Publications

effect of combination therapy with ok432 and recombinant human interferon-alpha a/d on atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression in mice with viral myocarditis.	the effects of combination therapy with the immunomodulators ok432 (derived from the su strain of streptococcus pyogenes a3; 1 unit corresponds to 0.1 mg of dried streptococci dissolved in 0.1 ml of saline) and human recombinant interferon-alpha a/d (ifn) on cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) gene expression and myocardial hypertrophy were examined in a murine model of viral myocarditis with congestive heart failure. therapy was started 24 h after inoculation with encephalomyocarditis viru ...	1995	7616436
picornavirus-specific cd4+ t lymphocytes possessing cytolytic activity confer protection in the absence of prophylactic antibodies.	picornaviruses are a family of positive-strand rna viruses that are responsible for a variety of devastating human and animal diseases. an attenuated strain of mengovirus (vmc24) is serologically indistinguishable from the lethal murine wild-type mengovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). immunogen-specific stimulation of vmc24-immune splenocytes in vitro demonstrates preferential activation of cd4+ lymphocytes. vmc24-immune splenocytes adoptively transferred to naive recipients conferred ...	1995	7609060
iodine-mediated inactivation of lipid- and nonlipid-enveloped viruses in human antithrombin iii concentrate.	human plasma-derived protein concentrates intended for clinical use must be treated for viral inactivation to ensure patient safety. this study explored the use of liquid iodine for inactivation of several lipid- and nonlipid-enveloped viruses in an antithrombin iii (at-iii) concentrate. iodine at levels of 0.01% to 0.02% caused between 43% and 94% loss of at-iii activity, as well as degradation of at-iii as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and wester ...	1995	7606009
encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection in the common vole, microtus arvalis.	encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection in the common vole was examined for the first time. sixteen 8-week-old males inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu)/animal of the d variant of emc virus were killed 3 and 7 days after inoculation (3 and 7 dai). viral replication was detected in the brain (10(5) pfu/g), heart (10(4) pfu/g) and pancreas (10(7) pfu/g) of all 8 animals at 3dai. it was found in the pancreas (10(3) pfu/g) of all 8 animals and in the brain (10(4) pf ...	1995	7603005
[relation between structure and anti-viral activity in interferon system].	the interferons (ifn) were discovered in 1957 as biological agents interfering with viral replication. ifns were initially classified according to their sources as leukocyte, fibroblast and immune ifns. both leukocyte and fibroblast ifns are designated as type i ifns and immune ifn as a type ii ifn. there are almost twenty related ifns which belong to the group of type i ifn. ifn-alpha 2 and ifn-omega 1 are described as members of the large group of type i ifn. both natural ifn-alpha 2 and ifn-o ...	1995	7595866
cloning and expression of the vp1 major capsid protein of diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus and prevention of emc virus-induced diabetes by immunization with the recombinant vp1 protein.	the development of diabetes in mice induced by encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus provides the best experimental evidence that viruses have an aetiological role in the pathogenesis of this disease. the major capsid protein (vp1) of emc virus is important for both the attachment of the virus to pancreatic beta cells and for the determination of antigenicity. this experiment was initiated to clone the gene for the major capsid protein, vp1, of the diabetogenic emc (emc-d) virus, express the vp1 prot ...	1995	7595359
phage rna polymerase vectors that allow efficient gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.	we have developed expression vectors that direct the synthesis of proteins from a common set of signals in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. to allow transcription from a common promoter the vectors rely upon a phage rna polymerase (rnap). to direct initiation of translation to the same start codon the vectors utilize an internal ribosome entry site (ires) from encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) that has been modified to include a prokaryotic ribosome-binding site (rbs) at an appropriate dis ...	1995	7590325
m7gpppg cap dependence for efficient translation of drosophila 70-kda heat-shock-protein (hsp70) mrna.	to investigate whether preferential translation of the heat-shock mrnas occurs via cap-independent translation, the requirement for the m7gpppg cap structure for efficient translation of 70-kda heat-shock-protein (hsp70) mrna was quantified by in vitro translation and by in vivo translation following electroporation. hsp70 mrna was transcribed in vitro with and without a cap structure. translation in the rabbit reticulocyte or wheat germ lysate was reduced about 70% when the cap was absent. for ...	1995	7588716
