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nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of neisseria gonorrhoeae in low-prevalence settings: a review of the evidence.in uk microbiology laboratories there is widespread use of nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) which allow the simultaneous 'dual' detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis, although the prevalence of gonorrhoea in most areas is low and this may lead to high numbers of false positive results. the aim of this study was to examine the evidence base for unselected testing for gonorrhoea in the community.201425013081
knowledge and acceptability of chlamydia trachomatis screening among pregnant women and their partners; a cross-sectional study.chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnancy can cause maternal disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal disease, which is why chlamydia screening during pregnancy has been advocated. the effectiveness of a screening program depends on the knowledge of health care professionals, women and partners and the acceptability for screening of the target population. we assessed the knowledge of chlamydia infection among pregnant women and their partners in the netherlands, their attitudes towar ...201425011479
improved plaque assay identifies a novel anti-chlamydia ceramide derivative with altered intracellular localization.chlamydia trachomatis is a medically important human pathogen causing different diseases, including trachoma, the leading cause of preventable blindness in developing countries, and sexually transmitted infections that can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancies. there is no vaccine against c. trachomatis at present. broad-spectrum antibiotics are used as standard therapy to treat the infection but have unwanted side effects, such as inducing persistent or recurring infections and affecting ...201425001308
analysis of patients with chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in an std clinic.chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is common in our setting and early treatment can prevent complications. the aim of this study was to report on patients diagnosed with c trachomatis genital infection in a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic.201424998449
highly specific and efficient primers for in-house multiplex pcr detection of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum.although sophisticated methodologies are available, the use of endpoint polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect 16s rdna genes remains a good approach for estimating the incidence and prevalence of specific infections and for monitoring infections. considering the importance of the early diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (stis), the development of a sensitive and affordable method for identifying pathogens in clinical samples is needed. highly specific and efficient primers for a mu ...201424997675
evaluation of a multisubunit recombinant polymorphic membrane protein and major outer membrane protein t cell vaccine against chlamydia muridarum genital infection in three strains of mice.an efficacious vaccine is needed to control chlamydia trachomatis infection. in the murine model of chlamydia muridarum genital infection, multifunctional mucosal cd4 t cells are the foundation for protective immunity, with antibody playing a secondary role. we previously identified four chlamydia outer membrane proteins (pmpe, pmpf, pmpg and pmph) as cd4 t cell vaccine candidates using a dendritic cell-based immunoproteomic approach. we also demonstrated that these four polymorphic membrane pro ...201424992718
screening for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae among high-school participants using the versant ct/gc dna 1.0 assay (kinetic pcr). 201424987099
sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.prostate cancer (pc) is the second most incident cancer and the sixth cause of death by cancer in men worldwide. despite extensive research efforts, no modifiable risk factors have been consistently identified for pc risk. a number of studies have focused on possible relationships between sexually transmitted infections (stis) and pc. we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between infection caused by neisseria gonorrheae, treponema pallidum, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas va ...201424986642
all subtypes of the pmp adhesin family are implicated in chlamydial virulence and show species-specific function.the bacterial pathogens chlamydia trachomatis and c. pneumoniae are obligate intracellular parasites, cause a number of serious diseases, and can infect various cell types in humans. chlamydial infections are probably initiated by binding of the bacterial outer membrane protein omcb to host cell glycosaminoglycans (gags). here, we show that all nine members of the polymorphic membrane protein (pmp) family of c. trachomatis mediate adhesion to human epithelial and endothelial cells. importantly, ...201424985494
over-screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea among urban women age ≥25 years.the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) in older women who are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (stis) based on community sti prevalence. additionally, we explored the associations between sti risk factors and ct/ng to determine the percentage of women who were over-screened.201524983680
positive correlations between genomic %at and genome size within strains of bacterial species.genomic %at has been found to correlate negatively with genome size in microbes. while microbes with large genomes are often gc rich and free living, at-rich bacteria tend to be host associated with smaller genomes. with over 2000 fully sequenced and assembled microbial genomes available, we explored the relationship among genomic %at, genome size, relative entropy (a measure associated with genetic drift) and fraction of genome islands (gis) in microbial species with the genomes of more than 10 ...201424983532
cervical infection with herpes simplex virus, chlamydia trachomatis, and neisseria gonorrhoeae among symptomatic women, dubai, uae: a molecular approach.tragically, genital tract infections are still a major public health problem in many regions. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of cervical infection with herpes simplex virus (hsv), chlamydia trachomatis (ct), and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) among married women referring to iranian hospital, dubai, uae. in a retrospective cross-sectional survey, 201 female patients aged 16-80 years who referred to the obstetrics and gynecology department of iranian hospital, dubai, uae, in 20 ...201424982675
