Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| data from 11 years of molecular typing infectious bronchitis virus field isolates. | in 1993, a new molecular typing method for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was introduced. this method uses reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the spike gene to obtain rflp patterns that correlate with serotype. using that test at the poultry diagnostic and research center (pdrc, university of georgia, athens, ga), we have identified a total of 1523 ibv isolates in the past 11 yr. the data were obtained from ... | 2005 | 16405010 |
| effect of ibv-h120 vaccination in broilers on colibacillosis susceptibility after infection with a virulent massachusetts-type ibv strain. | vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) is aimed to protect against clinical ib. the question is, however, whether vaccinated birds are also protected against predisposure for colibacillosis after a subsequent ibv infection. we examined this research question in four experiments. one-day-old commercial broilers, housed in isolators, were vaccinated with ib vaccine strain h120 by coarse spray or ocularly. twenty-eight days after vaccination, broilers were challenged with the virulent ibv s ... | 2005 | 16404996 |
| molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in colombia during 2003. | sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were recovered from broilers and layers from five geographic poultry regions in colombia. the viruses were isolated from tracheas, lungs, and cecal tonsils of birds, previously vaccinated with the massachusetts strain, that were showing respiratory signs. further analysis of the ibv isolates was achieved by phylogenetic analysis comparing their deduced amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region 1 of the s1 gene with reference strains. four ... | 2005 | 16404989 |
| genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004. | twenty-six avian infectious bronchitis (ib) viruses (ibv) were isolated from outbreaks in chickens in china between 1995 and 2004. they were characterized by comparison with twenty-six chinese reference strains and five other ibv strains. chinese ibvs, which were mainly nephropathogenic, were placed into seven genotypes. fourteen chinese ibv isolates were placed in genotype i, having small evolutionary distances from each other. genotype ii included 6 strains that were isolated in the 1990s in c ... | 2006 | 16397751 |
| neither the rna nor the proteins of open reading frames 3a and 3b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus are essential for replication. | gene 3 of infectious bronchitis virus is tricistronic; open reading frames (orfs) 3a and 3b encode two small nonstructural (ns) proteins, 3a and 3b, of unknown function, and a third, structural protein e, is encoded by orf 3c. to determine if either the 3a or the 3b protein is required for replication, we first modified their translation initiation codons to prevent translation of the 3a and 3b proteins from recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses (ribvs). replication in primary chick kidney ( ... | 2006 | 16352554 |
| the nucleocapsid protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus: crystal structure of its n-terminal domain and multimerization properties. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein packages viral genomic rna into a ribonucleoprotein complex. interactions between n proteins and rna are thus crucial for the assembly of infectious virus particles. the 45 kda recombinant nucleocapsid n protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is highly sensitive to proteolysis. we obtained a stable fragment of 14.7 kda spanning its n-terminal residues 29-160 (ibv-n29-160). like the n-terminal rna binding domain (sars-n45-181) of the seve ... | 2005 | 16338414 |
| rapid detection and characterisation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from new zealand using rt-pcr and sequence analysis. | to develop a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to detect infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from commercially-raised poultry in new zealand and compare results with those from virus isolation. to characterise the ibv isolates using sequence analysis. | 2005 | 16317448 |
| development of a quantitative light cycler real-time rt-pcr for detection of avian reovirus. | a robust, ultrasensitive, and accurate quantitative assay was developed for avian reovirus (arv) with the light cycler sybr green-based real-time reverse transcription-pcr (real-time lc rt-pcr). the assay exhibited high specificity as all negative controls and other avian pathogens, such as newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and mycoplasma synovia (ms), failed to show any positive detection. a min ... | 2006 | 16300834 |
| differential localization and turnover of infectious bronchitis virus 3b protein in mammalian versus avian cells. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) 3b protein is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it is important for infection. a previous report (virology 2003, 311:16-27) indicated that transfected ibv 3b localized to the nucleus in mammalian cells using a vaccinia-virus expression system. although we confirmed these findings, we observed cytoplasmic localization of ibv 3b with apparent exclusion from the nucleus in avian cells (ibv normally infects chickens). ibv 3b was virtually ... | 2006 | 16298409 |
| reproduction of proventriculitis in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens. | proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. one-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) antibody positive commercial broilers and 1-day-old antibody negative specific-pathogen-free (spf) broilers were orally gavaged with proventricular homogenates produced from the proventriculi of broilers with proventriculitis. at 7 and 14 days, both commercial and spf broilers had enlargement of the proventriculus wit ... | 2005 | 16252487 |
| development of attenuated vaccines from taiwanese infectious bronchitis virus strains. | due to variations in serotypes among different strains of avian infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), vaccination of chicks with imported vaccines fails to protect them from ibv infections in taiwan. therefore, we develop attenuated vaccines from local strains in taiwan. a taiwan group i (tw i) strain was passaged 74 times through specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs, and then tested in spf chickens. the attenuated vaccine was not pathogenic in 1-week-old chicks, had a neutraliza ... | 2006 | 16239054 |
| contribution of trafficking signals in the cytoplasmic tail of the infectious bronchitis virus spike protein to virus infection. | coronavirus spike (s) proteins are responsible for binding and fusion with target cells and thus play an essential role in virus infection. recently, we identified a dilysine endoplasmic reticulum (er) retrieval signal and a tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the s protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). here, an infectious cdna clone of ibv was used to address the importance of the s protein trafficking signals to virus infection. we constructed infectious cdna c ... | 2005 | 16227244 |
