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nutrition of the critically ill — a 21st-century perspective.health care-induced diseases constitute a fast-increasing problem. just one type of these health care-associated infections (hcai) constitutes the fourth leading cause of death in western countries. about 25 million individuals worldwide are estimated each year to undergo major surgery, of which approximately 3 million will never return home from the hospital. furthermore, the quality of life is reported to be significantly impaired for the rest of the lives of those who, during their hospital s ...201323344250
microbial uropathogens and their antibiotic resistance profile from hospitalized patients in central alabama.urinary tract infections remain a common problem in inpatient care. they are highly challenging to provide effective initial therapy without sensitivity data. the purpose of this study was to survey the uropathogens and their sensitivity profile at a hospital in central alabama and to guide experiential antibiotic selection. this was the first reported study on bacterial uropathogens and their antibiotic resistance profile at this central alabama hospital. the survey period was between july 2009 ...201223330509
ventilator associated pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit: microbial aetiology, susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms and outcome.ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is a common complication of ventilatory support for patients with acute respiratory failure and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.201223325941
phylogenetic analysis of chromosomally determined qnr and related proteins.qnr genes were discovered on plasmids by their ability to reduce quinolone susceptibility, but homologs can be found in the genomes of at least 92 gram-negative, gram-positive, and strictly anaerobic bacterial species. the related pentapeptide repeat protein-encoding mfpa gene is present in the genome of at least 19 species of mycobacterium and 10 other actinobacteria species. the native function of these genes is not yet known.201323318805
n152g, -s, and -t substitutions in cmy-2 β-lactamase increase catalytic efficiency for cefoxitin and inactivation rates for tazobactam.class c cephalosporinases are a growing threat, and clinical inhibitors of these enzymes are currently unavailable. previous studies have explored the role of asn152 in the escherichia coli ampc and p99 enzymes and have suggested that interactions between c-6' or c-7' substituents on penicillins or cephalosporins and asn152 are important in determining substrate specificity and enzymatic stability. we sought to characterize the role of asn152 in the clinically important cmy-2 cephalosporinase wi ...201323318801
handling of adolescent rats improves learning and memory and decreases anxiety.some environmental interventions can result in physiologic and behavioral changes in laboratory animals. in this context, the handling of adolescent or adult rodents has been reported to influence exploratory behavior and emotionality. here we examined the effects of handling on memory and anxiety levels of adolescent rats. male sprague-dawley rats (age, 60 d) were divided into a control group and a handled group, which were handled for 5 min daily, 5 d per week, for 6 wk. during handling bouts, ...201223312082
seasonal activity of millipedes (diplopoda)--their economic and medical significance.the millipede brachydesmus superus latzel, polydesmus inconstans latzel (diplopoda: polydesmida) and kryphioiulus occultus c. l. koch (diplopoda: julida) were collected from compost in gardens in lublin, eastern poland. collections were made by using pitfall traps between april - september 2009 and 2010. brachydesmus superus, polydesmus inconstans and kryphioiulus occultus play a significant role in composting of plant residues. cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus wood and ommatoiulus sabulosus linnae ...201223311782
in silico characterization of histidine acid phytase sequences.histidine acid phytases (haphy) are widely distributed enzymes among bacteria, fungi, plants, and some animal tissues. they have a significant role as an animal feed enzyme and in the solubilization of insoluble phosphates and minerals present in the form of phytic acid complex. a set of 50 reference protein sequences representing haphy were retrieved from ncbi protein database and characterized for various biochemical properties, multiple sequence alignment (msa), homology search, phylogenetic ...201223304454
pcr followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for broad-range identification of fungal pathogens.invasive fungal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. early and accurate identification of these pathogens is central to direct therapy and to improve overall outcome. pcr coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (pcr/esi-ms) was evaluated as a novel means for identification of fungal pathogens. using a database grounded by 60 atcc reference strains, a total of 394 clinical fungal isolates (264 molds and 130 yeasts) were ana ...201323303501
identification of act-1 plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamase producing citrobacter freundii from a chinese patient. 201223301230
identification of act-1 plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamase producing citrobacter freundii from a chinese patient. 201223301230
first detection of vim-4 metallo-β-lactamase-producing citrobacter freundii in china. 201223301229
first detection of vim-4 metallo-β-lactamase-producing citrobacter freundii in china. 201223301229
identification of the enterobacteriaceae in montasio cheese and assessment of their amino acid decarboxylase activity.the aim of the study was to identify the species of enterobacteriaceae present in montasio cheese and to assess their potential to produce biogenic amines. plate count methods and an enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (eric-pcr) approach, combined with 16s rdna sequencing, were used to investigate the enterobacteriaceae community present during the cheesemaking and ripening of 6 batches of montasio cheese. additionally, the potential decarboxylation abiliti ...201323298547
microbiological investigation of raphanus sativus l. grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions contaminated with spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.the survival of eight undesired (spoilage/pathogenic) food related bacteria (citrobacter freundii pss60, enterobacter spp. pss11, escherichia coli pss2, klebsiella oxytoca pss82, serratia grimesii pss72, pseudomonas putida pss21, stenotrophomonas maltophilia pss52 and listeria monocytogenes atcc 19114(t)) was investigated in mineral nutrient solution (mns) during the crop cycle of radishes (raphanus sativus l.) cultivated in hydroponics in a greenhouse. mnss were microbiologically analyzed weekl ...201223290244