a cross-sectional study showing differences in the clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease according to the experience of clinicians: implications for training and audit.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) generates diagnostic difficulty even for experienced doctors. junior doctors and nurses also assess women with symptoms suggestive of pid. we aimed to determine if and how pid diagnoses vary between clinicians with different experience levels.201424982265
nitropropenyl benzodioxole, an anti-infective agent with action as a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor.we report on the activities of a broad spectrum antimicrobial compound,nitropropenyl benzodioxole (npbd) which are of relevance to its potential as an anti-infective drug. these investigations support the proposal that a major mechanism of npbd is action as a tyrosine mimetic, competitively inhibiting bacterial and fungal protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptp). npbd did not affect major anti-bacterial drug targets, namely, atp production, cell wall or cell membrane integrity, or transcription and t ...201424976873
chlamydia muridarum infection associated host micrornas in the murine genital tract and contribution to generation of host immune response.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is the leading sexually transmitted bacterial infection in humans and is associated with reproductive tract damage. however, little is known about the involvement and regulation of micrornas (mirs) in genital ct.201524976530
socioeconomic-related risk and sexually transmitted infection among african-american adolescent females.virtually no studies have examined the potential role that chronic stress, particularly the stress associated with socioeconomic status (ses) strain, may play on sexually transmitted infection (sti) risk. this study examined the association between ses-related risk at baseline to sti acquisition and reinfection over 36 months of follow-up.201424974317
the views of general practitioners and practice nurses towards the barriers and facilitators of proactive, internet-based chlamydia screening for reaching young heterosexual men.chlamydia trachomatis is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (sti), which disproportionately affects young people under 25 years. commonly, more women are offered screening than men. this study obtained the views of general practitioners and practice nurses towards internet-based screening and assessed levels of support for the development of proactive screening targeting young heterosexual men via the internet.201424972919
direct amplification, sequencing and profiling of chlamydia trachomatis strains in single and mixed infection clinical samples.sequencing bacterial genomes from dna isolated directly from clinical samples offers the promise of rapid and precise acquisition of informative genetic information. in the case of chlamydia trachomatis, direct sequencing is particularly desirable because it obviates the requirement for culture in mammalian cells, saving time, cost and the possibility of missing low abundance strains. in this proof of concept study, we developed methodology that would allow genome-scale direct sequencing, using ...201424971628
genital chlamydia trachomatis infection among female undergraduate students of university of port harcourt, nigeria.genital chlamydia trachomatis infection is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. there is little information about this infection in nigeria. this study determined the prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection among female undergraduates of university of port harcourt and identify the various associated risk factors.201424970962
[effects of education level of men who have sex with men on their high risk sexual behaviors and the infection of hiv and syphilis].to study the effects of educational background of men who have sex with men (msm) on their high risk sexual behaviors and the hiv/sti infection rates.201424969456
risk factors for active trachoma and ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection in treatment-naïve trachoma-hyperendemic communities of the bijagós archipelago, guinea bissau.trachoma, caused by ocular infection with chlamydia trachomatis, is hyperendemic on the bijagós archipelago of guinea bissau. an understanding of the risk factors associated with active trachoma and infection on these remote and isolated islands, which are atypical of trachoma-endemic environments described elsewhere, is crucial to the implementation of trachoma elimination strategies.201424967629
membrane vesicle production by chlamydia trachomatis as an adaptive response.bacteria have evolved specific adaptive responses to cope with changing environments. these adaptations include stress response phenotypes with dynamic modifications of the bacterial cell envelope and generation of membrane vesicles (mvs). the obligate intracellular bacterium, chlamydia trachomatis, typically has a biphasic lifestyle, but can enter into an altered growth state typified by morphologically aberrant chlamydial forms, termed persistent growth forms, when induced by stress in vitro. ...201424959424
morphologic and molecular evaluation of chlamydia trachomatis growth in human endocervix reveals distinct growth patterns.in vitro models of chlamydia trachomatis growth have long been studied to predict growth in vivo. alternative or persistent growth modes in vitro have been shown to occur under the influence of numerous stressors but have not been studied in vivo. here, we report the development of methods for sampling human infections from the endocervix in a manner that permits a multifaceted analysis of the bacteria, host and the endocervical environment. our approach permits evaluating total bacterial load, ...201424959423
human enteroendocrine cell responses to infection with chlamydia trachomatis: a microarray study.enteroendocrine cells (eec) are highly specialized cells producing signalling molecules vital to the normal functions of the gut. recently, we showed altered protein distribution in chlamydia infected eec in vitro. the aim of this study was to perform a microarray analysis of the response pattern of eec from both large and small bowel to infection in vitro, using chlamydia trachomatis infection as a model.201424959205
