regulating the licensure of genetically engineered vaccines. for this purpose, the agency may rely on sev ...	2006	16115705
[shigella flexneri diarrhoea with positive blood culture].		1978	16114334
presence of multiple sites containing polar material in spherical escherichia coli cells that lack mreb.	in rod-shaped bacteria, certain proteins are specifically localized to the cell poles. the nature of the positional information that leads to the proper localization of these proteins is unclear. in a screen for factors required for the localization of the shigella sp. actin assembly protein icsa to the bacterial pole, a mutant carrying a transposon insertion in mreb displayed altered targeting of icsa. the phenotype of cells containing a transposon insertion in mreb was indistinguishable from t ...	2005	16109960
occurrence of shigellosis in the young and elderly in rural china: results of a 12-month population-based surveillance study.	in 2002, population- and treatment center-based surveillance was used to study the disease burden of shigellosis in rural hebei province in the people's republic of china. a total of 10,105 children with diarrhea or dysentery were enrolled. infants were treated most frequently for diarrhea (1,388/1,000/year) followed by children < or = 5 years old (618/1,000/year). shigellosis was treated most often in children 3-4 years old (32/1,000/year) and people > 60 years of age (7/1,000/year). fifty-six ...	2005	16103614
construction, detection and microarray analysis on the shigella flexneri 2a sitc mutant.	in order to overcome the defects of difficult gene operations in low-copy suicide plasmid pcvd442, gateway technology was applied in the construction process of recombinant plasmid for gene knockout in this study. with this improved knockout system, we inactivated sitc gene, which is associated with iron transport in shigella flexneri 2a strain 301, to yield the mutant, mts. the functional detection of the mutant was performed at the level of culture medium, cell and animal experiment, respectiv ...	2005	16092755
outbreak of shigellosis in the vienna zoo affecting human and non-human primates.		2005	16054414
the phage-shock-protein response.	the phage-shock-protein (psp) system responds to extracytoplasmic stress that may reduce the energy status of the cell. it is conserved in many different bacteria and has been linked to several important phenotypes. escherichia coli psp mutants have defects in maintenance of the proton-motive force, protein export by the sec and tat pathways, survival in stationary phase at alkaline ph, and biofilm formation. yersinia enterocolitica psp mutants cannot grow when the secretin component of a type i ...	2005	16045608
pathoadaptive mutation that mediates adherence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o111.	the adherence of pathogenic escherichia coli strains to intestinal epithelium is essential for initiation of infection. the cad operon encodes the lysine decarboxylase (ldc) system responsible for metabolizing lysine, and this operon has been proposed as an antivirulence mechanism in enteroinvasive e. coli and shigella flexneri and as a factor mediating e. coli o157:h7 adherence. we sought to determine whether the ldc activity was present in a phylogenetically characterized collection of diarrhe ...	2005	16040989
roles for t and nk cells in the innate immune response to shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri, an enteroinvasive gram-negative bacterium, is responsible for the worldwide endemic form of bacillary dysentery. the host response to primary infection is characterized by the induction of an acute inflammation, which is accompanied by polymorphonuclear cell (pmn) infiltration, resulting in massive destruction of the colonic mucosa. however, pmn play a major role in the recovery from primary infection, by restricting the bacterial infection at the intestinal mucosa. in this st ...	2005	16034114
the design, synthesis and evaluation of high affinity macrocyclic carbohydrate inhibitors.	carbohydrate-protein interactions have been investigated for a model system of a monoclonal antibody, sya/j6, which binds a trisaccharide epitope of the o-polysaccharide of the shigella flexneri variant y lipopolysaccharide. the thermodynamics of binding for the methyl glycoside of the native trisaccharide epitope, rha-rha-glcnac () to sya/j6 over a range of temperatures exhibits strong, linear enthalpy-entropy compensation and a negative heat capacity change (deltac(p)=-152 cal mol(-1) degree(- ...	2005	16032350
synergistic enhancement of toll-like receptor responses by nod1 activation.	nod1 is an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor specific for gram-negative peptidoglycan that is important in host response to infections (e.g. helicobacter pylori and shigella flexneri). genetic variation in nod1 predisposes to asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. functional responses have not previously been studied in primary human cells. nod1 activation by low nanomolar concentrations of the specific muropeptide ligand m-tridap induced minimal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...	2005	16021603
