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direction of association between bite wounds and mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers: implications for transmission.badgers are involved in the transmission to cattle of bovine tuberculosis (tb), a serious problem for the uk farming industry. cross-sectional studies have shown an association between bite wounds and tb infection in badgers which may have implications for m. bovis transmission and control, although the sequence of these two events is unclear. transmission during aggressive encounters could potentially reduce the effectiveness of policies which increase the average range of a badger and thus its ...201223029117
surveillance for mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a mexican wildlife-livestock interface area.to assess the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (wrs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (wlia) of the mexican highland plateau.201223013189
[enhanced activation of t lymphocytes by urease-deficient recombinant bacillus calmette-guérin producing heat shock protein 70-major membrane protein-ii fusion protein].to activate naïve t cells convincingly using mycobacterium bovis bcg (bcg), rbcg (bcg-d70m) that was deficient in urease, expressed with gene encoding the fusion of bcg-derived heat shock protein (hsp) 70 and mycobacterium leprae-derived major membrane protein (mmp)-ii, one of the immunodominant ags of m. leprae, was newly constructed. bcg-d70m was more potent in activation of both cd4+ and cd8+ subsets of naïve t cells than rbcgs including urease-deficient bcg and bcg-70m secreting hsp70-mmp-ii ...201223012848
bacteriological and molecular detection of mycobacterium bovis in cattle with inconclusive results to intradermal tuberculin tests.a dairy herd (77 cows) from rio de janeiro, brazil, with a history of tuberculosis infection was tested by a comparative cervical test (cct). seventeen cows were reactive and seven were inconclusive (swelling ≥ 2.0 mm and ≤ 3.9 mm, respectively). all of these 24 cows were slaughtered and necropsied ; samples from lungs and lymph nodes were collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and culturing. infection was confirmed in 23/24 (95.8%) of the slaughtered animals (five by culturing, ...201323010250
optimization of cell-wall skeleton derived from mycobacterium bovis bcg tokyo 172 (smp-105) emulsion in delayed-type hypersensitivity and antitumor models.cell-wall skeleton prepared from mycobacterium bovis bcg (bcg-cws) is known as a potent adjuvant and has been shown to possess antitumor activity in many non-clinical and clinical studies. as there are no approved bcg-cws formulations for cancer therapy, we investigated the potential for cancer immunotherapy of smp-105, our originally produced bcg-cws. for optimizing smp-105 emulsion, we compared the effects of drakeoland squalane-based smp-105 emulsions on ifn-γ production in rats and evaluated ...201223006993
a comprehensive proteomic analysis of mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin using high resolution fourier transform mass spectrometry.since 1921, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) has been recognized as an important vaccine to prevent tuberculosis worldwide. nonetheless, a global analysis of bcg proteome has not been clearly investigated. in this study, we performed an in-depth proteomic analysis of bcg under an in vitro cultivation condition using sds-page and high resolution fourier transform mass spectrometry. in total, 3434 proteins (35,259 unique peptides) including 512 transmembrane proteins were identif ...201223000594
mycobacterium bovis infections in slaughter pigs in mubende district, uganda: a public health concern.bovine tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is primarily a disease of ruminants, particularly cattle (bos primigenius) and buffalo (syncerus caffer), and is endemic in most developing countries. to date, studies done in uganda have documented the prevalence of m. bovis in cattle, humans and wild life, in addition to non-tuberculous mycobacteria in pigs. pigs are increasingly becoming an important component of the livestock sector and share the human ecosystem in rural uganda. it is th ...201222999303
mutations in the essential fas ii β-hydroxyacyl acp dehydratase complex confer resistance to thiacetazone in mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium kansasii.it has recently been shown that the anti-mycobacterial pro-drug thiacetazone (tac) inhibits the conversion of double bonds of mycolic acid precursors into cyclopropyl rings in mycobacterium bovis var bcg, m. marimum and m. chelonae by affecting the cyclopropyl mycolic acid synthases (cmass) as judged by the build-up of unsaturated mycolate precursors. in our hands, tac inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. kansasii with almost negligible accumulation of those pr ...201222994892
single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mycobacterium bovis genome resolve phylogenetic relationships.mycobacterium bovis isolates carry restricted allelic variation yet exhibit a range of disease phenotypes and host preferences. conventional genotyping methods target small hypervariable regions of the m. bovis genome and provide anonymous biallelic information that is insufficient to develop phylogeny. to resolve phylogeny and establish trait-allele associations, we interrogated 75 m. bovis and 61 m. tuberculosis genomes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), using iplex massarray (sequeno ...201222993186
on-farm mitigation of transmission of tuberculosis from white-tailed deer to cattle: literature review and recommendations.the animal industry division of the michigan department of agriculture and rural development (mdard) has been challenged with assisting farmers with modifying farm practices to reduce potential for exposure to mycobacterium bovis from wildlife to cattle. the mdard recommendations for on-farm risk mitigation practices were developed from experiences in the us, uk and ireland and a review of the scientific literature. the objectives of our study were to review the present state of knowledge on m. ...201222991687
a forensic investigation of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers. 201222990123
[unilateral panuveitis following intravesical therapy with bacille of calmette et guerin].uveitis occuring after mycobacterium bovis-bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) intravesical therapy for bladder carcinoma is rare. only a few cases have been described. its physiopathology is still unknown. two mechanisms can be proposed at the origin of ocular inflammation: a local immune response or a direct choroidal mycobacterial infection as demonstrated by vitreous cultures. we report the case of 63-year-old man who presented with unilateral panuveitis after the fifth bcg intravesical instillati ...201222978181
blockade of il-10 signaling during bacillus calmette-guérin vaccination enhances and sustains th1, th17, and innate lymphoid ifn-γ and il-17 responses and increases protection to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.vaccination with mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) remains the only prophylactic vaccine against tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, but gives variable protection against pulmonary disease. the generation of host th1 responses following bcg vaccination is accepted as the major mechanism of protection against m. tuberculosis infection. early production of il-17 in the lungs following m. tuberculosis challenge of mice previously vaccinated with m. tuberculosis pept ...201222972927
herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis: a literature review.bovine tuberculosis (tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, is one of the most challenging endemic diseases currently facing government, the veterinary profession, and the farming industry in the united kingdom and ireland and in several other countries. the disease has a notoriously complex epidemiology; the scientific evidence supports both cattle-cattle and wildlife-cattle transmission routes. to produce more effective ways of reducing such transmission, it is important to understand those risk ...201222966479
modelling transmission of bovine tuberculosis in red deer and wild boar in normandy, france.in early 2001, mycobacterium bovis infection was confirmed in red deer (rd) (cervus elaphus) shot in normandy region, france. an epidemiological survey conducted during the following hunting season in two connected forests confirmed the occurrence of the disease in both free-ranging rd and wild boar (wb) (sus scrofa). this was the first detected bovine tuberculosis outbreak in wildlife in france. we present a simple deterministic age-structured model of the within- and between-species m. bovis t ...201222958262
emerging zoonoses: the "one health approach".zoonoses represent a public health risk recently pointed out by the spreading of previously unknown human infectious diseases emerging from animal reservoirs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza caused by h5n1-virus. these outbreaks have shown that animal breeding activities can pose a significant public health risk. until now, the risk of zoonoses has probably been underestimated, particularly in occupational settings. the emergence or re-emergence of bacterial (mycobac ...201222953235
synthesis and biological evaluation of coumarin derivatives as inhibitors of mycobacterium bovis (bcg).the coumarin compounds are an important class of biologically active molecules, which have attractive caught the attention of many organic and medicinal chemists, due to potential pharmaceutical implications and industrial applications. we herein report the one-pot procedure for the efficient synthesis of coumarin derivatives using commercially available substrates via isocyanide-based multicomponent condensation reactions. these compounds were evaluated for anti-mycobacterium activity against m ...201222943459
evaluating use of cattle winter feeding areas by elk and white-tailed deer: implications for managing bovine tuberculosis transmission risk from the ground up.transmission of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) among wildlife and livestock has created important risks for conservation and agriculture. management strategies aimed at controlling tb have typically been top-down, regionally focused, and government-led programs that were at best only partially successful. the purpose of this study was to quantify co-mingling of elk and white-tailed deer (wtd) with cattle at multiple spatial scales (i.e., the regional farm scale and winter cattle feedi ...201322940061
diagnosis of active tuberculosis using mpb64, a specific antigen of mycobacterium bovis.because the incidence of tuberculosis (tb) is still high in developing countries, an inexpensive and rapid diagnostic test for this infection is needed. to develop a screening test for tb, mpb64 antigen was produced by recombinant technology and purified with a polyhistidine tag. next, serum and urine samples from patients with tb and uninfected individuals were examined by the dot-blot assay method using this purified antigen. serum samples from patients with tb reacted more strongly with mpb64 ...201222938072
trial watch: experimental toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (prrs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded rna. accumulating evidence indicates that the function of tlrs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. tlrs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in a ...201222934262
cryopreservation of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex cells.successful long-term preservation of mycobacterium tuberculosis cells is important for sample transport, research, biobanking, and the development of new drugs, vaccines, biomarkers, and diagnostics. in this report, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin and m. tuberculosis h37ra were used as models of m. tuberculosis complex strains to study cryopreservation of m. tuberculosis complex cells in diverse sample matrices at different cooling rates. cells were cryopreserved in diverse sample m ...201222933596
a bayesian approach to study the risk variables for tuberculosis occurrence in domestic and wild ungulates in south central spain.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by mycobacterium bovis. although eradication is a priority for the european authorities, btb remains active or even increasing in many countries, causing significant economic losses. the integral consideration of epidemiological factors is crucial to more cost-effectively allocate control measures. the aim of this study was to identify the nature and extent of the association between tb distribution and a list of potential r ...201222931852
composition of the type vii secretion system membrane complex.pathogenic mycobacteria require type vii secretion (t7s) systems to transport virulence factors across their complex cell envelope. these bacteria have up to five of these systems, termed esx-1 to esx-5. here, we show that esx-5 of mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates the secretion of esxn, ppe and pe_pgrs proteins, indicating that esx-5 is a major secretion pathway in this important pathogen. using the esx-5 system of mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium bovis bcg as a model, we have purified ...201222925462
tbk-1 promotes autophagy-mediated antimicrobial defense by controlling autophagosome maturation.autophagy is a fundamental biological process of the eukaryotic cell contributing to diverse cellular and physiological functions including cell-autonomous defense against intracellular pathogens. here, we screened the rab family of membrane trafficking regulators for effects on autophagic elimination of mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis bcg and found that rab8b and its downstream interacting partner, innate immunity regulator tbk-1, are required for autophagic elimination of mycobacteria in ...201222921120
assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in african lions.bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, is a disease that was introduced relatively recently into the kruger national park (knp) lion population. feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv(ple)) is thought to have been endemic in lions for a much longer time. in humans, co-infection between mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus increases disease burden. if btb were to reach high levels of prevalence in lions, and if similar worsening effects would exist between fi ...201222915673
