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occurrence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases among escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in bangalore.therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome and the carbapenems. these organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. hence, this study was aimed out to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases in e. coli and k. pneumo ...201123729878
occurrence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases among escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in bangalore.therapeutic options for infections caused by gram-negative organisms expressing plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases are limited because these organisms are usually resistant to all the β-lactam antibiotics, except for cefepime, cefpirome and the carbapenems. these organisms are a major concern in nosocomial infections and should therefore be monitored in surveillance studies. hence, this study was aimed out to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated ampc β-lactamases in e. coli and k. pneumo ...201123729878
unified theory of bacterial sialometabolism: how and why bacteria metabolize host sialic acids.sialic acids are structurally diverse nine-carbon ketosugars found mostly in humans and other animals as the terminal units on carbohydrate chains linked to proteins or lipids. the sialic acids function in cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions necessary for organismic development and homeostasis. they not only pose a barrier to microorganisms inhabiting or invading an animal mucosal surface, but also present a source of potential carbon, nitrogen, and cell wall metabolites necessary for bacte ...201323724337
antibacterial activity of honey on cariogenic bacteria.honey has antibacterial activity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey on streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus.201323724198
emergence of 16s rrna methylase-producing acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospitals in vietnam.16s rrna methylase-producing gram-negative bacteria are highly resistant to all clinically important aminoglycosides. we analyzed clinical strains of 16s rrna methylase-producing acinetobactor baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from clinical isolates in medical settings in vietnam.201323721359
ecthyma gangrenosum in a neonate: not always pseudomonas.ecthyma gangrenosum (eg) is a cutaneous manifestation of invasive infection usually caused by pseudomonas, but can be caused by many bacteria, fungal and viral infections. we present the first reported case of eg caused by invasive escherichia coli in a neonate. a neonate presented with evidence of sepsis and a rapidly evolving 3×3.5 cm(2) well-circumscribed haemorrhagic and necrotic ulcer on the left groin. there was evidence of decreased perfusion of the lower limb owing to pressure effect of ...201323715836
outcomes of peritonitis in children on peritoneal dialysis: a 25-year experience at severance hospital.relatively little is known on the microbiology, risk factors and outcomes of peritoneal dialysis (pd)-associated peritonitis in korean children. we performed this study in order to evaluate the incidence, treatment and clinical outcomes of peritonitis in pediatric pd patients at severance hospital.201323709435
sialic acid utilization by cronobacter sakazakii.the cronobacter genus is composed of seven species, and can cause infections in all age groups. of particular concern is c. sakazakii, as this species is strongly associated with severe and often fatal cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis in neonates and infants. whole genome sequencing has revealed that the nanakt gene cluster required for the utilisation of exogenous sialic acid is unique to the c. sakazakii species (esa_03609-13).sialic acid is found in breast milk, infant formul ...201323706082
prospective multi-centre sentinel surveillance for haemophilus influenzae type b & other bacterial meningitis in indian children.haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is one of the leading bacterial causes of invasive disease in populations without access to hib conjugate vaccines (hib-cv). india has recently decided to introduce hib-cv into the routine immunization programme in selected states. longitudinal data quantifying the burden of bacterial meningitis and the proportion of disease caused by various bacteria are needed to track the impact of hib-cv once introduced. a hospital-based sentinel surveillance network was e ...201323703338
identification of cultivable bacteria in the intestinal tract of bactrocera dorsalis from three different populations and determination of their attractive potential.this study aimed to identify the cultivable bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tract of adult oriental fruit flies (bactrocera dorsalis) from laboratory-reared, laboratory sterile sugar-reared, and field-collected populations, and to evaluate the attractiveness of the metabolites produced by the above bacteria to their hosts.201423696217
antibiofilm activity of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide.cell-free extracts isolated from colony biofilms of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 were found to inhibit biofilm formation by staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, but not by a. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 itself, in a 96-well microtiter plate assay. physical and chemical analyses indicated that the antibiofilm activity in the extract was due to high-molecular-weight polysaccharide. extracts isolated from a mutant strain deficient in the pro ...201323691104
the antimicrobial compound xantholysin defines a new group of pseudomonas cyclic lipopeptides.the rhizosphere isolate pseudomonas putida bw11m1 produces a mixture of cyclic lipopeptide congeners, designated xantholysins. properties of the major compound xantholysin a, shared with several other pseudomonas lipopeptides, include antifungal activity and toxicity to gram-positive bacteria, a supportive role in biofilm formation, and facilitation of surface colonization through swarming. atypical is the lipopeptide's capacity to inhibit some gram-negative bacteria, including several xanthomon ...201323690965
human infection with shewanella putrefaciens and s. algae: report of 16 cases in martinique and review of the literature.shewanella spp. are saprophytic bacteria that are part of the marine microflora in warm climates and are rarely pathogenic. however, shewanella spp. infections are being increasingly reported, and there has been no comprehensive review of the literature describing these infections. this article reports 16 cases of shewanella spp. infections in martinique since 1997 and reviews another 239 cases reported in the literature since 1973. patients experienced soft tissue infections, ear infection, or ...201323690548