retroviral coexpression of a multidrug resistance gene (mdr1) and human alpha-galactosidase a for gene therapy of fabry disease.	human alpha-galactosidase a (alpha-gal a; ec.3.2.1.22) is a lysosomal exoglycosidase encoded by a gene on xq22. deficiencies of this enzyme result in fabry disease, an x-chromosome-linked recessive disorder that leads to premature death in affected males. for treatment of genetic diseases, we have developed a retroviral vector system, psxlc/pha, that enables coexpression of drug-selectable markers with a second nonselectable gene as part of a bicistronic message using the promoter from the harve ...	1995	7578409
involvement of the double-stranded-rna-dependent kinase pkr in interferon expression and interferon-mediated antiviral activity.	the signaling mechanisms responsible for the induced expression of interferon (ifn) genes by viral infection or double-stranded rna (dsrna) are not well understood. here we investigate the role of the interferon-induced dsrna-dependent protein kinase pkr in the regulation of ifn induction. biological activities attributed to pkr include regulating protein synthesis, mediating ifn actions, and functioning as a possible tumor suppressor. since binding of dsrna is required for its activation, pkr h ...	1995	7568028
comparative effects of losartan, captopril, and enalapril on murine acute myocarditis due to encephalomyocarditis virus.	losartan, a recently developed nonpeptide angiotensin ii (aii) receptor antagonist, was orally administered for 14 days to mice with viral myocarditis, beginning 7 days after encephalomyocarditis virus inoculation. the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (acei) captopril and enalapril were also administered in the same manner to compare the therapeutic effects of these three drugs on the degree of myocarditis, acute heart failure, and left ventricular (lv) hypertrophy. heart weight and the ...	1995	7564367
characterization of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus induced by a new variant (dk-27) of encephalomyocarditis virus in dba/2 mice.	a murine diabetes mellitus induced with a new diabetogenic variant (dk-27) which we isolated from the m variant of the encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus was characterized. male dba/2 mice (9.5 weeks old) were infected with various infectious doses of dk-27 intraperitoneally. blood glucose and insulin levels were examined in association with the viral replication. pancreatic pathology and hormone contents and stable hemoglobin a1c (st-a1c) levels were also examined on the final day of observation ...	1995	7556422
translation of encephalomyocarditis virus rna by internal ribosomal entry.	picornavirus 5' ncrs contain ires elements that have been divided into two groups, exemplified by pv (type 1) and emcv (type 2). these elements are functionally related and have an intriguing level of structural and sequence similarity. some conserved rna sequences and/or structures may correspond to cis-acting elements involved in ires function, so that there may also be similarities in the mechanism by which the two types or ires promote initiation. the function of both types of ires element a ...	1995	7555090
hemin inhibits the interferon-beta-induced antiviral state in established cell lines.	hemin and other metalloporphyrins are known as very versatile compounds in nature, because they are able to carry out numerous functions in a free state or in association with specific proteins. when friend murine erythroleukemia cells are treated with ifn-beta plus 100 microm hemin, the antiviral state is not observed, whereas the antiviral effect of ifn-gamma is unaffected by hemin treatment. this inhibitory effect of hemin is not restricted to erythroid cells. in fact, it is also observed in ...	1995	7544231
synergistic effects of tacrolimus and human interferon-alpha a/d in murine viral myocarditis.	the effects of interferon-alpha a/d (ifn) therapy in combination with various immunosuppressants were investigated in a murine model of viral myocarditis. viral infection is an important cause of morbidity in immunocompromised hosts and transplant recipients. human ifn therapy reduces viral replication, reducing the virus-induced myocardial destruction. groups consisting of 25 c3h/he mice received i.p. injections of prednisolone, azathioprine, 15-deoxyspergualin, cyclosporine or tacrolimus (fk50 ...	1995	7542339