evaluation of gamma interferon and antibody tuberculosis tests in alpacas.we describe the performance of cell-based and antibody blood tests for the antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis (tb) in south american camelids (sac). the sensitivity and specificity of the gamma interferon (ifn-γ) release assay, two lateral flow rapid antibody tests (stat-pak and dual path platform [dpp]), and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-based antibody tests (idexx and enferplex) were determined using diseased alpacas from mycobacterium bovis culture-confirmed breakdown herds ...201222914362
a point mutation in cyca partially contributes to the d-cycloserine resistance trait of mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccine strains.in mycobacteria, cyca a d-serine, l- and d-alanine, and glycine transporter also functions in the uptake of d-cycloserine, an important second-line anti-tubercular drug. a single nucleotide polymorphism identified in the cyca gene of bcg was hypothesized to contribute to the increased resistance of mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) to d-cycloserine compared to wild-type mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis. working along these lines, a merodiploid strain of bcg expr ...201222912881
two new rapid snp-typing methods for classifying mycobacterium tuberculosis complex into the main phylogenetic lineages.there is increasing evidence that strain variation in mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) might influence the outcome of tuberculosis infection and disease. to assess genotype-phenotype associations, phylogenetically robust molecular markers and appropriate genotyping tools are required. most current genotyping methods for mtbc are based on mobile or repetitive dna elements. because these elements are prone to convergent evolution, the corresponding genotyping techniques are suboptimal for ...201222911768
upregulation of il-17a, cxcl9 and cxcl10 in early-stage granulomas induced by mycobacterium bovis in cattle.to gain further insight into the immunopathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis (btb), the cytokine and chemokine expression of cattle experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis was analysed in tb granulomas, using immunohistochemistry (ihc) and laser capture microdissection (lcm) followed by qpcr. immunohistochemistry was conducted for cell types using labelling for cd68, cd3, cd4, cd8, wc1 and cd79a and for the cytokines ifn-γ, tnf-α and tgf-β as well as inducible form of nitric oxide synthas ...201322909117
mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv is more effective compared to vaccine strains in modulating neutrophil functions: an in vitro study.neutrophils are the primary cells contributing to initial defense against mycobacteria. yet, little is known about the potential of various mycobacterial strains to stimulate neutrophils. this study was focused to compare the differential capacity of vaccine strains, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) and mycobacterium indicus pranii (mw), and laboratory strain h37rv to activate and enhance neutrophil functions. the expression of phenotypic markers like fcγ receptor, toll-like re ...201222900703
antimycobacterials from lovage root (ligusticum officinale koch).the n-hexane extract of lovage root was found to significantly inhibit the growth of both mycobacterium smegmatis mc²155 and mycobacterium bovis bcg, and therefore a bioassay-guided isolation strategy was undertaken. (z)-ligustilide, (z)-3-butylidenephthalide, (e)-3-butylidenephthalide, 3-butylphthalide, α-prethapsenol, falcarindiol, levistolide a, psoralen and bergapten were isolated by chromatographic techniques, characterized by nmr spectroscopy and ms, and evaluated for their growth inhibiti ...201322899555
understanding the relationship between mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes from cattle in latin american countries.spoligotyping is the most frequently used method for genotyping isolates of mycobacterium bovis worldwide. in the current work, we compared spoligotypes from 1684 m. bovis isolates from argentina (816), brazil (412), chile (66), mexico (274) and venezuela (116), obtained from cattle, humans, pigs, wild boars, farmed deer, goats, buffaloes, cats, and wild animals. a total of 269 different spoligotypes were found: 142 (8.4%) isolates presented orphan spoligotypes, whereas 1542 (91.6%) formed 113 d ...201322884173
guinea pig skin, a model for epidermal cellular and molecular changes induced by uvr in vivo and in vitro: effects on mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin vaccination.previously, we reported that ultraviolet b-radiation (uvr) suppressed bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccine-induced resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs (gp). herein, we investigated the cellular and molecular changes within the irradiated gp epidermis and the in vivo effect of supernatants from uv-irradiated (200 j m(-2)) epidermal cells (uv-sup) on m. bovis bcg vaccination. uvr increased the number of nucleated keratinocytes in the skin, but caused a decrease in the proport ...201622882532
divergent effects of mycobacterial cell wall glycolipids on maturation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) is able to evade the immune defenses and may persist for years, decades and even lifelong in the infected host. mtb cell wall components may contribute to such persistence by modulating several pivotal types of immune cells. dendritic cells (dcs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and hence play a crucial role in the initial immune response to infections by connecting the innate with the adaptive immune system.201222880012
conserved immune recognition hierarchy of mycobacterial pe/ppe proteins during infection in natural hosts.the mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contains two large gene families encoding proteins of unknown function, characterized by conserved n-terminal proline and glutamate (pe and ppe) motifs. the presence of a large number of pe/ppe proteins with repetitive domains and evidence of strain variation has given rise to the suggestion that these proteins may play a role in immune evasion via antigenic variation, while emerging data suggests that some family members may play important roles in mycobact ...201222870206
role of mincle in alveolar macrophage-dependent innate immunity against mycobacterial infections in mice.the role of macrophage-inducible c-type lectin mincle in lung innate immunity against mycobacterial infection is incompletely defined. in this study, we show that wild-type (wt) mice responded with a delayed mincle induction on resident alveolar macrophages and newly immigrating exudate macrophages to infection with mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg), peaking by days 14-21 posttreatment. as compared with wt mice, mincle knockout (ko) mice exhibited decreased proinflammatory media ...201222869905
th2 responses in ova-sensitized balb/c mice are down-modulated by mycobacterium bovis bcg treatment.this study aimed to determine whether mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) treatment can reverse an established allergic airway inflammation in a balb/c mouse model of ovalbumin (ova)-induced airway inflammation.201322864629
mycobacterium bovis infection in livestock workers in ibadan, nigeria: evidence of occupational exposure.bovine tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in the cattle population in nigeria. livestock workers are at risk of mycobacterium bovis infection and unaware of their health status.201222863763