| detection of infectious bronchitis virus and specific anti- viral antibodies using a concanavalin a-sandwich-elisa. | concanavalin a-sandwich elisa (con a-s-elisa) was developed for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) or chicken specific anti-viral antibodies. the antigen detection limit for the con a-s-elisa was 10(5,1) eid(50)/ml. three homologous and four heterologous ibv strains were similarly detected. this assay was highly effective in detecting the virus after infected tissue homogenates were passed once in embryonated chicken eggs, showing a good agreement with virus isolation technique. ... | 2005 | 16212536 |
| a comparison of methods of inducing lachrymation and tear collection in chickens for detection of virus-specific immuoglobulins after infection with infectious bronchitis virus. | four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were infected with virulent infectious bronchitis virus massachusetts strain m41 via the ocular-nasal route. at weekly intervals up to 3 weeks post-infection, excess lachrymation was induced either by placing sodium chloride (salt) crystals on the eyes or by intramuscular injection of carbachol. tears were collected using micropipettes or on filter paper. levels of virus-specific immunoglobulin (ig)a and igg were similar, irrespective of the method o ... | 2005 | 16191709 |
| s1 gene characteristics and efficacy of vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from the united states and israel (1996 to 2000). | the s1 genes of isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from commercial chickens in the us and israel (20 isolates from each country) were studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. partial sequences spanning the amino terminus region of s1 from amino acid residues 48 to 219, based on the beaudette strain, were used for analysis. phylogenetic clustering and high-sequence identity values were used ... | 2005 | 16191702 |
| evaluation of serum- and animal protein-free media for the production of infectious bronchitis virus (m41) strain in a continuous cell line. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is produced in vitro using specific pathogen free chicken embryos, primary chicken kidney cells (ckc) and/or tracheal organ culture (toc). regulatory authorities in europe (emea) and in the united states (fda) have encouraged biological manufactures to reduce or eliminate the use of live animals and/or products of animal origin in biological manufacturing processes. in this paper, a stable chicken embryo-related (cer) cell line was adapted and maintained in seru ... | 2005 | 16186991 |
| genetic variation in major histocompatibility complex class i alpha2 gene among broilers divergently selected for high or low early antibody response to escherichia coli. | the mhc genes have a profound effect on animal abilities to respond to specific antigens because they play a role in presenting foreign antigens to t cells during the course of the humoral or cellular immune response. in the current study, polymorphism in the mhc class i alpha2 domain was compared in 2 lines divergently selected for high (hh) or low (ll) antibody response to escherichia coli vaccine. these lines also differ markedly in their antibody response to natural e. coli exposure and to v ... | 2005 | 16156203 |
| differential detection of turkey coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and bovine coronavirus by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | the objective of the present study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for differential detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv), and bovine coronavirus (bcov). primers were designed from conserved or variable regions of nucleocapsid (n) or spike (s) protein gene among tcov, ibv, and bcov and used in the same pcr reaction. reverse transcription followed by the pcr reaction was used to amplify a portion of n or s gene of the cor ... | 2006 | 16137773 |
| selection of and recombination between minor variants lead to the adaptation of an avian coronavirus to primate cells. | an interesting question posed by the current evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus may be originated from an animal coronavirus is how such an animal coronavirus breaks the host species barrier and becomes zoonotic. in this report, we study the chronological order of genotypic changes in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) during its adaptation to a primate cell line. adaptation of the beaudette strain of ibv from chicken embryo to vero ... | 2005 | 16137658 |
| development of a one-step strip test for the diagnosis of chicken infectious bursal disease. | a rapid diagnostic strip for chicken infectious bursal disease (ibd) was developed based on membrane chromatography using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies directed to chicken infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). the diagnostic strip has high specificity for detection of chicken ibdv antigen and recognizes a variety of the virus isolates, including virulent and attenuated strains, with no cross-reactivity to other viruses, such as newcastle disease virus, marek's disease virus, infectious b ... | 2005 | 16094819 |
| an atypical rna pseudoknot stimulator and an upstream attenuation signal for -1 ribosomal frameshifting of sars coronavirus. | the -1 ribosomal frameshifting requires the existence of an in cis rna slippery sequence and is promoted by a downstream stimulator rna. an atypical rna pseudoknot with an extra stem formed by complementary sequences within loop 2 of an h-type pseudoknot is characterized in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) genome. this pseudoknot can serve as an efficient stimulator for -1 frameshifting in vitro. mutational analysis of the extra stem suggests frameshift efficiency can ... | 2005 | 16055920 |
| proposal for vaccination against sars coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain h from the netherlands. | 2005 | 16045996 | |
| immunological relationship between the new zealand a and the australian t strains of infectious bronchitis virus as measured by cross-immunisation tests in tracheal organ cultures from immunised birds. | 1991 | 16031634 | |
| some field observations on the antibody response to avian infectious bronchitis on auckland layer farms. | layer flocks on four auckland poultry farms were monitored monthly for infectious bronchitis (ib) antibody levels, using the haemagglutination inhibition test. the same birds were bled each month and antibody levels compared with egg production. the results showed that ib vaccination at 4(1/2) and 14(1/2) weeks using the live, attenuated, new zealand a strain virus, protected layers from ib infection on a farm with good management techniques but vaccination on another commercial farm gave less t ... | 1987 | 16031354 |
