Publications

immunoperoxidase inhibition assay for rabies antibody detection.	an immunoperoxidase inhibition assay (iia) for detection of rabies antibodies in human sera is described. diluted test sera are added to microplates with paraformaldehyde-fixed, cer cells infected with rabies virus. antibodies in test sera compete with a rabies polyclonal rabbit antiserum which was added subsequently. next, an anti-rabbit igg-peroxidase conjugate is added and the reaction developed by the addition of the substrate 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (aec). the performance of the assay was ...	2011	21458492
molecular characterization of indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (n) and phosphoprotein (p) genes.	rabies is endemic and an important zoonosis in india. there are very few reports available on molecular epidemiology of rabies virus of indian origin. in this study to know the dynamics of rabies virus, a total of 41 rabies positive brain samples from dogs, cats, domestic animals, wildlife, and humans from 11 states were subjected to rt-pcr amplification of n gene between nucleotide n521-n1262 (742 bp) and p gene between nucleotide p239-p750 (512 bp). the n gene could be amplified from 30, while ...	2011	21452061
high-density baiting with onrab® rabies vaccine baits to control arctic-variant rabies in striped skunks in ontario, canada.	the arctic variant of rabies virus has been maintained in striped skunks in small foci in southwestern ontario, canada, despite the control of the disease in red foxes. to control the disease in skunks, high-density baiting with onrab(®) oral rabies vaccine baits was conducted by air and by hand distribution of baits in the vicinity of skunk cases. during 2009, antibody prevalences in skunks were higher in areas baited at a density of 300 baits/km(2) and flight-line spacing of 0.25 km than at 0. ...	2011	21441200
recovery from and clearance of rabies virus in a domestic ferret.	here we document the case of a domestic ferret (mustela putorius) that survived experimental inoculation with rabies virus of skunk origin. the ferret showed initial clinical signs of rabies (hindlimb paralysis) on day 81 after inoculation. the animal survived with paraplegia but otherwise was in an adequate nutritional state until the end of the observation period (pi day 181). at necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. microscopic lesions were found in sections of cerebrum and spinal cord. i ...	2011	21439220
delivery of sirna to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes.	to realize the therapeutic potential of rna drugs, efficient, tissue-specific and nonimmunogenic delivery technologies must be developed. here we show that exosomes-endogenous nano-vesicles that transport rnas and proteins-can deliver short interfering (si)rna to the brain in mice. to reduce immunogenicity, we used self-derived dendritic cells for exosome production. targeting was achieved by engineering the dendritic cells to express lamp2b, an exosomal membrane protein, fused to the neuron-spe ...	2011	21423189
new method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin f(ab')2 fragments from crude plasma in high quality and yield.	rabies is still a major cause of human deaths in several developing countries. according to the world health organization, administration of antirabies serum or antirabies immunoglobulin is recommended for patients who have experienced a category-iii exposure to rabies. improvement of antirabies immunoglobulin production is required to enhance safety and efficacy of the products. in this paper, a new method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin f(ab')(2) fragments from crude plasma is prop ...	2011	21414404
medical microbiology	the family rhabdoviridae consists of more than 100 single-stranded, negative-sense, nonsegmented viruses that infect a wide variety of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. common to all members of the family is a distinctive rod- or bullet-shaped morphology. human pathogens of medical importance are found in the genera lyssavirus and vesiculovirus.only rabies virus, medically the most significant member of the genus lyssavirus, is reviewed in this chapter.	1996	21413354
antemortem diagnosis of human rabies in a veterinarian infected when handling a herbivore in minas gerais, brazil.	the ministry of health's national human rabies control program advocates pre-exposure prophylaxis (pep) for professionals involved with animals that are at risk of contracting rabies. we report an antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of rabies in a veterinarian who became infected when handling herbivores with rabies. the antemortem diagnosis was carried out with a saliva sample and a biopsy of hair follicles using molecular biology techniques, while the postmortem diagnosis used a brain sample a ...	2011	21412618
characterization of rabies virus isolated from a colony of eptesicus furinalis bats in brazil.	some bat species have adapted to the expanding human population by acquiring the ability to roost in urban buildings, increasing the exposure risk for people and domestic animals, and consequently, the likelihood of transmitting rabies. three dead bats were found in the yard of a house in an urban area of jundiaí city in the state of são paulo in southeast brazil. two of the three bats tested positive for rabies, using fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation techniques. a large colony of epte ...	2011	21412617
porcine teschovirus polioencephalomyelitis in western canada.	beginning in 2002, a small number of pig farms in western canada began reporting 4-7-week-old pigs with bilateral hind-end paresis or paralysis. low numbers of pigs were affected, some died, most had to be euthanized, and those that survived had reduced weight gains and neurological deficits. necropsies revealed no gross lesions, but microscopic lesions consisted of a nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis, most severe in the brain stem and spinal cord. the lesions were most consistent with a vir ...	2011	21398466
significantly improved rescue of rabies virus from cdna plasmids.	the rescue of recombinant rabies virus (rv) from cloned cdna is an inefficient process because it relies on the de novo formation within cells of functional ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes from plasmid-expressed viral-like antigenome rnas and three helper proteins. in the standard rv reverse genetics systems, bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase drives the transcription of virus antigenome-like rnas containing three nonviral g residues at the 5'-end and a correct 3'-end generated by the autocatalyt ...	2011	21397981
