Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| rapid conversion of myelin-associated glycoprotein to a soluble derivative in primates. | myelin-associated glycoprotein (mag) is susceptible to proteolysis by a calcium-activated neutral protease which is located in myelin. the conversion of mag (m(r) 100,000) to its soluble derivative dmag (m(r) 90,000) occurs much more rapidly in myelin from human white matter than in myelin from rat brain, and the rate of formation of dmag is increased even more in myelin from white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis (ms). the mag to dmag conversion was studied in several species, ranging ... | 1996 | 9001700 |
| pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences among hominoids based on analyses of complete mtdnas. | we have examined and dated primate divergences by applying a newly established molecular/ paleontological reference, the evolutionary separation between artiodactyls and cetaceans anchored at 60 million years before present (mybp). owing to the morphological transformations coinciding with the transition from terrestrial to aquatic (marine) life and the large body size of the animals (which makes their fossils easier to find), this reference can be defined, paleontologically, within much narrowe ... | 1996 | 8995062 |
| a unique genomic sequence in the wolf-hirschhorn syndrome [whs] region of humans is conserved in the great apes. | the wolf-hirschhorn syndrome (whs) is caused by a partial deletion in the short arm of chromosome 4 band 16.3 (4p 16.3). a unique-sequence human dna probe (39 kb) localized within this region has been used to search for sequence homology in the apes' equivalent chromosome 3 by fish-technique. the whs loci are conserved in higher primates at the expected position. nevertheless, a control probe, which detects alphoid sequences of the pericentromeric region of humans, is diverged in chimpanzee, gor ... | 1996 | 8976066 |
| sex differences in the sciatic notch of great apes and modern humans. | the sciatic notch has been widely used as a sexing criterion in modern humans. in order to better understand the sex differences of this feature in modern humans and great apes, four measurements of the sciatic notch were taken on samples of modern humans and great apes of known sex. univariate (anova) analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed on the extant taxa to determine: (1) the discriminating power of each variable in these samples of known group membership; and (2) which ... | 1996 | 8967329 |
| polyclonal lymphoid tumor of the choroid plexus presenting as an intraventricular mass in a young gorilla. | an unusual lymphoid lesion with reactive germinal centers, occurring in the choroid plexus of a young gorilla, is reported. it presented as a large mass in the lateral ventricle with hydrocephalus and neurological symptoms. a work-up did not reveal any underlying cause for this lesion. no similar lesion of the choroid plexus has been reported in either human or veterinary literature. histological work-up, including flow cytometry, gene rearrangement studies and t and b cell markers, favored the ... | 1996 | 8960321 |
| identification of the rhesus monkey hla-g ortholog. mamu-g is a pseudogene. | hla-g is a nonclassical mhc class i molecule that is primarily expressed in the placenta. to investigate whether rhesus monkeys possess an hla-g ortholog, we cloned and sequenced mhc class i cdnas from the rhesus placenta. we identified two rhesus mhc class i cdnas with sequence similarity to hla-g. each cdna contained premature stop codons and frameshift mutations, suggesting that it was derived from an mhc class i pseudogene. gene trees constructed using mhc class i alleles from human and nonh ... | 1996 | 8955191 |
| ontogeny of body size variation in african apes. | size variation in african apes (gorilla gorilla [gorilla], pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and pan troglodytes ["common" chimpanzee]) is substantial, both within and between species. we investigate the possible evolutionary significance of this variation through an analysis of the ontogeny of size variation in this group. in addition, we highlight possible areas of future endocrinological research, and evaluate recently proposed alternative models that attempt to account for ontogenetic variati ... | 1996 | 8928723 |
| appearance of ossification centers of the lower arm, wrist, lower leg, and ankle in immature orangutans and chimpanzees with an assessment of the relationship of ossification to dental development. | this study examines the appearance of the secondary ossification centers in the lower arms, wrists, lower legs, and ankles of a cross-sectional sample of 20 infant orangutans and chimpanzees (15 of known age). the number of tarsal and carpal centers is analyzed relative to the degree of m1 development and the weight of individual animals. variation in the appearance of these ossification centers is discussed relative to these variables and others. in addition, a sequence of appearance is establi ... | 1996 | 8928720 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of epi-1, the major protein in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) cauda epididymal fluid. | a 27-kda glycoprotein comprises approximately 20% of the total protein in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) cauda epididymal fluid. polyclonal antibodies generated against this glycoprotein react with 27- and 25-kda components in chimpanzee cauda epididymal fluid and in human, gorilla, chimpanzee, and monkey seminal fluid. according to microsequencing, the 27- and 25-kda components (chimpanzee epi-1) are identical to the cloned putative human epididymal protein he1. screening of a chimpanzee epididym ... | 1996 | 8924506 |
| morphometric variation in plio-pleistocene hominid distal humeri. | the magnitude and meaning of morphological variation among plio-pleistocene hominid distal humeri have been recurrent points of disagreement among paleoanthropologists. some researchers have found noteworthy differences among fossil humeri that they believe merit taxonomic separation, while others question the possibility of accurately sorting these fossils into different species and/or functional groups. size and shape differences among fossil distal humeri are evaluated here to determine wheth ... | 1996 | 8922185 |
| interspecific variation at the y-linked rps4y locus in hominoids: implications for phylogeny. | within- and between-species variation in restriction endonuclease recognition sites was examined at the y-linked rps4y locus of six hominoid species: human (homo sapiens), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates lar). rps4y is an expressed gene that maps to the non-recombining region of the y chromosome. an approximately 1,490 base pair fragment of the rps4y gene, including all of intron 3, was amplified by ... | 1996 | 8922180 |
| assignment of human mycn proto-oncogene to chromosome band 12q24 in higher primates. | controversies concerning the reduction of chromosome number from 48 to 46 in humans by putative fusion of two ape chromosomes still persist. nevertheless, abundant evidence suggests that human chromosome 2 was derived by fusion. consequently, the recent availability of the human mycn gene probe which was localized to 2p24.3 facilitated our search for its location in the human equivalent chromosome(s) of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). in al ... | 1996 | 8921863 |