| growth of new zealand infectious bronchitis virus in cell cultures. | 1984 | 16031088 | |
| serological comparison of new zealand and european strains of infectious bronchitis virus in tracheal organ cultures. | 1983 | 16030985 | |
| variations in the nucleocapsid protein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in korea. | fourteen infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated in korea between 2001 and 2003 from chickens suspected to be infected with ibvs. the nucleocapsid (n) protein genes of the various ibvs were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and were cloned and sequenced, and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with published sequences for non-korean ibv strains. the korean ibv isolates shared amino acid sequence similarity of between 89.2% ... | 2005 | 16025240 |
| the virion n protein of infectious bronchitis virus is more phosphorylated than the n protein from infected cell lysates. | because phosphorylation of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid protein (n) may regulate its multiple roles in viral replication, the dynamics of n phosphorylation were examined. 32p-orthophosphate labeling and western blot analyses confirmed that n was the only viral protein that was phosphorylated. pulse labeling with 32p-orthophosphate indicated that the ibv n protein was phosphorylated in the virion, as well as at all times during infection in either chicken embryo kidney cells ... | 2005 | 15979680 |
| effects of dietary ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid on performance, antibody production, and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of leghorn pullet chicks. | the effects of dietary ratio of linoleic acid to linolenic acid on performance, mitogenic lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody production were evaluated in leghorn pullets during a rigorous vaccination program. diets were supplemented with flaxseed and corn oil to achieve 4 dietary ratios of linoleic acid to linolenic acid [17:1 (control), 8:1, 4:1, or 2:1]. each diet was fed to hyline brown or w-36 pullets from 1 d to 16 wk of age. day-old pullets were randomly assigned to 8 replicate cages w ... | 2005 | 15971520 |
| using dna shuffling to create novel infectious bronchitis virus s1 genes: implications for s1 gene recombination. | we employed the staggered extension process (step) to shuffle the s1 genes from four infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains representing four unique serotypes. upon creating a shuffled s1 gene library, we randomly selected 25 clones and analyzed them by dna sequencing. in total, eleven clones contained novel s1 gene recombinants. based on sequence data, each recombinant was unique and contained a full-length open reading frame. the average number of crossovers per recombinant was 5 and the av ... | 2005 | 15965603 |
| gene 5 of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is not essential for replication. | the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), like other coronaviruses, expresses several small nonstructural (ns) proteins in addition to those from gene 1 (replicase) and the structural proteins. these coronavirus ns genes differ both in number and in amino acid similarity between the coronavirus groups but show some concordance within a group or subgroup. the functions and requirements of the small ns gene products remain to be elucidated. with the advent of reverse genetics for co ... | 2005 | 15956552 |
| evidence of circulation of a chinese strain of infectious bronchitis virus (qxibv) in italy. | 2005 | 15923564 | |
| potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken il-18 (rchil-18). | mammalian interleukin-18 (il-18) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in innate immune responses to microbial infection preceding the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. we assessed the potential of escherichia coli-expressed his-tag purified recombinant chicken il-18 (rhis-chil-18) as a potentiator of vaccine-induced immune responses in 3 week-old spf chickens and compared it with several commonly used traditional immunostimulating adjuvants. we found that rhis ... | 2005 | 15919141 |
| efficacy of live infectious bronchitis vaccines against a novel european genotype, italy 02. | 2005 | 15894731 | |
| characterization of monoclonal antibody against sars coronavirus nucleocapsid antigen and development of an antigen capture elisa. | this report describes the production of several mabs against n195 protein, a major immunodomain of sars cov nucleocapsid protein [he, q., chong, k.h., chang, h.h., leung, b., ling, a.e., wei, t., chan, s.w., ooi, e.e., kwang, j., 2004. development of a western blot assay for detection of antibodies against coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. clin. diagn. lab. immunol. 11 (2) 417-422.]. one representative igg1 monoclonal antibody (mab), s-a5d5, was selected and characterized. s ... | 2005 | 15893565 |
| identification of previously unknown antigenic epitopes on the s and n proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus. | this paper describes mapping of antigenic and host-protective epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus proteins by assessing the ability of defined peptide regions within the s1, s2 and n proteins to elicit humoral, cell-mediated and protective immune responses. peptides corresponding to six regions in the s1 (sp1-sp6), one in the s2 (sp7) and four in the n protein (np1-np4) were synthesized and coupled to either diphtheria toxoid (dt) or biotin (bt). bt-peptides were used to assess if selected r ... | 2005 | 15868095 |
| infectious bronchitis virus 3a protein localizes to a novel domain of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. | all coronaviruses possess small open reading frames (orfs) between structural genes that have been hypothesized to play important roles in pathogenesis. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) orf 3a is one such gene. it is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it has an important function in infection. ibv 3a protein is expressed in infected cells but is not detected in virions. sequence analysis predicted that ibv 3a was a membrane protein; however, only a fraction behaved li ... | 2005 | 15857999 |
| effects of cold storage on detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus in chicken carcasses and local antibodies in tracheal washes. | in order to test the survivability of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in dead chicken carcasses during 24 h of cold storage, 7 week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were infected with virulent ibv massachusetts strain m41, and were killed humanely 10 days later. carcasses were stored in a cold room at 4 degrees c. after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 h of storage, necropsies were carried out. trachea, lung, kidney and rectum were collected for virus isolation by tracheal organ culture (toc) or embryo ... | 2005 | 15847923 |