the importance of being short: the role of rabies virus phosphoprotein isoforms assessed by differential ires translation initiation.	the rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein p is a multifunctional protein involved in viral rna synthesis and in counteracting host innate immune responses. we have previously shown that rv p gene expression levels can be regulated by using picornavirus internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. here we exploited a particular feature of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires, namely, preferential initiation at a downstream initiation codon, to address the role of n-terminally truncated rv pho ...	2011	21397980
lyssavirus detection and typing using pyrosequencing.	rabies is a fatal zoonosis caused by a nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus, namely, rabies virus (rabv). apart from rabv, at least 10 additional species are known as rabies-related lyssaviruses (rrvs), and some of them are responsible for occasional spillovers into humans. more lyssaviruses have also been detected recently in different bat ecosystems, thanks to the application of molecular diagnostic methods. due to the variety of the members of the genus lyssavirus, there is the necessity to ...	2011	21389152
cell type-specific alterations in the nucleus accumbens by repeated exposures to cocaine.	the nucleus accumbens (nac) is a brain region critically involved in psychostimulant-induced neuroadaptations. a major proportion of nac neurons consists of medium spiny neurons (msns), commonly divided into two major subsets on the basis of their expression of d1 dopamine receptors (d1r-msns) or d2 dopamine receptors (d2r-msns). although nac msns are known to undergo extensive alterations in their characteristics upon exposure to drugs of abuse, the functional and structural changes specific to ...	2011	21377654
diagnosis and molecular characterization of rabies virus from a buffalo in china: a case report.	rabies virus (rabv) can infect many different species of warm-blooded animals. glycoprotein g plays a key role in viral pathogenicity and neurotropism, and includes antigenic domains that are responsible for membrane fusion and host cell receptor recognition.	2011	21375773
dna immunization in combination with the immunostimulant monophosphoryl lipid a.	the use of the mpl® immunostimulant, a monophosphoryl lipid a preparation derived from the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella minnesota r595, began with the studies of johnson et al. (1). it was shown that lps was a potent adjuvant for protein antigens, even if administered at a different site and a different time than the antigen (2,3). nonetheless, the toxicity of the lps precluded its usefulness as a practical adjuvant. studies by ribi and co-workers (4-6) and others (7) resulted in the a ...	2000	21374326
molecular characterization of korean rabies virus isolates.	the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) of 11 korean rabies virus (rabv) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the n gene among all korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the g gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. base ...	2011	21368564
presence of antibodies against rabies in wild boars.	serum samples of 746 shot wild boars collected throughout slovenia during the hunting season of 2005/2006 were examined for the presence of antibodies against rabies virus: 541 samples were collected in areas subjected to yearly antirabies vaccination, and 205 samples were collected in areas where preventive antirabies vaccination was not practised. using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), in 209 out of 746 sera (28%) the levels of antibodies against rabies virus were higher t ...	2011	21354950
rabies in an arctic fox on the svalbard archipelago, norway, january 2011.	we report a case of rabies in an arctic fox. in january 2011 a fox attacked dogs belonging to a meteorological station in the svalbard archipelago, norway. rabies virus was detected in the fox's brain post-mortem. the dogs had been vaccinated against rabies and their antibody levels were protective. post-exposure prophylaxis was administered to staff at the station. rabies vaccination is recommended for inhabitants and visitors to the arctic who may be in contact with wild animals.	2011	21345322
use of latex agglutination test to determine rabies antibodies in production of rabies antisera in horses.	a therapeutic anti-rabies immunoglobulin for human use has been produced mainly in horses. the presently available seroneutralization test, the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), is laborious and rather difficult to carry out in horse farms. this study was undertaken to develop a simple latex agglutination test (lat) for determining rabies antibodies in horse sera. lat was validated by testing a total of 468 horse serum samples characterized by rffit. of these, 253 of 260 samples w ...	2010	21329315
phylogeography of rabies virus isolated from dogs in brazil between 1985 and 2006.	to establish the phylogeographic relationships in rabies viruses in brazil, we studied a dataset retrieved from genbank consisting of 71 genetic sequences from the coding region of the n gene of rabies viruses isolated in dogs over a period of 22 years. the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method available in the beast package was used with the gtr+g+?4 evolutionary model in conjunction with the relaxed uncorrelated lognormal molecular clock model and an exponential growth tree prior. a discret ...	2011	21327782
determination and molecular analysis of the complete genome sequence of two wild-type rabies viruses isolated from a haematophagous bat and a frugivorous bat in brazil.	the complete genome sequences of two brazilian wild-type rabies viruses (rabv), a br-dr1 isolate from a haematophagous bat (desmodus rotundus) and a br-al1 isolate from a frugivorous bat (artibeus lituratus), were determined. the genomes of the br-dr1 and br-al1 had 11,923 and 11,922 nt, respectively, and both encoded the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. the complete nucleotide sequence identity between the br-dr1 and br-al1 isolates was 97%. the br-dr1 and br-al1 isolates had some conserve ...	2011	21301181
magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of canine virus specific antibodies.	rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus are common contagious viral diseases of dogs and many other carnivores, and pose a severe threat to the population dynamics of wild carnivores, as well as endangering carnivore conservation. however, clinical diagnosis of these diseases, especially canine distemper and canine parvovirus, is difficult because of the broad spectrum of symptoms that may be confused with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. the most frequently used and prove ...	2011	21300534