pathogenic mycobacterium bovis strains differ in their ability to modulate the proinflammatory activation phenotype of macrophages.tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis, remains one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide. the ability of mycobacteria to rapidly grow in host macrophages is a factor contributing to enhanced virulence of the bacteria and disease progression. bactericidal functions of phagocytes are strictly dependent on activation status of these cells, regulated by the infecting agent and cytokines. pathogenic mycobacteria can survive the hostile environment of the pha ...201222863292
the role of the mycobacterial dna-binding protein 1 (mdp1) from mycobacterium bovis bcg in host cell interaction.mycobacterium tuberculosis differs from most pathogens in its ability to multiply inside monocytes and to persist during long periods of time within granuloma in a status of latency. a class of proteins called mycobacterial histone-like proteins has been associated with regulation of replication and latency, but their precise role in the infection process has yet to be uncovered. our study aimed at defining the impact of the histone-like protein mdp1 from m. bovis bcg (mycobacterial dna-binding ...201222863261
progress in oral vaccination against tuberculosis in its main wildlife reservoir in iberia, the eurasian wild boar.eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) is the main wildlife reservoir for tuberculosis (tb) in iberia. this review summarizes the current knowledge on wild boar vaccination including aspects of bait design, delivery and field deployment success; wild boar response to vaccination with bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) and inactivated mycobacterium bovis; and wild boar vaccination biosafety issues as well as prospects on future research. oral vaccination with bcg in captive wild boar has shown to be safe wi ...201222848869
bovine tuberculosis in south darfur state, sudan: an abattoir study based on microscopy and molecular detection methods.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a widespread zoonosis in developing countries but has received little attention in many sub-saharan african countries including sudan and particularly in some parts such as darfur states. this study aimed to detect bovine tuberculosis among caseous materials of cattle slaughtered in abattoirs in south darfur state, sudan by using microscopic and pcr-based methods. the study was a cross-sectional abattoir-based study which examined a total of 6,680 bovine carcasses fo ...201322843216
generation of recombinant bacillus calmette-guérin and mycobacterium smegmatis expressing bfpa and intimin as vaccine vectors against enteropathogenic escherichia coli.enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is an important cause of diarrhea in children. epec adheres to the intestinal epithelium and causes attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions. recombinant mycobacterium smegmatis (smeg) and mycobacterium bovis bcg strains were constructed to express either bfpa or intimin. the entire bfpa gene and a portion of the intimin gene were amplified by pcr from epec genomic dna and inserted into the pmip12 vector at the bamhi/kpni sites. the pmip_bfpa and pmip_intimin ...201222828590
mycobacterium bovis infection in a collared peccary (tayassu tajacu): insights on tuberculosis wild reservoirs. 201222818660
method for assessing ifn-γ responses in guinea pigs during tb vaccine trials.we sought to develop a new method that enables the assessment of the immune response of guinea pigs during tb vaccine evaluation studies, without the need to cull or anaesthetize animals.201222817339
transcriptional response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle infected with mycobacterium bovis.mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of most cases of bovine tuberculosis. the identification of btb biomarkers in specific stages of the disease will contribute to a better understanding of the immunopathology associated with tuberculosis and will enable their use in disease diagnosis and prognosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression profile induced after specific stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle infected with m. bovis using the a ...201222815916
a modified visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis and differentiation of main pathogens from mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.this study was aimed to rapidly identify and differentiate two main pathogens of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis by a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay. the reaction results could be evaluated by naked eye with two optimized closed tube detection methods as follows: adding the modified fluorescence dye in advance into the reaction mix so as to observe the color changes or putting a tinfoil i ...201122806847
evaluation of serodiagnostic assays for mycobacterium bovis infection in elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in the united states.in 2011, the united states department of agriculture conducted a project in which elk (cervus elaphus spp.), white-tailed deer (wtd) (odocoileus virginianus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were evaluated by the single cervical tuberculin test (sct), comparative cervical tuberculin test (cct), and serologic tests. the rapid antibody detection tests evaluated were the cervidtb stat-pak (stat-pak), and the dual path platform vettb (dpp). blood was collected from presumably uninfected animals pri ...201222792512
natural killer cells are recruited during pulmonary tuberculosis and their ex vivo responses to mycobacteria vary between healthy human donors in association with kir haplotype.humans vary widely in their susceptibility to tuberculosis. while only a minority will progress to disease, the majority of healthy individuals exposed to mycobacterium tuberculosis mount an immune response that can clear or contain the infection in a quiescent form. using immunofluorescence on human clinical samples, we identified natural killer (nk) cells infiltrating granulomatous pulmonary lesions during active disease. in order to compare the nk cell ability to react to free mycobacteria in ...201222788220
an outbreak of tuberculosis by mycobacterium bovis in coatis (nasua nasua).mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes mycobacterium bovis, infrequently causes severe or lethal disease in captive wildlife populations. a dead coati from a wildlife triage center showing pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis had raised suspicion of a potential disease caused by mycobacteria species and was further investigated. four native coatis (nasua nasua) with suspected mycobacterial infection were sedated, and bronchoalveolar lavages and tuberculin skin tests (tsts) ...201222779238
detection of antibodies to tuberculosis antigens in free-ranging lions (panthera leo) infected with mycobacterium bovis in kruger national park, south africa.bovine tuberculosis (tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has become established in kruger national park, south africa, in the cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) population and in other species. tb in prey species has resulted in infection and morbidity in the resident lion (panthera leo) prides. the only validated live animal test currently available for lions is the intradermal tuberculin test. because this test requires capture twice, 72 hr apart, of free-ranging lions to read results, it is logis ...201222779235