| characterization of two baboon surfactant protein a genes. | the gene encoding surfactant protein a (sp-a) is expressed in type ii pneumonocytes and is developmentally and hormonally regulated in fetal lung tissue. sp-a is encoded by a single-copy gene in rabbits, dogs, rats, and mice. by contrast, the human genome contains two similar genes, hsp-a1 and hsp-a2, which are differentially regulated during development and differentially regulated by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (camp) and glucocorticoid treatment of human fetal lung in culture. in the ... | 1996 | 8897910 |
| subchondral plate thickness reflects tensile stress in the primate acetabulum. | to evaluate possible relationships between body size and articular architecture, femoral head radius and subchondral plate thickness were assessed in skeletal hip joints from normal primates. the relative "contact pressure" on bearing surfaces was estimated from the measured radius and the normal body mass in species ranging from cebuella pygmaea (0.1 kg) to gorilla gorilla (170 kg). subchondral plate thickness was evaluated by computed tomography in species ranging from cercopithecus neglectus ... | 1996 | 8893781 |
| transporter associated with antigen-processing-1 (tap1) alleles in gorilla gorilla: diversification of the locus postspeciation. | the transporter associated with antigen-processing (tap) proteins are required for the transport of cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for assembly with class i major histocompatibility molecules. in the rat, allelic variants of the tap genes impart specificity to the process of peptide transport. however, differential transport has yet to be demonstrated with the human molecules. tap genes from humans and rodents have been studied thus far; analysis of another species more closel ... | 1996 | 8891732 |
| evolution of mhc class i genes in higher primates. | the classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes are conserved in higher primates. motifs common to human, chimpanzee and gorilla alleles indicate that class i alleles diverged from ancestral sequences that existed before separation of these species. analysis of native human populations such as australian aborigines and amerindians shows that hla-b is characterized by rapid generation of new alleles. hla-a and -c appear to be evolving more slowly. comparison of alleles for orth ... | 1996 | 8872186 |
| structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i regions of the great anthropoid apes. | the origins of the functional class i genes predated human speciation, a phenomenon known as trans-speciation. the retention of class ia orthologues within the great apes, however, has not been paralleled by studies designed to examine the pseudogene content, organization, and structure of their class i regions. therefore, we have begun the systematic characterization of the old world primate mhcs. the numbers and sizes of fragments harboring class i sequences were similar among the chimpanzee, ... | 1996 | 8872161 |
| nonneutral mitochondrial dna variation in humans and chimpanzees. | we sequenced the nadh dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nd3) gene from a sample of 61 humans, five common chimpanzees, and one gorilla to test whether patterns of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation are consistent with a neutral model of molecular evolution. within humans and within chimpanzees, the ratio of replacement to silent nucleotide substitutions was higher than observed in comparisons between species, contrary to neutral expectations. to test the generality of this result, we reanalyzed publishe ... | 1996 | 8849901 |
| hominoid phylogeny estimated by model selection using goodness of fit significance tests. | phylogeny estimation from nucleotide sequence data may be thought of as a problem of choosing between different evolutionary models that vary with the branching pattern of the phylogeny and with the stochastic process of nucleotide sequence change occurring on the branches of the phylogenetic tree. thus, each evolutionary model consists of both a particular stochastic process and a particular phylogeny. such models produce multinomial distributions of nucleotide character patterns. as first sugg ... | 1995 | 8845964 |
| concerted evolution of the tandemly repeated genes encoding primate u2 small nuclear rna (the rnu2 locus) does not prevent rapid diversification of the (ct)n.(ga)n microsatellite embedded within the u2 repeat unit. | the rnu2 locus encoding human u2 small nuclear rna (snrna) is organized as a nearly perfect tandem array containing 5 to 22 copies of a 5.8-kb repeat unit. just downstream of the u2 snrna gene in each 5.8-kb repeat unit lies a large (ct)n.(ga)n dinucleotide repeat (n approximately equal to 70). this form of genomic organization, in which one repeat is embedded within another, provides an unusual opportunity to study the balance of forces maintaining the homogeneity of both kinds of repeats. usin ... | 1995 | 8825646 |
| molecular evolution of the n-formyl peptide and c5a receptors in non-human primates. | n-formyl peptides (fmlp) and complement fragment c5a are neutrophil chemoattractants. in humans, a single-copy gene was identified for the c5a receptor, and the receptor for fmlp (fpr1) is encoded by a single gene that shows 53% amino acid similarity to the c5ar. two other human fpr1 homologues, fpr-like 1 (fpr2/fprl1) and fpr-like 2 (fprl2) have been cloned. the human c5ar, fpr1, fprl1, and fprl2 are physically linked. by direct sequencing or by sequencing plasmid clones we studied the c5ar and ... | 1996 | 8824156 |
| duplication of a gene-rich cluster between 16p11.1 and xq28: a novel pericentromeric-directed mechanism for paralogous genome evolution. | we have identified a 26.5 kb gene-rich duplication shared by human xq28 and 16p11.1. complete comparative sequence analysis of cosmids from both loci has revealed identical xq28 and 16p11.1 genomic structures for both the human creatine transporter gene (slc6a8) and five exons of the cdm gene (dxs1357e). overall nucleotide similarity within the duplication was found to be 94.6%, suggesting that this interchromosomal duplication occurred within recent evolutionary time (7-10 mya). based on compar ... | 1996 | 8817324 |
| phylogenetic relationship among the malaria parasites based on small subunit rrna gene sequences: monophyletic nature of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. | we analyzed the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssurrna) gene sequences from 13 malaria species parasitic to humans, chimpanzees/gorillas, old world monkeys, rodents, birds, and lizards in order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the plasmodium species. the ssurrna genes of plasmodium vivax and p. ovale were sequenced by the dideoxy method in our laboratory; other sequences were retrived from genbank. these sequences were aligned with the ssurrna gene sequence of outgroup species, ... | 1996 | 8812316 |
| mitochondrial dna diversity in gorillas. | a highly variable portion of the mitochondrial dna control region was sequenced in 63 free-living and captive gorillas including representatives of the three recognized subspecies. this region has proven useful for evaluation of relative levels of genetic variability in populations, for clarification of the subspecies identity of a wild population, and for examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the three subspecies. the eastern lowland (gorilla gorilla graueri) and mountain gorilla (go ... | 1996 | 8812304 |