characterization of rabies virus from a human case in nepal.	rabies is endemic throughout most of asia, with the majority of human cases transmitted by domestic dogs (canis familiaris). here, we report a case of rabies in a 12-year-old girl in the lalitpur district of nepal that might have been prevented by better public awareness and timely post-exposure prophylaxis. molecular characterization of the virus showed 100% identity over a partial nucleoprotein gene sequence to previous isolates from nepal belonging to the 'arctic-like' lineage of rabies virus ...	2011	21298457
whole-genome analysis of a human rabies virus from sri lanka.	the complete genome sequence of a human rabies virus, strain h-08-1320, from sri lanka was determined and compared with other rabies viruses. the size of the genome was 11,926 nt, and it was composed of a 58-nucleotide 3' leader, five protein genes--n (1353 nt), p (894 nt), m (609 nt), g (1575 nt), and l (6387 nt)--and a 70-nt 5' trailer. the intergenic region g-l contained 515 nt. the sizes of the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix-protein, glycoprotein and large-protein was 450, 296, 202, 5 ...	2011	21298456
a non-invasive intranasal inoculation technique using isoflurane anesthesia to infect the brain of mice with rabies virus.	methods for intranasal inoculation of viruses are often described poorly and the effects of variations in the technique on the outcome are unknown. standardization of protocols is key to compare studies and minimize animal use. the clinical and virological outcome of infection with rabies virus (genotypes 1 and 5) upon administration of different inoculum volumes (25, 50 and 100µl) and different anesthetic regimens were examined. administration of 25µl of virus as a drop on both nostrils under b ...	2011	21295615
generation and characterization of the human neutralizing antibody fragment fab091 against rabies virus.	to transform the human anti-rabies virus glycoprotein (anti-rabvg) single-chain variable fragment (scfv) into a fab fragment and to analyze its immunological activity.	2011	21278782
immunogenicity and efficacy of two rabies vaccines in wild-caught, captive raccoons.	the immunogenicity and efficacy of two rabies vaccines in wild-caught, captive raccoons (procyon lotor) were investigated. raccoons were fed ontario slim (os) baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (vrg) oral rabies vaccine, or they were given an intramuscular (im) injection of imrab(®) 3 rabies vaccine. blood samples collected before treatment and from weeks 1 to 16 posttreatment were assessed for the presence of rabies virus antibody (rva). there were significantly m ...	2011	21270007
intradermal rabies vaccination: the evolution and future of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.	inactivated rabies vaccines have been used to pioneer the immunological and economical advantages of intradermal (id) administration over 35 years. vaccine shortages or its prohibitive cost stimulated studies of various doses, frequency and sites of injection. an economical regimen for pre-exposure prophylaxis requires one-tenth of an intramuscular dose, but the early popularity of the method has been stifled by pharmaceutical regulations. there has also been reluctance to use multiple-site post ...	2011	21267707
in situ apoptosis of adaptive immune cells and the cellular escape of rabies virus in cns from patients with human rabies transmitted by desmodus rotundus.	the aim of the current study was to investigate the apoptosis of neurons, astrocytes and immune cells from human patients that were infected with rabies virus by vampire bats bite. apoptotic neurons were identified by their morphology and immune cells were identified using double immunostaining. there were very few apoptotic neurons present in infected tissue samples, but there was an increase of apoptotic infiltrating cd4+ and tcd8+ adaptive immune cells in the rabies infected tissue. no apopto ...	2011	21255623
proprioceptive pathways to posterior parietal areas mip and lipv from the dorsal column nuclei and the postcentral somatosensory cortex.	the posterior parietal cortex (ppc) serves as an interface between sensory and motor cortices by integrating multisensory signals with motor-related information. sensorimotor transformation of somatosensory signals is crucial for the generation and updating of body representations and movement plans. using retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus in combination with a conventional tracer, we identified direct and polysynaptic somatosensory pathways to two posterior parietal areas, the v ...	2011	21226771
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus in mice.	a pseudotype baculovirus with the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g) on the envelope was used as a vector for the construction of recombinant baculovirus expressing the g protein of rabies virus (rabv) under the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. the generated recombinant baculovirus (bv-g) efficiently expressed the rabv g proteins in mammalian cells. intramuscular vaccination with bv-g (10(9) pfu/mouse) induced the production of rabv g-specific neutralizing antibodies and strong t ...	2011	21221673
molecular docking studies with rabies virus glycoprotein to design viral therapeutics.	the genome of rabies virus encodes five proteins; the nucleoprotein, the phosphoprotein, the matrix protein, the glycoprotein, and the rna-dependent rna polymerase. among these, the glycoprotein is the most important as it is the major contributor to pathogenicity and virus neutralizing antibody response. keeping in mind that glycoprotein is the only protein exposed on the surface of virus and is thought to be responsible for the interaction with the cell membrane, it was attempted to target gly ...	2010	21218060
major histocompatibility complex diversity in the endangered ethiopian wolf (canis simensis).	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) influences immune response to infection and vaccination. in most species, mhc genes are highly polymorphic, but few wild canid populations have been investigated. in ethiopian wolves, we identified four dla (dog leucocyte antigen)-drb1, two dla-dqa1 and five dqb1 alleles. ethiopian wolves, the world's rarest canids with fewer than 500 animals worldwide, are further endangered and threatened by rabies. major rabies outbreaks in the bale mountains of sout ...	2011	21214524
evolutionary dynamics of rabies viruses highlights the importance of china rabies transmission in asia.	rabies in asia is emerging as a serious public health issue. to explore the possible origin, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary dynamics of asian rabies viruses (rabv), we examined 200 complete nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences from rabv isolates in the region. phylogeny supported the classification of asian rabvs into five distinct clusters in lyssavirus genotype 1. our geospatial and temporal analyses demonstrated that china appears to be the prime source of asian rabvs. understanding ...	2010	21195445