[infections caused by shigella flexneri recognized as food poisonings in warmia and mazury voivodeship].	this article treats of infections submitted as food poisoning examples caused by shigella flexneri 3a which is an etiological factor of diseases characterized by different clinical picture. the aim of the research was to test our laboratory specific procedure in diagnostics of shigella infections. the stool was inoculated on three following solid culture media: salmonella - shigella agar (ss), mac conkey agar (mc), hektoen enteric agar (he) and one liquid medium selenite - phosphate medium (sf). ...	2005	16013410
shigella flexneri infection is dependent on villin in the mouse intestine and in primary cultures of intestinal epithelial cells.	villin is an actin-binding protein present in intestinal and kidney brush borders. villin has been shown to present in vitro ca(2+)-dependent bundling and severing f-actin properties. the study of villin knock-out mice allowed us to show that while bundling of f-actin microfilaments is unaffected, this protein is important for the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton elicited by various signals during both physiological and pathological conditions. here, we studied the role of villin during ...	2005	16008578
antibacterial properties of some plants used in mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of 26 medicinal plants used in mexico to treat gastrointestinal disorders were tested against eight different species of enteropathogens: two escherichia coli species; two shigella sonnei species; two shigella flexneri species; and two salmonella sp. species. the results showed that all crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, at least against one of the microorganisms tested, at concentrations of 8 mg/ml or lower. the extracts ...	2005	16005589
[comparative proteomics research on removing of large invasive plasmid pinv of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t].	s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t and its derivative without large invasive plasmid pinv-2457t were cultured to middle logarithm phase. whole cellular protein extracts of the two strains were examined by two dimensional (2d) electrophoresis using immobilized ph gradient (ipg) technology. after in-gel protein digestion, the different-expressed spots were detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi tof ms). all the peptide mass fingerprints (pmfs) were ...	2005	15989237
synthesis and pharmacological activities of some mononuclear ru(ii) complexes.	a series of mononuclear ru(ii) complexes of the type [ru(m)2(u)]2+, where m = 2,2'-bipyridine/1,10-phenanthroline and u = tpl (ru1), 4-cl-tpl (ru2), 4-ch3-tpl (ru3), 4-ch3o-tpl (ru4), and 4-no2-tpl (ru5), -pai (ru6), where tpl = thiopicolinanilide and pai = 2-phenyl-azo-imidazole, have been prepared and characterized by ir, uv-vis, 1h nmr, 13c-nmr, fab-mass spectrophotometer, and elemental analysis. the complexes display metal-ligand charge transfer (mlct) transitions in the visible region. the ...	2005	15982893
worldwide disseminated arma aminoglycoside resistance methylase gene is borne by composite transposon tn1548.	the arma (aminoglycoside resistance methylase) gene, which confers resistance to 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines and fortimicin, was initially found in klebsiella pneumoniae bm4536 on incl/m plasmid pip1204 of ca. 90 kb which also encodes the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ctx-m-3. thirty-four enterobacteria from various countries that were likely to produce a ctx-m enzyme since they were more resistant to cefotaxime than to ceftazidime were studied. the arma gene was detected in 12 clinic ...	2005	15980373
[sequence analysis of bacterial transposon in nhx gene of populus euphratica].	the united nations environment program estimates that approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is salt-stressed. the gene nhx (na+/h+ exchanger) encodes functional protein that catalyzes the countertransport of na+ and h+ across membranes and may play an important role in plant salt tolerance. to clone the nhx from the wild plant populus euphratica collected in tarim basin and xinjiang wujiaqu district into a t-vector, designed primer was used to amplify 1kb nhx cd ...	2003	15969097
diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during operation bright star 2001--egypt.	in the fall of 2001, approximately 15,000 u.s. military personnel participated in a military exercise in the northwestern egyptian desert. to assess the prevalence and impact of diarrhea and enteropathogen distribution, we conducted a post-deployment survey and a case series study. a departure convenience sampling (n = 3725) was used in the post-deployment survey. overall, 9.3% reported diarrhea, 2.6% sought medical care, and 2.8% stopped or decreased their work for at least a day. among those r ...	2005	15964494