| a comparison of tspy genes from y-chromosomal dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, evolution, and phylogeny. | the genes for testis-specific protein y (tspy) were sequenced from chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and baboon (papio hamadryas). the sequences were compared with each other and with the published human sequence. substitutions were detected at 144 of the 755 nucleotide positions compared. in overviewing five sequences, one deletion in human, four successive nucleotide insertions in orangutan, and seven deletions/insertions in baboon sequence we ... | 1996 | 8798990 |
| primate origin of the cmt1a-rep repeat and analysis of a putative transposon-associated recombinational hotspot. | the cmt1a-rep repeat on chromosome 17p11.2-12 is proposed to mediate misalignment and meiotic unequal crossover leading to a 1.5 mb pair duplication associated with charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy type 1a (cmt1a) and a reciprocal deletion associated with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (hnpp). restriction enzyme endonuclease mapping indicated that the size of the cmt1a-rep repeat is approximately 24 kb and dna sequence analysis determined that the repeat is flanked by inv ... | 1996 | 8776588 |
| regional localization of human m-bcr gene to chromosome 23 band q11 in the great apes. | we hybridized a human m-bcr dna probe to the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by fish-technique. the human m-bcr gene was localized to chromosome 23 band q11 (23q11), which is equivalent to the human chromosome 22 band q11 in all three species. the conservation of m-bcr gene in higher primates at the corresponding human chromosome locus provides phylogenetic clues concerning the evolution of genes. | 1996 | 8765683 |
| mitochondrial dna migration events in yeast and humans: integration by a common end-joining mechanism and alternative perspectives on nucleotide substitution patterns. | in contrast to extensive infiltration of plant nuclear genomes by mitochondrial and chloroplast dna fragments, a computer assessment method could only detect seven mitochondrial dna integration events in saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes and five examples of dna migration into mammalian nuclear genes. no evidence could be detected for mitochondrial dna insertion into chromosome iii of caenorhabditis elegans or in nuclear dna sequences of drosophila sp. or plasmodium falciparum. thus, the quan ... | 1996 | 8742642 |
| alveolar hydatidosis in a gorilla and a ring-tailed lemur in japan. | alveolar hydatidosis by echinococcus multilocularis (em) infection occurred on a 22-year-old (approx.) male gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and a 4-year-old female ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta) in a zoo, in hokkaido, japan. case 1: the gorilla presented neurologic signs in course of nine months and died. pathologically, alveolar hydatid lesions were found in the liver, the liver-associated lymph nodes, the cerebrum, and the lungs. a protoscolex was found only in one hepatic cyst. case 2: in the lemu ... | 1996 | 8741606 |
| rapid allelic diversification and intensified selection at antigen recognition sites of the mhc class ii dpb1 locus during hominoid evolution. | the evolution of polymorphism at the mhc class ii dpb1 locus was studied by comparison of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and human dpb1 alleles. extensive polymorphism was found in all hominoids. the clustering of sequences in the phylogenetic tree is consistent with rapid generation of the dpb1 polymorphism. analysis of the substitution pattern for human alleles shows an excess of non-synonymous changes to synonymous changes at antigen r ... | 1996 | 8740771 |
| probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. | a new method is presented for inferring evolutionary trees using nucleotide sequence data. the birth-death process is used as a model of speciation and extinction to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and branching times. nucleotide substitution is modeled by a continuous-time markov process. parameters of the branching model and the substitution model are estimated by maximum likelihood. the posterior probabilities of different phylogenies are calculated and the phylogeny with the hi ... | 1996 | 8703097 |
| a complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the western lowland gorilla. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the gorilla was sequenced. the entire sequence, 16,412 nucleotides, was determined by analysis of natural (not polymerase chain reaction) restriction fragments covering the whole molecule. the sequence was established from one individual and thus nonchimeric. after comparison with the coii gene of gorilla specimens with known geographical origin, the sequence was identified as characteristic of the western lowland gorilla, gorilla gorilla gorill ... | 1996 | 8676744 |
| the gorilla and the question of human origins: the brain controversy. | 1996 | 8675985 | |
| primate phylogeny: morphological vs. molecular results. | our comparative study of morphological (our data on selected living primates) and molecular characters (from the literature) confirms that, overall, phylogenetic reconstructions of primates, and consequently their classifications, are more similar than dissimilar. when data from fossil primates are incorporated, there may be several possible relationships among living primates; the difference between most of them hinges mainly on the position of tarsius. in one hypothesis, tarsiers are closely r ... | 1996 | 8673281 |
| region-specific yac banding and painting probes for comparative genome mapping: implications for the evolution of human chromosome 2. | to date, several hundred nonchimeric yeast artificial chromosomes (yacs) from the centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain containing polymorphic sequence-tagged sites have been mapped by fluoresence in situ hybridization (fish) on human metaphase chromosomes. because they carry an average of 1 mb of human genomic dna, ceph yacs generate high-intensity in situ hybridization signals. the available set of cytogenetically and genetically anchored yacs, approximately one every 5-10 cm evenly spaced ov ... | 1996 | 8662246 |
| identification of new tap2 alleles in gorilla: evolution of the locus within hominoids. | transporters associated with antigen processing molecules (tap1 and tap2) mediate the transfer of cytosolic peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for association with newly synthesized class i molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. previous molecular and functional analyses of rat and human tap2 homologues indicated major differences in gene diversification patterns and selectivity of peptides transported. therefore, in this study, we analyzed the alleles of the gorill ... | 1996 | 8662084 |
| interallelic recombination has not played a major role in the history of the hla-c locus. | the human major histocompatibility complex class i loci hla-a and hla-b have previously been shown to differ with regard to the rate of interallelic recombination, with a much higher rate being observed in the case of hla-b. until recently, there were very few hla-c transcripts available for analysis. in the present study, we analyzed c locus alleles from human (n = 24), chimpanzee (n = 1), and gorilla (n = 5). both phylogenetic analysis and a method for detecting clusters of sites indicative of ... | 1996 | 8662075 |