cortical representations of olfactory input by trans-synaptic tracing.	in the mouse, each class of olfactory receptor neurons expressing a given odorant receptor has convergent axonal projections to two specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, thereby creating an odour map. however, it is unclear how this map is represented in the olfactory cortex. here we combine rabies-virus-dependent retrograde mono-trans-synaptic labelling with genetics to control the location, number and type of 'starter' cortical neurons, from which we trace their presynaptic neurons. we fin ...	2010	21179085
a recombinant rabies virus expressing luciferase.	a recombinant rabies virus (rv) expressing firefly luciferase (rrv-luc) was generated by an improved reverse genetics system. its biological properties were compared with those of the parental rv. the rrv-luc grew in bhk-21 cells similarly to rv, but its virulence for mice was weaker as shown by the lower infectious titers in brain. rising infectious titers of rrv-luc during its passaging in bhk-21 cells indicated a virus adaptation, while the luciferase (luc) expression was stable. these result ...	2010	21175249
spatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit.	spatial asymmetries in neural connectivity have an important role in creating basic building blocks of neuronal processing. a key circuit module of directionally selective (ds) retinal ganglion cells is a spatially asymmetric inhibitory input from starburst amacrine cells. it is not known how and when this circuit asymmetry is established during development. here we photostimulate mouse starburst cells targeted with channelrhodopsin-2 (refs 6-8) while recording from a single genetically labelled ...	2010	21170022
[study on the status of infection and distribution of rabies virus in china.]	objective: to investigate the status of infection and distribution of rabies virus (rv) in different epidemic areas in china. methods: brain specimens from animals and suspected patients were collected at the districts of high-, medium- and low incidence rates of human rabies and detected by both direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) and rt-pcr. results: 254 of 3007 specimens of dog brains showed rv positive by dfa (positive rate of 8.4%). among these 254 samples, 78 showed positive (positive ra ...	2010	21163029
behavior of wild-type and transfected s2 cells cultured in two different media.	an animal protein-free medium composed of ipl-41 containing 6 g l(-1) yeastolate ultrafiltrate, 10 g l(-1) glucose, 2 g l(-1) lactose, 5 g l(-1) glutamine, 1% lipid emulsion, and 0.1% pluronic f-68 was used for producing recombinant proteins in batch mode employing two cell lines, s2acrvgp2k expressing the g glycoprotein from rabies virus (rvgp) and s2achbsaghy-9c expressing the surface antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbsag), both obtained from drosophila melanogaster s2 cells. growth of wild-type ...	2010	21161610
more accurate insight into the incidence of human rabies in developing countries through validated laboratory techniques.		2010	21152054
transgenic targeting of recombinant rabies virus reveals monosynaptic connectivity of specific neurons.	understanding how neural circuits work requires a detailed knowledge of cellular-level connectivity. our current understanding of neural circuitry is limited by the constraints of existing tools for transsynaptic tracing. some of the most intractable problems are a lack of cellular specificity of uptake, transport across multiple synaptic steps conflating direct and indirect inputs, and poor labeling of minor inputs. we used a novel combination of transgenic mouse technology and a recently devel ...	2010	21147990
emerging tropical diseases in australia. part 3. australian bat lyssavirus.	since its discovery in a juvenile black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in 1996, australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) has become the cause of a potentially important emerging disease for health authorities in australia, with two human deaths (one in 1996 and one in 1998) attributed to the virus in the north-eastern state of queensland. in australia, the virus has been isolated from all four species of flying fox found on the mainland (i.e. p. alecto, p. scapulatus, p. poliocephalus and p. conspicillatu ...	2010	21144181
canine adenoviruses elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against rabies following immunisation of sheep.	safe and efficient vaccination is important for rabies prevention in domestic animals. replicative vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, derived from canine adenovirus have been reported to be promising vaccines in various animal models. in this paper we compare the potential of a replicative and a non-replicative vector, both based on canine adenovirus type 2 and expressing the rabies glycoprotein. upon inoculation in sheep, immune responses against the rabies virus protein elicited ...	2010	21134446
rabies virus rna in naturally infected vampire bats, northeastern brazil.		2010	21122246
comparison of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, conventional pcr and real-time pcr assays for japanese encephalitis virus.	we developed and evaluated a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting japanese encephalitis virus (jev). the sensitivity of the jev rt-lamp assay was in concordance with that of real-time rt-pcr and 10-fold more sensitive than that of conventional rt-pcr, which the detection limit was 24 copies/μl. the jev rt-lamp was highly specific, which no cross-reactivity was found with dengue-2 virus, rabies virus, norovirus, astrovirus and human enteroviru ...	2010	21116858
lyssaviruses: special emphasis on rabies virus and other members of the lyssavirus genus.	rabies is routinely diagnosed based on the clinical description and history of exposure in a rabies-endemic country. a negative diagnostic test for rabies virus or a related lyssavirus does not exclude the clinical diagnosis. diagnostic tests are never optimal and are entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. often, only a sample from a single time point is investigated reducing the overall sensitivity of any diagnosis. with the advent of molecular biology, tests have ...	2011	21116807