rapid single cell detection of staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles.staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing more than 500,000 infections in the united states each year. traditional methods for bacterial culture and identification take several days, wasting precious time for patients who are suffering severe bacterial infections. numerous nucleic acid-based detection methods have been introduced to address this deficiency; however, the costs and requirement for expensive equipment may limit the widespread use of such technologi ...201323689505
characterization of a virulent bacteriophage lk1 specific for citrobacter freundii isolated from sewage water.citrobacter freundii is a worldwide emerging nosocomial pathogen with escalating incidence of multidrug resistance. citrobacter freundii exists in natural environment, especially in health care settings and is difficult to eradicate. phage therapy is considered as an alternative way of controlling bacterial infections and contaminations. in this study, we have described isolation and characterization of a virulent bacteriophage lk1 capable of specifically infecting citrobacter freundii. a virule ...201423686910
crystal structure of acrb complexed with linezolid at 3.5 å resolution.acrb is an inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux pump and is part of the acrab-tolc tripartite efflux system. we have determined the crystal structure of acrb with bound linezolid at a resolution of 3.5 å. the structure shows that linezolid binds to the a385/f386 loops of the symmetric trimer of acrb. a conformational change of a loop in the bottom of the periplasmic cleft is also observed.201323673416
extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing multidrug resistant urinary isolates from children visiting kathmandu model hospital.a study was conducted to analyze the status of the multidrug resistant (mdr) isolates producing extended spectrum of beta-lactamase (esbl) among the uropathogens infecting children less than 15 years from november 2010 to april 2011 in the bacteriology laboratory, kathmandu model hospital. urine samples received in the laboratory were processed for routine culture. the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined following clinical and laboratory standard institute (clsi) re ...201223671965
etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from urinary tract infection.urinary tract infection (uti) is the most common infection in both community and hospital patients. in majority of the cases, empirical antimicrobial treatment is practiced before the laboratory results of urine culture. thus, antibiotic resistance may increase in urinary bacterial pathogens due to improper use of drugs. this study was designed to find out the etiological agents of uti and their prevalence, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial pathogens isol ...201223671963
bacteria species identification by the statistical analysis of bacterial colonies fresnel patterns.it was demonstrated that statistical analysis of bacteria colonies fresnel patterns recorded in the optical system with converging spherical wave illumination is suitable for highly effective bacteria species classification. the proposed method includes fresnel patterns recording followed by image processing and the statistical analysis based on feature extraction, feature selection, classification and classification performance methods. examination performed on various bacteria species (salmone ...201323669989
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from milkmen and cows with clinical mastitis in and around kampala, uganda.identification of pathogens associated with bovine mastitis is helpful in treatment and management decisions. however, such data from sub-saharan africa is scarce. here we describe the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from cows with clinical mastitis in kampala, uganda. due to high concern of zoonotic infections, isolates from milkmen are also described.201323667611
rapid molecular microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.we previously showed that culture of samples obtained by prosthesis vortexing and sonication was more sensitive than tissue culture for prosthetic joint infection (pji) diagnosis. despite improved sensitivity, culture-negative cases remained; furthermore, culture has a long turnaround time. we designed a genus-/group-specific rapid pcr assay panel targeting pji bacteria and applied it to samples obtained by vortexing and sonicating explanted hip and knee prostheses, and we compared the results t ...201323658273
a new hybrid bacteriocin, ent35-mccv, displays antimicrobial activity against pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.bacteriocins and microcins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides that are usually active against phylogenetically related bacteria. thus, bacteriocins are active against gram-positive while microcins are active against gram-negative bacteria. the narrow spectrum of action generally displayed by bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria represents an important limitation for the application of these peptides as clinical drugs or as food biopreservatives. the present study describes the ...201223650575
the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database.the field of antibiotic drug discovery and the monitoring of new antibiotic resistance elements have yet to fully exploit the power of the genome revolution. despite the fact that the first genomes sequenced of free living organisms were those of bacteria, there have been few specialized bioinformatic tools developed to mine the growing amount of genomic data associated with pathogens. in particular, there are few tools to study the genetics and genomics of antibiotic resistance and how it impac ...201323650175
a high-throughput antibody-based microarray typing platform.many rapid methods have been developed for screening foods for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. rapid methods that have the additional ability to identify microorganisms via multiplexed immunological recognition have the potential for classification or typing of microbial contaminants thus facilitating epidemiological investigations that aim to identify outbreaks and trace back the contamination to its source. this manuscript introduces a novel, high throughput typing platform that emp ...201323645110
a magneto-dna nanoparticle system for rapid detection and phenotyping of bacteria.so far, although various diagnostic approaches for pathogen detection have been proposed, most are too expensive, lengthy or limited in specificity for clinical use. nanoparticle systems with unique material properties, however, circumvent these problems and offer improved accuracy over current methods. here, we present novel magneto-dna probes capable of rapid and specific profiling of pathogens directly in clinical samples. a nanoparticle hybridization assay, involving ubiquitous and specific ...201323644570
selected emerging diseases of amphibia.this review summarizes the most recent updates on emerging infectious diseases of amphibia. a brief summary of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and biosecurity is provided. ambystoma tigrinum virus, common midwife toad virus, frog virus 3, rana grylio virus, rana catesbeiana ranavirus, mahaffey road virus, rana esculenta virus, bohle iridovirus, and tiger frog virus ranaviruses are extensively reviewed. emerging bacterial patho ...201323642863