| transcriptional analysis of avian embryonic tissues following infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is one of the major viral respiratory diseases of chickens. better understanding of the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis should contribute significantly towards the development of improved prophylactic, therapeutic and diagnostic reagents to control infections. in the present investigation, transcriptional profiles were analyzed by using rna recovered from the lung tissue of ibv infected 18-day-old chicken embryos at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post ... | 2005 | 15845254 |
| in vitro analysis of a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid mrna. | hammerhead ribozymes are catalytic rna molecules that specifically cleave a target rna molecule. herein, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro analysis of a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid mrna. at a concentration of 0.5 or 10 microm, the ribozyme, designated ibv-n-rz, effectively cleaved target rnas in trans (37 c, 10 mm mgcl2, 50 mm tris). cleavage products were visualized by agarose gel analysis. the time course of the ribozyme reacti ... | 2005 | 15839432 |
| molecular detection and serotyping of infectious bronchitis virus from fta filter paper. | we investigated the feasibility of using flinders technology associates (fta) filter cards for the storage of allantoic fluid containing an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), such as arkansas-dpi, connecticut, and massachusetts, and for their identification by reverse transcriptase (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and characterization by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) or nucleotide sequencing. fta paper is a cotton-based cellulose membrane containing lyophilized chemicals th ... | 2005 | 15839408 |
| development and application of a saccharomyces cerevisiae-expressed nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus. | a saccharomyces cerevisiae-expressed nucleocapsid (n) polypeptide of the m41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was used as antigen in a recombinant yeast-expressed n protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (y-n-elisa). the y-n-elisa was rapid, sensitive, and specific for detecting chicken serum antibodies to ibv, and it compared favorably with a commercial elisa. | 2005 | 15815038 |
| variation in the spike protein of the 793/b type of infectious bronchitis virus, in the field and during alternate passage in chickens and embryonated eggs. | the degree of variation exhibited within the 793/b serotype (also known as 4/91 and cr88 serotypes) was investigated with nine french and 10 british isolates, collected between 1985 and 1994. the s1 part (1644 nucleotides) of the spike protein gene of the first known isolate of this serotype, fr/cr85131/85, had 95.9% to 97% nucleotide identity with the other isolates. partial sequencing of isolates from iran and saudi arabia, isolated in 2000, revealed approximately 95% nucleotide identity with ... | 2005 | 15763735 |
| retrospective evidence that the mhc (b haplotype) of chickens influences genetic resistance to attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine strains in chickens. | infectious bronchitis is a respiratory disease of chickens that is caused by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). virtually all broiler and layer breeder flocks are routinely vaccinated against ibv. two hatches of 1-day-old chicks from four lines were mistakenly vaccinated for infectious bronchitis using a moderately attenuated vaccine designed for chicks of an older age. the vaccination resulted in high mortality, and chicks from three of four lines died with signs typical of infe ... | 2004 | 15763730 |
| aerosol-induced mycoplasma synoviae arthritis: the synergistic effect of infectious bronchitis virus infection. | the effect of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection (10(4.5) median embryo infective dose per chick) on the induction of mycoplasma synoviae arthritis was investigated. mycoplasma-free brown layer pullets, approximately 5 weeks old, were exposed to an aerosol dose of > or =10(2-3) colony-forming units (cfu) of m. synoviae alone or 3 days after inoculation of a field strain of ibv (d1466) by the ocular-nasal route. chicks injected intravenously with 10(9) cfu m. synoviae served as positive ... | 2004 | 15763728 |
| development and use of the h strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from the netherlands as a vaccine: a review. | the h strain of infectious bronchitis (ib) was one of the earliest live attenuated ib vaccines to be developed and has continued to be use in most parts of the world for almost 50 years. it was developed for used at both the 52nd (h52) and 120th (h120) vaccine levels and, because of it ability to provide heterologous cross-protection against a number of ib viruses of different serotypes, has proved to be one of the most enduring live attenuated ib vaccines. in fact, the h120 vaccine is possibly ... | 2004 | 15763721 |
| dna vaccines for poultry: the jump from theory to practice. | dna vaccines could offer a solution to a number of problems faced by the poultry industry; they are relatively easy to manufacture, stable, potentially easy to administer, can overcome neonatal tolerance and the deleterious effects of maternal antibody, and do not cause disease pathology. combined with this, in ovo vaccination offers the advantage of reduced labor costs, mass administration and the induction of an earlier immune response. together, this list of advantages is impressive. however, ... | 2005 | 15757473 |
| detection of the italy o2 strain of infectious bronchitis virus in the uk. | 2005 | 15751577 | |
| animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for sars. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in china and spread globally as a human pandemic. it is caused by a new coronavirus (cov) of suspect animal origin. the emergence of sars stunned medical scientists, but veterinary virologists had previously recognized covs as causing fatal respiratory or enteric disease in animals with interspecies transmission and wildlife reservoirs. because of its public health impact, major efforts are focused on development of sars vaccines. occurrence of co ... | 2004 | 15742624 |
| persistence of mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens after treatment with enrofloxacin without development of resistance. | the ability of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum to persist despite fluoroquinolone treatment was investigated in chickens. groups of specific pathogen free chickens were experimentally infected with m. gallisepticum and treated with enrofloxacin at increasing concentrations up to the therapeutic dose. when m. gallisepticum could no longer be re-isolated from chickens, birds were stressed by inoculation of infectious bronchitis virus or avian pneumovirus. although m. gallisepticum coul ... | 2005 | 15737482 |
| isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus from domestic peafowl (pavo cristatus) and teal (anas). | coronavirus-like viruses, designated peafowl/china/lkq3/2003 (pf/ch/lkq3/03) and teal/china/ldt3/2003 (tl/ch/ldt3/03), were isolated from a peafowl and a teal during virological surveillance in guangdong province, china. partial genomic sequence analysis showed that these isolates had the s-3-m-5-n gene order that is typical of avian coronaviruses. the spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes of pf/ch/lkq3/03 had >99 % identity to those of the avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus h120 v ... | 2005 | 15722532 |
| emergence of a nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus with a novel genotype in india. | we describe the emergence of a nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) with a novel genotype in india. the indian ibv isolate exhibited a relatively high degree of sequence divergence with reference strains. the highest homology was observed with strain 6/82 (68%) and the least homology with strain mex/1765/99 (34.3%). | 2005 | 15695705 |
| protective effect of vaccination in chicks with local infectious bronchitis viruses against field virus challenge. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. different serotypes of this virus show little cross-protection. the present study investigated the relationship between differences in the genotype based on the n-terminus of the spike protein and the protection provided by vaccination with ibvs. cross-immunization tests were performed using both killed and live viruses in specific-pathogen-free chicks. one-day-old chicks were immunized w ... | 2005 | 15692623 |
| evaluation of a safe and sensitive spike protein-based immunofluorescence assay for the detection of antibody responses to sars-cov. | previously, we have identified a truncated antigenic fragment named protein c [441 to 700 amino acids (a.a.)] as the immunodominant fragment of spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov). we have now successfully expressed protein c using the baculovirus system in s. frugiperda (sf-9) cells. this recombinant baculovirus expressing protein c was first characterized using five sars convalescent human sera and five normal human sera. the results showed that ... | 2004 | 15680149 |
| oie white spot syndrome virus pcr gives false-positive results in cherax quadricarinatus. | white spot syndrome virus (wssv) is an intranuclear bacilliform virus (ibv) that is a serious, notifiable crustacean pathogen. the office international des epizooties (oie) pcr protocol for wssv uses primer sets initially developed by lo et al. (1996). it yields a first-step pcr amplicon of 1441 bp and a nested pcr amplicon of 941 bp. an amplicon (941 bp) purported to specifically detect wssv was obtained when using template dna extracted from cherax quadricarinatus in a wssv pcr detection proto ... | 2004 | 15672884 |
| avian infectious bronchitis virus: a possible cause of reduced fertility in the rooster. | the formation of epididymal stones in the rooster epididymis is a widespread problem that has detrimental effects on sperm production and fertility. the cause of epididymal stones is unknown, but an infectious agent, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv), has been implicated. the goal of this study was to determine if administering the live attenuated aibv vaccine to male chicks increases the incidence of stones in the epididymal region of the adult rooster. specific pathogen free (spf) l ... | 2004 | 15666874 |
| rapid differentiation of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolates by sample to residual ratio quantitation using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid diagnostic assay for differentiating avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates was developed. the basis of the assay is the cleavage of target rna by rnase h mediated by sequence-specific chimeric oligonucleotides followed by sample to residual ratio quantitation (srrq) using rrt-pcr. four serotype-specific chimeric oligonucleotides were designed, one each for the massachusetts, connecticut, arkansas, and delaware/georgia 98 serotypes, and tested for their ability to mediate speci ... | 2005 | 15664067 |
| in vitro assembled, recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses demonstrate that the 5a open reading frame is not essential for replication. | molecular clones of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), derived from the vero cell adapted beaudette strain, were constructed, using an in vitro assembly method. in vitro transcribed rna from a cdna template that had been constructed from seven cdna fragments, encompassing the entire genome of ibv, was electroporated into bhk-21 cells. the cells were overlaid onto the susceptible vero cells and viable virus was recovered from the molecular clone. the molecularly cloned ibv (mibv) demonstrated gro ... | 2005 | 15661153 |
| structure-activity relations of water-in-oil vaccine formulations and induced antigen-specific antibody responses. | water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are known as most effective adjuvants to generate high and durable antibody responses to vaccine antigens following a single immunization. however, their structural requirements remain poorly understood. here we addressed the significance of certain pharmaceutical characteristics including water/oil ratios--ranging from 60/40 to 30/70 (w/w(%))--droplet size and type of oil, i.e. non-metabolizable (mineral oil) versus metabolizable (miglyol 840). stability of emulsion ... | 2005 | 15620479 |
| generation of a recombinant avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus using transient dominant selection. | a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has been described in which a full-length cdna, corresponding to the ibv (beaudette-ck) genome, was inserted into the vaccinia virus genome following in vitro assembly of three contiguous cdnas [casais, r., thiel, v., siddell, s.g., cavanagh, d., britton, p., 2001. reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. j. virol. 75, 12359-12369]. the method has subsequently been used to ... | 2005 | 15620403 |
| mass spectroscopic characterization of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein and elucidation of the role of phosphorylation in rna binding by using surface plasmon resonance. | phosphorylation of the coronavirus nucleoprotein (n protein) has been predicted to play a role in rna binding. to investigate this hypothesis, we examined the kinetics of rna binding between nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated infectious bronchitis virus n protein with nonviral and viral rna by surface plasmon resonance (biacore). mass spectroscopic analysis of n protein identified phosphorylation sites that were proximal to rna binding domains. kinetic analysis, by surface plasmon resonance, i ... | 2005 | 15613344 |