detection of the a2058g and a2059g 23s rrna gene point mutations associated with azithromycin resistance in treponema pallidum by use of a taqman real-time multiplex pcr assay.macrolide treatment failure in syphilis patients is associated with a single point mutation (either a2058g or a2059g) in both copies of the 23s rrna gene in treponema pallidum strains. the conventional method for the detection of both point mutations uses nested pcr combined with restriction enzyme digestions, which is laborious and time-consuming. we initially developed a taqman-based real-time duplex pcr assay for detection of the a2058g mutation, and upon discovery of the a2059g mutation, we ...201323284026
abdominal negative-pressure therapy: a new method in countering abdominal compartment and peritonitis - prospective study and critical review of literature.application of abdominal negative-pressure therapy (npt) is lifesaving when conservative measures fail to reduce sustained increase of the intra-abdominal pressure and it is impossible to achieve source control in a single operation due to severe peritonitis. the aim of this study is to share the initial experience with abdominal npt in latvia and provide a review of the relevant literature.201223281649
molecular diversity of class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria found in wastewater environments in china.the molecular architecture of class 2 integrons among gram-negative bacteria from wastewater environments was investigated in jinan, china. out of the 391 antibiotic-resistant bacteria found, 38 isolates harboring class 2 integrons encoding potentially transferrable genes that could confer antibiotic resistance were found. these isolates were classified into 19 rep-pcr types. these strains were identified using 16s rrna gene sequencing and found to be as follows: proteus mirabilis (16), escheric ...201223264021
intestinal enterobacteriaceae and escherichia coli populations in japanese adults demonstrated by the reverse transcription-quantitative pcr and the clone library analyses.a primer set specific for escherichia coli/shigella 16s rrna was developed and used for rt-qpcr analysis of fecal samples from 35 healthy adult volunteers in combination with the previously reported primer set specific for enterobacteriaceae. enterobacteriaceae and e. coli were present in the 29 out of 35 volunteers tested as intestinal commensals at the average population levels of 10(7.1±0.9) and 10(6.8±0.7)cellsg(-1) of stools (mean±standard deviation), respectively. among the 7 volunteers, t ...201323262033
experimental and natural infections in myd88- and irak-4-deficient mice and humans.most toll-like-receptors (tlrs) and interleukin-1 receptors (il-1rs) signal via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (myd88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak-4). the combined roles of these two receptor families in the course of experimental infections have been assessed in myd88- and irak-4-deficient mice for almost fifteen years. these animals have been shown to be susceptible to 46 pathogens: 27 bacteria, eight viruses, seven parasites, and four fungi. humans with i ...201223255009
ksgal6st generates galactose-6-o-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to l-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing.the addition of sulfate to glycan structures can regulate their ability to serve as ligands for glycan-binding proteins. although sulfate groups present on the monosaccharides glucosamine, uronate, n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylgalactosamine are recognized by defined receptors that mediate important functions, the functional significance of galactose-6-o-sulfate (gal6s) is not known. however, in vitro studies using synthetic glycans and sulfotransferase overexpression implicate gal6s as a bind ...201223254996
ksgal6st generates galactose-6-o-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to l-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing.the addition of sulfate to glycan structures can regulate their ability to serve as ligands for glycan-binding proteins. although sulfate groups present on the monosaccharides glucosamine, uronate, n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylgalactosamine are recognized by defined receptors that mediate important functions, the functional significance of galactose-6-o-sulfate (gal6s) is not known. however, in vitro studies using synthetic glycans and sulfotransferase overexpression implicate gal6s as a bind ...201223254996
bacterial diversity in different regions of gastrointestinal tract of giant african snail (achatina fulica).the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of invasive land snail achatina fulica is known to harbor metabolically active bacterial communities. in this study, we assessed the bacterial diversity in the different regions of gi tract of giant african snail, a. fulica by culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. five 16s rrna gene libraries from different regions of gi tract of active snails indicated that sequences affiliated to phylum γ-proteobacteria dominated the esophagus, crop, intestine, and ...201223233413
interactions of oximino-substituted boronic acids and β-lactams with the cmy-2-derived extended-spectrum cephalosporinases cmy-30 and cmy-42.cmy-30 and cmy-42 are extended-spectrum (es) derivatives of cmy-2. es characteristics are due to substitutions of gly (cmy-30) and ser (cmy-42) for val211 in the ω-loop. to characterize the effects of 211 substitutions, we studied the interactions of cmy-2, -30, and -42 with boronic acid transition state inhibitors (batsis) resembling ceftazidime and cefotaxime, assessed thermal stability of the enzymes in their free forms and in complexes with batsis and oximino-β-lactams, and simulated, using ...201323229484
enhanced 1,3-propanediol production by a newly isolated citrobacter freundii strain cultivated on biodiesel-derived waste glycerol through sterile and non-sterile bioprocesses.the production of 1,3-propanediol (pd) by a newly isolated citrobacter freundii strain [fmcc-b 294 (vk-19)] was investigated. different grades of biodiesel-derived glycerol were employed. slightly lower pd biosynthesis was observed in batch experiments only when crude glycerol from waste-cooking oil trans-esterification was utilized and only at elevated initial substrate concentrations employed. batch bioreactor cultures revealed the capability of the strain to tolerate elevated amounts of subst ...201323220217
duplex quantitative real-time pcr assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of toxocara canis and toxocara cati (nematoda, ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples.toxocarosis is a zoonotic disease caused by toxocara canis (t. canis) and/or toxocara cati (t. cati), two worldwide distributed roundworms which are parasites of canids and felids, respectively. infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of t. canis or t. cati, when playing with soils contaminated with dogs or cats feces. accordingly, the assessment of potential contamination of these areas with these roundworms eggs is paramount.201223216873