l5 vertebral osteomyelitis treated with l5 corpectomy and anterior instrumentation: case report.a case report.201123637682
a real-time pcr-based semi-quantitative breakpoint to aid in molecular identification of urinary tract infections.this study presents a novel approach to aid in diagnosis of urinary tract infections (utis). a real-time pcr assay was used to screen for culture-positive urinary specimens and to identify the causative uropathogen. semi-quantitative breakpoints were used to screen for significant bacteriuria (presence of ≥ 10(5) cfu/ml of uropathogens) or low-level bacteriuria (containing between 10(3) and 10(4) cfu/ml of uropathogens). the 16s rdna-based assay could identify the most prevalent uropathogens usi ...201323626685
[investigation of the presence of new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) by pcr in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates].bacteria producing new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) exhibit high level resistance to beta-lactams including carbapenems. this broad-spectrum resistance limits treatment options for infections caused by ndm-1 producers. ndm-1 was first isolated from an indian patient in sweden; since then, ndm-1 producing isolates have been identified in many countries including turkey. in this study, we investigated the presence of ndm-1 by pcr method in various gram-negative isolates recovered from cl ...201323621739
klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae testing susceptible to cefepime by reference methods.β-lactam susceptibility of 499 klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-producing enterobacteriaceae, determined by reference broth microdilution, demonstrated that 14.4% of isolates were categorized as cefepime susceptible according to current clsi breakpoints. ceftazidime- and meropenem-susceptible isolates were also observed (2.6 and 3.0%, respectively). cefepime-susceptible kpc-producing isolates may confuse laboratory staff and clinicians in their therapeutic choices.201323616458
chicken cathelicidins display antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria without inducing strong resistance.the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria in combination with the relatively limited development of new antibiotics presents a serious threat to public health. in chicken, especially extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl) carrying enterobacteriaceae are often asymptomatically present but can infect humans. due to their broad range antimicrobial activity cathelicidins and other host defence peptides, are considered to be an attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics. in ...201323613986
synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of 1-methyl-3-sulfonylthio-4-aminoquinolinium chlorides.synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity (mic) of novel 1-methyl-3-sulfonylthio-4-aminoquinolinium chlorides 2 are described. compounds 2 were obtained in the reaction of 1-methyl-4-aminoquinolinium 3-thiolates 1 with sulfonyl chlorides. antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 was investigated using gram-positive staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus saprophyticus, staphylococcus epidermidis, micrococcus luteus, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis, corynebacterium pseudodiphtericum and g ...201323610972
multidrug resistant citrobacter: an unusual cause of liver abscess.liver abscesses are infectious, space occupying lesions in the liver, the two most common abscesses being pyogenic and amoebic. a pyogenic liver abscess (pla) is a rare condition with a reported incidence of 20 per 100 000 hospital admissions in the western population. the right lobe of the liver is the most common site in both types of liver abscess. clinical presentation is elusive with complaints of fever, right upper quadrant pain in the abdomen and hepatomegaly with or without jaundice. the ...201323608848
dynamics of cathode-associated microbial communities and metabolite profiles in a glycerol-fed bioelectrochemical system.electrical current can be used to supply reducing power to microbial metabolism. this phenomenon is typically studied in pure cultures with added redox mediators to transfer charge. here, we investigate the development of a current-fed mixed microbial community fermenting glycerol at the cathode of a bioelectrochemical system in the absence of added mediators and identify correlations between microbial diversity and the respective product outcomes. within 1 week of inoculation, a citrobacter pop ...201323603684
citrobacter freundii brain abscess in a preterm infant: a case report and literature review.intracranial abscesses are serious conditions but uncommon in preterm neonates. citrobacter species are an uncommon cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates, but are associated with brain abscesses in a majority of cases. we report a preterm infant who developed citrobacter freundii meningitis with brain abscess, who was successfully treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage. the infant had normal neurological outcome at follow-up. we report this case to highlight the importance of serial ...201223590960
distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, ampc β-lactamases, and carbapenemases among enterobacteriaceae isolates causing intra-abdominal infections in the asia-pacific region: results of the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (smart).the increasing trend of β-lactam resistance among enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide threat. enterobacteriaceae isolates causing intra-abdominal infections (iai) from the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (smart) collected in 2008 and 2009 from the asia-pacific region were investigated. detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls), ampc β-lactamases, and carbapenemases was performed by multiplex pcr. a total of 699 enterobacteriaceae isolates with positive genotypic resu ...201323587958
development of a broad-range 23s rdna real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantification of pathogenic bacteria in human whole blood and plasma specimens.molecular methods are important tools in the diagnosis of bloodstream bacterial infections, in particular in patients treated with antimicrobial therapy, due to their quick turn-around time. here we describe a new broad-range real-time pcr targeting the 23s rdna gene and capable to detect as low as 10 plasmid copies per reaction of targeted bacterial 23s rdna gene. two commercially available dna extraction kits were evaluated to assess their efficiency for the extraction of plasma and whole bloo ...201323586027
emergence and spread of ndm-1 producer enterobacteriaceae with contribution of incx3 plasmids in the united arab emirates.among 28 clinically relevant, carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 2009-2011 in the united arab emirates three klebsiella pneumoniae, two escherichia coli, one enterobacter cloacae and one citrobacter freundi were identified to produce ndm-1 carbapenemase. unexpectedly, with the exception of a k. pneumoniae strain, sequence type st11, originally acquired in india and subsequently spread nosocomially in the uae, the majority of the strains could not be directly link ...201323579399