cloning and characterization of a rnase l inhibitor. a new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5a pathway.	the 2-5a/rnase l system is considered as a central pathway of interferon (ifn) action and could possibly play a more general physiological role as for instance in the regulation of rna stability in mammalian cells. we describe here the expression cloning and initial characterization of rli (for rnase l inhibitor), a new type of endoribonuclease inhibitor. rli cdna codes for a 68-kda polypeptide whose expression is not regulated by ifn. its expression in reticulocyte extracts antagonizes the 2-5a ...	1995	7539425
detection of reverse transcriptase by a highly sensitive assay in sera from persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	in an ultrasensitive assay for reverse transcriptase (rt), an in vitro-transcribed heteropolymeric rna sequence was used as a template and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with southern blot hybridization served as a detection system for the cdna reaction product. the assay, called amp-rt, detected 9 tested retroviruses in unconcentrated culture supernatants diluted 10(2)- to 10(5)-fold. a comparative analysis using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) revealed that amp-rt wa ...	1995	7538549
initiation of protein synthesis by the eukaryotic translational apparatus on circular rnas.	the ribosome scanning model predicts that eukaryotic ribosomal 40s subunits enter all messenger rnas at their 5' ends. here, it is reported that eukaryotic ribosomes can initiate translation on circular rnas, but only if the rnas contain internal ribosome entry site elements. long-repeating polypeptide chains were synthesized from rna circles with continuous open reading frames. these results indicate that ribosomes can translate such rna circles for multiple consecutive rounds and that the free ...	1995	7536344
introduction of foreign sequences into the genome of influenza a virus.	the ability to apply reverse genetics technologies to influenza virus now allows us to construct novel viruses containing heterologous sequences. we have engineered two neuraminidase (na) genes of influenza a/wsn/33 virus containing additional sequences which were inserted downstream of the open reading frame of the na. these na genes, na/emc and na/emc-ns1, possess a 546 and a 917 nucleotide (nt) insertion respectively. transfectant viruses were rescued following ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transfe ...	1994	7525392
vcam-1 is a receptor for encephalomyocarditis virus on murine vascular endothelial cells.	murine vcam-1 has been identified as a receptor for the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc-d) virus on vascular endothelial cells from the heart. monoclonal antibodies to vcam-1 inhibited infection and lysis of endothelial cells with emc-d virus. cho cells transfected with the vcam-1 gene were susceptible to emc-d virus lysis, while control cho cells transfected with the elam-1 gene were resistant. similarly, 35s-labeled emc-d virus bound to cho-vcam cells, and binding was inhibited with ant ...	1994	7514674
does the gender difference in interferon production seen in picornavirus-infected spleen cell cultures from icr swiss mice have any in vivo significance?	splenocyte cultures from female icr swiss mice produced greater interferon (ifn) levels, particularly ifn-gamma, than did cultures from males by 12 h post-infection (pi) with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv-d). this early ifn-gamma is produced by natural killer (nk)-like cells and is dependent on plastic adherent cells and ifn-alpha/beta. in this study, we evaluated the significance of this observation on the innate resistance of icr swiss females to emcv-d-mediated disease. tr ...	1993	7512115
molecular identification of cardioviruses by enzymatic amplification.	cardiovirus specific sequences located in the 5' ntr are used to amplify viral rna by pcr. general primers were selected for the amplification of cardioviruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), mengovirus and theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev. additionally, echo virus type 22, an atypical enterovirus, could also be detected with the general cardiovirus primers. an internal encephalomyocarditis virus specific probe and a general cardiovirus probe are used to discriminate ...	1993	7511789
polioviruses containing picornavirus type 1 and/or type 2 internal ribosomal entry site elements: genetic hybrids and the expression of a foreign gene.	a picornavirus hybrid genome was constructed in which the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) of encephalomyocarditis virus was inserted between the 5' non-translated region and the open reading frame of poliovirus (pv), type 1 (mahoney). upon transfection into hela cells, the hybrid rna replicated and yielded a derivative of pv (w1-pnenpo). the pv ires could be removed from ppnenpo, which resulted in a hybrid picornavirus (w1-p108enpo) in which the translation of the pv open reading frame norm ...	1994	7509072