the bactericidal activity of normal human serum against enterobacteriaceae rods with lipopolysaccharides possessing o-antigens composed of mannan.the susceptibility of bacteria to the bactericidal activity of serum depends on the structure and organization of the bacterial outer membrane. it is known that the structure of the o-specific polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide (lps) plays an important role in the resistance of bacteria to host immune defenses.201223214191
epithelial cells augment barrier function via activation of the toll-like receptor 2/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway upon recognition of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium curli fibrils in the gut.curli fibrils, the best-characterized functional bacterial amyloids, are an important component of enterobacterial biofilms. we have previously shown that curli fibrils are recognized by the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2)/tlr1 heterodimer complex. utilizing polarized t-84 cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line derived from colon carcinoma grown on semipermeable tissue culture inserts, we determined that infection with a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium csgba mutant, which does not express ...201323208603
characterization of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in enterobacteriaceae clinical strains and characterization of the plasmids implicated in their diffusion.a total of 788 clinical enterobacteriaceae were collected to describe the aminoglycoside-modifying genes (ame genes) and to characterize the plasmids that carry these genes. among the 788 strains collected, 330 (41.8%) were aminoglycoside-resistant: 264 escherichia coli (80%), 33 proteus mirabilis (10%), 10 klebsiella pneumoniae (3%), six k. oxytoca (1.8%), five enterobacter cloacae (1.5%), three morganella morganii (0.9%), three providencia stuartii (0.9%), two salmonella enterica (0.6%), and o ...201323206280
antibiotic resistance in triclosan tolerant fecal coliforms isolated from surface waters near wastewater treatment plant outflows (morris county, nj, usa).triclosan (tcs) is a common antimicrobial agent that has been detected in wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) effluent outflows. a link between tcs exposure and increased antibiotic resistance in microbes has been postulated. the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether fecal coliforms (fc) isolated from surface waters located near (wwtp) outflows display tcs resistance and, if so, whether such organisms exhibit increased resistance to antibiotics. water samples were collected at two streams ...201323195806
biofilm as an environment for dissemination of stx genes by transduction.dissemination of shiga toxin (stx)-encoding bacteriophages is the most likely mechanism for the spread of stx-encoding genes and the emergence of new stx-producing escherichia coli (stec). biofilm has been reported to be a place where horizontal gene transfer by plasmid conjugation and dna transformation may occur, and in this study, horizontal gene transfer by transduction has been demonstrated. transfer of stx-encoding bacteriophages to potentially pathogenic e. coli in biofilm was observed at ...201323183983
clinical identification of bacteria in human chronic wound infections: culturing vs. 16s ribosomal dna sequencing.chronic wounds affect millions of people and cost billions of dollars in the united states each year. these wounds harbor polymicrobial biofilm communities, which can be difficult to elucidate using culturing methods. clinical molecular microbiological methods are increasingly being employed to investigate the microbiota of chronic infections, including wounds, as part of standard patient care. however, molecular testing is more sensitive than culturing, which results in markedly different resul ...201223176603
comparison of three different methods for detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in a tertiary pediatric care center.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) is a well-known cause of sporadic and epidemic food-borne gastroenteritis. a low infectious dose, approximately 10 microorganisms, is sufficient to cause disease that may lead to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. the objective of this study was to compare the performances of an in-house real-time pcr, a commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) (premier ehec; meridian bioscience), and culture on sorbitol macconkey agar for the detection of stec in a tertiary care ...201323175264
community faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in french children.the increasing incidence of community acquired infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) -producing enterobacteriaceae represent a great concern because there are few therapeutic alternatives. the fecal flora of children in the community can represent a reservoir for esbls genes which are located on highly transmissible plasmids and the spread of these genes among bacterial pathogens is concerning. because intestinal carriage is a key factor in the epidemiology of esbl-producing e ...201223171127
programming stress-induced altruistic death in engineered bacteria.programmed death is often associated with a bacterial stress response. this behavior appears paradoxical, as it offers no benefit to the individual. this paradox can be explained if the death is 'altruistic': the killing of some cells can benefit the survivors through release of 'public goods'. however, the conditions where bacterial programmed death becomes advantageous have not been unambiguously demonstrated experimentally. here, we determined such conditions by engineering tunable, stress-in ...201223169002
bacterial cell-wall recycling.many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria recycle a significant proportion of the peptidoglycan components of their cell walls during their growth and septation. in many--and quite possibly all--bacteria, the peptidoglycan fragments are recovered and recycled. although cell-wall recycling is beneficial for the recovery of resources, it also serves as a mechanism to detect cell-wall-targeting antibiotics and to regulate resistance mechanisms. in several gram-negative pathogens, anhydro-murnac ...201223163477
bacterial cell-wall recycling.many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria recycle a significant proportion of the peptidoglycan components of their cell walls during their growth and septation. in many--and quite possibly all--bacteria, the peptidoglycan fragments are recovered and recycled. although cell-wall recycling is beneficial for the recovery of resources, it also serves as a mechanism to detect cell-wall-targeting antibiotics and to regulate resistance mechanisms. in several gram-negative pathogens, anhydro-murnac ...201223163477
molecular diversity of bacteroidales in fecal and environmental samples and swine-associated subpopulations.several swine-specific microbial source tracking methods are based on pcr assays targeting bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences. the limited application of these assays can be explained by the poor understanding of their molecular diversity in fecal sources and environmental waters. in order to address this, we studied the diversity of 9,340 partial (>600 bp in length) bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences from 13 fecal sources and nine feces-contaminated watersheds. the compositions of major b ...201323160126