use of faropenem as an indicator of carbapenemase activity in the enterobacteriaceae.the aim of this study was to determine the ability of a disc susceptibility test using faropenem (10 μg) to predict carbapenemase activity in enterobacteriaceae. a collection of 166 isolates of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) and 82 isolates of enterobacteriaceae that produced other β-lactamases was compiled from diverse sources. disc susceptibility testing was performed using the clsi/eucast methodology with discs of faropenem (10 μg), temocillin (30 μg), and four carbapenems ( ...201323576544
a case of cellulitis of the hands caused by a predatory bird attack.many species have been drastically affected by rapid urbanization. harris's hawks from their natural habitat of open spaces and a supply of rodents, lizards and other small prey have been forced to change their natural environment adapting to living in open spaces in sub- and peri-urban areas. specific areas include playgrounds, parks and school courtyards. the migration of this predatory species into these areas poses a risk to individuals, and especially the children are often attacked by claw ...201123569751
one-step green synthesis and characterization of leaf extract-mediated biocompatible silver and gold nanoparticles from memecylon umbellatum.in this experiment, green-synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles were produced rapidly by treating silver and gold ions with an extract of memecylon umbellatum leaf. the reaction process was simple and easy to handle, and was monitored using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. the effect of the phytochemicals present in m. umbellatum, including saponins, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and quinones, on formation of stable silver and gold nanoparticles was investigated by fourier-transform inf ...201323569372
synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2-azetidinones with sulfonamide structures.new series of n-(arylidene)hydrazinoacetyl sulfonamides 4a1-6, 4b1-6 and n-(4-aryl-3-chloro-2-oxoazetidin-1-yl)aminoacetyl sulfonamides 5a1-6, 5b1-6 were synthesized. the structures of the new derivatives was confirmed using spectral methods (ft-ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr). the antibacterial activities of these compounds against gram positive (staphylococcus aureus atcc 6583, staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 12228, enterococcus faecalis atcc 25912) and gram negative (klebsiella pneumoniae cip 53153, pro ...201323567362
beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluents.beta-lactams are widely used to treat bacterial infections in humans. in most countries, they are the largest group of antibiotics used by hospitals to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. enterobacteriaceae, natural microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract, represent a large part of bacterial communities colonizing hospital effluents, and they could be a source of genes encoding beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (esbls). those genes may be transmitted to ...201323563146
diagnosis by real-time polymerase chain reaction of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in bone marrow transplant patients with bloodstream infections.early identification of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections (bsis) decreases morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients. the aim of the present study was to compare real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with commercial kits for detection of 17 pathogens from blood culture (bc) and 10 antimicrobial resistance genes.201323560388
integrons: vehicles and pathways for horizontal dissemination in bacteria.integrons are genetic elements first described at the end of the 1980s. although most integrons were initially described in human clinical isolates, they have now been identified in many non-clinical environments, such as water and soil. integrons are present in ≈10% of the sequenced bacterial genomes and are frequently linked to mobile genetic elements (mges); particularly the class 1 integrons. genetic linkage to a diverse set of mges facilitates horizontal transfer of class 1 integrons within ...201223550063
clustering of antimicrobial resistance outbreaks across bacterial species in the intensive care unit.there are frequent reports of intensive care unit (icu) outbreaks due to transmission of particular antibiotic-resistant bacteria. less is known about the burden of outbreaks of resistance due to horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements between species. moreover, the potential of existing statistical software as a preliminary means for detecting such events has never been assessed. this study uses a software package to determine the burden of species and resistance outbreaks in 2 adjacent ...201323549524
lower respiratory tract infections (ltris): an insight into the prevalence and the antibiogram of the gram negative, respiratory, bacterial agents.community acquired respiratory tract infections are one of the commonest health issues globally, which demand frequent visits to the family practitioners. the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the frequently isolated pathogens has complicated the use of the empiric therapy with traditional agents.201323543819
fermentative production of shikimic acid: a paradigm shift of production concept from plant route to microbial route.different physiological and nutritional parameters affect the fermentative production of shikimic acid. in our study, citrobacter freundii initially produced 0.62 g/l of shikimic acid in 72 h. however, when process optimization was employed, 5.11 g/l of shikimic acid was produced in the production medium consisting of glucose (5.0 %), asparagine (4.5 %), caco3 (2.0 %), at ph 6.0, when inoculated with 6 % inoculum and incubated at 30 ± 1 °c, 200 rpm for 60 h. preliminary fed-batch studies have re ...201323543261
comparative evaluation of the in-vitro activity of six β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against gram negative bacilli.the extensive use of the β-lactam antibiotics in hospitals and in the community has created major resistance problems which has led to increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. the use of the β-lactamase inhibitors in combination with the β-lactam antibiotics is currently the most successful strategy used for circumventing the resistance mechanisms.201323543071
from waste to plastic: synthesis of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) in shimwellia blattae.in recent years, glycerol has become an attractive carbon source for microbial processes, as it accumulates massively as a by-product of biodiesel production, also resulting in a decline of its price. a potential use of glycerol in biotechnology is the synthesis of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [poly(3hp)], a biopolymer with promising properties which is not synthesized by any known wild-type organism. in this study, the genes for 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (dhat) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldd ...201323542629