bladder cancer immunotherapy: bcg and beyond.mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) has become the predominant conservative treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. its mechanism of action continues to be defined but has been shown to involve a t helper type 1 (th1) immunomodulatory response. while bcg treatment is the current standard of care, a significant proportion of patients fails or do not tolerate treatment. therefore, many efforts have been made to identify other intravesical and immunomodulating therapeutics t ...201222778725
polyclonal mucosa-associated invariant t cells have unique innate functions in bacterial infection.mucosa-associated invariant t (mait) cells are a unique population of αβ t cells in mammals that reside preferentially in mucosal tissues and express an invariant vα paired with limited vβ t-cell receptor (tcr) chains. furthermore, mait cell development is dependent upon the expression of the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ib molecule mr1. using in vitro assays, recent studies have shown that mouse and human mait cells are activated by antigen-presenting ce ...201222778103
synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a new series of n-alkyl-2-alkynyl/(e)-alkenyl-4-(1h)-quinolones.to gain further insight into the structural requirements of the aliphatic group at position 2 for their antimycobacterial activity, some n-alkyl-4-(1h)-quinolones bearing position 2 alkynyls with various chain length and triple bond positions were prepared and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against rapidly-growing strains of mycobacteria, the vaccine strain mycobacterium bovis bcg, and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains, emrsa-15 and -16. the compounds were also eval ...201222777190
bacillus calmette-guerin lymphadenitis: a 6-year experience in two saudi hospitals.the world health organization (who) has recommended bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccination as a part of the global expanded program for immunization. although the bcg vaccine is usually a safe vaccine, a number of complications with lymphadenitis being the most common complication, can occur.201322771644
evaluation of the interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) assay to diagnose mycobacterium bovis infection in pigs.mycobacterium bovis recognizes as hosts a wide spectrum of animal species. in particular epidemiological situations, high prevalence of infection is found also in pigs. in the present study, we evaluated the capability of the interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) assay to identify pigs infected with m. bovis. the results of the immune-diagnosis were correlated to the findings of the post mortem inspection and the bacterial culture of lymph nodes. blood samples of 146 pigs, belonging to a local breed of sicil ...201222771195
histological and immunohistochemical characterisation of mycobacterium bovis induced granulomas in naturally infected fallow deer (dama dama).mycobacterium bovis infections in fallow deer have been reported in different countries and play an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb), together with other deer species. there is little knowledge of the pathogenesis of btb in fallow deer. the aim of this study was to perform a histopathological characterisation of the granulomas induced by m. bovis in this species and the immunohistochemical distribution of different cell subsets (cd3+, cd79+, macrophages) and chemic ...201222763148
effect of interaction of vitamin c on macrophage immune response to infection with mycobacterium bovis.bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium bovis affecting humans and livestock. like mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb), m. bovis can persist in cattle without causing overt symptoms after entering a non-replicating persistent (nrp) state. given that m.tb enters nrp under stress conditions, we sought to find the effects of vitamin c (vc) on m. bovis in vitro and in vivo (vc could mimic stresses like hypoxia by o2 scavenging and acidic conditions in phagosome). m. ...201222762523
comparing badger (meles meles) management strategies for reducing tuberculosis incidence in cattle.bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, continues to be a serious economic problem for the british cattle industry. the eurasian badger (meles meles) is partly responsible for maintenance of the disease and its transmission to cattle. previous attempts to manage the disease by culling badgers have been hampered by social perturbation, which in some situations is associated with increases in the cattle herd incidence of btb. following the licensing of an injectable vaccine, we c ...201222761746
goats primed with mycobacterium bovis bcg and boosted with a recombinant adenovirus expressing ag85a show enhanced protection against tuberculosis.this is the first efficacy study using the experimental goat model, a natural host of tuberculosis (tb), to evaluate the efficacy of heterologous mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) prime followed by boosting with a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the antigen ag85a (adag85a). three experimental groups of 11 goat kids each were used: bcg vaccinated, bcg vaccinated and adag85a boosted, and nonvaccinated. twenty-two goat kids were vaccinated with ∼5 × 10(5) cfu of bcg (we ...201222761299
therapeutic effects of mycobacterial secretory proteins against established asthma in balb/c mice.live/killed mycobacteria and culture supernatants can suppress asthmatic reactions. this study investigated whether mycobacterial secretory proteins have therapeutic effects on asthma.201222754715
extra pulmonary tuberculosis: a diagnostic dilemma.tuberculosis remains a major public health problem globally, with india being one of the high burden countries. the common causative agent is mycobacterium tuberculosis but in developing countries m. bovis is reported as a potential human pathogen. almost 20% of all reported cases of tuberculosis are of extra pulmonary form of disease. diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (eptb) is not always possible with conventional methods, due to the long time required and the paucibacillary nature of ...201122754191
primary isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium bovis disease: a prospect of concern. 201222753693
percutaneous interdigital injection of mycobacterium bovis as a model for tuberculous lesion development in wild brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula).brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are the major wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), in new zealand. primary diagnosis of btb in wild possums is by palpation to detect peripheral lymphadenomegaly followed by necropsy examination, which frequently identifies gross tuberculous lesions in the peripheral lymph nodes and lungs. experimental infection studies were conducted with wild possums in an attempt to emulate field btb, focussing o ...201322749650
descendant of daughter brazilian bcg moreau substrain in poland.in this study we assessed the genomic stability of mycobacterium bovis bcg moreau seed lots used in poland for bcg vaccine production since 1955 by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) and random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd). bcg vaccine lots were more closely related the original lot -m. bovis bcg rio de janeiro moreau compared with seeds used before 1980, which is consistent with seed lot distribution recorded in the archives. we con ...201222749596