the shigella flexneri serotype y vaccine candidate sfl124 originated from a serotype 2a background.	shigella flexneri is endemic in most developing countries and responsible for the highest mortality rate among the shigella species. the attenuated serotype y s. flexneri strain sfl124 has been used as the parental strain for the development of recombinant vaccines expressing multiple o-antigen structures. during the development of one such multivalent vaccine, a region of gtrii homology was found in sfl124. sequencing and analysis of this region revealed the presence of an insertion element int ...	2005	15963704
plastins: versatile modulators of actin organization in (patho)physiological cellular processes.	many actin-binding proteins are expressed in eukaryotic cells. these polypeptides assist in stabilizing and rearranging the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli, or during cell migration and adhesion. here we review a particular set of actin-binding proteins called plastins. plastins (also called fimbrins) belong to a subclass of actin-binding proteins known as actin bundling proteins. three isoforms have been characterized in mammals: t-plastin is expressed in ...	2005	15960882
frequency of isolation of shigella serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in children from slum areas in karachi.	to assess the frequency of serogroups and serotypes, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shigella species isolated from known cases of diarrhoea and dysentery from karachi, pakistan.	2005	15960281
inhibitory effects of spices and herbs towards shigella sonnei and s. flexneri.	the use of spices and herbs, their essential oils or their active compounds as means of control of pathogens constitutes an alternative to chemical additives in the present study the antibacterial activities of cloves, thyme, oregano, rosemary and basil on shigella have been established. although in a model system in agar media addition of 1% basil could contribute to the 'hurdle' principle and delay outgrowth of shigella sp. this was not confirmed in real food conditions: the presence of 1% bas ...	2001	15954648
effect of spices and herbs towards shigella sonnei and s. flexneri.		2001	15954300
shigella effector ipah9.8 binds to a splicing factor u2af(35) to modulate host immune responses.	shigella effectors injected into the host cell via the type iii secretion system are involved in various aspects of infection. here, we show that one of the effectors, ipah9.8, plays a role in modulating inflammatory responses to shigella infection. in murine lung infection model, deltaipah9.8 mutant caused more severe inflammatory responses with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production levels than did wild-type shigella, which resulted in a 30-fold decrease in bacterial colonization. bind ...	2005	15950937
expanding the bactericidal action of the food color additive phloxine b to gram-negative bacteria.	phloxine b (d&c red no. 28) is a color additive for food, drugs, and cosmetics. it has been previously shown to have anti-staphylococcus aureus activities. in this work, the effect of phloxine b on various gram-negative bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria including bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus mycoides, bacillus subtilis, bacillus aureus, salmonella, escherichia coli and shigella was studied, along with the mechanism of anti-microbial activity. in the presence of fluor ...	2005	15949926
construction of a novel shigella live-vector strain co-expressing cs3 and ltb/stm of enterotoxigenic e.coli.	to construct and evaluate a polyvalent recombinant vaccine strain shigella flexneri 2a t32 against enterotoxigenic e.coli (etec).	2005	15948247
mucosal lymphoid infiltrate dominates colonic pathological changes in murine experimental shigellosis.	shigella species are invasive human pathogens that cause acute rectocolitis by triggering a dysregulated inflammatory reaction in the colonic and rectal mucosa. because mice are naturally resistant to shigellosis, there is no mouse model that mimics human disease. we explore the susceptibility of intestinal flora-depleted mice to shigellosis after intragastric infection with shigella strains.	2005	15942903
optimizing protein crystal growth through dynamic seeding.	a dynamic seeding method that is different from the conventional method of seeding drops that have been equilibrated is described. the method basically consists of two steps. firstly, microseeding was used in association with adjustment of the seeding-drop components, including buffer, additive and concentrations of the precipitants and protein, in order to screen suitable seeding conditions under which microseeds are seeded into a new non-equilibrated drop as the dynamic macroseed drop for the ...	2005	15930637