type ii fatty acid synthesis is essential for the replication of chlamydia trachomatis.the major phospholipid classes of the obligate intracellular bacterial parasite chlamydia trachomatis are the same as its eukaryotic host except that they also contain chlamydia-made branched-chain fatty acids in the 2-position. genomic analysis predicts that c. trachomatis is capable of type ii fatty acid synthesis (fasii). afn-1252 was deployed as a chemical tool to specifically inhibit the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (fabi) of c. trachomatis to determine whether chlamydial fasii is e ...201424958721
multinucleation during c. trachomatis infections is caused by the contribution of two effector pathways.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and the second leading cause of sexually transmitted infections in the us. infections cause significant morbidity and can lead to serious reproductive sequelae, including an epidemiological link to increased rates of reproductive cancers. one of the overt changes that infected cells exhibit is the development of genomic instability leading to multinucleation. here we demonstrate that the induction of multinucleation is not con ...201424955832
chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis in a male teenager: a case report.an 18 year old man was seen at a sexually transmitted infections (stis) clinic for counselling and treatment of chlamydia trachomatis genital infection which had been diagnosed during a screening survey of high school students. for two months he had reported conjunctival hyperaemia, increased tearing, itching, and mucopurulent secretions, predominantly on the left eye. his ophthalmologist had made a diagnosis of follicular conjunctivitis and lower superficial punctate keratitis (left eye more th ...201424955802
sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction to determine chlamydia trachomatis eradication rate with levofloxacin therapy in patients with chlamydial cervicitis.for the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis, a 7- to 14-day regimen with appropriate antibacterial agents (eg, macrolides, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones) has been recommended. many clinicians in japan have determined the eradication rate of cervical chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) prior to 3 weeks after treatment because patients' second visit rate has been low.200324944386
long-term stability of a vaccine formulated with the amphipol-trapped major outer membrane protein from chlamydia trachomatis.chlamydia trachomatis is a major bacterial pathogen throughout the world. although antibiotic therapy can be implemented in the case of early detection, a majority of the infections are asymptomatic, requiring the development of preventive measures. efforts have focused on the production of a vaccine using the c. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (momp). momp is purified in its native (n) trimeric form using the zwitterionic detergent z3-14, but its stability in detergent solutions is lim ...201424942817
analysis of cpaf mutants: new functions, new questions (the ins and outs of a chlamydial protease).the role of the chlamydial protease cpaf, previously described as a secreted serine protease processing a wealth of host and chlamydial proteins to promote chlamydial intracellular growth, has recently been questioned by studies from the groups of tan and sütterlin, who demonstrated that the reported proteolysis of almost a dozen substrates by cpaf occurred during preparation of cell lysates rather than in intact cells. valdivia et al. have now compared near-isogenic pairs of cpaf-deficient and ...201424942261
anti-chlamydial effect of plant peptides.even in asymptomatic cases of chlamydia trachomatis infection, the aim of the antibiotic strategy is eradication of the pathogen so as to avoid the severe late sequelae, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility. although first-line antimicrobial agents have been demonstrated to be predominantly successful in the treatment of c. trachomatis infection, treatment failures have been observed in some cases. rich source of antimicrobial peptides was recently discov ...201424939689
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum in men with urethritis attending an urban sexual health clinic.we conducted a study to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis (tv), mycoplasma genitalium (mg) and ureaplasma urealyticum (uu) in men with urethritis, attending an urban sexual health clinic, in order to inform screening and treatment policies. men attending an urban sexual health clinic between june 2011 and january 2012 were evaluated. urine samples were collected from men with urethritis and tested for chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) and tv using transcripti ...201524925897
sti-gmas: an open-source environment for simulation of sexually-transmitted infections.sexually-transmitted pathogens often have severe reproductive health implications if treatment is delayed or absent, especially in females. the complex processes of disease progression, namely replication and ascension of the infection through the genital tract, span both extracellular and intracellular physiological scales, and in females can vary over the distinct phases of the menstrual cycle. the complexity of these processes, coupled with the common impossibility of obtaining comprehensive ...201424923486
sensitive simultaneous detection of seven sexually transmitted agents in semen by multiplex-pcr and of hpv by single pcr.sexually transmitted diseases (stds) may impair sperm parameters and functions thereby promoting male infertility. to date limited molecular studies were conducted to evaluate the frequency and type of such infections in semen thus, we aimed at conceiving and validating a multiplex pcr (m-pcr) assay for the simultaneous detection of the following std pathogens in semen: chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, trichomonas vaginalis, herpes virus simplex (hsv) -1 and - ...201424921247
cross-sectional study of genital carcinogenic hpv infections in paramaribo, suriname: prevalence and determinants in an ethnically diverse population of women in a pre-vaccination era.cervical cancer is caused by carcinogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) infections. prior to the introduction of hpv vaccination in suriname, we performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of and determinants for genital carcinogenic hpv infections.201424920666
influence of the tryptophan-indole-ifnγ axis on human genital chlamydia trachomatis infection: role of vaginal co-infections.the natural history of genital chlamydia trachomatis infections can vary widely; infections can spontaneously resolve but can also last from months to years, potentially progressing to cause significant pathology. the host and bacterial factors underlying this wide variation are not completely understood, but emphasize the bacterium's capacity to evade/adapt to the genital immune response, and/or exploit local environmental conditions to survive this immune response. ifnγ is considered to be a p ...201424918090
chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalence among women of reproductive age living in urogenital schistosomiasis endemic area in ghana.many studies have shown an overlap in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (stis) and urogenital schistosomiasis among young women living in schistosomiasis endemic areas. yet we found no study assessing the prevalence of sti infections in urogenital schistosomiasis endemic areas in ghana. as part of an epidemiological study on urogenital schistosomiasis and hiv, we sought to assess the prevalence of both chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorhoeae (ng) infections among wo ...201424917067
no evidence for lgv transmission among heterosexuals in amsterdam, the netherlands.in recent years a few cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) in heterosexuals in europe have been reported. it is not known whether lgv transmission among heterosexuals occurs on a wider scale.201424915990
outreach sexual infection screening and postal tests in men who have sex with men: are they comparable to clinic screening?men who have sex with men (msm) have higher rates of poor sexual health. the national institute for health and care excellence has produced guidance on increasing the uptake of hiv testing to reduce undiagnosed infection in msm. we report the results of a pilot outreach sexually transmitted infection service using nurse-delivered screening and self-sampled postal testing at a sex on premises venue with comparison made against a sexual health clinic service. thirty men were included in each group ...201524912535
quantitative monitoring of the chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle using gfp-expressing bacteria, microscopy and flow cytometry.chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria. these pathogens develop inside host cells through a biphasic cycle alternating between two morphologically distinct forms, the infectious elementary body and the replicative reticulate body. recently, c. trachomatis strains stably expressing fluorescent proteins were obtained. the fluorochromes are expressed during the intracellular growth of the microbe, allowing bacterial visualization by fluorescence microscopy. whether they are also present in ...201424911516
geospatial distribution and clustering of chlamydia trachomatis in communities undergoing mass azithromycin treatment.we detected spatial clustering of households with chlamydia trachomatis infection (ci) and active trachoma (at) in villages undergoing mass treatment with azithromycin (mda) over time.201424906862
characteristics of acute nongonococcal urethritis in men differ by sexual preference.nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) is a common clinical syndrome, but no etiological agent is identified in a significant proportion of cases. whether the spectrum of pathogens differs between heterosexual men (msw) and men who have sex with men (msm) is largely unstudied but of considerable clinical relevance. a retrospective review was done using the electronic medical record database of melbourne sexual health centre, australia. cases were first presentations of symptomatic acute ngu with ≥ 5 pol ...201424899041
hptn 035 phase ii/iib randomised safety and effectiveness study of the vaginal microbicides buffergel and 0.5% pro 2000 for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in women.to estimate the effectiveness of candidate microbicides buffergel and 0.5% pro 2000 gel (p) (pro 2000) for prevention of non-ulcerative sexually transmitted infections (stis).201424898857
epidemiology of cervical cancer in colombia.worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women, and the first or second most common in developing countries. cervical cancer remains in colombia the first cause of cancer mortality and the second cause of cancer incidence among women, despite the existence of screening programs during the last 3 decades. bucaramanga, manizales and cali reported rates around 20 per 100,000and pasto 27 per 100,000. the cali cancer registry has reported a progressive decrease in the age standar ...201224893303
afebrile pneumonia (whooping cough) syndrome in infants at hospital universitario del valle, cali, 2001-2007.afebrile pneumonia syndrome in infants, also called infant pneumonitis, pneumonia caused by atypical pathogens or whooping cough syndrome is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in young infants, both in developing countries and in developed countries.201224893051
the chlamydial anomaly clarified?getting visible: a new method to label bacterial cell walls shows the presence of functional peptidoglycan in the important pathogen chlamydia trachomatis. this might clarify the long-standing paradox of the "chlamydial anomaly".201424891214
chlamydia trachomatis epidemiology in canadians of chinese ethnicity: a population-based study.to compare the rates of chlamydia trachomatis infection between those of chinese ethnicity and non-chinese ethnicity in a large canadian urban setting.201424886846
high co-occurrence of anorectal chlamydia with urogenital chlamydia in women visiting an sti clinic revealed by routine universal testing in an observational study; a recommendation towards a better anorectal chlamydia control in women.symptom- and sexual history-based testing i.e., testing on indication, for anorectal sexually transmitted infections (stis) in women is common. yet, it is unknown whether this strategy is effective. moreover, little is known about alternative transmission routes i.e. by fingers/toys. this study assesses anorectal sti prevalence and infections missed by current testing practice, thereby informing the optimal control strategy for anorectal stis in women.201424885306
screening of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis by self collected vaginal sample. 201424878918
a case of acute myocarditis associated with chlamydia trachomatis infection: role of cardiac mri in the clinical management.we report the case of a 32-year-old male with chlamydia trachomatis infection and admitted with chest pain, signs of myocardial damage and coronary arteries free from significant atherosclerotic disease. cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (mri) documented imaging patterns of myocardial involvement suggestive of acute myocarditis, and repeated cardiac mri examinations were used to define appropriate clinical management of the patient. in particular, the decision to submit the patient to an additi ...201424878744