a matched cohort study investigating the risk of mycobacterium bovis infection in the progeny of infected cows.the aim of this study was to quantify the risk of bovine tuberculosis in the progeny of cows confirmed as having bovine tuberculosis. historical computerised records were used to undertake a retrospective cohort study. the exposed cohort was defined as the last calf of dams that were diagnosed as having bovine tuberculosis during 2002. the progeny were only retained for subsequent analysis if they were born in the 9 months preceding slaughter of the dam and if they lived for more than 15 months. ...201222749115
effects of culling eurasian wild boar on the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis and aujeszky's disease virus.worldwide, failure to eradicate a disease in livestock has sometimes been related to wildlife reservoirs of infection. we describe the effects of eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) abundance reduction through increased culling on the prevalence of two chronic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (tb) and aujeszky's disease (ad), in a region of south-central spain (scs). the two infections studied responded differently to an approximately 50% reduction of wild boar abundance. wild boar tb prevalence re ...201222743215
different inflammatory stimuli in the footpad of mice influence the kinetics of resident peritoneal cells.evidence from the literature that inflammation is a systemic biological phenomenon prompted us to investigate whether inoculation of different irritants to the footpad of mice might influence the kinetics of resident peritoneal cells.201222740121
differential effects of mycobacterium bovis--derived polar and apolar lipid fractions on bovine innate immune cells.mycobacterial lipids have long been known to modulate the function of a variety of cells of the innate immune system. here, we report the extraction and characterisation of polar and apolar free lipids from mycobacterium bovis af 2122/97 and identify the major lipids present in these fractions. lipids found included trehalose dimycolate (tdm) and trehalose monomycolate (tmm), the apolar phthiocerol dimycocersates (pdims), triacyl glycerol (tag), pentacyl trehalose (pat), phenolic glycolipid (pgl ...201222738036
mycobacterium bovis: a model pathogen at the interface of livestock, wildlife, and humans.complex and dynamic interactions involving domestic animals, wildlife, and humans create environments favorable to the emergence of new diseases, or reemergence of diseases in new host species. today, reservoirs of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries and wild animal populations. free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer in the us, brushtail possum in new zealand, badger in the republic of ireland and the uni ...201222737588
receptor modulation and functional activation of human cd34+ lin- -derived immature nk cells in vitro by mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg).it is not yet clear whether immature nk (ink) cells are bystanders to or rather participate in immune responses to pathogens that may colocalize in areas of nk-cell maturation such as bone marrow or lymph nodes. mycobacteria, including bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg), have been shown to interact with peripheral nk cells and in vivo may colocalize in areas of ink-cell development. we studied infection with bcg of human cord blood cd34(+) lin(-)-derived cultures containing myelomonocytes and ink ce ...201222736333
immunogenicity of recombinant bcg-based vaccine expressing the 22 kda of serine repeat antigen (se22) of plasmodium falciparum.the plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (sera) is one of the promising blood-stage malarial vaccine candidates. in this study, recombinant mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guerin (rbcg) expressing the 22 kda protein (se22) from the 47 kda nterminal domain of serine repeat antigen (sera), generated in favour of mycobacterium codon usage, elicited specific immune response in balb/c mice with a mixed th1/th2 profile. immunized sera containing high levels of specific igg1 and igg2a again ...201222735846
polymorphism in the rd1 locus and its effect on downstream genes among south indian clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis.rd1, the region of difference between the virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis bcg, is the most explored region in terms of mycobacterial virulence and vaccine design. this study found a polymorphic intergenic region between two genes, rv3870 and rv3871, in the rd1 region. sequence analysis revealed a 53 bp repeat element that created a polymorphism among the clinical isolates, reported previously as the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (miru) 39 locus ...201222723257
the duration of antigen-stimulation significantly alters the diversity of multifunctional cd4 t cells measured by intracellular cytokine staining.the assessment of antigen-specific t cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining (ics) has become a routine technique in studies of vaccination and immunity. here, we highlight how the duration of in vitro antigen pre-stimulation, combined with the cytokine accumulation period, are critical parameters of these methods. the effect of varying these parameters upon the diversity and frequency of multifunctional cd4 t cell subsets has been investigated using a murine model of tb vaccination an ...201222719990
assessment of the immune responses induced in cattle after inoculation of a mycobacterium bovis strain deleted in two mce2 genes.the generation of efficient candidate vaccines against bovine tuberculosis will contribute to the control of this zoonotic disease. rationally attenuated mycobacterium bovis strains generated by knockout of virulence genes are promising candidate vaccines. however, to be effective, these candidate vaccines should at least maintain the immunological properties of their virulent parental m. bovis strains. therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain an m. bovis strain deleted in the mce2 genes a ...201222719207
risk factors associated with indeterminate gamma interferon responses in the assessment of latent tuberculosis infection in a high-incidence environment.the performance of gamma interferon (ifn-γ) release assays (igra) in the detection of latent tuberculosis (tb) infection is limited by the higher rates of indeterminate results in hiv-infected persons, who bear the brunt of tb disease in some high-burden settings. the objective of the study was to evaluate predictors of indeterminate igra results in the overall study population and in hiv-infected persons. the study setting is khayelitsha, an informal township in the western cape of south africa ...201222718129
duration of immunity against mycobacterium bovis following neonatal vaccination with bacillus calmette-guérin danish: significant protection against infection at 12, but not 24, months.vaccination of neonatal calves with mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) induces a significant degree of protection against bovine tuberculosis, caused by infection with virulent m. bovis. in two independent experiments, we assessed the duration of the protective immunity induced in calves by neonatal vaccination with bcg danish. protection from disease was assessed at 12 and 24 months postvaccination in cattle challenged via the endotracheal route with m. bovis. we also assessed a ...201222718125