design, structural and spectroscopic elucidation, and the in vitro biological activities of new diorganotin dithiocarbamates.the reaction of 2,2-dimethoxy-n-methylethyllamine or 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane with cs(2) in alkaline media produced two novel dithiocarbamate salts. subsequent reactions with organotin halides yielded six new complexes: [snme(2){s(2)cnr(r(1))(2)}(2)] (1), [sn(n-bu)(2){s(2)cnr(r(1))(2)}(2)] (2), [snph(2){s(2)cnr(r(1))(2)}(2)] (3), [snme(2){s(2)cnr(r(2))(2)}(2)] (4), [sn(n-bu)(2){s(2)cnr(r(2))(2)}(2)] (5), [snph(2){s(2)cnr(r(2))(2)}(2)] (6), where r = methyl, r(1) = ch(2)ch(ome)(2), and r(2) = 2-met ...201223159807
comprehensive analysis of secondary dental root canal infections: a combination of culture and culture-independent approaches reveals new insights.persistence of microorganisms or reinfections are the main reasons for failure of root canal therapy. very few studies to date have included culture-independent methods to assess the microbiota, including non-cultivable microorganisms. the aim of this study was to combine culture methods with culture-independent cloning methods to analyze the microbial flora of root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. twenty-one samples from previously root-filled teeth were collected from patients with per ...201223152922
detection of campylobacter species and arcobacter butzleri in stool samples by use of real-time multiplex pcr.the presence of campylobacter (or campylobacter-like) species in stools from patients suspected of infectious gastroenteritis (n = 493) was investigated using real-time pcr for detection of arcobacter butzleri (hsp60 gene), campylobacter coli (ceue gene), campylobacter jejuni (mapa), five acknowledged pathogenic campylobacter spp. (c16s_lund assay), and the campylobacter genus (c16s_lvi assay). in total, 71.4% of the samples were positive for campylobacter dna (n = 352) by a campylobacter genus- ...201323152553
a randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia.the aim of this study was to compare a 7-day course of doripenem to a 10-day course of imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) due to gram-negative bacteria.201223148736
an aptamer-based biosensor for colorimetric detection of escherichia coli o157:h7.an aptamer based biosensor (aptasensor) was developed and evaluated for rapid colorimetric detection of escherichia coli (e. coli) o157:h7.201223145045
structural insight into the clostridium difficile ethanolamine utilisation microcompartment.bacterial microcompartments form a protective proteinaceous barrier around metabolic enzymes that process unstable or toxic chemical intermediates. the genome of the virulent, multidrug-resistant clostridium difficile 630 strain contains an operon, eut, encoding a bacterial microcompartment with genes for the breakdown of ethanolamine and its utilisation as a source of reduced nitrogen and carbon. the c. difficile eut operon displays regulatory genetic elements and protein encoding regions in co ...201223144756
carbapenem disks on macconkey agar in screening methods for detection of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative rods in stools.direct plating of simulated stool specimens on macconkey agar (mca) with 10-μg ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem disks allowed the establishment of optimal zone diameters for the screening of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative rods (crgnr) of ≤ 24 mm (ertapenem), ≤ 34 mm (meropenem), and ≤ 32 mm (imipenem).201323135936
application of a battery of biotests for the determination of leachate toxicity to bacteria and invertebrates from sewage sludge-amended soil.the objective of the study was to determine the leachates toxicity from sewage sludge-amended soils (sandy and loamy). samples originated from a plot experiment realized over a period of 29 months. two types of soil were fertilized with sewage sludges at the dose of 3 % (90 t/ha). soil samples were taken after 0, 7, 17, and 29 months from the application of sewage sludges. leachates were obtained according to the en 12457-2 protocol. the following commercial tests were applied for the estimation ...201223132406
application of a battery of biotests for the determination of leachate toxicity to bacteria and invertebrates from sewage sludge-amended soil.the objective of the study was to determine the leachates toxicity from sewage sludge-amended soils (sandy and loamy). samples originated from a plot experiment realized over a period of 29 months. two types of soil were fertilized with sewage sludges at the dose of 3 % (90 t/ha). soil samples were taken after 0, 7, 17, and 29 months from the application of sewage sludges. leachates were obtained according to the en 12457-2 protocol. the following commercial tests were applied for the estimation ...201223132406
management of shiga toxin-associated escherichia coli-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome: randomized clinical trials are needed. 201223114892
multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of coliforms to identify high risk contamination sites in aquatic environment.bacteriological analysis of the water samples collected from upstream, midstream and downstream points along the bank of the river revealed high populations of escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter diversus, enterobacter aerogens and klebsiella species. all these isolates were screened against eight antibiotics to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance among isolates at different sites of the river. the study revealed that multiple antibiotic resistance was prom ...201023100831
evaluation of a simple blood culture amplification and antigen detection method for diagnosis of salmonella enterica serovar typhi bacteremia.in most areas where typhoid is endemic, laboratory diagnosis is not possible due to the lack of appropriate facilities. we investigated whether the combination of blood culture amplification of salmonella enterica serovar typhi with an s. typhi antigen rapid diagnostic test (rdt) could be an accurate and inexpensive tool for the accelerated diagnosis of patients with acute typhoid in laos. for a panel of 23 gram-negative reference pathogens, the standard diagnostics (catalog no. 15fk20; kyonggi- ...201323100346
synthesis and characterization of a series of transition metal complexes with a new symmetrical polyoxaaza macroacyclic schiff base ligand: x-ray crystal structure of cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) complexes and their antibacterial properties.a new symmetrical [n4o2] hexadentate schiff base ligand, (e)-n-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-(3-(2-((e)-pyridin-2-lmethyleneamino)phenoxy)naphthalen-2-yloxy)benzenamine, abbreviated to l, and its complexes of ni(ii), cu(ii), zn(ii), co(ii), cd(ii) and mn(ii) have been synthesized in the presence of metal ions. the complexes were structurally characterized by elemental analyses, ir, uv-vis, nmr and molar conductivity. the crystal structures of two complexes, [nil(ono2)2]·2h2o and [colcl2]ch3oh·0.5h2o ...201323099161