monosynaptic circuit tracing in vivo through cre-dependent targeting and complementation of modified rabies virus.	we describe a powerful system for revealing the direct monosynaptic inputs to specific cell types in cre-expressing transgenic mice through the use of cre-dependent helper virus and a modified rabies virus. we generated helper viruses that target gene expression to cre-expressing cells, allowing us to control initial rabies virus infection and subsequent monosynaptic retrograde spread. investigators can use this system to elucidate the connections onto a desired cell type in a high-throughput ma ...	2010	21115815
[the comparison of the who standard rabies immunoglobulin and the national standard human rabies immunoglobulin used in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit)].	compare the difference of the results referred to the who standard rabies immunoglobulin and the national standard human rabies immunoglobulin used in the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit).	2010	21110422
[analysis of human rabies high-occurrence factors in guangxi from 2004 to 2008].	analysis the epidemiological characteristics on rabies cases occurred in guangxi from 2004 to 2008 and summarize the result of healthy-dog infection rabies virus investigation from 2006 to 2008. exploring the high-occurrence and correlated factors on rabies in guangxi.	2010	21110421
[virus detection and viral location in brain tissue of sulking mice infected recombinant rabies virus by frozen section].	to observe the existence and location of the recombinant rabies virus in the hippocampus of the sulking mice infected recombinant rabies virus.	2010	21110420
[molecular epidemiology investigation of rabies virus nucleoprotein genes in china].	to study the relationship between the distribution of rabies virus and genetic variation, the genetic characterization and variation of rabies virus strains in china were analyzed.	2010	21110419
rabies virus strains circulating in bhutan: implications for control.	summarywe report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (rabv) strains circulating in animal populations in bhutan, and investigate potential origins of these viruses. twenty-three rabv isolates originating from dogs and other domestic animals were characterized by sequencing the partial nucleoprotein (n) gene (395 bp). phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the bhutanese isolates were compared with rabies viruses originating from other parts of the world. phylogenetic analysis showe ...	2010	21108870
rabies virus expressing dendritic cell-activating molecules enhances the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccination.	our previous studies indicated that recruitment and/or activation of dendritic cells (dcs) is important in enhancing the protective immune responses against rabies virus (rabv) (l. zhao, h. toriumi, h. wang, y. kuang, x. guo, k. morimoto, and z. f. fu, j. virol. 84:9642-9648). to address the importance of dc activation for rabv vaccine efficacy, the genes for several dc recruitment and/or activation molecules, e.g., granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), macrophage-derived ch ...	2010	21106736
a reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus in the blood of infected cattle.	a novel reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was developed and evaluated in this study. the rt-lamp assay exhibited higher sensitivity when compared with conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and virus isolation methods. the specificity of the assay was determined by digestion of the rt-lamp products with restriction enzyme and detection of befv serogroup rabies virus ...	2010	21093487
genetic dissection of interferon-antagonistic functions of rabies virus phosphoprotein: inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 activation is important for pathogenicity.	the rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein (p) is a type i interferon (ifn) antagonist preventing both transcriptional induction of ifn and ifn-mediated jak/stat signaling. in addition, p is an essential cofactor of the viral polymerase and is required for encapsidation of viral rna into nucleoprotein during replication. by site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified a domain of p required for efficient inhibition of ifn induction. phosphoproteins lacking amino acids (aa) 176 to 181, 182 to 186, or ...	2010	21084487
emerging topics and new perspectives on hla-g.	following the fifth international conference on non-classical hla-g antigens (hla-g), held in paris in july 2009, we selected some topics which focus on emerging aspects in the setting of hla-g functions. in particular, hla-g molecules could play a role in: (1) various inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal, skin and rheumatic diseases, and asthma, where they may act as immunoregulatory factors; (2) the mechanisms to escape immune surveilla ...	2010	21080027
origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to rostrocaudally distinct sectors of the dorsal premotor area in macaques.	we examined the organization of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia (bg) to the dorsal premotor area in macaques. after injection of the rabies virus into the rostral sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (f2r) and the caudal sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (f2c), second-order neuron labeling occurred in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (gpi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr). labeled gpi neurons were found in the cau ...	2010	21070393
rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein expression levels are not critical for pathogenicity of rv.	previous comparisons of different rabies virus (rv) strains suggested an inverse relationship between pathogenicity and the amount of glycoprotein produced in infected cells. in order to provide more insight into this relationship, we pursued an experimental approach that allowed us to alter the glycoprotein expression level without altering the glycoprotein sequence, thereby eliminating the contribution of amino acid changes to differences in viral virulence. to this end, we constructed an infe ...	2010	21068252
phylodynamics and human-mediated dispersal of a zoonotic virus.	understanding the role of humans in the dispersal of predominantly animal pathogens is essential for their control. we used newly developed bayesian phylogeographic methods to unravel the dynamics and determinants of the spread of dog rabies virus (rabv) in north africa. each of the countries studied exhibited largely disconnected spatial dynamics with major geopolitical boundaries acting as barriers to gene flow. road distances proved to be better predictors of the movement of dog rabv than acc ...	2010	21060816
epidemiology of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus in goiás, central brazil: re-evaluation based on g-l intergenic region.	abstract:	2010	21059233
pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice.	this study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. for evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (im) with 500micld₅₀/0.03 ml of the viruses. the cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (ic) route. isolates were fully pathogenic when ...	2010	21049225
isolation and characterization of novel human monoclonal antibodies possessing neutralizing ability against rabies virus.	rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis which is transmitted by exposure to the bite of rabid animals. human and equine rabies immunoglobulins are indispensable pharmacological agents for severe bite exposure, as is vaccine. however, several disadvantages, including limited supply, adverse reactions, and high cost, hamper their wide application in developing countries. in the present study, two novel humabs which neutralize rabies virus were established from vaccinated hyperimmune volunteers using ...	2010	21044141
[expression and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein in baculovirus].	to construct a recombinant expression plasmid bacmid-n containing the n gene of rabies virus, the n gene of rv cvs-11 strain was cloned into the baculovirus shuttle vector (bacmid). recombinant baculovirus acmnpv-n (p1 viral stock) was obtained by transfecting the bacmid-n into the insect cell line of sf9. the expressed nucleoprotein was identified and analysised by elisa, fa, sds-page and western blot assays. the results showed that the np protein was expressed intracellularly and had a good an ...	2010	21043133
[construction and rescue of rabies virus mutant strain srv9].	to construct a rabies virus mutant, the psi region was replaced by the coding region of human cytochrome c gene, and the coding region for cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein g was deleted in the full-length of genomic cdna of rabies virus strain srv9. the mutant plasmid and the plasmids with n, p, l and g structural proteins of wild type srv9 were co-transfected into bhk-21 cells. it was shown by ifa that there were many specific fluorescence in the bhk-21 cells, and typical rabies virus virions ...	2010	21043132
monosynaptic rabies virus reveals premotor network organization and synaptic specificity of cholinergic partition cells.	movement is the behavioral output of neuronal activity in the spinal cord. motor neurons are grouped into motor neuron pools, the functional units innervating individual muscles. here we establish an anatomical rabies virus-based connectivity assay in early postnatal mice. we employ it to study the connectivity scheme of premotor neurons, the neuronal cohorts monosynaptically connected to motor neurons, unveiling three aspects of organization. first, motor neuron pools are connected to segmental ...	2010	21040847
epidemiology of human rabies in south africa, 1983-2007.	rabies remains a global public health problem but increasingly so in the developing world. given a lack of awareness, priority and diagnostic capability, very few developing countries, especially in africa, report on laboratory confirmed human rabies cases. here we present a retrospective study on the epidemiology of human rabies in republic of south africa for a 25-year period, 1983-2007, based on laboratory confirmed cases. the study highlights the role of the domestic dog as a reservoir and v ...	2010	21036195
[dissociation of park-williams culture no. 8 and toxin-formation].		1945	21027474
[not available].		1945	21015137
[not available].		1945	21008785
propagation of rabies virus in tissue culture.		1945	21004041
immunological differences between the pasteur fixed-virus strains and the venezuelan paralytic rabies strains.		1946	20995889
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from dogs in tunisia: evidence of two phylogenetic variants.	in an attempt to explain temporal and geographical rabies incidence fluctuations in tunisia, a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (rv) was carried out. a panel of rv isolates from dogs, collected between 1992 and 2003, from different regions in tunisia have been analysed by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products coding for the nucleoprotein gene. new sequences have been compared to prototype sequences of lyssavirus species and nine lineages of species 1. all tunisian isolates b ...	2010	20970468
a comparative study of rabies virus isolates from hematophagous bats in brazil.	the brazilian chiropteran fauna consists of 167 species; of which, three are hematophagous: the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus), the white-winged vampire bat (diaemus youngi), and the hairy-legged vampire bat (diphylla ecaudata). the aim of this study was to describe the isolation of rabies virus from common and hairy-legged vampire bats and to report the first comparative antigenic and genetic studies of isolates from these bats. antigenic and genetic typing of both isolates identified t ...	2010	20966291
detection of rabies virus antibodies in brazilian free-ranging wild carnivores.	rabies virus is a pathogen of major concern in free-ranging wild carnivores in several regions of the world, but little is known about its circulation in brazilian wild carnivores. sera from 211 free-ranging wild carnivores, captured from 2000 to 2006 in four locations of two brazilian biomes (pantanal and cerrado), were tested for rabies antibodies. twenty-six individuals (12.3%) had neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.10 iu/ml. the four sampled locations had antibody-positive animals, suggesting t ...	2010	20966286
loop 2 of ophiophagus hannah toxin b binds with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and enhances intracranial drug delivery.	three-finger snake neurotoxins have been widely investigated for their high binding affinities with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), which are widely expressed in the central nervous system including the blood-brain barrier and thus mediate intracranial drug delivery. the loop 2 segments of three-finger snake neurotoxins are considered as the binding domain with nachrs, and thus, they may have the potential to enhance drug or drug delivery system intracranial transport. in the present ...	2010	20964364
a lentiviral strategy for highly efficient retrograde gene transfer by pseudotyping with fusion envelope glycoprotein.	the lentiviral vector system based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is used extensively in gene therapy trials of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. retrograde axonal transport of viral vectors offers a great advantage to the delivery of genes into neuronal cell bodies that are situated in regions distant from the injection site. pseudotyping of hiv-1-based vectors with selective variants of rabies virus glycoprotein (rv-g) increases gene transfer via retrograde transport ...	2011	20954846