| investigation of the rh locus in gorillas and chimpanzees. | the human rh blood-group system is encoded by two homologous genes, rhd and rhce. the rh genes in gorillas and chimpanzees were investigated to delineate the phylogeny of the human rh genes. southern blot analysis with an exon 7-specific probe suggested that gorillas have more than two rh genes, as has recently been reported for chimpanzees. exon 7 was well conserved between humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees, although the exon 7 nucleotide sequences from gorillas were more similar to the human d ... | 1996 | 8662018 |
| maximum-likelihood models for combined analyses of multiple sequence data | abstract. models of nucleotide substitution were constructed for combined analyses of heterogeneous sequence data (such as those of multiple genes) from the same set of species. the models account for different aspects of the heterogeneity in the evolutionary process of different genes, such as differences in nucleotide frequencies, in substitution rate bias (for example, the transition/transversion rate bias), and in the extent of rate variation across sites. model parameters were estimated by ... | 1996 | 8662011 |
| the znf75 zinc finger gene subfamily: isolation and mapping of the four members in humans and great apes. | we have previously reported (villa et al. (1993), genomics 18: 223) the characterization of the human znf75 gene located on xq26, which has only limited homology (less than 65%) to other zf genes in the databases. here, we describe three human zinc finger genes with 86 to 95% homology to znf75 at the nucleotide level, which represent all the members of the human znf75 subfamily. one of these, znf75b, is a pseudogene mapped to chromosome 12q13. the other two, znf75a and znf75c, maintain an orf in ... | 1996 | 8661144 |
| characterization of a chromosome-specific chimpanzee alpha satellite subset: evolutionary relationship to subsets on human chromosomes. | alpha satellite dna is a tandemly repeated dna family found at the centromeres of all primate chromosomes examined. the fundamental repeat units of alpha satellite dna are diverged 169- and 172-bp monomers, often found to be organized in chromosome-specific higher-order repeat units. the chromosomes of human (homo sapiens (hsa)), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes (ptr) and pan paniscus), and gorilla (gorilla gorilla) share a remarkable similarity and synteny. it is of interest to ask if alpha satellit ... | 1996 | 8660971 |
| the "phoca standard": an external molecular reference for calibrating recent evolutionary divergences. | comparison of the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of the high-arctic ringed seal (phoca hispida) and the sub-arctic harbour (p. vitulina) and grey (halichoerus grypus) seals shows that they are genetically equidistant from one another. we relate the evolutionary divergence of the three species to expanding glaciation in the arctic basin and establish, in conjunction with mtdna data, a standard reference for calibration of recent divergence events among mammalian taxa. in the present study, we ... | 1996 | 8660422 |
| comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of primate chromosomes with alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from human/rodent somatic cell hybrids. | we have used alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from rearranged human/rodent somatic cell hybrids for fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative mapping of some intrachromosomal changes in the karyotypes of great apes (pan troglodytes, p. paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), a gibbon (hylobates lar), and an old world monkey (macaca fuscata). probes containing chromosomes 2 and 18 fragments confirmed inversions already suggested by the banding pattern of great ape homol ... | 1996 | 8653267 |
| telomeres of higher primates. | the telomeres of gorilla, chimpanzee and human peripheral blood cells have been examined by hybridization to an oligonucleotide probe, (ttaggg)4, following conventional and pulsed-field electrophoresis procedures. the mspi site present near the chromosome terminus undergoes methylation in gorilla, chimpanzee and human genome as shown by the hpaii digestion. minor (ttaggg)4-hybridizing sequences have been also detected in the chimpanzee hindiii and mspi digests. | 1995 | 8653088 |
| a remembrance of fred, the lowland gorilla. | 1996 | 8651981 | |
| [homology and evolution of gene order: a simple method for testing a hypothesis on the nature of this evolution]. | a method of testing various hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of evolution of gene order is suggested. estimating the possibility of constructing an evolutionary tree that reflects the observed similarity between gene orders studied is proposed, provided that the distances between gene orders correspond to estimations obtained on the basis of the hypothesis tested. the required ibm pc software was developed. it was found that gene orders of the mouse, rabbit, cow, cat, lemur, capuchin monkey, ... | 1996 | 8647415 |
| analysis of the specificity of bacterial immunoglobulin a (iga) proteases by a comparative study of ape serum igas as substrates. | immunoglobulin a (iga) proteases are bacterial enzymes with substrate specificity for human serum and secretory igas. to further define the basis of this specificity, we examined the ability of iga proteases of clostridium ramosum, streptococcus pneumoniae (ec 3.4.24.13), neisseria meningitidis (ec 3.4.21.72), and haemophilus influenzae (ec 3.4.21.72) to cleave serum igas of gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. all enzymes cleaved the igas of the three apes despite differences in ape iga1 hing ... | 1996 | 8641803 |
| evolution and the origins of man: clues from complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial dna. | dating the origins of homo sapiens sapiens is a central problem in human population genetics and anthropology. do we descend from a single recent ancestral population in africa, or from multiple ancestral populations in various regions of the world which one million years ago simultaneously began developing into h.s.sapiens? the high substitution rate of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) makes this molecule suitable for genealogical and chronological research on closely related hominoid species. we have ... | 1995 | 8629095 |
| allelic diversity at the primate mhc-g locus: exon 3 bears stop codons in all cercopithecinae sequences. | twenty-seven major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-g exon 2, exon 3, and exon 2 and 3 allelic sequences were obtained together with 12 different intron 2 sequences. homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus, macaca fascicularis, macaca mulatta, and cercopithecus aethiops individuals were studied. polymorphism does not follow the classical pattern of three hypervariable regions per domain and is found in all species studied; exon 3 (equivalent to the alpha 2 pr ... | 1996 | 8606053 |