a case of necrotizing pancreatitis subsequent to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma.necrotizing pancreatitis is one of the rare complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (tace). necrotizing pancreatitis after tace may result from the development of ischemia caused by regurgitation of embolic materials into the vessels supplying the pancreas. we report a case of post-tace necrotizing pancreatitis with abscess formation in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. the patient had suffered hepatic artery injury due to repetitive tace; during his 25th tace procedure ...201223091814
development of quantitative pcr assays targeting the 16s rrna genes of enterococcus spp. and their application to the identification of enterococcus species in environmental samples.the detection of environmental enterococci has been determined primarily by using culture-based techniques that might exclude some enterococcal species as well as those that are nonculturable. to address this, the relative abundances of enterococci were examined by challenging fecal and water samples against a currently available genus-specific assay (entero1). to determine the diversity of enterococcal species, 16s rrna gene-based group-specific quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays were developed and ...201323087032
diversity and antibiograms of bacterial organisms isolated from samples of household drinking-water consumed by hiv-positive individuals in rural settings, south africa.diarrhoea is a hallmark of hiv infections in developing countries, and many diarrhoea-causing agents are often transmitted through water. the objective of the study was to determine the diversity and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial organisms isolated from samples of household drinking-water consumed by hiv-infected and aids patients. in the present study, household water stored for use by hiv-positive patients was tested for microbial quality, and isolated bacterial organisms wer ...201223082625
bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the detection of norovirus capsid antigen.an ultrasensitive and fully automated bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (bleia) was developed for the detection of norovirus (nv) capsid antigen. in the evaluation tests with recombinant virus-like particles, the bleia demonstrated broad reactivity against several nv genotypes (genotypes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 12 in genogroup i [gi] and genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 in gii), a wide dose-response range from 0.25 pg/ml to 10,000 pg/ml, and good reproducibility with low coefficients of variati ...201223081816
uranium (u)-tolerant bacterial diversity from u ore deposit of domiasiat in north-east india and its prospective utilisation in bioremediation.uranium (u)-tolerant aerobic chemo-heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the sub-surface soils of u-rich deposits in domiasiat, north east india. the bacterial community explored at molecular level by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra) resulted in 51 distinct phylotypes. bacterial community assemblages at the u mining site with the concentration of u ranging from 20 to 100 ppm, were found to be most diverse. representative bacteria analysed by 16s rrna gene sequencing were ...201223080407
uranium (u)-tolerant bacterial diversity from u ore deposit of domiasiat in north-east india and its prospective utilisation in bioremediation.uranium (u)-tolerant aerobic chemo-heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the sub-surface soils of u-rich deposits in domiasiat, north east india. the bacterial community explored at molecular level by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra) resulted in 51 distinct phylotypes. bacterial community assemblages at the u mining site with the concentration of u ranging from 20 to 100 ppm, were found to be most diverse. representative bacteria analysed by 16s rrna gene sequencing were ...201223080407
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
the microbiological and clinical characteristics of invasive salmonella in gallbladders from cholecystectomy patients in kathmandu, nepal.gallbladder carriage of invasive salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining typhoid fever transmission. bile and tissue was obtained from 1,377 individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in kathmandu to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of invasive salmonella in the gallbladder in an endemic area. twenty percent of bile samples contained a gram-negative organism, with salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a isolated from 24 and 22 individuals, respectively. gallbl ...201223077595
rapid discrimination of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in liquid samples by using naoh-sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and flow cytometry.for precise diagnosis of urinary tract infections (uti), and selection of the appropriate prescriptions for their treatment, we explored a simple and rapid method of discriminating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in liquid samples.201223077549
rapid detection and statistical differentiation of kpc gene variants in gram-negative pathogens by use of high-resolution melting and screenclust analyses.in the united states, the production of the klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc) is an important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens. infections with kpc-producing organisms are associated with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, the rapid detection of kpc-producing pathogens is critical in patient care and infection control. we developed a real-time pcr assay complemented with traditional high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis, as well as statistically b ...201323077125
aptamer-based viability impedimetric sensor for bacteria.the development of an aptamer-based viability impedimetric sensor for bacteria (aptavisens-b) is presented. highly specific dna aptamers to live salmonella typhimurium were selected via the cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) technique. twelve rounds of selection were performed; each comprises a positive selection step against viable s. typhimurium and a negative selection step against heat killed s. typhimurium and a mixture of related pathogens, including sal ...201223075417
biohydrogen production by dark fermentation of glycerol using enterobacter and citrobacter sp.glycerol is an attractive substrate for biohydrogen production because, in theory, it can produce 3 mol of hydrogen per mol of glycerol. moreover, glycerol is produced in substantial amounts as a byproduct of producing biodiesel, the demand for which has increased in recent years. therefore, hydrogen production from glycerol was studied by dark fermentation using three strains of bacteria: namely, enterobacter sph1, enterobacter sph2, and citrobacter freundii h3 and a mixture thereof (1:1:1). it ...201323074037