| reverse genetics of coronaviruses using vaccinia virus vectors. | in this article, we describe the reverse genetic system that is based on the use of vaccinia virus cloning vectors. this system represents a generic approach to coronavirus reverse genetics and was first described for the generation of recombinant human coronavirus 229e representing a group i coronavirus. subsequently, the same approach has been used to generate recombinant avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus and, recently, recombinant mouse hepatitis virus, representing group iii and group ... | 2005 | 15609513 |
| coronavirus genome structure and replication. | in addition to the sars coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-beaudette strain (ibv-beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ent strain (bcov-ent), human coronavirus-229e strain (hcov-229e), murine hepatitis virus-a59 strain (mhv-a59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-purdue 115 strain (tgev-purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-cv777 strai ... | 2005 | 15609507 |
| recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus beaudette with the spike protein gene of the pathogenic m41 strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity. | we have replaced the ectodomain of the spike (s) protein of the beaudette strain (beau-r; apathogenic for gallus domesticus chickens) of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) with that from the pathogenic m41 strain to produce recombinant ibv beaur-m41(s). we have previously shown that this changed the tropism of the virus in vitro (r. casais, b. dove, d. cavanagh, and p. britton, j. virol. 77:9084-9089, 2003). herein we have assessed the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of beaur-m41(s). ... | 2004 | 15564488 |
| identification of a novel nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in israel. | a novel infectious bronchitis variant, designated as is/885/00, associated with nephritis, was isolated from outbreaks in 23 broiler farms in israel. the virus was first identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and showed a distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern from previously described israeli isolates. sequence analysis of the s1 gene and the deduced amino acid sequence revealed 97.2% protein similarity to genotype is/ 720/99 and 71.6% similarity to the ... | 2004 | 15529987 |
| s1 and n gene analysis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses in taiwan. | the disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) produces great economic for the poultry industry. the purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular epidemiology of ibv in taiwan. an old ibv strain isolated in 1964 and another 31 strains isolated from 1991 to 2003 were selected for n-terminal s1 gene analysis. based on their phylogenetic tree, 13 strains were selected for sequencing the entire s1 and partial nucleocapsid (n) genes. the results indicated that taiwanese ibv strains ... | 2004 | 15529980 |
| complete sequences of 3' end coding region for structural protein genes of turkey coronavirus. | overlapping fragments of genomic rna spanning 6963 nucleotides from 5' end of spike (s) protein gene to 3' end of nucleocapsid (n) protein gene of turkey coronavirus (tcov) were amplified by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the primers were derived from the corresponding sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the pcr products were cloned and sequenced and their nucleic acid structure and similarity to published sequences of other coronaviruses were analyzed. seq ... | 2004 | 15522448 |
| testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the sars-associated coronavirus. | the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (sars-cov) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the sars outbreak. in this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that sars-cov might have been derived from a recombinant virus. first, we blasted the whole sars-cov genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques wel ... | 2005 | 15480857 |
| interaction between genomes of infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease viruses studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with specific primers for the s1 gene of ibv and for the fusion protein cleavage site of ndv was used for detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv, the family coronaviridae) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) genomes. the sensitivity of ibv and ndv rt-pcr was 10(3.7) and 10(3.0) eid50, respectively. although a multiplex rt-pcr could detect and differentiate ndv and ibv genomes present in the same sample, there was a slight inhibition o ... | 2004 | 15462288 |
| methods to enhance the intensity of intranuclear bacilliform virus infection in cherax quadricarinatus. | many studies have examined the morphology, pathology and epizootiology of the intranuclear bacilliform virus (ibv) of cherax quadricarinatus, but little research has been conducted to acquire specific knowledge of the virus. this is partly due to difficulties in detecting the virus and in obtaining sufficient material for viral isolation and purification. as quantified by light microscopy, we significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced ibv intensities from 10.56 to 16.67% in c. quadricarinatus by using sa ... | 2004 | 15460862 |
| specific antibody secreting cells from chickens can be detected by three days and memory b cells by three weeks post-infection with the avian respiratory coronavirus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the first coronavirus described, has been a continuing problem in poultry for more than 70 years. ibv, causing a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens, resembles the recently described severe acute respiratory syndrome virus in pathogenesis and genome organization. while previous studies demonstrated that effector and memory cd8(+) t lymphocytes are critical in controlling acute ibv infection and disease in chickens, here chicken anti-ibv antibody ( ... | 2005 | 15450755 |
| pathology of the chicken embryo infected with infectious bronchitis virus. | 1950 | 15425747 | |
| a single amino acid mutation in the spike protein of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus hampers its maturation and incorporation into virions at the nonpermissive temperature. | the spike (s) glycoprotein of coronavirus is responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion. a number of variants with deletions and mutations in the s protein have been isolated from naturally and persistently infected animals and tissue cultures. here, we report the emergence and isolation of two temperature sensitive (ts) mutants and a revertant in the process of cold-adaptation of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) to a monkey kidney cell line. the complete sequences of wild ... | 2004 | 15302214 |