| effects of ontogeny and sexual dimorphism on scapula morphology in the mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei). | scapular measurements were obtained from growth series of the sexually dimorphic mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei). juveniles, subadults, and adults were compared to determine if scapula morphology varies with age. analyses reveal significant (p < 0.05) differences in scapula form for shape ratios of length vs. breadth, length vs. infraspinous fossa length, and length vs. spine length. males and females were also compared to determine if sexual dimorphism in scapula morphology is a con ... | 1995 | 8599379 |
| minimum description principle applied to construction of molecular phylogenetic tree. | ever since the discovery of a molecular clock (constancy of molecular evolutionary rate), many methods have been developed to estimate the molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees from the homologous nucleic sequences of different species. in this paper, we deal with this problem from the view point of an inductive inference, and apply rissanen's minimum description length principle to extract the minimum complexity phylogenetic tree. five mitochondrial dna sequences from human, common chimpanz ... | 1995 | 8591579 |
| tempo and mode of synonymous substitutions in mitochondrial dna of primates. | nucleotide substitutions of the four-fold degenerate sites and the total third codon positions of mitochondrial dna from human, common chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan were examined in detail by three alternative markov models; (1) hasegawa, kishino, and yano's (1985) model, (2) tamura and nei's (1993) model, and (3) the general reversible markov model. these sites are expected to be relatively free from constraint, and therefore their tempo and mode in evolution should reflect those o ... | 1996 | 8583892 |
| increased microsatellite variability in macaca mulatta compared to humans due to a large scale deletion/insertion event during primate evolution. | human (gata)n microsatellites d12s66 and d12s67 could be successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in various species of apes and monkeys. in 86 unrelated animals of the most intensively studied species macaca mulatta we demonstrated five alleles at "d12d66" differing in size in increments of 4 bp (159-175 bp), whereas 17 alleles were observed at locus "d12s67". the alleles of the latter locus are distributed in two separate groups with no alleles of intermediate size. six allele ... | 1995 | 8582342 |
| the role and amplification of the hs alu subfamily founder gene. | a recently identified alu element (leeflang et al. j. mol. evol. 1993, 37:559-565), referred to as the "putative founder of the hs (pv) subfamily," was found to be present at orthologous loci in the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and gibbon lineages. the evolution of this alu suggested that it is a source gene in the evolution of alu family repeats for one of the most recent subfamilies, hs. we have determined that this putative founder of the hs subfamily was not present at the orthologous loci in ... | 1996 | 8576958 |
| the human t-cell receptor gamma variable pseudogene v10 is a distinctive marker of human speciation. | the v10 variable gene of the human t-cell receptor gamma locus (tcrg-v10), the only member of the subgroup iii, has a structural defect which inhibits the splicing of the leader intron. we show that there is a single point mutation in the v10 leader donor splice site responsible for this situation and that this mutation is found in the different populations tested, indicating that v10 corresponds to a pseudogene in humans. we restored the splice site by mutagenesis and obtained correct splicing ... | 1996 | 8575818 |
| antigenic characteristics and cdna sequences of hla-b73. | the cdna sequence and serological data for hla-b73 are reported. anti-b73 sera are found relatively frequently, considering the rarity of the antigen. it was noted early that in some cases the antibodies in sera of multiparous women did not react with the eliciting cells (fathers) and thus all behaved as a naturally occurring antibody. we report on 18 b73 antisera found during the screening of 55,000 danish sera. only one of the 17 stimulators typed also had the b73 tissue type. ten of the stimu ... | 1995 | 8547229 |
| tricky relatives: consecutive dichotomous speciation of gorilla, chimpanzee and hominids testified by immunological determinants. | 1995 | 8544877 | |
| investigation of species specificity using nine pcr-based human str systems. | several eukaryotic genomes contain polymorphic markers consisting of trimeric and tetrameric short tandem repeats (str). recent reports have demonstrated the variability of short tandem repeat (str) polymorphisms at a variety of loci among several human population groups. currently, there are nine commercially available str pcr systems from promega corporation that may be utilized for human identification. we report here the analysis of 23 different species dna's using these nine str primer syst ... | 1995 | 8522927 |
| filariae from a wild gorilla in gabon with description of a new species of mansonella. | a search for filariae was performed on a wild male gorilla g. gorilla from the lopé reserve in gabon, which had died as a result of injuries inflicted by another male gorilla. a female worm of loa loa and female worms of two species of mansonella were recovered from the deep tissues of a wounded thigh. in order to analyze these mansonella, specimens of m. (e.) perstans, m. (e.) vanhoofi and m. (e.) streptocerca from the collections of the museum national d'histoire naturelle de paris have been s ... | 1995 | 8520803 |
| dating the primigenial c4-cyp21 duplication in primates. | c4 and cyp21 are two adjacent, but functionally unrelated genes residing in the middle of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc). the c4 gene codes for the fourth component of the complement cascade, whereas the cyp21 gene specifies an enzyme (cytochrome p450c21) of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid pathways. the genes occur frequently in multiple copies on a single chromosome arranged in the order c4 ... cyp21 ... c4 ... cyp21. the unit of duplication (a module) is the c4-c ... | 1993 | 8514140 |
| evolution of pro-protamine p2 genes in primates. | protamines p1 and p2 form a family of small basic peptides that represent the major sperm proteins in placental mammals. in human and mouse protamine p2 is one of the most abundant sperm proteins. the protamine p2 gene codes for a p2 precursor, pro-p2 which is later processed by proteolytic cleavages in its n-terminal region to form the mature p2 protamines. we have used polymerase chain amplification to directly sequence the pro-p2 genes of the five major primate families: red howler (alouatta ... | 1993 | 8513810 |
| mhc class ii haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in primates. | the loci encoding the major histocompatibility class ii cell surface antigens dr, dq, and dp exhibit a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism. strong linkage disequilibrium is also found between these loci in the human population. to study the evolutionary conservation of this disequilibrium the dqa1, dqb1, and drb1-6 loci were analyzed in chimpanzee and gorilla by sequencing or/and oligonucleotide hybridization of pcr-amplified dna. this analysis revealed several new drb sequences. the distr ... | 1993 | 8458733 |