catecholate siderophores protect bacteria from pyochelin toxicity.bacteria produce small molecule iron chelators, known as siderophores, to facilitate the acquisition of iron from the environment. the synthesis of more than one siderophore and the production of multiple siderophore uptake systems by a single bacterial species are common place. the selective advantages conferred by the multiplicity of siderophore synthesis remains poorly understood. however, there is growing evidence suggesting that siderophores may have other physiological roles besides their ...201223071628
novel 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase aac(6')-iaj from a clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa.pseudomonas aeruginosa ncgm1588 has a novel chromosomal class 1 integron, in151, which includes the aac(6')-iaj gene. the encoded protein, aac(6')-iaj, was found to consist of 184 amino acids, with 70% identity to aac(6')-ia. escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid containing the aac(6')-iaj gene acquired resistance to all aminoglycosides tested except gentamicin. of note, aac(6')-iaj contributed to the resistance to arbekacin. thin-layer chromatography revealed that aac(6')-iaj acetylated a ...201323070167
rapid identification of carbapenemase types in enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas spp. by using a biochemical test.a biochemical test (carba np test ii) was developed to identify carbapenemase production in enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas spp. and to discriminate between the different types of carbapenemases (classes a, b, and d). it is based on the detection of the acidification resulting from imipenem hydrolysis, coupled with tazobactam and edta as inhibitors. this is an easy and reliable technique (100% sensitivity and specificity) for detection of not only carbapenemase activity but also carbapenemase ...201223070158
overview of the epidemiology and the threat of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (kpc) resistance.klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (kpcs) confer resistance to nearly all β-lactams. this broad-spectrum drug resistance mechanism has rapidly spread in the united states and is reportedly increasing elsewhere in the world. thus, the emergence of kpc resistance is a major threat to global health. this article reviews the epidemiology and provides an overview of the dissemination of kpc-producing organisms.201223055754
gut bacterial profile in patients newly diagnosed with treatment-naïve crohn's disease.the aim of this study was to define the composition of the gut bacterial flora in norwegian patients with early stage crohn's disease (cd).201223049264
genetic markers of widespread extensively drug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa high-risk clones.recent reports have revealed the existence of widespread extensively drug-resistant (xdr) p. aeruginosa high-risk clones in health care settings, but there is still scarce information on their specific chromosomal (mutational) and acquired resistance mechanisms. up to 20 (10.5%) of 190 bloodstream isolates collected from 10 spanish hospitals met the xdr criteria. a representative number (15 per group) of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant (mdr) (22.6%), resistant to 1 to 2 classes (moder ...201223045355
dissemination of incfii(k)-type plasmids in multiresistant ctx-m-15-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates from children in hospital paediatric oncology wards.in this study, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates in children with malignancies hospitalised at a paediatric oncology department in the czech republic were investigated. from june 2009 to january 2010, a total of 50 esbl-producing faecal isolates of enterobacteriaceae were obtained from 28 patients. these isolates were characterised with regard to esbl enzymes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and plasmids conf ...201223043911
fragment-guided design of subnanomolar β-lactamase inhibitors active in vivo.fragment-based design was used to guide derivatization of a lead series of β-lactamase inhibitors that had heretofore resisted optimization for in vivo activity. x-ray structures of fragments overlaid with the lead suggested new, unanticipated functionality and points of attachment. synthesis of three derivatives improved affinity over 20-fold and improved efficacy in cell culture. crystal structures were consistent with the fragment-based design, enabling further optimization to a k(i) of 50 pm ...201223043117
cellulolytic bacteria in the foregut of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. a total of 283 16s rrna gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. libshuff revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.201223042173
labial ecthyma gangrenosum in an immunocompromised infant with leukemia: heightening awareness for the urologist.ecthyma gangrenosum (eg) is a cutaneous infection most commonly associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. eg generally occurs in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients with severe neutropenia. eg presents as erythematous, hemorrhagic, or necrotic macules or plaques, most commonly in the perineal or gluteal areas, but can occur elsewhere. eg is a dermatologic emergency in immunocompromised patients and should be included in the differential diagnosis when urologists are asked to evaluate ...201223040328
methanolic extracts of withania somnifera leaves, fruits and roots possess antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities.withania somnifera, also known as ashwagandha, is an important herb in ayurvedic and indigenous medical systems. the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of an 80% aqueous methanolic extract of w. somnifera roots (wsret), fruits (wsfet) and leaves (wslet).201223039061
use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequence polymorphisms for specific detection of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli strains of serotypes o26:h11, o45:h2, o103:h2, o111:h8, o121:h19, o145:h28, and o157:h7 by real-time pcr.we explored the genetic diversity of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) regions of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) to design simplex real-time pcr assays for each of the seven most important ehec serotypes worldwide. a panel of 958 e. coli strains investigated for their crispr loci by high-throughput real-time pcr showed that crispr polymorphisms in e. coli strongly correlated with both o:h serotypes and the presence of ehec virulence factors (stx and ...201223035199