effects of vaginal lactobacilli in chlamydia trachomatis infection.increasing evidence indicates that abnormal vaginal flora lacking lactobacilli facilitates the acquisition of several sexually transmitted diseases including chlamydia trachomatis. c. trachomatis, the most common bacterial agent of genital infections worldwide, can progress from the lower to upper reproductive tract and induce severe sequelae. the ability of c. trachomatis to develop into a persistent form has been suggested as key pathogenetic mechanism underlying chronic infections and sequela ...201424875405
estimating age-dependent per-encounter chlamydia trachomatis acquisition risk via a markov-based state-transition model.chlamydial infection is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide, caused by c. trachomatis. the screening for c. trachomatis has been proven to be successful. however, such success is not fully realized through tailoring the recommended screening strategies for different age groups. this is partly due to the knowledge gap in understanding how the infection is correlated with age. in this paper, we estimate age-dependent risks of acquiring c. trachomatis by adolescent women via ...201424872872
get yourself tested 2011-2012: findings and prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae at an urban public health system.during april 2011 and april 2012 the get yourself tested campaign was launched throughout the cook county health and hospitals system to promote testing of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) among 15-25-year-olds in a high-prevalence urban community. retrospective data were collected and analysed. demographic differences by ct and gc positivity were evaluated along with factors associated with ct and gc status. a total of 2853 tests were conducted among individuals aged 15 ...201524867819
plasmid cds5 influences infectivity and virulence in a mouse model of chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection.the native plasmid of both chlamydia muridarum and chlamydia trachomatis has been shown to control virulence and infectivity in mice and in lower primates. we recently described the development of a plasmid-based genetic transformation protocol for chlamydia trachomatis that for the first time provides a platform for the molecular dissection of the function of the chlamydial plasmid and its individual genes or coding sequences (cds). in the present study, we transformed a plasmid-free lymphogran ...201424866804
whole genome identification of c. trachomatis immunodominant antigens after genital tract infections and effect of antibiotic treatment of pigtailed macaques.the cervix and/or fallopian tubes of pigtailed macaques were experimentally infected with chlamydia trachomatis. their sera were collected at varying time points and screened for identification of immunodominant antigens using a whole-genome protein microarray. the effect of doxycycline treatment on the antibody response generated in these macaques was also investigated. twenty-five female macaques were infected with c. trachomatis serovars d or e in the cervix and/or fallopian tubes. bloods wer ...201424862987
comparison of nested and elisa based polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women with preterm complications.identification of pregnant women infected with chlamydia trachomatis is essential to allow early antibiotic treatment in order to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. in this study, two nucleic acid amplification tests (naat) namely nested pcr (biosewoom, korea) and amplicor ct/ng (roche diagnostic, usa) were evaluated in terms of sensitivity and specificity for the detection of c. trachomatis dna in pregnant women with preterm complications. a cross-sectional study was carried out in two public ...201424862043
[intra-uterine device and nulliparous women].intra-uterine device (iud) is one of the birth control methods, which is available for nulliparous women, even though misconceptions still remain in medical or popular opinion. only 1.3 % of nulliparous have a iud as contraception in france while it is the second methods used by all women, after pill. the best contraception is the one chosen by women; however, the choice for a nulliparous of an iud may be really difficult, despite the increasing number of women wishing to use it. long-acting rev ...201424861439
cervicitis of unknown etiology.cervicitis has been described by some as the female counterpart of urethritis in men. over the years a number of clinical and microscopy-based definitions have been suggested in the literature. clinical manifestations include mucopurulent discharge from the cervix, cervical friability (easy bleeding from the cervix with passage of a swab) and cervical ectopy. microscopic definitions involving the use of gram stain of cervical secretions have included either more than 10 white blood cells (wbcs) ...201424859465
effect of ureaplasma parvum co-incubation on chlamydia trachomatis maturation in human epithelial hela cells treated with interferon-γ.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a sexually transmitted disease. ureaplasma parvum is commensal in the human genital tract, with a minimal contribution to urogenital infection. we have recently found that u. parvum has a significant effect on the presence of c. trachomatis in the genital tract of healthy women. we therefore assessed the effect of u. parvum co-incubation on c. trachomatis maturation from reticulate bodies (rbs) to elementary bodies (ebs) in ...201424855914
the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in the population living in roma settlements: a comparison with the majority population.we aimed to study the occurrence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in the population living in roma settlements and to compare the obtained results with the prevalence in the majority population.201424847612
reassessing the role of the secreted protease cpaf in chlamydia trachomatis infection through genetic approaches.the secreted chlamydia protease cpaf cleaves a defined set of mammalian and chlamydia proteins in vitro. as a result, this protease has been proposed to modulate a range of bacterial and host cellular functions. however, it has recently come into question the extent to which many of its identified substrates constitute bona fide targets of proteolysis in infected host cell rather than artifacts of postlysis degradation. here, we clarify the role played by cpaf in cellular models of infection by ...201424838663
diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of mycoplasma genitalium infection: sobering thoughts.the discovery of mycoplasma genitalium in 1980-1981 eventually led to it becoming recognized as an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men and also some genital tract diseases in women. subsequent to the original isolation, further attempts failed over the next decade and reliable detection only became possible with the use of nucleic acid amplification techniques. although tetracyclines, particularly doxycycline, were the first choice for treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis prior ...201424834454
chlamydia prevalence and associated behaviours among female sex workers in vanuatu: results from an integrated bio-behavioural survey, 2011.there is insufficient data on sexually transmitted infections (sti) and related behaviours among key populations, including female sex workers (fsw), in the pacific region. using respondent driven sampling, we conducted an integrated bio-behavioural survey with fsw in vanuatu (aged ≥18 years) to investigate risk behaviours associations with chlamydia trachomatis (ct). weighted population estimates and correlates of ct infection were calculated. among 149 fsw, prevalence of ct was 36 % (95 % ci 2 ...201424833521
chlamydia trachomatis l serovars and dominance of novel l2b ompa variants, u.s.a. 201424828565
observations on chlamydia trachomatis and other microbes in reactive arthritis.there are problems in attributing causality in inflammatory arthritis. so far as c. trachomatis and sexually acquired reactive arthritis are concerned, there is much in favour of a causal relationship, although there are important caveats which need to be explored before it is possible to say unreservedly that c. trachomatis plays a causative role in reactive arthritis. for example, micro-organisms have never been cultured from synovial effusions in early disease, and only once has substantial b ...201524828551
evaluation of intra- and extra-epithelial secretory iga in chlamydial infections.immunoglobulin a is an important mucosal antibody that can neutralize mucosal pathogens by either preventing attachment to epithelia (immune exclusion) or alternatively inhibit intra-epithelial replication following transcytosis by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pigr). chlamydia trachomatis is a major human pathogen that initially targets the endocervical or urethral epithelium in women and men, respectively. as both tissues contain abundant secretory iga (siga) we assessed the protectio ...201424827556
diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy.there is a paucity of information on the frequency of chlamydia trachomatis-induced reactive arthritis (rea) and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uspa) in india. in this study, arthritic patients suffering from rea, uspa, and rheumatoid arthritis (ra) were screened to investigate the presence of c. trachomatis infection in the synovial fluid (sf) or serum by molecular and non-molecular methods.201424820470
sexually transmitted bacterial infections among young women in central western brazil.studies on sexually transmitted infections in brazil are done mainly in large metropolises and screening is available for pregnant women only. we aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and treponema pallidum infection among young non-pregnant women in non-clinical settings in middle-sized cities of central brazil.201424818991
bead-based multiplex sexually transmitted infection profiling.sexually transmitted infections are a significant cause of genital disease, infertility and hospital admissions. the economic impact is high. an accurate diagnosis is often difficult and time consuming. we report the development and validation of a novel bead-based multiplex sexually transmitted infection profiling (stip) assay that detects 18 sexually transmitted infections using a multiplex pcr followed by luminex bead-based hybridisation.201424814157
imaging of chlamydia and host cell metabolism.chlamydial infections cause a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterium while chlamydia pneumoniae causes infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. chlamydia are obligate, intracellular bacteria with a biphasic developmental cycle that involves unique metabolic changes. aside from entering an actively replicating state, chlamydia may also implement persistent infections depending on different microenvironmental fa ...201424810350
value of repeat testing using cepheid genexpert ct/ng for indeterminate pcr results when diagnosing chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are the most sensitive method for diagnosing chlamydia and gonorrhoea. we use the cobas 4800 ct/ng combined assay (roche molecular diagnostics, ca, usa), and whilst the majority of samples yield definitive results, a small proportion are reported as indeterminate. in these instances, it is usual practice to request repeat samples which delays diagnosis. this audit was twofold: first to establish the proportion of indeterminate results with current naat te ...201524810211
pathogen-host reorganization during chlamydia invasion revealed by cryo-electron tomography.invasion of host cells is a key early event during bacterial infection, but the underlying pathogen-host interactions are yet to be fully visualized in three-dimensional detail. we have captured snapshots of the early stages of bacterial-mediated endocytosis in situ by exploiting the small size of chlamydial elementary bodies (ebs) for whole-cell cryo-electron tomography. chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect eukaryotic cells and cause sexually transmitted infections and tra ...201424809274
randomized, double-blind, multicenter safety and efficacy study of rifalazil compared with azithromycin for treatment of uncomplicated genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in women.a randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose chlamydia therapies of oral rifalazil (25 mg) and azithromycin (1 g) was conducted in 82 women with uncomplicated genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. the microbiologic cure rate of c. trachomatis with rifalazil (n = 33) was 84.8% at the visit on day 22 to 26 (test-of-cure visit), versus 92.1% with azithromycin (n = 38), and the number of treatment failures in each group was 5 and 3, respectively. the difference in cure rate was -7.3%, w ...201424798277