comparative genomic analysis of rapid evolution of an extreme-drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii clone.the emergence of extreme-drug-resistant (edr) bacterial strains in hospital and nonhospital clinical settings is a big and growing public health threat. understanding the antibiotic resistance mechanisms at the genomic levels can facilitate the development of next-generation agents. here, comparative genomics has been employed to analyze the rapid evolution of an edr acinetobacter baumannii clone from the intensive care unit (icu) of rigshospitalet at copenhagen. two resistant a. baumannii strai ...201323538992
diversity of culturable bacteria including pantoea in wild mosquito aedes albopictus.the microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the biology of insects. in recent decades, significant efforts have been made to better understand the diversity of symbiotic bacteria associated with mosquitoes and assess their influence on pathogen transmission. here, we report the bacterial composition found in field-caught aedes albopictus populations by using culture-dependent methods.201323537168
draft genome of the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, a major forest pest.the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, is the most serious insect pest of western north american pine forests. a recent outbreak destroyed more than 15 million hectares of pine forests, with major environmental effects on forest health, and economic effects on the forest industry. the outbreak has in part been driven by climate change, and will contribute to increased carbon emissions through decaying forests.201323537049
detection of imp metallo-β-lactamase in carbapenem-nonsusceptible enterobacteriaceae and non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative rods by immunochromatography assay.metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) are transmissible carbapenemases of increasing prevalence in gram-negative bacteria among health care facilities worldwide. control of the further spread of these carbapenem-resistant bacteria relies on clinical microbiological laboratories correctly identifying and classifying the mbls. in this study, we evaluated a simple and rapid method for detecting imp, the most prevalent mbl in japan. we used an immunochromatography (ic) assay for 181 carbapenem-nonsusceptible ...201323536409
characterization of qnrb-like genes in citrobacter species of the american type culture collection.among five american type culture collection (atcc) citrobacter strains, qnrb60 in citrobacter freundii atcc 6879, an isolate from the preantibiotic era, and qnrb61 in citrobacter braakii atcc 51113(t), a type strain belonging to the c. freundii complex, were identified. meanwhile, a truncated qnrb-like pseudogene was identified in c. freundii atcc 8090(t) and atcc 43864. no qnrb-like sequence was found in citrobacter koseri atcc 27028(t). these findings underscore the close relationship between ...201323529729
outbreak of citrobacter freundii carrying vim-1 in an italian hospital, identified during the carbapenemases screening actions, june 2012.the identification of patients colonized or infected with carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe), in order to control and prevent the global spread of multidrug-resistant (mdr) pathogens.201323528638
development of a dna microarray for molecular identification of all 46 salmonella o serogroups.salmonella is a major cause of food-borne disease in many countries. serotype determination of salmonella is important for disease assessment, infection control, and epidemiological surveillance. in this study, a microarray system that targets the o antigen-specific genes was developed for simultaneously detecting and identifying all 46 salmonella o serogroups. of these, 40 serogroups can be confidently identified, and the remaining 6, in three pairs (serogroups o67 and b, e1 and e4, and a and d ...201323524674
a real-time pcr assay for the detection of atypical strains of chlamydiaceae from pigeons.recent evidence of the occurrence of atypical chlamydiaceae strains in pigeons, different from the established chlamydiaceae, requires the development of a specific and rapid detection tool to investigate their prevalence and significance. here is described a new real-time pcr assay that allows specific detection of atypical chlamydiaceae from pigeons. the assay has been used to assess the dissemination of these strains in field samples collected from parisian pigeon populations in 2009. the res ...201323516548
direct bacterial identification in positive blood cultures by use of two commercial matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for the identification of bacteria and fungi was recently introduced in microbiology laboratories. this technology could greatly improve the clinical management of patients and guidance for chemotherapy. in this study, we used a commercial maldi sepsityper extraction method to evaluate the performance of two commercial maldi-tof ms systems, the vitek ms ivd (biomérieux) and the microflex lt biotyper (bruk ...201323515548
reactions of the three ampd enzymes of pseudomonas aeruginosa.a group of gram-negative bacteria, including the problematic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa, has linked the steps in cell-wall recycling with the ability to manifest resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. a key step at the crossroads of the two events is performed by the protease ampd, which hydrolyzes the peptide in the metabolite that influences these events. in contrast to other organisms that harbor this elaborate system, the genomic sequences of p. aeruginosa reveal it to have three paralogou ...201323510438
comparison of the effects of silver nanoparticles on pathogenic bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (esbls) as a prokaryote model and wistar rats as a eukaryote model.antimicrobial resistance in hospital pathogens is an important concern. it can cause longer hospital stays, increase costs, and contribute to increased mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients. the aim of this study was to categorize and identify gram-negative bacilli capable of esbls production and to study the effect of mic silver nanoparticles on bacteria strains and then study them in wistar rats.201323507904
potency and spectrum of activity of an3365, a novel boron-containing protein synthesis inhibitor, tested against clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli.an3365 (mic(50/90), 0.5/1 μg/ml) was active against enterobacteriaceae, including a subset of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-producing k. pneumoniae strains (mic(50/90), 1/2 μg/ml). an3365 inhibited 98.0 and 92.2% of wild-type (mic(50/90), 2/8 μg/ml) and carbapenem-resistant (mic(50/90), 4/8 μg/ml) pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, respectively, at ≤ 8 μg/ml. an3365 also demonstrated activity against wild-type acinetobacter baumannii (mic(50/90), 2/8 μg/ml) and stenotrophomonas maltophi ...201323507283