production of single-stranded dna in mammalian cells by means of a bacterial retron.	msdna-ec67, a peculiar multicopy single-stranded dna of a specific sequence was produced in nih3t3 mouse cells. retron-ec67, a retroelement from escherichia coli, was introduced under the t7 polymerase promoter and the non-translated 5'-region of the encephalomyocarditis virus. the construct was then transfected into the nih3t3 cells constitutively producing t7 rna polymerase. forty-eight hours after transfection, msdna-ec67 was detected in the cells by means of southern blot hybridization and r ...	1994	7507924
antiviral action of trehalose dimycolate against emc virus: role of macrophages and interferon alpha/beta.	preventive treatment of mice with trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (tdm), an immunomodulator of bacterial origin, enhances their resistance to encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection. the protective effect of tdm is totally abolished by the injection of silica particles in mice, demonstrating the role of macrophages in the antiviral action of tdm. in vitro, peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with tdm (tdm-pm) exhibit an intrinsic antiviral activity against emc virus, while resident peritoneal ...	1993	7506511
gene targeting in human somatic cells. complete inactivation of an interferon-inducible gene.	the role, if any, of the human interferon-inducible 6-16 gene in the establishment of a cellular antiviral state is unknown. to address this problem, and as part of a wider investigation of homologous recombination (hr) and its applications in somatic cells, we have been using hr to disrupt the 6-16 gene in human cell lines [itzhaki, j. e. & porter, a. c. g. (1991) nucleic acids res. 19, 3835-3842.] we describe here the design and use of insertion and replacement-type targeting constructs based ...	1993	7505743
transgenic mice carrying interferon genes.		1993	7504924
the in vivo antiviral activity of interleukin-12 is mediated by gamma interferon.	the injection of 20 ng of mouse interleukin-12 (il-12) protects mice from a lethal infection with encephalomyocarditis virus. in vitro, an anti-gamma interferon (anti-ifn-gamma) monoclonal antibody but not an anti-il-12 monoclonal antibody neutralizes the antiviral activity present in the supernatants of splenocytes stimulated with il-12. finally, il-12 fails to protect 129 sv/ev ifn-gamma r0/0 mice against encephalomyocarditis virus infection. these results demonstrate that il-12 exerts its ant ...	1995	7494339
virucidal short wavelength ultraviolet light treatment of plasma and factor viii concentrate: protection of proteins by antioxidants.	the use of solvent/detergent mixtures and various forms of heat treatment to inactivate viruses has become widespread in the preparation of blood derivatives. because viruses that lack lipid envelopes and/or are heat resistant, eg, hepatitis a virus (hav) or parvovirus b19 may be present, the use of two methods of virus elimination that operate by different mechanisms has been advocated. we now report on short wavelength ultraviolet light (uvc) irradiation for virus inactivation and enhancement ...	1995	7492794
picornavirus internal ribosome entry segments: comparison of translation efficiency and the requirements for optimal internal initiation of translation in vitro.	on the basis of primary sequence comparisons and secondary structure predictions, picornavirus internal ribosome entry segments (ireses) have been divided into three groups (entero- and rhinoviruses; cardio- and and aphthoviruses; and hepatitis a virus). here, we describe a detailed comparison of the ability of ireses from each group to direct internal initiation of translation in vitro using a single dicistronic mrna (the only variable being the ires inserted into the dicistronic region). we st ...	1995	7478993
shutoff of neuroblastoma cell protein synthesis by semliki forest virus: loss of ability of crude initiation factors to recognize early semliki forest virus and host mrna's.	a crude ribosomal wash containing the initiation factors of protein synthesis was isolated from mouse neuroblastoma cells 8 h after infection with semliki forest virus (sfv). the activity of this wash was compared with that of a wash from control cells in a cell-free protein-synthesizing "ph5" system, with early sfv mrna (42s), late sfv mrna (26s), encephalomyocarditis virus (emc) mrna, or neuroblastoma polyadenylated mrna templates. a pronounced loss of activity (+/-80%) of the crude ribosomal ...	1981	7241665
interaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with animal cells and enveloped viruses.	essential unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, or arachidonic were incorporated into the phospholipids of animal cells and induced in them a change in the fluidity of their membranes. exposure of enveloped viruses such as arbo-, myxo-, paramyxo-, or herpesviruses to micromolar concentrations of these fatty acids (which are not toxic to animal cells) caused rapid loss of infectivity of these viruses. naked viruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus, polio virus or simian virus 40 were ...	1980	7235682