a directed screen for chlamydial proteins secreted by a type iii mechanism identifies a translocated protein and numerous other new candidates.	chlamydiae are strict intracellular parasites that induce their internalization upon contact with the host cell and grow inside an intracellular compartment called an inclusion. they possess a type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, which allows for the translocation of specific proteins in the host cell cytosol. in particular, chlamydial proteins of the inc family are secreted to the inclusion membrane by a tts mechanism; other tts substrates are mostly unknown. using a secretion assay based on the ...	2005	15916612
a secreted anti-activator, ospd1, and its chaperone, spa15, are involved in the control of transcription by the type iii secretion apparatus activity in shigella flexneri.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans and use a type iii secretion (tts) system to enter epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis in macrophages. transit of translocator and effector proteins through the tts apparatus is activated upon contact of bacteria with host cells. transcription of approximately 15 genes encoding effectors is regulated by the tts apparatus activity and controlled by mxie, an arac family activator, and its coactivator ipgc, the chaperone of ipab ...	2005	15916611
a gene encoding l-methionine gamma-lyase is present in enterobacteriaceae family genomes: identification and characterization of citrobacter freundii l-methionine gamma-lyase.	citrobacter freundii cells produce l-methionine gamma-lyase when grown on a medium containing l-methionine. the nucleotide sequence of the hybrid plasmid with a c. freundii ecori insert of about 3.0 kbp contained two open reading frames, consisting of 1,194 nucleotides and 1,296 nucleotides, respectively. the first one (denoted megl) encoded l-methionine gamma-lyase. the enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified. the second frame encoded a protein belonging to the family of perme ...	2005	15901718
spatial distribution and functional significance of activated vinculin in living cells.	conformational change is believed to be important to vinculin's function at sites of cell adhesion. however, nothing is known about vinculin's conformation in living cells. using a forster resonance energy transfer probe that reports on changes in vinculin's conformation, we find that vinculin is in the actin-binding conformation in a peripheral band of adhesive puncta in spreading cells. however, in fully spread cells with established polarity, vinculin's conformation is variable at focal adhes ...	2005	15883197
[antibiotic resistance of shigellae and rationale for etiotropic therapy of shigella infections].	the study was aimed at determining sensitivity of shigellae to antibacterial preparations and their clinical effectiveness for correcting recommendations on the empirical therapy of acute shigella infections (asi). the sensitivity of 164 s. flexneri strains and 80 s. sonnei strains, isolated in 1996-2003 in the sumy region, ukraine, was determined with respect to 19 antibacterial preparations: ampicillin (am), tetracycline (te), rifampicin (ri), chloramphenicol (ca), streptomycin (st), fusidin ( ...	2005	15881945
[bacterial colony as a complex community].	information on the adaptive behavior of cells in the process of the formation of a colony by bacteria shigella flexneri rd, used as a model, was obtained with the use of light, transmission and scanning microscopy. the process of the formation of a microcolony was demonstrated; at the initial stages (8 hours) it included 3 groups of cells, and 24 hours later it exhibited sharply defined structurization. the conclusion was made on the possibility of the joint use of different methods of microscop ...	2005	15881929
extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in shigella flexneri from argentina: first report of toho-1 outside japan.	a 9-year nation-wide survey of the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in shigella flexneri is described. ten of 9033 (0.1%) isolates produced esbls, which were characterized by isoelectric focusing, pcr and dna sequencing. these were ctx-m-2 (five isolates), toho-1 (one isolate), shv-2 (two isolates) and per-2 (two isolates, the first report in s. flexneri world wide). the emergence of each esbl type in s. flexneri was not restricted to a particular region of argentina. toho-1 ...	2005	15878653
outbreak of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei enterocolitis in men who have sex with men, quebec, 1999 to 2001.		2005	15875326
plasmid partition system of the p1par family from the pwr100 virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	p1par family members promote the active segregation of a variety of plasmids and plasmid prophages in gram-negative bacteria. each has genes for para and parb proteins, followed by a pars partition site. the large virulence plasmid pwr100 of shigella flexneri contains a new p1par family member: pwr100par. although typical para and parb genes are present, the putative pwr100pars site is atypical in sequence and organization. however, pwr100pars promoted accurate plasmid partition in escherichia c ...	2005	15866921