virus neutralising activity of african fruit bat (eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses.	it is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. we adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (pna) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for lagos bat virus (lbv), mokola virus (mokv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv) in a potential reservoir, the african straw-coloured fruit bat, eidolon helvum. highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex pnas using ptlbv and ptmokv (r=0.97, p<0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveilla ...	2010	20951400
[the use of passive rabies immunotherapy: from the past to the future].	rabies is a fatal disease transmitted by infected animals by bite, scratch, licking on broken skin or contamination of mucosis by saliva. the regimen of post-exposure prophylaxis for people not previously vaccinated, that is currently recommended by who, consists of a combination of wound cleaning, active immunization and passive immunization when the exposure is of category 3. most of the products available on the market, in particular human rabies immunoglobulins, highly purified equine rabies ...	2010	20950578
utility of human embryonic kidney cell line hek-293 for rapid isolation of fixed and street rabies viruses: comparison with neuro-2a and bhk-21 cell lines.	a confirmatory rabies diagnosis can be achieved by rapid virus isolation in cell culture using brain tissue from the suspect animal. several cell lines have been used for this purpose and the murine neuroblastoma cell line neuro-2a has been found to be the most sensitive. the human embryonic kidney cell line hek-293 is known to express several neuronal proteins and is believed to be of neuronal origin. we hypothesized that this cell line could be susceptible to rabies virus, which is highly neur ...	2010	20947403
targeted delivery of large fusion protein into hippocampal neurons by systemic administration.	targeted delivery of proteins into the hippocampus has not yet been achieved. here, we show that systemic administration of the β-galactosidase, fused to a 43-amino-acid peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg), results in targeted delivery of the fusion protein into the hippocampal neurons. this approach may enable the development of protein therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, such as alzheimer's disease. this result may open new possibilities in using neurotropic virus glycopro ...	2010	20932231
evolutionary history of dog rabies in brazil.	although dogs are considered to be the principal transmitter of rabies in brazil, dog rabies had never been recorded in south america before european colonization. in order to investigate the evolutionary history of dog rabies virus (rabv) in brazil, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of carnivore rabv isolates from around the world and estimated the divergence times for dog rabv in brazil. our estimate for the time of introduction of dog rabv into brazil was the late-19th to early-20th centur ...	2010	20926638
molecular studies of influenza b virus in the reverse genetics era.	recovery of an infectious virus of defined genetic structure entirely from cdna and the deduction of information about the virus resulting from phenotypic characterization of the mutant is the process of reverse genetics. this approach has been possible for a number of negative-strand rna viruses since the recovery of rabies virus in 1994. however, the recovery of recombinant orthomyxoviruses posed a greater challenge due to the segmented nature of the genome. it was not until 1999 that such a s ...	2010	20926635
mhc class ii drb diversity in raccoons (procyon lotor) reveals associations with raccoon rabies virus (lyssavirus).	in north america, the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) is an endemic wildlife disease which causes acute encephalopathies and is a strong selective force on raccoons (procyon lotor), with estimates of ∼85% of the population succumbing to the disease when epizootic. rrv is regarded as a lethal disease if untreated; therefore, no evolutionary response would be expected of raccoon populations. however, variable immune responses to rrv have been observed in raccoons indicating a potential for evolutionary ...	2010	20924575
experimental rabies vaccines for humans.	rabies remains a global public health threat that kills more than 55,000 people per year. rabies disproportionately affects children and, therefore, is ranked the seventh most important infectious disease due to years lost. prevention of human rabies is accomplished by controlling rabies in domestic and wild animals, including the use of vaccination programs. the usefulness of human rabies vaccines is hampered by high cost, complicated vaccination regimens and lack of compliance, especially in a ...	2010	20923268
[production and evaluation of an antiserum for immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus in aldehyde fixed brain tissues].	the standard procedure for rabies diagnosis requires fresh samples of infected brain to be analyzed by two techniques, direct immunofluorescence and inoculation in mice. rabies-infected, aldehyde-fixed brain tissues can be examined by immunohistochemistry, but the required commercial antibodies are scarce and expensive.	2010	20890559
human rabies---virginia, 2009.	on october 28, 2009, cdc notified the virginia department of health (vdh) of suspected rabies in a virginia man aged 42 years. earlier that day, an infectious disease physician in virginia had contacted cdc requesting confirmatory diagnostic testing and reported initiating treatment with the milwaukee protocol after consultation with staff at the medical college of wisconsin. this report summarizes the patient's exposure history, clinical course, and treatment, and describes efforts to identify ...	2010	20881935
amino acids at positions 273 and 394 in rabies virus nucleoprotein are important for both evasion of host rig-i-mediated antiviral response and pathogenicity.	we previously reported that nucleoprotein (n) is related to the different pathogenicities of the virulent rabies virus strain nishigahara (ni) and avirulent strain ni-ce and also that ni n, but not ni-ce n, functions to evade retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-mediated innate immunity. there are three amino acid differences between ni and ni-ce n (at positions 273, 394 and 395), indicating that one of these mutations or a combination of mutations is important for the pathogenicity and evasio ...	2010	20875468