chemical modification potentiates the biological activities of 2-5a and its congeners.	chemical modification of p5'a2'(p5'a2')np5'a by a periodate oxidation/schiff base formation/borohydride reduction cycle gave a series of 2-5a analogues in which the ribose of the 2'-terminal nucleotide was transformed to an n-substituted morpholine (azahexapyranose). 2',5'-oligoriboadenylate 5'-monophosphates bearing this modification were 5-10 times more potent as antagonists of the action of 2-5a or poly(i).poly(c) than was unmodified p5'a2'p5'a2'p5'a. application of this modification to the t ...	1982	7130175
translation of black beetle virus rna and heterologous viral rnas in cell-free lysates derived from drosophila melanogaster.	a cell-free protein synthesizing system was prepared from cells of drosophila melanogaster line 1 and made mrna dependent by treatment with micrococcal nuclease. the system was tested with homologous rna from black beetle virus propagated in drosophila cells, with drosophila heat shock mrna, and with various heterologous viral mrna's. under optimal conditions amino acid incorporation programmed with black beetle virus rnas was 30-fold higher than endogenous incorporation. rnas 1 and 2 primarily ...	1981	6783766
synthesis and biological activity of 5'-capped derivatives of 5'-triphosphoadenylyl(2'----5')adenylyl(2'----5')adenosine.	the oligonucleotides a5'pp5'a2'p5'a2'p5'a and a5'ppp5'a2'p5'a2'p5'a were prepared by reaction of amp or adp, respectively, with the 5'-(phosphoimidazolidate) of a2'p5'a2'p5'a. a5'pppp5'a2'(p5'a)n (n = 1-3) were synthesized by reaction of p5'a2'(p5'a)n (n = 1-3) with adenosine 5'-trimetaphosphate. all structures were confirmed by enzyme digestion and 1h and 31p nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). the products a5'pppp5'a2'p5'a and a5'pppp5'a2'p5'a2'p5'a were found to be identical with two of the pro ...	1984	6712921
the effect of interferon on cells deficient in nucleoside transport or lacking thymidine kinase activity.	mutants of mouse t-lymphoma s49 cells lacking thymidine kinase activity or deficient in nucleoside transport were selected by growth in the presence of 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine and their sensitivity to interferon tested. all five thymidine kinase and both transport deficient mutants were sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of interferon. the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus was also inhibited by interferon, and the intracellular levels of (2'-5')oligo-adenylate synthetase were eleva ...	1984	6696750
infection of neuroblastoma cells by semliki forest virus. the interference of viral capsid protein with the binding of host messenger rnas into initiation complexes is the cause of the shut-off of host protein synthesis.	from ribosomal washes of neuroblastoma cells infected with semliki forest virus (sfv) a protein of mr 33000 was purified, which comigrated with the viral capsid protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and was recognized by antibodies against the capsid protein of sfv. this protein selectively inhibits the translation of host and early viral 42s mrna in vitro, but has no effect on late viral 26s and encephalomyocarditis virus mrna translation. eukaryotic initiation factor 4b and cap ...	1984	6692830
function and fidelity of aging trna: in vivo acylation, analog discrimination, synthetase binding, and in vitro translation.	the liver transfer rnas for valine and lysine were completely acylated in vivo, as judged by periodate oxidation, at 4 and 24 months of age in male sprague-dawley rats. in vitro acylation capacity for whole trna populations from rat livers is decreased, but this is evidently not deleterious in vivo. several halogenated phenylalanines were synthesized and their effects upon acylation capacity for phenylalanine were examined. synthetases bound to young (3 month) and old (24 month) trnas discrimina ...	1983	6632989
broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-beta-d-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agent.	the relative in vitro antiviral activities of three related nucleoside carboxamides, ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), tiazofurin (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide), and selenazole (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide), were studied against selected dna and rna viruses. although the activity of selenazole against different viruses varied, it was significantly more potent than ribavirin and tiazofurin against all tested representatives of the ...	1983	6615611