model for the combined effects of temperature, ph and sodium chloride concentration on survival of shigella flexneri strain 5348 under aerobic conditions.	shigella is recognized as a major foodborne pathogen; however, relatively few studies have been reported on its growth and survival characteristics, particularly under conditions relevant to food. a fractional factorial design was used to measure the effects and interactions of temperature (4-37 degrees c), ph (2-6) and nacl (0.5-9%) on survival kinetics of shigella flexneri strain 5348 in bhi broth. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media to give initial populations of 6-7 log ...	2005	15862880
modulation of host cytoskeleton function by the enteropathogenic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium effector protein espg.	espg is a conserved protein encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of attaching and effacing (a/e) pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and citrobacter rodentium. espg is delivered into infected host cells by a type iii secretion system. the role of espg in virulence has not yet been defined. here we describe experiments that probe the virulence characteristics and biological activities of espg in vitro and in vivo. a c. rodentium espg mutant ...	2005	15845460
new antimicrobial nitrofuran, trans-5-amino-3-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]-delta2-1,2,4-oxadiazole: antimicrobial efficacy in mice, rats, and guinea pigs.	a new antimicrobial nitrofuran designated sq 18,506 showed some therapeutic activity when administered orally to mice infected with escherichia coli, salmonella schottmuelleri, shigella flexneri, or klebsiella pneumoniae. animals infected parenterally with streptococcus pyogenes, proteus mirabilis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and candida albicans, or topically with trichophyton mentagrophytes, did not respond to therapy with the drug at the dosage levels used. the compound was as effective as me ...	1974	15830472
cholesterol binding by the bacterial type iii translocon is essential for virulence effector delivery into mammalian cells.	a ubiquitous early step in infection of man and animals by enteric bacterial pathogens like salmonella, shigella and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is the translocation of virulence effector proteins into mammalian cells via specialized type iii secretion systems (ttsss). translocated effectors subvert the host cytoskeleton and stimulate signalling to promote bacterial internalization or survival. target cell plasma membrane cholesterol is central to pathogen-host cross-talk, but the p ...	2005	15819617
comparative imaging of a bacterial surface-located gfp fusion protein by epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscopy.	icsa is an autotransporter protein that plays a role in the virulence of shigella bacteria. we have examined the cellular localization of a fusion of an icsa fragment to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressed in escherichia coli using a dual epifluorescence and scanning near-field optical microscope. by combining the data obtained from far-field with near-field microscopy of the same sample, discrimination between surface-bound fusion proteins and fusion proteins located in the cellular c ...	2005	15817062
[small treatise on art of warfare... from shigella].		2005	15811311
surprising dependence on postsegregational killing of host cells for maintenance of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri.	low-copy-number plasmids all encode multiple systems to ensure their propagation, including replication, partition (active segregation), and postsegregational killing (psk) systems. psk systems kill those rare cells that lose the plasmid due to replication or segregation errors. psk systems should not be used as the principle means of maintaining the plasmid. the metabolic cost of killing the many cured cells that would arise from random plasmid segregation is far too high. here we describe an i ...	2005	15805523
structure and biochemical analysis of a secretin pilot protein.	the ability to translocate virulence proteins into host cells through a type iii secretion apparatus (ttss) is a hallmark of several gram-negative pathogens including shigella, salmonella, yersinia, pseudomonas, and enteropathogenic escherichia coli. in common with other types of bacterial secretion apparatus, the assembly of the ttss complex requires the preceding formation of its integral outer membrane secretin ring component. we have determined at 1.5 a the structure of mxim28-142, the shige ...	2005	15775974