| macfie continues in mountain gorilla conservation. | 1993 | 8449793 | |
| the emergence of new dna repeats and the divergence of primates. | we have identified four genetic novelties that are fixed in specific primate lineages and hence can serve as phylogenetic time markers. one alu dna repeat is present in the human lineage but is absent from the great apes. another alu dna repeat is present in the gorilla lineage but is absent from the human, chimpanzee, and orangutan. a progenitor xba1 element is present in the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan, but only in the human lineage did it give rise to a transposed progeny, xba2. ... | 1993 | 8446601 |
| an alphoid dna sequence conserved in all human and great ape chromosomes: evidence for ancient centromeric sequences at human chromosomal regions 2q21 and 9q13. | using vector-cenp-b box polymerase chain reaction (pcr) we isolated and cloned from a human chromosome 21-specific plasmid library, a 1 kb dna sequence, named p alpha h21. in in situ hybridization experiments, p alpha h21 hybridized, under high stringency conditions, to the centromeric region of all the human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan chromosomes. on human chromosomes p alpha h21 also identified non-centromeric sequences at 2q21 (locus d2f33s1) and 9q13 (locus d9f33s2). the possible der ... | 1993 | 8444464 |
| hominoid heterochromatin: terminal c-bands as a complex genetic trait linking chimpanzee and gorilla. | the genetic relations of the apes have been the source of contention throughout the last decade. a potentially useful suite of phylogenetic characters is the distribution of darkly staining material (heterochromatin) in the chromosomes of the apes. while the precise etiology of this character suite remains unclear, it appears to be fairly easily reconciled to hominoid phylogeny in general. the distribution of heterochromatin at the tips of the chromosomes of gorillas and chimpanzees suggests a p ... | 1993 | 8430756 |
| testicle size of orang-utans in relation to body size. | few data are available for assessing the relative testicle size of orang-utans, pongo pygmaeus, so measures were obtained for 31 individuals of varying age. it was shown that the volume of the testicles, calculated from in situ measures of testicle length and breadth, closely approximates testicle weight when multiplied by the specific gravity of solid tissue. growth curves for body weight and data published for wild specimens were evaluated to obtain the weight most characteristic of male pongo ... | 1993 | 8430755 |
| glycophorin b and glycophorin e genes arose from the glycophorin a ancestral gene via two duplications during primate evolution. | human glycophorin a, b, and e genes are homologous from the 5'-flanking region to 1 kilobase downstream from the exon encoding the transmembrane region. analysis of human alu sequences at the transition site from the homologous to nonhomologous region suggested that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas gpb and gpe genes arose by homologous recombination within the alu repetitive sequence, and acquired 3' sequences from an unrelated gene (kudo, s., and fukuda, m. (1989) ... | 1993 | 8420995 |
| primate genes for glycophorins carrying mn blood group antigens. | glycophorin a, b, and e genes were derived from a common ancestral gene and this gene family appeared during primate evolution, probably between orangutan and gorilla divergences. based on the study of genomic structures of these human glycophorins and the genetic and immunological study of primate glycophorins, we hypothesize that chimpanzee and gorilla glycophorin b could possess a longer extracellular region and carry a stronger n blood group antigenicity compared with that of the human. | 1993 | 8411100 |
| prevalence of shigellosis and other enteric pathogens in a zoologic collection of primates. | an epidemiologic study of shigellosis was the preliminary step in the formulation of a plan for the control of devastating infectious diseases in nonhuman primates at the national zoological park. data were collected from primate groups with enzootic shigellosis and included the following species: white-cheeked and siamong gibbons (hylobates concolor and h syndactylies); lion-tailed, celebes, and barbary macaques (macaca silenus, m nigera, and m sylvanus); black and white colobus monkeys (colobu ... | 1993 | 8407446 |
| characterization of the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i of chimpanzee and gorilla: comparative analysis of 5' flanking erythroid-specific promoter sequences. | the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i (ca i) have been characterized for chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). in addition, 44 nucleotides (nt) at the 5' end of the noncoding first exon (exon 1a), which is unique to the erythroid ca i mrna, together with 188 nt of the adjacent 5' flanking regions, were sequenced for the corresponding positions of the ca i of orangutan, pigtail macaque, and squirrel monkey. when these 5' flanking regions are compared, along with those publ ... | 1993 | 8406018 |
| primate phylogeny studied by comparative determinant analysis. a preliminary report. | in this preliminary report the divergence times for the major primate groups are given, calculated from a study by comparative determinant analysis of 69 proteins (equaling 0.1% of the whole genetic information). with an origin of the primate order set at 80 million years before present, the ages of the last common ancestors (lcas) of man and the major primate groups obtained this way are as follows: pan troglodytes 5.2; gorilla gorilla 7.4; pongo pygmaeus 19.2; hylobates lar 20.3; old world mon ... | 1993 | 8398202 |
| the interaction of primate transferrins with receptors on bacteria pathogenic to humans. | the binding of primate transferrins by receptors in the human pathogens neisseria meningitidis, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae was assessed and compared with the binding of anti-human transferrin monoclonal antibodies by primate transferrins. in competitive binding assays the three pathogens showed identical specificity for primate transferrins. only human, gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan sera were capable of blocking binding of labelled human transferrin. dire ... | 1993 | 8366816 |
| duplication of the cd8 beta-chain gene as a marker of the man-gorilla-chimpanzee clade. | in earlier studies we have found that the gene encoding the cd8 beta chain is duplicated in man. we demonstrate here that the duplicated genes are both located on chromosome 2. we have also studied the moment of the duplication event relative to the evolution of higher primates by using genomic dna of a panel of primates. our data strongly suggest that duplication occurred after the orangutan lineage had split and before the chimpanzee, gorilla, and man clade diverged, some 8-9.5 million years a ... | 1993 | 8346216 |
| mhc-drb and -dqa1 nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas. implications for the evolution of primate mhc class ii haplotypes. | mhc-drb and -dqa1 second-exon and -drb 3'-untranslated-region nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas with no known family relationship with each other and of two hla homozygous typing cell lines were determined and compared with published primate mhc-drb and -dqa1 sequences. eleven distinct mhcgogo-drb second-exon sequences were found, which represent the gorilla counterparts of the hla-drb1*03, -drb1*10, -drb3, -drb5, and -drb6 allelic lineages. one gogo-drb second-exon sequence does no ... | 1993 | 8340229 |