efficacy and safety of intravenous azithromycin followed by oral azithromycin for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and perihepatitis in japanese women.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is mainly caused by ascending infection from the vaginal flora including the sexually transmitted organisms, neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis, and lower genital tract endogenous anaerobes, leading to serious consequences including infertility and ectopic pregnancy. to evaluate the efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of pid that requires initial intravenous therapy, we conducted a multicenter, unblinded, non-comparative phase 3 tri ...201424787738
commonly prescribed β-lactam antibiotics induce c. trachomatis persistence/stress in culture at physiologically relevant concentrations.chlamydia trachomatis, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease agent worldwide, enters a viable, non-dividing and non-infectious state (historically termed persistence and more recently referred to as the chlamydial stress response) when exposed to penicillin g in culture. notably, penicillin g-exposed chlamydiae can reenter the normal developmental cycle upon drug removal and are resistant to azithromycin-mediated killing. because penicillin g is less frequently prescribed than o ...201424783061
host immune responses after hypoxic reactivation of ifn-γ induced persistent chlamydia trachomatis infection.genital tract infections with chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis) are the most frequent sexually transmitted disease worldwide. severe clinical sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), tubal occlusion, and tubal infertility are linked to inflammatory processes of chronically infected tissues. the oxygen concentrations in the female urogenital tract are physiologically low and further diminished (0.5-5% o2, hypoxia) during an ongoing inflammation. however, little is known about the ...201424783060
persistent and acute chlamydial infections induce different structural changes in the golgi apparatus.chlamydia trachomatis causes a wide range of diseases that have a significant impact on public health. acute chlamydial infections can cause fragmentation of the golgi compartment ensuring the lipid transportation from the host cell. however, the changes that occur in the host cell golgi apparatus after persistent infections are unclear. here, we examined golgi-associated gene (golga5) transcription and expression along with the structure of the golgi apparatus in cells persistently infected wit ...201424780199
increased immunoaccessibility of momp epitopes in a vaccine formulated with amphipols may account for the very robust protection elicited against a vaginal challenge with chlamydia muridarum.there is a need to implement a vaccine to protect against chlamydia trachomatis infections. to test a new vaccine, mice were immunized with the chlamydia muridarum native major outer membrane protein (nmomp) solubilized with either amphipol a8-35 or the detergent z3-14. ova was used as a negative control, and mice were inoculated intranasally with c. muridarum as positive controls. animals vaccinated with nmomp mounted strong chlamydia-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. mice va ...201424778450
[effect of chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharides on sperm apoptosis and development of male infertility]. 201424772781
gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis and trichomonas in children under 13 years of age: national surveillance in the uk and republic of ireland.sexually transmitted infections in children ought to raise concerns about sexual abuse. it is not known how frequently they are identified in the uk and ireland, nor how well they are investigated.201424771307
could urine be useful for the diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in infancy?a 9-week-old infant presented with respiratory distress. the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia was ultimately made in a novel manner by a positive nucleic acid amplification test on a urine sample.201424768625
[serotypic distribution of chlamydia trachomatis infection of genital tract in males].to explore the serotypic distribution and ompa gene variations of chlamydia trachomatis (c.trachomatis) of male reproductive tract at our hospital.201424762692
university students and the risk of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in uganda: the crane survey.adolescents and young adults are at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in sub-saharan africa. previous reports have found that university students in africa comprise a sexually active population, although the prevalence of hiv or sexually transmitted infections (sti) has not been measured. we conducted a cross-sectional survey of students from five large universities in kampala, uganda, using respondent-driven sampling. we asked students to complete behavioral questionnair ...201424762640
mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with microscopic signs of cervical inflammation in liquid cytology specimens.cervicitis is a common clinical finding often attributed to sexually transmitted infections (stis), but no etiologic agent is identified in the majority of cases. in this study, we comparatively assessed inflammation among the common infectious etiologies of cervicitis and assessed the potential value of liquid cytology specimens for predicting stis. among 473 louisiana women at low risk for acquiring stis, the prevalences of mycoplasma genitalium, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, a ...201424759719
rationale and design of react: a randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of home-collection to increase chlamydia retesting and detect repeat positive tests.repeat infection with chlamydia trachomatis is common and increases the risk of sequelae in women and hiv seroconversion in men who have sex with men (msm). despite guidelines recommending chlamydia retesting three months after treatment, retesting rates are low. we are conducting the first randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of home collection combined with short message service (sms) reminders on chlamydia retesting and reinfection rates in three risk groups.201424758169
rapid detector developed for chlamydia trachomatis. 201424757735
chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing in vaginal mucosal material versus blood samples of women attending a fertility clinic and an sti clinic.background. chlamydia infections often follow an asymptomatic course but may damage the reproductive tract. chlamydia antibodies in serum are used as markers for past infections and can relate to tubal pathology and infertility. this "proof of principle" study aimed to assess whether chlamydia antibodies are detectable in easier to obtain, noninvasive, vaginal mucosa samples and relate to current or past infection. methods. we compared outcomes of chlamydia igg and iga antibody tests in serum an ...201424757446