frameshifting by transcriptional slippage is involved in production of mxie, the transcription activator regulated by the activity of the type iii secretion apparatus in shigella flexneri.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. they use a type iii secretion (tts) system encoded by a 200 kb virulence plasmid to enter epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis in macrophages. this tts system comprises a secretion apparatus, translocators and effectors that transit through this apparatus, cytoplasmic chaperones and specific transcription regulators. the tts apparatus assembled during growth of shigella flexneri in broth is activated upon contact with epithel ...	2005	15773990
bacteriophage-encoded glucosyltransferase gtrii of shigella flexneri: membrane topology and identification of critical residues.	the shigella flexneri serotypes differ in the nature of their o-antigens. the addition of glucosyl or o-acetyl groups to the common backbone repeat units gives rise to the different serotypes. gtrii glucosylates rhamnose iii of the o-antigen repeat unit, thus converting serotype y (which has no modifications to the basic o-antigen repeat unit) into serotype 2a, the most prevalent serotype. in the present study, the topology of gtrii has been determined. gtrii has nine transmembrane helices, a re ...	2005	15766330
[change of serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri in different terms of storage].	the viability, purity, biological and serological properties of museum strains of shigella flexneri which were kept in lyophilized state during above 30 years were studied. primary serological characteristics were specified, it was established that type 2a is the predominant serotype independent of the years and regions of isolation. some strains lost antigens as a result of the long-term preservation or reinoculation on agar media.	2005	15765879
analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression defines three classes of effectors in the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri.	proteins directly involved in entry and dissemination of shigella flexneri into epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid of 200 kb. a 30-kb region (designated the entry region) of this plasmid encodes components of a type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, substrates of this apparatus and their dedicated chaperones. during growth of bacteria in broth, expression of these genes is induced at 37 degrees c and the tts apparatus is assembled in the bacterial envelope but is not active. secret ...	2005	15758240
molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a long-stay psychiatric nursing center during 2001 to 2003.	with six separate wards accommodating more than 1,600 patients, v nursing center (vnc) is a long-stay psychiatric nursing center in eastern taiwan. during 2001 to 2003, 39 shigellosis cases occurred in vnc. different from the notion that most cases of shigellosis are caused by shigella sonnei, all except one of these cases were caused by s. flexneri, with the remaining one caused by an s. sonnei isolate. o-antigen serotyping showed that the 38 s. flexneri strains were of either type 1a (n = 20) ...	2005	15750107
environmental ph sensing: resolving the vira/virg two-component system inputs for agrobacterium pathogenesis.	agrobacterium tumefaciens stands as one of biotechnology's greatest successes, with all plant genetic engineering building on the strategies of this pathogen. by integrating responses to external phs, phenols, and monosaccharides, this organism mobilizes oncogenic elements to efficiently transform most dicotyledonous plants. we now show that the complex signaling network used to regulate lateral gene transfer can be resolved as individual signaling modules. while ph and sugar perception are coup ...	2005	15743967
shigella antibiotic resistance in central turkey: comparison of the years 1987-1994 and 1995-2002.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.	2005	15735493
optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of shigella lps.	shigella, the leading cause of bacillary dysentery, uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject proteins into human cells, leading to bacterial invasion and a vigorous inflammatory response. the bacterium is protected against the response by the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on its surface. we show that bacteriophage-encoded glucosylation of shigella o antigen, the basis of different serotypes, shortens the lps molecule by around half. this enhances ttss function without compromisi ...	2005	15731456
microbiology. a pathogen attacks while keeping up defense.		2005	15731433
ipad of shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of ipa protein secretion and efficient insertion of ipab and ipac into host membranes.	shigella flexneri causes human dysentery after invading the cells of the colonic epithelium. the best-studied effectors of shigella entry into colonocytes are the invasion plasmid antigens ipac and ipab. these proteins are exported via a type iii secretion system (ttss) to form a pore in the host membrane that may allow the translocation of other effectors into the host cytoplasm. ttss-mediated secretion of ipad is also required for translocation pore formation, bacterial invasion, and virulence ...	2005	15731041