serum in vivo and in vitro activity of single dose of ertapenem in surgical obese patients for prevention of ssis.despite progress made in the control of post-operative infections, the incidence of surgical site infections (ssis) is still high. an improper perioperative antibiotic use can expose patients to the risk of resistant microorganisms, and, in surgical obese patients, the drug dosage and infusion time are critical points. the aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ertapenem in the prophylaxis of ssis in obese patients undergoing general or bariatric surgery.201323504617
monitoring the succession of the biota grown on a selective medium for pseudomonads during storage of minced beef with molecular-based methods.in the present study, the succession of the biota grown on a selective medium for pseudomonads (pseudomonas agar based medium - pab) during the storage of meat under different conditions was monitored. thus, minced beef was stored aerobically and under modified atmosphere packaging in the presence (map+) and absence (map-) of oregano essential oil at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °c. a total of 267 pure cultures were recovered from pab throughout the storage period and subjected to pcr-denaturing gradient gel ...201223498179
prevalence of urinary colonization by extended spectrum-beta-lactamase enterobacteriaceae among catheterised inpatients in italian long term care facilities.long term care facilities (ltcfs) play a key role in guaranteeing care to patients in developed countries. many patients, mostly elderly, access ltcfs at some time in their lives, and their healthcare pathways often require them to move back and forth between hospital and outpatient settings. these patterns bring about new challenges regarding infection control, especially healthcare associated infections.201323497323
qnr prevalence in extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) and none-esbls producing escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in central of iran.extensive use of quinolones has been associated with raising level of resistance. in the current, we focused on assessing the prevalence of escherichia coli resistance to quinolones and frequency of qnra, qnrb and qnrs in non esbls (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) and esbls producing e. coli with blashv and blatem.201123493061
characterization of the bacterial microbiota of biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818) (mollusca: gastropoda) from brazil.roughly 200 000 000 people in 74 countries infected with schistosomes all share the fact that they came in contact freshwater harbouring infected snails. the aim of the study is to characterize the microbiota of wild and laboratory-reared snails of biomphalaria glabrata from pernambuco, brazil. the microbiota of these molluscs was identified biochemically by the vitek 2 automated microbiological system. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disc diffusion method with ß-lact ...201323488866
lateral transfer and gc content of bacterial resistant genes. 201323487592
the multifaceted roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature.antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents, which have been a very powerful tool in the clinical management of bacterial diseases since the 1940s. however, benefits offered by these magic bullets have been substantially lost in subsequent days following the widespread emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains. while it is obvious that excessive and imprudent use of antibiotics significantly contributes to the emergence of resistant strains, antibiotic resistance is also observed i ...201323487476
multilaboratory study of the biomic automated well-reading instrument versus microscan walkaway for reading microscan antimicrobial susceptibility and identification panels.this study compared the biomic automated well reader results to the microscan walkaway results for reading microscan antimicrobial susceptibility and identification panels at four different sites. routine fresh clinical isolates and quality control (qc) organisms were tested at each study site. a total of 46,176 microscan panel drug-organism combinations were read. the biomic category agreement for 3,117 gram-negative bacteria was 98.4%, with 1.4% minor and 0.2% major discrepancies. the biomic c ...201323486713
differential distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in clinical enterobacteria with unusual phenotypes of quinolone susceptibility from argentina.we studied a collection of 105 clinical enterobacteria with unusual phenotypes of quinolone susceptibility to analyze the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) and oqx genes and their implications for quinolone susceptibility. the oqxa and oqxb genes were found in 31/34 (91%) klebsiella pneumoniae and 1/3 klebsiella oxytoca isolates. however, the oqxa- and oqxb-harboring isolates lacking other known quinolone resistance determinants showed wide ranges of susceptibility to na ...201323478955
exo- and endoglycosidases revisited.many glycosidases, which work as useful reagents for the studies of structures and functions of free and conjugated oligosaccharides, have been found and thoroughly purified. these enzymes are classified into exo- and endoglycosidases by their glycon specificities. their usefulness and limits as reagents are explained in detail in this review.endoglycosidases, which were originally found in the culture fluid of bacteria and in the extracts of plants, are now widely found in the mammals including ...201323474886
complete genome of enterobacteriaceae bacterium strain fgi 57, a strain associated with leaf-cutter ant fungus gardens.the enterobacteriaceae bacterium strain fgi 57 was isolated from a fungus garden of the leaf-cutter ant atta colombica. analysis of its single 4.76-mbp chromosome will shed light on community dynamics and plant biomass degradation in ant fungus gardens.201323469353
gut microbiota patterns associated with colonization of different clostridium difficile ribotypes.c. difficile infection is associated with disturbed gut microbiota and changes in relative frequencies and abundance of individual bacterial taxons have been described. in this study we have analysed bacterial, fungal and archaeal microbiota by denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dhplc) and with machine learning methods in 208 faecal samples from healthy volunteers and in routine samples with requested c. difficile testing. the latter were further divided according to stool consisten ...201323469128
comparison of the cobas 4800 ct/ng test with culture for detecting neisseria gonorrhoeae in genital and nongenital specimens in a low-prevalence population in new zealand.to assess the clinical utility of replacing microbial culture for neisseria gonorrhoeae with a nucleic acid amplification test (naat), we compared n. gonorrhoeae culture with the cobas 4800 ct/ng test for 18,247 urogenital and 666 nongenital samples. for urogenital specimens, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the cobas n. gonorrhoeae pcr were 98.7%, 100%, 95.6%, and 100%, respectively, and for nongenital specimens, the values were 100%, 99.8%, 92.9%, an ...201323467604