carbapenemases in klebsiella pneumoniae and other enterobacteriaceae: an evolving crisis of global dimensions.the spread of enterobacteriaceae, primarily klebsiella pneumoniae, producing kpc, vim, imp, and ndm carbapenemases, is causing an unprecedented public health crisis. carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (cpe) infect mainly hospitalized patients but also have been spreading in long-term care facilities. given their multidrug resistance, therapeutic options are limited and, as discussed here, should be reevaluated and optimized. based on susceptibility data, colistin and tigecycline are commonly ...201223034326
bacteriophage endolysins as novel antimicrobials.endolysins are enzymes used by bacteriophages at the end of their replication cycle to degrade the peptidoglycan of the bacterial host from within, resulting in cell lysis and release of progeny virions. due to the absence of an outer membrane in the gram-positive bacterial cell wall, endolysins can access the peptidoglycan and destroy these organisms when applied externally, making them interesting antimicrobial candidates, particularly in light of increasing bacterial drug resistance. this art ...201223030422
bioaccumulation of cerium and neodymium by bacillus cereus isolated from rare earth environments of chavara and manavalakurichi, india.rare earth elements (rees) are among the common minerals in the rare earth environment that are very precious and also enhance soil properties. the aim of this present study is to evaluate the accumulation of rees by bacterial isolates of rare earth environment. morphological and biochemical characterization were done for 37 bacterial isolates and also molecular studies were carried out using 16s rrna sequencing method. the assessment of rees composition in soil samples of chavara and manavalaku ...201123024412
a universal method for the identification of bacteria based on general pcr primers.the universal method (um) described here will allow the detection of any bacterial rdna leading to the identification of that bacterium. the method should allow prompt and accurate identification of bacteria. the principle of the method is simple; when a pure pcr product of the 16s gene is obtained, sequenced, and aligned against bacterial dna data base, then the bacterium can be identified. confirmation of identity may follow. in this work, several general 16s primers were designed, mixed and a ...201123024404
detection and identification of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and shigella spp. via pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: isolate testing and analysis of food samples.an assay to identify the common food-borne pathogens salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, and listeria monocytogenes was developed in collaboration with ibis biosciences (a division of abbott molecular) for the plex-id biosensor system, a platform that uses electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (esi-ms) to detect the base composition of short pcr amplicons. the new food-borne pathogen (fbp) plate has been experimentally designed using four gene segments for a total of eight amplicon targe ...201223001674
bloodstream infections caused by imp-8-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates: the need for clinical laboratory detection of metallo-β-lactamases?a retrospective study was conducted at a taiwanese medical center to characterize bloodstream infections caused by imp-8 metallo-β-lactamase (mbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae isolates and to assess the need for laboratory detection of imp producers. we analyzed 37 patients infected with imp-8 producers (two escherichia coli, nine klebsiella pneumoniae, 25 enterobacter cloacae, and one citrobacter freundii) and 107 patients infected with non-imp-8 producers (eight e. coli, 26 k. pneumoniae, 70 e ...201323001510
evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for typhoid fever in papua new guinea using a composite reference standard.typhoid fever remains a major global health problem. a major impediment to improving outcomes is the lack of appropriate diagnostic tools, which have not significantly improved in low-income settings for 100 years. we evaluated two commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (tubex and typhidot), a prototype (typhirapid tr-02), and the commonly used single-serum widal test in a previously reported high-burden area of papua new guinea. samples were collected from 530 outpatients with axillary t ...201222993409
optimization of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis for bacterial identification.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is a relatively new addition to the clinical microbiology laboratory. the performance of the maldi biotyper system (bruker daltonics) was compared to those of phenotypic and genotypic identification methods for 690 routine and referred clinical isolates representing 102 genera and 225 unique species. we systematically compared direct-smear and extraction methods on a taxonomically diverse collection of is ...201222993178
laboratory detection of enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases.a study was designed to evaluate the modified hodge test (mht), mastdiscs id inhibitor combination disks (mdi), rosco diagnostica neo-sensitabs (rds), metallo-β-lactamase (mbl) etest, and in-house multiplex pcr for the detection of well-characterized carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. one hundred forty-two nonrepeat clinical isolates of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (including klebsiella spp., escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, and enterobacter spp.) obtained from the ...201222993175
insight into the bacterial gut microbiome of the north american moose (alces alces).the work presented here provides the first intensive insight into the bacterial populations in the digestive tract of the north american moose (alces alces). eight free-range moose on natural pasture were sampled, producing eight rumen samples and six colon samples. second generation (g2) phylochips were used to determine the presence of hundreds of operational taxonomic units (otus), representing multiple closely related species/strains (>97% identity), found in the rumen and colon of the moose ...201222992344
nosocomial pseudomonas putida bacteremia: high rates of carbapenem resistance and mortality.previously, pseudomonas putida was considered a low-virulence pathogen and was recognized as a rare cause of bacteremia. recently, however, multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant p. putida isolates have emerged, causing difficult-to-treat nosocomial infections in seriously ill patients. currently, the outcome of multidrug-resistant or carbapenem-resistant p. putida bacteremia remains uncertain. here, we report 18 cases of p. putida bacteremia with high rates of carbapenem resistance and mo ...201222977749
new advances in the diagnosis of typhoid and detection of typhoid carriers.for effective management of typhoid, diagnosis of the disease must be done with speed and accuracy. development of such a test would require antigens that are specific for typhoid diagnosis. attempts at finding the specific antigen have been carried out throughout the years. the finding of such an antigen can lead to carrier detection as well. candidate antigens have been used in the development of antigen or antibody detection tests with variation in sensitivity and specificity. further charact ...200022977383