immunogenicity, safety and tolerance of a purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev, vaxirab) for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: results of a multicentric study in india.	rabies continues to be a major public health problem in india. nearly 17 million people are getting exposed to this disease every year. therefore the need for effective post-exposure prophylaxis with safe and potent modern rabies vaccines continues to exist. purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev) was introduced in this country to meet the ever increasing need for modern rabies vaccines. in this study we have assessed the safety, imunogenicity and tolerance of an indigenously manufactured pdev in pe ...	2010	20861692
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in mongolia, 2005-2008.	the objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of rabies virus (rabv) in mongolia based on the nucleotide sequences of viral n gene. a total of 24 rabies-positive samples from seven different domestic and wild animal species collected in western and central mongolia between 2005 and 2008 were examined for their n gene sequences. the results showed that the endemic mongolian rabvs could be divided into two different groups closely related to the steppe-type and arctic-like vir ...	2010	20859006
ascending multisynaptic pathways from the trigeminal ganglion to the anterior cingulate cortex.	by means of retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus, ascending multisynaptic pathways from the trigeminal ganglion (tg) to the anterior cingulate cortex (acc) were identified in the rat. after rabies injection into an electrophysiologically defined trigeminal projection region of the acc, transsynaptic labeling of second-order neurons via the medial thalamus (including the parafascicular nucleus) was located in the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis. third-order neuron labeling o ...	2011	20854814
survival after transplantation of corneas from a rabies-infected donor.	to examine the tissue samples of 2 corneal recipients from a rabies-infected donor for the presence of rabies to explain their survival.	2011	20847660
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2009.	during 2009, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 2.2% decrease from the 6,841 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2008. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,327 (34.8%) raccoons, 1,625 (24.3%) bats, 1,603 (24.0%) skunks, 504 (75%) foxes, 300 (4.5%) cats, 81 (1.2%) dogs, and 74 (1.1%) cattle. compared with 2008, numbers of rabid ...	2010	20839985
a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detecting rabies virus antibody.	an immunochromatographic test strip (icts) for detecting antibodies to rabies virus was developed, using colloidal gold particles labeled with rabies virus glycoprotein as the tracer. the assay was evaluated using sera from dogs immunized with various commercial rabies vaccines, or from dogs in the clinics and sera from dogs immunized with vaccines against pathogens other than rabies virus, and negative sera from a wide variety of animal sources, including dogs, mice, and cats which had never be ...	2010	20837065
[the development of neutralizing human antibodies against rabies virus].	a combinatorial human fab library to the rabies virus was constructed using antibody genes derived from the blood of vaccinated donors. the library were panned and selected on purified rabies virus particles of ag or ctn strain with phage display. eleven unique human fab antibodies specific for the rabies virus glycoprotein were obtained by elisa, ifa and dna sequences analysis of these antibodies. among these fab antibodies, five human fab antibodies were converted to full-length human igg anti ...	2010	20836379
selective viral vector transduction of erbb4 expressing cortical interneurons in vivo with a viral receptor-ligand bridge protein.	both treatment of disease and basic studies of complex tissues can benefit from directing viral vector infection to specific cell types. we have used a unique cell targeting method to direct viral vector transduction to cerebral cortical neurons expressing the neuregulin (nrg) receptor erbb4; both nrg and erbb4 have been implicated in schizophrenia, and erbb4 expression in cerebral cortex is known to be restricted to inhibitory neurons. we find that a bridge protein composed of the avian viral r ...	2010	20823240
rabies and african bat lyssavirus encephalitis and its prevention.	unlike any other human infection, encephalitis caused by dog rabies virus is always fatal. rabies and other lyssaviruses have been found in unexpected places, and human disease, especially paralytic rabies, has gone unrecognised. evidence is emerging that rabies-related bat lyssaviruses are enzootic across europe, africa, asia and australia, but none has been detected in the americas. the epidemiology and origins of african lyssaviruses are discussed. ideal rabies prophylaxis (pre-exposure immun ...	2010	20801003
targeting single neuronal networks for gene expression and cell labeling in vivo.	to understand fine-scale structure and function of single mammalian neuronal networks, we developed and validated a strategy to genetically target and trace monosynaptic inputs to a single neuron in vitro and in vivo. the strategy independently targets a neuron and its presynaptic network for specific gene expression and fine-scale labeling, using single-cell electroporation of dna to target infection and monosynaptic retrograde spread of a genetically modifiable rabies virus. the technique is h ...	2010	20797534
improved safety for molecular diagnosis of classical rabies viruses by use of a taqman real-time reverse transcription-pcr "double check" strategy.	to improve the diagnosis of classical rabies virus with molecular methods, a validated, ready-to-use, real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay was developed. in a first step, primers and 6-carboxyfluorescien-labeled taqman probes specific for rabies virus were selected from the consensus sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of 203 different rabies virus sequences derived from genbank. the selected primer-probe combination was highly specific and sensitive. during validation using a sampl ...	2010	20739489
[the primary closure approach of dog bite injuries of the nose].	biting of humans by domestic animals, especially by dogs, is common injury which causes suffering and pain, might be a cause of disability or even death. it is associated with high risk of bacterial infection of the wounds or even transfection of rabies virus. bites are usually to the upper and lower limbs, while the face is third in a raw localization of bites. within the face, the nose and lips are injured the most often. the goal of this paper is presentation selected methods and obtained res ...	2010	20731205