induction of t cell responses and recruitment of an inflammatory dendritic cell subset following tumor immunotherapy with mycobacterium smegmatis.mycobacteria and their cell wall components have been used with varying degrees of success to treat tumors, and mycobacterium bovis bcg remains in use as a standard treatment for superficial bladder cancer. mycobacterial immunotherapy is very effective in eliciting local immune responses against solid tumors when administered topically; however, its effectiveness in eliciting adaptive immune responses has been variable. using a subcutaneous mouse thymoma model, we investigated whether immunother ...201222714285
neamphamide b, new cyclic depsipeptide, as an anti-dormant mycobacterial substance from a japanese marine sponge of neamphius sp.a new cyclic depsipeptide, designated neamphamide b (1), was isolated from a marine sponge of neamphius sp. collected at okinawa, japan in 1993 as an anti-mycobacterial substance against active and dormant bacilli. the planar structure of neamphamide b (1) was determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and stereostructure of amino acid was deduced by chromatographic comparison of the acid hydrolysate of 1 with appropriate amino acid standards after derivatizing with fdaa or gitc. neampha ...201222704240
population structure of mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle in mexico.the molecular fingerprints of 878 isolates of mycobacterium bovis collected from cattle between 2009 and 2010 in different regions of mexico were used in this study. one hundred and ninety-four spoligotypes were observed in total with a high degree of heterogeneity. sixty-four percent of the isolates grouped into just nine spoligotypes, and 27% fell into only two spoligotypes: sb0673 and sb0669; 149 were orphan spoligotypes. the two predominant spoligotypes were found in almost all states in mex ...201222703980
experimental aerosol inoculation and investigation of potential lateral transmission of mycobacterium bovis in virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana).an endemic focus of mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) infection in the state of michigan has contributed to a regional persistence in the animal population. the objective of this study was to determine if virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) contribute to disease persistence by experimentally assessing intraspecies lateral transmission. one wild caught pregnant female opossum bearing 11 joeys (young opossum) and one age-matched joey were obtained for the study. four joeys were aerosol inoculate ...201222701815
differential gene expression segregates cattle confirmed positive for bovine tuberculosis from antemortem tuberculosis test-false positive cattle originating from herds free of bovine tuberculosis.antemortem tests for bovine tuberculosis (btb) currently used in the us measure cell-mediated immune responses against mycobacterium bovis. postmortem tests for btb rely on observation of gross and histologic lesions of btb, followed by bacterial isolation or molecular diagnostics. cumulative data from the state of michigan indicates that 98 to 99% of cattle that react positively in antemortem tests are not confirmed positive for btb at postmortem examination. understanding the fundamental diffe ...201222701814
identification of rd5-encoded mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins as b-cell antigens used for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.comparative genomic studies have identified several mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific genomic regions of difference (rds) which are absent in the vaccine strains of mycobacterium bovis bcg and which may be useful in the specific diagnosis of tuberculosis (tb). in this study, all encoded proteins from dna segment rd5 of mycobacterium tuberculosis, that is, rv3117-rv3121, were recombined and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibody reactivity with sera from hiv-negative pulmo ...201222701501
a recombinant attenuated mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine strain is safe in immunosuppressed simian immunodeficiency virus-infected infant macaques.many resource-poor countries are faced with concurrent epidemics of aids and tuberculosis (tb) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. dual infections with hiv and m. tuberculosis are especially severe in infants. there is, however, no effective hiv vaccine, and the only licensed tb vaccine, the mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccine, can cause disseminated mycobacterial disease in hiv-infected children. thus, a pediatric vac ...201222695156
use of esat-6-cfp-10 fusion protein in the bovine interferon-gamma elispot assay for diagnosis of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic bacterial disease, and a major animal health problem with zoonotic implications. screening of mycobacterial infections in bovines is traditionally done using the single intradermal tuberculin test. though the test is widely used, it has its own disadvantages and they include its inability to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial infections owing to its low specificity. furthermore, the associated operative difficulties of this test ...201222691409
mpra and dosr coregulate a mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence operon encoding rv1813c and rv1812c.mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a significant global pathogen, causing extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. this bacterium persists within granulomatous lesions in a poorly characterized, nonreplicating state. the two-component signal transduction systems mprab and dosrs-dost (devrs-rv2027c) are responsive to conditions likely to be present within granulomatous lesions and mediate aspects of m. tuberculosis persistence in vitro and in vivo. here, we describe a previously uncharacteriz ...201222689819
networked t cell death following macrophage infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis.depletion of t cells following infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) impairs disease resolution, and interferes with clinical test performance that relies on cell-mediated immunity. a number of mechanisms contribute to this t cell suppression, such as activation-induced death and trafficking of t cells out of the peripheral circulation and into the diseased lungs. the extent to which mtb infection of human macrophages affects t cell viability however, is not well characterised.201222675566
discovery of novel 5-(ethyl or hydroxymethyl) analogs of 2'-'up' fluoro (or hydroxyl) pyrimidine nucleosides as a new class of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium inhibitors.discovery of novel antimycobacterial compounds that work on distinctive targets and by diverse mechanisms of action is urgently required for the treatment of mycobacterial infections due to the emerging global health threat of tuberculosis. we have identified a new class of 5-ethyl or hydroxy (or methoxy) methyl-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides as potent inhibitors of mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis (h37ra, h37rv) and mycobacterium avium. a series of 2'-'up' fluoro (or hydroxy) ...201222664188