| nephropathogenesis of chickens experimentally infected with various strains of infectious bronchitis virus. | four-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated by eyedrop with four different strains (gray, jmk, cv56b, and wolgemuth) of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postinfection and tissues were collected for virus isolation, histopathologic examination, in situ hybridization (ish), and immunohistochemistry (ihc). clinical disease was severe in chickens infected with wolgemuth, but no overt disease was observed with ... | 2004 | 15297756 |
| phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in japan. | to define the origin and evolution of recent avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in japan, a genetic analysis was performed. by phylogenetic analysis based on the s1 gene including the sequence of the hypervariable regions, ibv isolates in japan were classified into five genetic groups, which included two already-known groups (mass and gray). among them, three major genetic groups were associated with the recent outbreaks of ib in japan. one group is indigenous to japan and could not be plac ... | 2004 | 15290359 |
| construction, characterization, and evaluation of the vaccine potential of three genetically defined mutants of avian pathogenic escherichia coli. | the delta gale, delta pura, and delta aroa derivatives of avian septicemic escherichia coli ec99 strain (o78 serogroup) were constructed with a suicide vector containing the pir-dependent r6k replicon and the sacb gene of bacillus subtilis. the resultant isogenic mutants were stable and lacked approximately 45%, 36%, and 52% of the genes for gale, pura, and aroa, respectively. the delta pura and delta aroa mutants did not grow on minimal medium, whereas the delta gale mutant grew on minimal medi ... | 2004 | 15283416 |
| characterization of an avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in china from chickens with nephritis. | one ibv isolate, sc021202, was isolated from the kidneys of the infected young chickens by inoculating embryonated eggs, and its morphology, physiochemical and haemagglutonating properties were detected. virulence of the isolate sc021202 was determined with specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken inoculation. nucleotide acid sequence of s1 gene of the isolate sc021202 was further sequenced and analysed. the physiochemical and morphological properties of the isolate sc021202 were in accordance to th ... | 2004 | 15228547 |
| a new genotype of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus circulating in vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks in china. | five strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from five layer flocks that had nephropathogenic infection in four provinces in china. among them, three of the five flocks had been vaccinated against infectious bronchitis. virulence studies indicated that the five chinese ibv isolates caused 10 to 30% mortality in 15-day-old specific pathogen free chickens and gross lesions were mainly confined to the kidneys in all of the dead chickens. two oligonucleotide pairs, s1uni2 and s1ol ... | 2004 | 15223561 |
| egg:embryo weight ratio as an indicator of dwarfism induced by infectious bronchitis virus. | a simple objective method to quantify embryo dwarfism induced by infectious bronchitis virus in embryonated chicken eggs has been used to determine endpoints in virus titration and neutralization assays. the eggs and the respective embryos were weighed and embryo:egg weight (ee) ratios were calculated. the ee ratios were compared with the uninoculated control eggs and endpoints could be calculated objectively. ee indices were also calculated by dividing the ee ratios of inoculated embryonated ch ... | 2004 | 15223558 |
| microwave or autoclave treatments destroy the infectivity of infectious bronchitis virus and avian pneumovirus but allow detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | a method is described for enabling safe transit of denatured virus samples for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) identification without the risk of unwanted viable viruses. cotton swabs dipped in avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) or avian pneumovirus (apv) were allowed to dry. newcastle disease virus and avian influenza viruses were used as controls. autoclaving and microwave treatment for as little as 20 sec destroyed the infectivity of all four viruses. however, both ibv and apv could be d ... | 2004 | 15223557 |
| significance of interactions between escherichia coli and respiratory pathogens in layer hen flocks suffering from colibacillosis-associated mortality. | this study aimed to examine the significance of interactions between escherichia coli and various respiratory pathogens during outbreaks of colibacillosis-associated mortality in layer hen flocks under field conditions. for this purpose, a case-control study involving 20 control flocks with baseline mortality and 20 flocks with increased mortality due to e. coli septicaemia and polyserositis, was conducted. in each colibacillosis flock, blood samples were taken from 20 hens at the onset of clini ... | 2004 | 15223556 |
| rapid serological profiling by an immunocomb-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent test for three major poultry diseases. | an immunocomb-based dot-elisa, employing specially designed apparatus, was used to measure the antibody status for the three major poultry diseases--newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis--in single test sera. positive samples could be classified into strong, moderate and weak positives by comparison with the colour reaction given by known strong and weak positive serum controls. the simultaneous dot-immunobinding assay gave reproducible results and allowed consid ... | 2004 | 15222738 |
| generation of the transgenic potato expressing full-length spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus. | to seek a new delivery system of vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), transgenic potato expressing full-length spike (s) protein of ibv was produced and its immunogenicity in chickens was investigated. one to three copies of s gene of ibv were randomly and stably inserted into potato (solanum tuberrosum cv. dongnong 303) genome by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transcription and translation of s gene for ibv were confirmed by northern blot and western blot analyses ... | 2004 | 15219399 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of s1 and n genes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in japan and taiwan. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the s1 and n genes of three japanese and one taiwanese field strains of ibv are reported. these japanese strains were found to have s1 sequences most similar to those of australian strains and n sequences most similar to those of north american strains. this result suggested that these japanese strains might all be recombinant viruses derived from recombination of australia- and north america-related viruses. moreover, the s1 proteins of all these japanese an ... | 2004 | 15187369 |