complex integrons containing qnrb4-ampc (bla(dha-1)) in plasmids of multidrug-resistant citrobacter freundii from wastewater.microbial populations in wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) are increasingly being recognized as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. pcr amplicons for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnra, qnrb, and qnrs were recorded in samples from a wwtp in vancouver, british columbia. six strains of ciprofloxacin-resistant citrobacter freundii were isolated and found to carry mutations in gyra and parc, as well as multiple plasmid-borne resistance genes, collectively ...201223461518
clinical and microbiological observational study on ampc β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a hospital of nepal.limited information is available regarding ampc β-lactamase (abl)-producing enterobacteriaceae compared to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria. since abl-producing organisms are often resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, therapeutic options against these pathogens are limited. among 230 clinical enterobacteriaceae isolates, 64 (27.8%) were found to produce abl in our study. escherichia coli (83.9%) was a predominant pathogen, followed by citrobacter freundii (5.2%). a s ...201323453408
evaluating the effect of intraoperative peritoneal lavage on bacterial culture in dogs with suspected septic peritonitis.this pilot study describes the effect of intraoperative peritoneal lavage (iopl) on bacterial counts and outcome in clinical cases of septic peritonitis. intraoperative samples were cultured before and after iopl. thirty-three dogs with presumed septic peritonitis on the basis of cytology were managed surgically during the study period. positive pre-lavage bacterial cultures were found in 14 cases, 13 of which were a result of intestinal leakage. the post-lavage cultures showed fewer isolates in ...201223450861
pcr-reverse blot hybridization assay for screening and identification of pathogens in sepsis.rapid and accurate identification of the pathogens involved in bloodstream infections is crucial for the prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, as this can decrease morbidity and mortality rates. a pcr-reverse blot hybridization assay for sepsis, the reverse blot hybridization assay (reba) sepsis-id test, was developed; it uses pan-probes to distinguish gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi. in addition, the assay was designed to identify bacteria and fungi using six genus-specific a ...201323447637
the spectrum of acute bacterial meningitis in elderly patients.we conducted a prospective, observational study in barcelona to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome of elderly patients with acute bacterial meningitis (abm) compared with younger adults.201323446215
are antibiotics necessary in hip arthroplasty with asymptomatic bacteriuria? seeding risk with/without treatment.in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria undergoing hip arthroplasty, the risk of prosthetic joint infection (pji) and appropriateness of specific antibiotics are unclear.201323430723
optimization of routine identification of clinically relevant gram-negative bacteria by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and the bruker biotyper.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) might complement and one day replace phenotypic identification of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory, but there is no consensus standard regarding the requirements for its validation prior to clinical use in the united states. the objective of this study was to assess the preanalytical variables influencing gram-negative identification by use of the bruker biotyper maldi-tof ms system, inclu ...201323426923
antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of commercial beetroot pomace.the by-product of food processing is often utilized as feed, and for the preparation of dietary fiber and biofuel. however, these products are also promising sources of bioactive antioxidants and color giving compounds, which could be used as additives in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. the aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile, and the antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of industrial beetroot pomace extract (bpe). the content of phenolic ...201323423147
a human igg anti-vi reference for salmonella typhi with weight-based antibody units assigned.recent data showing the high incidence of typhoid fever in young children, the demonstration of safety and efficacy of a vi conjugate for this age group, the safety and similar immunogenicity in infants when administrated concurrently with epi vaccines, together with the interests of manufacturers and investigators in studying such conjugate vaccines prompted us to prepare a human igg anti-vi standard to facilitate this work. volunteers were injected with an investigational vi-recombinant pseudo ...201323422143
the outcome of treating esbl infections with carbapenems vs. non carbapenem antimicrobials.in india where the prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (esbl) producing organisms among gram negative organisms is 60-70% and ertapenem was unavailable at the beginning of this study, exclusive use of group 2 carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) for treatment raises issues of cost and development of resistance. therefore the role of non-carbapenem alternatives, chiefly betalactam + betalactamase inhibitors (bl-bli) was explored in this prospective observational study at a private tert ...201223405518
draft genome sequence of the type species of the genus citrobacter, citrobacter freundii mtcc 1658.we report the 5.0-mb genome sequence of the type species of the genus citrobacter, citrobacter freundii strain mtcc 1658, isolated from canal water. this draft genome sequence of c. freundii strain mtcc 1658(t) consists of 5,001,265 bp with a g+c content of 51.61%, 4,691 protein-coding genes, 70 trnas, and 10 rrnas.201323405287
antibiotics as selectors and accelerators of diversity in the mechanisms of resistance: from the resistome to genetic plasticity in the β-lactamases world.antibiotics and antibiotic resistance determinants, natural molecules closely related to bacterial physiology and consistent with an ancient origin, are not only present in antibiotic-producing bacteria. throughput sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpected reservoir of antibiotic resistance in the environment. these data suggest that co-evolution between antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes has occurred since the beginning of time. this evolutionary race has probably been slow be ...201323404545
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific to hydrogen-sulfide-producing bacteria.the objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize bacteriophages specific to hydrogen-sulfide-producing bacteria (spb) from raw animal materials, and to develop a spb-specific bacteriophage cocktail for rendering application. meat, chicken offal, and feather samples collected from local supermarkets and rendering processing plants were used to isolate spb (n = 142). bacteriophages (n = 52) specific to spb were isolated and purified from the above samples using 18 of those isolated sp ...201323391228