| evolution of protamine p1 genes in primates. | protamine p1 genes have been sequenced by pcr amplification and direct dna sequencing from 9 primates representing 5 major families, cebidae (new world monkeys), cercopithecidae (old world monkeys), hylobatidae (gibbons), pongidae (gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee), and hominidae (human). in this recently diverged group of primates these genes are clearly orthologous but very variable, both at the dna level and in their expressed amino acid sequences. the rate of variation amongst the protamin ... | 1993 | 8308910 |
| comparative high-resolution mapping of human and primate chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. | a molecular cytogenetic approach that facilitates high-resolution comparative mapping of defined human genes in different primate species is presented. fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital imaging microscopy were used to visualize human dna probes on simultaneously banded or "painted" metaphase chromosomes of great apes (pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), hylobatids (hylobates lar and hylobates syndactylus), and old world monkeys (macaca fuscata and cercopithecus aethio ... | 1993 | 8288242 |
| cloning and comparative mapping of a human chromosome 4-specific alpha satellite dna sequence. | we have isolated and characterized two human alphoid dna clones: p4n1/4 and pz4.1. clone p4n1/4 identifies specifically the centromeric region of chromosome 4; pz4.1 recognizes a subset of alphoid dna shared by chromosomes 4 and 9. the specificity was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments on metaphase spreads and southern blotting analysis of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. the genomic organization of both subsets was also investigated. comparative mapping on chimpa ... | 1993 | 8288224 |
| fixation times of retroposons in the ribosomal dna spacer of human and other primates. | we have investigated the presence/absence of two types of retroposed sequences found in human ribosomal dna in equivalent positions in chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey rdna. these sequences are one pseudogene derived from the single-copy cdc27hs gene and seven complete alu elements. the 2-kb pseudogene is present in the apes but not in old world monkeys, indicating fixation in an ape ancestor. five of the alu elements are shared by the whole set of primates studied, indi ... | 1993 | 8276415 |
| meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: implications for hominid vascular evolution. | arterial meningeal patterns were observed for 100 hemispheres from great ape endocasts (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus). eight patterns emerged based on the relative contributions to the walls and dura mater of the middle part of the braincase of meningeal arteries that stem from two sources. these arteries enter the braincase through either the orbit (delivering blood from the internal carotid artery) or through the base of the middle cranial fossa (via the m ... | 1993 | 8238293 |
| evolution of the tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) in primates. | tyrosinase is the major enzyme responsible for the formation of melanin pigment and is found throughout the animal kingdom. in humans, the tyrosinase gene (tyr) maps to the long arm of chromosome 11 at band q14-->q21, while a tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) maps to the short arm of chromosome 11 at p11.2-->cen. we and others have found that the tyrl locus contains sequences that are similar to exons iv and v of the authentic tyrosinase gene but lacks sequences of exons i, ii, and iii. in an attem ... | 1993 | 8234203 |
| identification of conserved potential regulatory sequences of the protamine-encoding p1 genes from ten different mammals. | in order to detect regulatory conserved dna elements within the protamine 1-encoding gene (p1) promoter, we have sequenced this region from the rat, guinea pig, gorilla, orangutan, anubis baboon and red monkey p1 genes and compared it to the homologous human, bull, boar and mouse nucleotide (nt) sequences. we demonstrate the presence of a consensus sequence, hsmcytcayaat (prot1c: protamine 1 consensus), from nt position -64 to position -53 in all p1 genes whose promoter sequences are now known. ... | 1993 | 8224908 |
| evolutionary divergence of human chromosome 9 as revealed by the position of the abl protooncogene in higher primates. | attempts to solve the fundamental questions regarding the descent of man are dogged by superstitions and unexamined orthodoxies. the origin of humans, established a decade ago based upon cytological analysis of ape chromosomes, continues to be called into question. although molecular methods have provided a framework for tracing the paths of human evolution, conclusive evidence remains elusive. we have used a single abl gene probe derived from human chromosome 9 to assess the direction of change ... | 1994 | 8202081 |
| coraco-clavicular joint: normal variant in humans. a radiographic demonstration in the human and non-human primate. | the coraco-clavicular joint is a true synovial joint that may become painful in some patients after trauma. among the descriptions of this entity is the assertion that the coraco-clavicular joint is routinely seen in gorillas and gibbons. we undertook to assess the incidence of this variant among gorillas, gibbons, and other non-human primates. all available radiographs of large primates performed at the international wildlife conservation park/bronx zoo (iwcp) over the past 10 years were review ... | 1994 | 8191295 |
| fluctuating asymmetry in gorilla canines: a sensitive indicator of environmental stress. | populations of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) have decreased markedly as a result of human encroachment. the species is therefore likely to have been exposed to substantial environmental stress. fluctuating asymmetry (fa) is one measure of environmental stress. we examined the expression of fa in the canines and second premolars of the upper jaw of western lowland gorillas. the canines had patterns of fa typical of secondary sexual characters, whereas the expression of pre ... | 1994 | 8165230 |
| mechanical and spatial determinants of paranthropus facial form. | it is well documented in the anthropological literature that the distinctive morphology of the "robust" hominid facial skeleton reflects its dietary specialization. rak (1983) has provided the most comprehensive evaluation of paranthropus facial morphology and this important study concluded that bone strain generated during mastication was responsible for the scaling of measures of facial height and breadth. the present study evaluated rak's analysis by examining the relationship between bizygom ... | 1994 | 8147440 |
| metatarsophalangeal joint function and positional behavior in australopithecus afarensis. | recent discussions of the pedal morphology of australopithecus afarensis have led to conflicting interpretations of australopithecine locomotor behavior. we report the results of a study using computer aided design (cad) software that provides a quantitative assessment of the functional morphology of australopithecine metatarsophalangeal joints. the sample includes a. afarensis, homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus. angular measurements of the articular surfaces rel ... | 1994 | 8141243 |