multidrug-resistance and toxic metal tolerance of medically important bacteria isolated from an aquaculture system.the use of antimicrobials and toxic metals should be considered carefully in aquaculture and surrounding environments. we aimed to evaluate medically relevant bacteria in an aquaculture system and their susceptibility to antimicrobials and toxic metals. selective cultures for enterobacteria (ent), non-fermenting gram-negative rods (nfr) and gram-positive cocci (gpc) were obtained from water samples collected in two different year seasons. the isolated bacteria were biochemically identified and a ...201222972388
aptamer-based impedimetric sensor for bacterial typing.the development of an aptamer-based impedimetric sensor for typing of bacteria (aist-b) is presented. highly specific dna aptamers to salmonella enteritidis were selected via cell-selex technique. twelve rounds of selection were performed; each comprises a positive selection step against s. enteritidis and a negative selection step against a mixture of related pathogens, including salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and citrobacter freundii, t ...201222971146
complete sequencing of an inchi1 plasmid encoding the carbapenemase ndm-1, the arma 16s rna methylase and a resistance-nodulation-cell division/multidrug efflux pump.to characterize the pndm-cit plasmid identified in citrobacter freundii carrying genes encoding the metallo-β-lactamase ndm-1 and the 16s rna methylase arma.201322969080
production of interleukin-27 by human neutrophils regulates their function during bacterial infection.septicemia is the most severe form of melioidosis caused by the gram-negative bacterium, burkholderia pseudomallei. here, we show that levels of il-27p28 transcript and protein were both significantly elevated in patients with sepsis, particularly melioidosis and in patients with unfavorable disease outcome. moreover, human monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were the major source of il-27 during infection. the addition of exogenous il-27 in vitro resulted in significantly increased bacterial ...201222965735
genome sequence of citrobacter sp. strain a1, a dye-degrading bacterium.citrobacter sp. strain a1, isolated from a sewage oxidation pond, is a facultative aerobe and mesophilic dye-degrading bacterium. this organism degrades azo dyes efficiently via azo reduction and desulfonation, followed by the successive biotransformation of dye intermediates under an aerobic environment. here we report the draft genome sequence of citrobacter sp. a1.201222965102
ampc β-lactamases in nosocomial isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae from india.ampc β-lactamases are clinically significant since these confer resistance to cephalosporins in the oxyimino group, 7-α methoxycephalosporins and are not affected by available β-lactamase inhibitors. in this study we looked for both extended spectrum β-lactamases (esbl) and ampc β-lactamases in klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates.201222960890
twenty years of antimicrobial resistance control programme in a regional multi hospital institution, with focus on emerging bacteria (vre and cpe). 201222958336
[investigation of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in enterobacteriaceae: a multicenter study].fluoroquinolones which are in use since 1986, are effective agents both against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. quinolones show bactericidal effect as a result of inhibition of dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv enzymes. main quinolone resistance mechanisms are chromosomal mutations in these enzymes and decreased intracellular accumulation due to efflux pumps or decreased membrane uptake. recently a new quinolone resistance mechanism mediated by plasmids has been defined. these plasmids c ...201222951649
abar7, a genomic resistance island found in multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii isolates in daejeon, korea.acinetobacter baumannii resistance islands (abars) have been recently recognized as mobile genetic elements that harbor multiple resistance determinants and are associated with multidrug resistance (mdr). in the present study, we aimed to determine the abars conferring multiple antimicrobial resistance and their clonal relatedness to mdr a. baumannii clinical isolates obtained from a university hospital in daejeon, korea.201222950067
prevalence and relative risk of cronobacter spp., salmonella spp., and listeria monocytogenes associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual filth flies.although flies are important vectors of food-borne pathogens, there is little information to accurately assess the food-related health risk of the presence of individual flies, especially in urban areas. this study quantifies the prevalence and the relative risk of food-borne pathogens associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual wild flies. one hundred flies were collected from the dumpsters of 10 randomly selected urban restaurants. flies were identified using taxonomic keys before ...201222941079
multiplex t-rflp allows for increased target number and specificity: detection of salmonella enterica and six species of listeria in a single test.a multiplex t-rflp test was developed to detect and identify salmonella enterica and all six species of listeria inoculated into milk at minimal levels. extensive in silico analysis was used to design a fifteen-primer, six-amplimer methodology and in vitro application showed target organism dna, when amplified individually, yielded the predicted terminal restriction fragments (trfs) following digestion. non-target organisms were either not-amplified or yielded trfs which did not interfere with t ...201222937073
antibacterial effect of phosphates and polyphosphates with different chain length.the aim of this study was to monitor the antibacterial effect of seven phosphate salts on selected strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which could be considered responsible for food-borne diseases (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter freundii, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa). for these purposes, phosphates differing in chain length w ...201222934995
usability and performance of chromagar stec medium in detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains.the performance and usability of chromagar stec medium (chromagar microbiology, paris, france) for routine detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains were examined. the ability of the medium to selectively propagate stec strains differing by their serotypes and virulence genes was studied with a collection of diarrheagenic e. coli isolates (n = 365) consisting of 49 different serotypes and with non-stec and other bacterial isolates (n = 264). a total of 272 diarrheagenic ...201222933601
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