modified hodge test versus indirect carbapenemase test: prospective evaluation of a phenotypic assay for detection of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc) in enterobacteriaceae.the currently recommended phenotypic test for the detection of carbapenemase-producing members of the family enterobacteriaceae is the modified hodge test (mht). however, the mht lacks specificity. here we demonstrate an alternative phenotypic test, the indirect carbapenemase test, for the detection of blakpc-producing isolates that has specificity superior to that of the mht for non-klebsiella enterobacteriaceae.201323390272
does the essential oil of lippia sidoides cham. (pepper-rosmarin) affect its endophytic microbial community?lippia sidoides cham., also known as pepper-rosmarin, produces an essential oil in its leaves that is currently used by the pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries for its antimicrobial and aromatic properties. because of the antimicrobial compounds (mainly thymol and carvacrol) found in the essential oil, we believe that the endophytic microorganisms found in l. sidoides are selected to live in different parts of the plant.201323387945
multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria colonization of healthy us military personnel in the us and afghanistan.the us military has seen steady increases in multidrug-resistant (mdr) gram-negative bacteria (gnb) infections in casualties from iraq and afghanistan. this study evaluates the prevalence of mdr gnb colonization in us military personnel.201323384348
antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline-avibactam tested against clinical isolates collected from u.s. medical centers in 2010-2011.ceftaroline-avibactam and comparator agents were tested by the broth microdilution method against 20,089 isolates consecutively collected in 2010 and 2011 from 75 u.s. medical centers. ceftaroline-avibactam was active against enterobacteriaceae (4,908 strains; mic90, 0.25 μg/ml; highest mic, 4 μg/ml), including meropenem-nonsusceptible klebsiella spp. and ceftazidime-nonsusceptible enterobacter cloacae strains (mic90, 1 μg/ml for both). ceftaroline-avibactam was also active against ceftriaxone-n ...201323380730
diffusely adherent escherichia coli strains isolated from children and adults constitute two different populations.diffusely adherent escherichia coli (daec) have been considered a diarrheagenic category of e. coli for which several potential virulence factors have been described in the last few years. despite this, epidemiological studies involving daec have shown inconsistent results. in this work, two different collections of daec possessing afa/dr genes, from children and adults, were studied regarding characteristics potentially associated to virulence.201323374248
bacteriological and physicochemical studies on tigris river near the water purification stations within baghdad province.we studied the physical, chemical, and microbiological factors that influence drinking water quality processed from river tigris, and of the three main drinking water purification stations located at different parts of tigris river, along with evaluation of drinking water of al-shula region in baghdad city. water samples were taken monthly from december 2009 to september 2010. physical and chemical analyses of water included determination of temperature, ph, turbidity, electrical conductivity, t ...201223365587
chromagar yersinia, a new chromogenic agar for screening of potentially pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica isolates in stools.chromagar yersinia (cay) is a new chromogenic medium for the presumptive detection of virulent yersinia enterocolitica in stools. based on a comparative analysis of 1,494 consecutive stools from hospitalized patients, cay was found to be just as sensitive as the reference medium (cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar) but was significantly more specific and had a very low false-positive rate. cay reduces the workload (and thus costs) for stool analysis and can therefore be recommended for routine l ...201323363840
direct sequencing and ripseq interpretation as a tool for identification of polymicrobial infections.in this study, ripseq mixed, a software resolving uninterpretable mixed dna sequencing chromatograms, revealed the bacterial content of 15 polymicrobial samples. direct sequencing combined with ripseq mixed constitutes a valuable supplement to cultivation, particularly when cultivation is negative and direct sequencing is inconclusive despite continued clinical indications of infection.201323363825
interspecies interaction between pseudomonas aeruginosa and other microorganisms.microbes interact with each other in multicellular communities and this interaction enables certain microorganisms to survive in various environments. pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable bacterium that ubiquitously inhabits diverse environments including soil, marine habitats, plants and animals. behind this adaptivity, p. aeruginosa has abilities not only to outcompete others but also to communicate with each other to develop a multispecies community. in this review, we focus on how p. ...201323363620
complete sequence of the inct-type plasmid pt-oxa-181 carrying the blaoxa-181 carbapenemase gene from citrobacter freundii.the gene encoding the carbapenemase oxa-181 (an oxa-48 variant) was identified from a citrobacter freundii isolate coproducing ndm-1. the whole sequence of plasmid pt-oxa-181 bearing the blaoxa-181 gene was determined and revealed a 84-kb mobilizable but non-self-conjugative inct-type plasmid. it totally differs from the 7.6-kb cole-type and blaoxa-181-bearing plasmid recently identified in a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. however, in both plasmids, insertion sequence isecp1 might have played a ...201323357767
isolation and characterization of dna aptamers against escherichia coli using a bacterial cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment approach.aptamers are powerful capturing probes against various targets such as proteins, small organic compounds, metal ions, and even cells. in this study, we isolated and characterized single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers against escherichia coli. a total of 28 ssdnas were isolated after 10 rounds of selection using a bacterial cell-selex (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) process. other bacterial species (klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter aerogenes, an ...201323357235
bacterial pathogens and flora isolated from farm-cultured eels (anguilla japonica) and their environmental waters in korean eel farms.the purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial pathogens and flora in both sick and clinically healthy eels, anguilla japonica, and the environmental rearing waters of korean eel farms. between 2003 and 2010, a total of 621 sick eels were submitted for diagnosis, while 216 healthy eels and 87 environmental water samples were collected during a survey of 26 eel farms in korea. seven different bacterial species were obtained from 183 isolates, which were recovered from the internal organs ...201223357049
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