phagolysosome maturation of macrophages was reduced by pe_pgrs 62 protein expressing in mycobacterium smegmatis and induced in ifn-γ priming.mycobacterium bovis parasitizes host macrophages and has developed strategies to survive within macrophages. research on mycobacteria-specific pe_pgrs genes indicates that they code for cell surface proteins that may influence virulence. to further elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of tuberculosis and host response to m. bovis, we explored the mechanisms by which pe_pgrs62 protein increase persistence of mycobacterium within host macrophages. we found that the m. smegmatis strain expressing m ...201222658664
broad heparin-binding haemagglutinin-specific cytokine and chemokine response in infants following mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccination.heparin-binding haemagglutinin (hbha)-specific immune responses have been linked to protection against tuberculosis (tb). we investigated the hypothesis that bcg vaccination of human infants primes an hbha-specific response, using multiplex to measure secreted cytokines and chemokines following hbha and mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivative (ppd) stimulation of diluted whole blood samples from bcg-vaccinated or -unvaccinated infants. of 42 analytes measured, 24 and 32 significan ...201222653733
a novel mechanism of growth phase-dependent tolerance to isoniazid in mycobacteria.tuberculosis remains one of the most deadly infectious diseases worldwide and is a leading public health problem. although isoniazid (inh) is a key drug for the treatment of tuberculosis, tolerance to inh necessitates prolonged treatment, which is a concern for effective tuberculosis chemotherapy. inh is a prodrug that is activated by the mycobacterial enzyme, katg. here, we show that mycobacterial dna-binding protein 1 (mdp1), which is a histone-like protein conserved in mycobacteria, negativel ...201222648414
[isolation and identification of mycobacterium bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in raw milk samples in mersin province].this study was aimed to isolate and identify mycobacterium bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) species in raw milk samples from cattles and to compare the diagnostic performance of the methods used for that purpose. a total of 145 raw milk samples from cattles were collected from five villages in mersin province (located on mediterrenean region of turkey) between april and june 2008. presence of mycobacteria was investigated by ehrlich ziehl neelsen (ezn) staining method, culture in löw ...201222639317
detection of interferon-γ response to tuberculosis in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination at slaughter from cattle sensitized with mycobacterium bovis.to determine whether an interferon (ifn)-γ response sufficient to categorize cattle as positive for tuberculosis can be detected in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination at slaughter.201222620699
dna typing of mycobacterium bovis isolates from badgers (meles meles) culled from areas in ireland with different levels of tuberculosis prevalence.badgers (meles meles) have been implicated in the transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle in ireland and uk. recent studies in ireland have shown that although the disease is endemic in badgers, the prevalence of disease is not uniform throughout the country and can vary among subpopulations. the extent to which the prevalence levels in badgers impact on the prevalence in cattle is not known. previously, dna fingerprinting has shown that m. bovis strain types are shared between b ...201222619743
fasciola hepatica is associated with the failure to detect bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a significant and intractable disease of cattle caused by mycobacterium bovis. in the united kingdom, despite an aggressive eradication programme, the prevalence of btb is increasing with an unexplained, exponential rise in cases year on year. here we show in a study involving 3,026 dairy herds in england and wales that there is a significant negative association between exposure to the common, ubiquitous helminth parasite, fasciola hepatica and diagnosis of btb. the ...201222617293
inhibition of mycobacterial infection by the tumor suppressor pten.the tumor suppressor pten is a lipid phosphatase that is frequently mutated in various human cancers. pten suppresses tumor cell proliferation, survival, and growth mainly by inhibiting the pi3k-akt signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. in addition to it role in tumor suppression, the pten-pi3k pathway controls many cellular functions, some of which may be important for cellular resistance to infection. currently, the intersection between tumorig ...201222613768
mycobacterium bovis infection in badger cubs: re-assessing the evidence for maternally derived immunological protection from advanced disease.the eurasian badger (meles meles) is a significant source of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the uk and ireland. protection from infectious diseases, arising from maternal antibody transfer, is a well-established immunological phenomenon in mammals. in a previous study of wild badgers, transient serological responses in cubs were taken as evidence of maternal antibody transfer, and it was speculated this conferred protection from subsequent mycobacterial excretion following acquisition of tuber ...201222613668
pivotal role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in inflammation and nk-cell responses after tlr9 triggering in mice.the physiologic role played by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) in the induction of innate responses and inflammation in response to pathogen signaling is not well understood. here, we describe a new mouse model lacking pdcs and establish that pdcs are essential for the in vivo induction of nk-cell activity in response to toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) triggering. furthermore, we provide the first evidence that pdcs are critical for the systemic production of a wide variety of chemokines in resp ...201222611152
mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccine induces non-specific immune responses in japanese flounder against nocardia seriolae.nocardiosis caused by nocardia seriolae has been causing severe loss of fish production, so that an effective vaccine is urgently needed. mycobacterium bovis bcg (bcg) is a live attenuated vaccine for tuberculosis, which is effective against various infectious diseases including nocardiosis in mammals. in this study, the protective efficacy of bcg against n. seriolae was evaluated in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus and antigen-specific immune responses induced in bcg vaccinated fish wer ...201222609413
cloning and expression of malaria and tuberculosis epitopes in mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin.mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guèrin (bcg) represents one of the most promising live vectors for the delivery of foreign antigens to the immune system. a recombinant bcg containing a synthetic gene coding for the malarial epitopes namely, the fragment 2 of region ii of eba-175 (f2r(ii)eba) and the repeat sequence of the circumsporozoite protein nanp generated in favour of mycobacterium codon usage using assembly pcr was constructed. two t-cell epitopes of the 6-kda m. tuberculosis early-s ...022589585
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