| a serological survey for pathogens in old fancy chicken breeds in central and eastern part of the netherlands. | to get an impression of the presence of pathogens in multi-aged flocks of old fancy chicken breeds in the netherlands, plasma samples originating from 24 flocks were examined for antibodies against 17 chicken pathogens. these flocks were housed mainly in the centre and east of the netherlands, regions with a high poultry density. the owners of the tested flocks showed their chicken at national and international poultry exhibitions. antibodies against avian influenza, egg drop syndrome '76 virus, ... | 2004 | 15185615 |
| comparison of four regions in the replicase gene of heterologous infectious bronchitis virus strains. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) produces six subgenomic (sg) mrnas, each containing a 64 nucleotide (nt) leader sequence, derived from the 5' end of the genome by a discontinuous process. several putative functional domains such as a papain-like proteinase (pl(pro)), main protease (m(pro)), rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), and rna helicase encoded by the replicase gene are important for virus replication. we have sequenced four regions of the replicase genes corresponding to the 5'-termina ... | 2004 | 15183070 |
| a survey of the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus type 4/91 in iran. | to evaluate the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) type 4/91 in iran, tracheal swabs from 77 broiler flocks in 16 provinces were collected at the slaughterhouse. swabs were subjected to rna extraction and tested by rt-pcr, followed by a type-specific nested pcr. the viral rna was detected in 33 samples (42.8%) from different provinces. the results indicate a relatively high prevalence of ibv type 4/91 in iran and necessitate revising the vaccination programme against this disease. | 2004 | 15168747 |
| detection of three avian respiratory viruses by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. | acute respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms throughout the world. avian pneumovirus (apv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and newcastle disease virus (ndv) have been recognized as the most important pathogens of both chicken and turkeys. single-virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (srt-pcr) assays are used extensively to detect these viruses in clinical samples. this study reports the development and evaluation of a single-tube multiplex rt- ... | 2004 | 15152843 |
| intracellular targeting signals contribute to localization of coronavirus spike proteins near the virus assembly site. | coronavirus budding at the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate compartment (ergic) requires accumulation of the viral envelope proteins at this point in the secretory pathway. here we demonstrate that the spike (s) protein from the group 3 coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) contains a canonical dilysine endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal (-kkxx-cooh) in its cytoplasmic tail. this signal can retain a chimeric reporter protein in the ergic and when mutated allows transport of t ... | 2004 | 15140989 |
| pathology and ultrastructure of an intranuclear bacilliform virus (ibv) infecting brown shrimp crangon crangon (decapoda: crangonidae). | the brown shrimp crangon crangon supports an important fishery in europe (over 25000 t, valued at 80 million euros in 2000). through the course of histopathological screening of crustaceans from the clyde estuary, western scotland, for the biological effect of contaminants, we have discovered a highly prevalent (up to 100%) non-occluded intranuclear bacilliform virus (ibv) infection in the hepatopancreatic tubule epithelia and midgut epithelia of wild c. crangon. this is the first report of an i ... | 2004 | 15109130 |
| history of biological control of poultry diseases in the usa. | 2004 | 15077792 | |
| host-dependent type 1 cytokine responses driven by inactivated viruses may fail to default in the absence of il-12 or ifn-alpha/beta. | replicating viruses generally induce type 1 immune responses, with high interferon (ifn)-gamma levels and antibodies of the igg2a isotype. in the present study we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of non-replicating virions to induce comparable immune responses in the notable absence of any adjuvant. injection of inactivated pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus, by various routes into mice resulted in the generation of t helper (th) 1 type immune response. co-delivery of inactivated pseudorab ... | 2004 | 15039522 |
| comparisons of envelope through 5b sequences of infectious bronchitis coronaviruses indicates recombination occurs in the envelope and membrane genes. | a 1.78 kb sequence, including the e, m, 5a and 5b genes, and the intergenic region between the m and 5a genes, of six us strains of infectious bronchitis (corona)virus (ibv) were sequenced and compared to the published sequences for two additional strains. the overall identities as determined through pairwise analyses of nucleotide sequences of the entire 1.78kb region ranged from 90 to 99%, with the 5b open reading frame (orf) having the greatest identity (94-99%) while the identities of the e, ... | 2004 | 15019237 |
| s1 glycoprotein gene analysis of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in korea. | fifteen isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were obtained from the kidney, trachea, and cecal tonsil of ib suspected chickens between 2001 and 2002 years in korea. the s1 glycoprotein gene of ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. fifteen korean ibv isolates were classified into 4 groups by their rflp patterns using restriction enzymes, haeiii, bstyi, and xcmi. t ... | 2004 | 14991438 |
| presence of an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site sequence in avian infectious bronchitis virus defective rnas abolishes rescue by helper virus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) defective rnas (d-rnas) have been used for the expression of heterologous genes in a helper-virus-dependent expression system. the heterologous genes were expressed under the control of an ibv transcription-associated sequence (tas) derived from gene 5 of ibv beaudette. however, coronavirus d-rna expression vectors display an inherent instability following serial passage with helper virus, resulting in the eventual loss of the heterologous genes. the use o ... | 2004 | 14990691 |
| interference between influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. | 1952 | 14938312 | |
| the persistence of infectious bronchitis virus in eggs and tracheal exudates of infected chickens. | 1951 | 14849148 | |
| infectious bronchitis. | 1951 | 14829767 | |
| newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis neutralizing antibody indexes of normal chicken serum. | 1951 | 14829765 | |
| infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease. | 1951 | 14821863 |