role of the pst system in plaque formation by the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri.	in response to the host cell environment, the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri induces the expression of numerous genes, including those in the pst operon which is predicted to encode a high-affinity phosphate acquisition system that is expressed under reduced phosphate conditions. an s. flexneri pst mutant forms smaller plaques in henle cell monolayers than does the parental strain. this mutant exhibited normal production and localization of the s. flexneri icsa protein. the pst mutant ...	2005	15731038
genetic analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant shigella strains isolated from chilean children.	a total of 162 clinical isolates of shigella collected from children in a semi-rural community of chile were examined for the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. ampicillin resistance was most frequently associated with the presence of bla(oxa) in s. flexneri and with bla(tem) in s. sonnei. the bla(oxa) gene but not bla(tem) was located in class 1 integrons. the dhfria gene encoding for resistance to trimethoprim was asso ...	2005	15724714
clustering of database sequences for fast homology search using upper bounds on alignment score.	homology data are among the most important information used to predict the functions of unknown proteins and thus fast and accurate methods are needed. in this paper, we propose a new approach for fast and accurate homology search using pre-computed all-against-all similarity scores in a target database. we previously developed a method for derivation of an upper bound of the smith-waterman score (sw-score) between a query and a homolog candidate sequence using the sw-score between the candidate ...	2004	15712113
gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom.	approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq.	2005	15712073
topological analysis of gtra and gtrb proteins encoded by the serotype-converting cassette of shigella flexneri.	serotype conversion (o-antigen glucosylation) in shigella flexneri is mediated by temperate bacteriophages, which encode a three-gene cluster that contains gtra, gtrb, and gtr([type]). sequence analysis has revealed that gtra and gtrb are conserved and readily interchangeable between serotypes. the gtr([type]) is unique in each serotype and responsible for specifically mediating conversion by the addition of a glucosyl group to the o-antigen units. analysis of the gtra and gtrb amino acid sequen ...	2005	15708010
detection of virulence genes in malaysian shigella species by multiplex pcr assay.	in malaysia, shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". this study aimed to detect the prevalence of four shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay.	2005	15707504
serum amyloid a protein binds to outer membrane protein a of gram-negative bacteria.	serum amyloid a (saa) is the major acute phase protein in man and most mammals. we observed saa binding to a surprisingly large number of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the binding was found to be high affinity and rapid. importantly, this binding was not inhibited by high density lipoprotein with which saa is normally complexed in serum. binding was also observed w ...	2005	15705572
etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings.	the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture.	2005	15702043
effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis.	zinc is lost during diarrheal diseases, and zinc deficiency induces intestinal morphology-altering inflammatory responses that zinc supplementation can correct.	2005	15699240
a novel shigella dysenteriae serovar isolated in canada.	the etiological agent most commonly associated with bacillary dysentery is shigella. as part of its mandate, the bacteriology and enteric disease program of health canada identifies and serotypes unusual isolates of shigella received from provincial laboratories of public health. in this report, six unusual isolates from three provinces were analyzed biochemically and serologically using slide and tube agglutinations and molecularly using standard pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (pfge), pcr, an ...	2005	15695673
a novel caspase-1/toll-like receptor 4-independent pathway of cell death induced by cytosolic shigella in infected macrophages.	shigella-induced macrophage cell death is an important step in the induction of acute inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to bacillary dysentery. cell death was previously reported to be dependent upon the activation of caspase-1 via interaction with ipab secreted by intracellular shigella, but in this study, we show that shigella infection of macrophages can also induce cell death independent of caspase-1 or ipab activity. time-lapse imaging and electron microscopic analyses indicated t ...	2005	15695506