increased susceptibility to vaginal simian/human immunodeficiency virus transmission in pig-tailed macaques coinfected with chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis.sexually transmitted infections (stis) are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, but their biological effect on hiv susceptibility is not fully understood.201424755433
longitudinal analysis of antibody responses to trachoma antigens before and after mass drug administration.blinding trachoma, caused by the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis, is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020. a major component of the elimination strategy is mass drug administration (mda) with azithromycin. currently, program decisions are made based on clinical signs of ocular infection, but we have been investigating the use of antibody responses for post-mda surveillance. in a previous study, igg responses were detected in children lacking clinical evidence of trachoma, ...201424755001
feasibility of providing sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment in off-campus, nonclinic settings for adolescents enrolled in a school-based research project.this study examined the acceptability and feasibility of using a biological outcome measure to evaluate a school-based sexuality education program. confidential field-delivered sexually transmitted infection (sti) testing by nonmedical field staff and sti treatment by medically trained field staff was assessed in off-campus and off-clinic settings for adolescents enrolled in the trial.201424749920
workflow and maintenance characteristics of five automated laboratory instruments for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.the choice of a suitable automated system for a diagnostic laboratory depends on various factors. comparative workflow studies provide quantifiable and objective metrics to determine hands-on time during specimen handling and processing, reagent preparation, return visits and maintenance, and test turnaround time and throughput. using objective time study techniques, workflow characteristics for processing 96 and 192 tests were determined on m2000 realtime (abbott molecular), viper xtr (becton d ...201424740081
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in the colombo district, sri lanka.in sri lanka little is known about the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection. objective was to determine the prevalence of ct in female patients attending sexually transmitted disease (std) clinics in the colombo district.201424739832
[cytological and virological medium performance and stability assessment using the cobas 4800 hpv test (roche diagnostics) used in france].analytical and stability performances of ten media were compared to preservcyt medium using the cobas 4800 hpv test: easyfix (labonord sas, france), qualicyt (qualicyt, france), novaprep hq+ (novacyt, france), cmdh (sarl alphapath france), cyt-all (cytomega, france), digene cervical sampler (qiagen, usa), aptima (gen-probe, usa), multi-collect (abbott, allemagne), m4rt micro test (remel, usa), et pcr-media (roche, suisse). most of media show a good correlation for all the performance characteris ...201424736142
multifocal cellulitis due to disseminated neisseria gonorrhoeae in a male patient.we report a rare case of disseminated gonococcal infection in a 37-year-old man presenting with multifocal cellulitis. the patient presented with fever and painful swelling of the right foot and left hand, and was admitted to our hospital. ct scanning of the extremities revealed multifocal cellulitis. transthoracic echocardiography findings were normal, and piperacilin/tazoactam therapy was initiated. on antibiotic day 4, neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured from a purulent effusion collected from ...201424734149
chlamydia trachomatis polymorphic membrane protein d is a virulence factor involved in early host-cell interactions.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular mucosotropic pathogen of significant medical importance. it is the etiological agent of blinding trachoma and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases, infections that afflict hundreds of millions of people globally. the c. trachomatis polymorphic membrane protein d (pmpd) is a highly conserved autotransporter and the target of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies; however, its role in host-pathogen interactions is unknown. here we empl ...201424733093
prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in female athletes in são paulo, brazil.to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in female athletes.201424728243
chlamydia trachomatis and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse in women with persistent human papillomavirus infection: a cohort study.some studies suggest that chlamydia trachomatis (ct) enhances cervical carcinogenesis; however, a possible confounding effect of persistent human papillomavirus (hpv) infection was not addressed. we examined the potential role of ct infection in the development of subsequent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (cin3+) in women with prevalent hpv infection and in a subgroup of women with persistent hpv infection.201424728044
vaginal infections among pregnant women at omdurman maternity hospital in khartoum, sudan.microbial infections of the vagina in pregnant women are health problems that lead to serious medical complications and consequences. this study aimed to investigate and determine antimicrobial susceptibilities of the causative agents of vaginal infections in pregnant women.201424727516
in vivo whole animal body imaging reveals colonization of chlamydia muridarum to the lower genital tract at early stages of infection.the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection is chlamydia trachomatis. the aim of this study is to investigate the early events in colonization of this bacterium within the murine genital tract.201424723309
the effect of multiple rounds of mass drug administration on the association between ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection and follicular trachoma in preschool-aged children.to examine the relationship between ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection and follicular trachoma (tf) in children prior to and following multiple rounds of annual mass drug administration (mda) with azithromycin.201424722392
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