| a subterminal satellite located adjacent to telomeres in chimpanzees is absent from the human genome. | one of the significant unresolved differences between the karyotypes of humans and african apes is the presence of positively staining g-bands at the ends of many chromosome arms in the chimpanzee and gorilla but absent from human chromosomes. using a telomere anchored pcr strategy, we have isolated dna from a subterminal satellite, composed of a 32 basepair a-t rich repeat, from the chimpanzee genome that hybridizes to all the additional terminal bands and at two interstitial sites. the satelli ... | 1994 | 8136835 |
| comparative study of human monoclonal anti-d antibodies of igg and igm classes in tests with red cells of nonhuman primates. | forty-nine human anti-d (rho) monoclonal antibodies of the igg and igm classes were tested with red blood cells of various nonhuman primates, from anthropoid apes to prosimians, and significant differences in reactivity were observed among antibodies of two classes depending on taxonomic position of primate animals. by and large, higher percentage of igm mabs gave positive reactions with nonhuman primate red cells and, particularly, with blood of lower monkeys: old and new worlds monkeys and pro ... | 1993 | 8117374 |
| mobility of short interspersed repeats within the chimpanzee lineage. | the pv subfamily of alu repeats in human dna is largely composed of recently inserted members. here we document additional members of the pv subfamily that are found in chimpanzee but not in the orthologous loci of human and gorilla, confirming the relatively recent and independent expansion of this alu subfamily in the chimpanzee lineage. as further evidence for the youth of this alu subfamily, one pv alu repeat is specific to pan troglodytes, whereas others are present in pan paniscus as well. ... | 1993 | 8114109 |
| phylogenetic isolation of a human alu founder gene: drift to new subfamily identity [corrected]. | a severe bottleneck in the size of the pv alu subfamily in the common ancestor of human and gorilla has been used to isolate an alu source gene. the human pv alu subfamily consists of about one thousand members which are absent in gorilla and chimpanzee dna. exhaustive library screening shows that there are as few as two pv alus in the gorilla genome. one is gorilla-specific, i.e., absent in the orthologous loci in both human and chimpanzee, suggesting the independent retrotranspositional activi ... | 1993 | 8114108 |
| immunoglobulin gm allotypes in apes: comparison with man. | serum samples from 245 apes (184 pan troglodytes, five pan paniscus, 28 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelei, and five pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) were tested for g1m (1,2,3,17), g2m (23), and g3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical method of inhibition of hemagglutination. some phenotypes are species specific while a few are shared by man and african apes. | 1993 | 8105090 |
| organization and evolution of c4 and cyp21 genes in primates: importance of genomic segments. | the evolutionary relationship between two central major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes, c4 and cyp21, was investigated by employing pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses in human and nonhuman primates. using taq i in conjunction with c4 and cyp21 probes, it has been found that there are four major types of c4 genes [defined by 7.0, 6.4, 6.0, and 5.4 kilobases (kb) taq i fragments] and two major types of cyp21 gen ... | 1993 | 8093607 |
| gene trees and hominoid phylogeny. | here we present a dna sequence study that incorporates intraspecific variation from all five genera of hominoids (apes and humans). recently it has been claimed that using single individuals to analyze species' relationships might be misleading if within-species variation is great. our results indicate that despite high intraspecific variation in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene sequences of some hominoids, humans and chimpanzees are nonetheless significantly most closely related ... | 1994 | 8090741 |
| will primate genetics split one gorilla into two? | 1994 | 8085151 | |
| investigation of the human rh blood group system in nonhuman primates and other species with serologic and southern blot analysis. | to investigate the evolution of the rh blood-group system in anthropoid apes, new and old world monkeys, and nonprimate animals, serologic typing of erythrocytes from these species with antibodies specific for the human rh blood-group antigens was performed. in addition, genomic dna from these animals was analyzed on southern blots with a human rh-specific cdna. consistent with earlier reports, serologic results showed that gorilla and chimpanzee erythrocytes had epitopes recognized by human rh ... | 1994 | 8064876 |
| conservation of human y chromosome sequences among male great apes: implications for the evolution of y chromosomes. | nine newly described single-copy and low-copy-number genomic dna sequences isolated from a flow-sorted human y chromosome library were mapped to regions of the human y chromosome and were hybridized to southern blots of male and female great ape genomic dnas (gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus). eight of the nine sequences mapped to the euchromatic y long arm (yq) in humans, and the ninth mapped to the short arm or pericentromeric region. all nine of the newly identified sequences ... | 1994 | 8064869 |
| molecular evolutionary processes and conflicting gene trees: the hominoid case. | molecular evolutionary processes modify dna over time, creating both newly derived substitutions shared by related descendant lineages (phylogenetic signal) and "false" similarities which confound phylogenetic reconstruction (homoplasy). however, some types of dna regions, for example those containing tandem duplicate repeats, are preferentially subject to homoplasy-inducing processes such as sporadically occurring concerted evolution and dna insertion/deletion. this added level of homoplasic "n ... | 1994 | 8042708 |
| levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny. | molecular data are widely used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species, and these phylogenies are often used as the basis for inferences about the history of evolutionary change in other nonmolecular characters. this approach is an appropriate and powerful one in many circumstances. but when several lineages diverge over a relatively short period of time, the assumption that a molecular (gene) tree will always be a valid basis for such inferences may not hold. empirical evidence ... | 1994 | 8042707 |
| sequence divergence of the red and green visual pigments in great apes and humans. | we have determined the coding sequences of red and green visual pigment genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. the deduced amino acid sequences of these pigments are highly homologous to the equivalent human pigments. none of the amino acid differences occurred at sites that were previously shown to influence pigment absorption characteristics. therefore, we predict the spectra of red and green pigments of the apes to have wavelengths of maximum absorption that differ by < 2 nm from th ... | 1994 | 8041777 |