synthesis and biological activity of tubercidin analogues of ppp5'a2'p(5'a2'p)n5'a.	a series of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) analogues of 2-5a of the general formula p5'(c7a)2'p[5'(c7a)-2'p]n5'(c7a) (n = 0-5) were prepared by lead ion catalyzed polymerization of the 5'-phosphoroimidazolidate of tubercidin. through the corresponding imidazolidates, these oligonucleotide 5'-monophosphates were converted to the 5'-triphosphates. all reported structures were corroborated by enzyme digestion and 1h or 31p nuclear magnetic resonance. when evaluated for its ability to bind to the 2-5 ...	1984	6466631
induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by retinoic acid in two transformed human cell lines.	2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a) synthetase, which polymerizes adenosine triphosphate into 2-5a, is induced upon treatment of cells with interferon (ifn) and is thought to be involved in its antiviral and anticellular action. we report here that retinoic acid (ra) enhanced the level of this enzyme in two human transformed cell lines, wish and namalva. like ifn, ra induced 2-5a synthetase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. addition of anti ifn-alpha, -ifn-beta, or -ifn-gamma antibodies to ...	1984	6435868
mouse monoclonal antibody with specificity for human interferon gamma.	we developed a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for human interferon gamma (huifn-gamma) by hybridizing cells from the ns-1 myeloma cell line with spleen lymphocytes from balb/c mice immunized with partially purified huifn-gamma. hybridoma culture supernatants were screened for neutralization of antiviral activity of huifn-gamma by the method determining the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis assay (inas), employing human fibroblasts infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (emc). clones exh ...	1983	6432682
2-5a accumulates to high levels in interferon-treated, vaccinia virus-infected cells in the absence of any inhibition of virus replication.	we investigated the effects of interferon treatment on virus yield, protein synthesis, and the 2-5a system in vaccinia virus-infected hela, l929, and cv1 cells. under the culture conditions used, vaccinia virus replication was relatively insensitive to the antiviral effects of interferon. in l929 and hela cells, interferon at 400 reference units (r.u.) per ml had little effect on viral protein synthesis, the virus-induced inhibition of host protein synthesis, or virus yield: 2,000 to 20,000 r.u. ...	1984	6422053
encephalomyocarditis virus from stillborn pigs.		1984	6331359
modulation of human interferon-alpha receptor expression by human interferon-gamma.	the human neuroblastoma cell line t98g is sensitive to the antiproliferative activity of both alpha- and gamma-interferons (ifns). specific binding of a homogeneous 125i-ifn-alpha 2 probe to high-affinity membrane receptors (apparent kd = 6.2 x 10(-10) m) can be decreased by pretreatment of these cells with human ifn-gamma (huifn-gamma, derived by recombinant dna techniques). the regulation of huifn-alpha 2 binding by such pretreatment is reflected by subsequent inhibition of both the antiviral ...	1984	6330099
relationship of encephalomyocarditis virus to cricket paralysis virus of insects.	cricket paralysis virus was shown to share common antigen(s) with encephalomyocarditis virus (cardiovirus: picornaviridae), a virus normally associated with mammals. these viruses must be regarded now as being related strains of one and the same virus. these results pose interesting questions for the taxonomy and ecology of small rna viruses.	1984	6329992
long-term biochemical changes in the islets of langerhans in mice following infection with encephalomyocarditis virus.	a mild diabetes was induced in mice following the inoculation of a myocardial variant of encephalomyocarditis virus. the majority of infected mice developed a transient hyperglycaemia and only a few mice exhibited a chronic elevation of blood glucose. infected mice were selected for study if their non-fasting blood glucose levels were above two standard deviations of values in control mice for at least 5 consecutive days. the pancreas from selected inoculated mice and control mice was removed 60 ...	1984	6329865
translation of capped viral mrnas in poliovirus-infected hela cells.	hela cells doubly infected with semliki forest virus (sfv) and poliovirus synthesize either more poliovirus proteins or more sfv late proteins depending on the time of super-infection with poliovirus. under some conditions, the infected cells translate uncapped poliovirus mrna and capped 26s mrna from sfv simultaneously, even though host protein synthesis has been shut down. vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) protein synthesis is depressed drastically when vsv-infected cells are super-infected wit ...	1982	6329715
[ability of translation factors from infected encephalomyocarditis viruses of ascites carcinoma cells to maintain the protein-synthetizing activity of cellular polyribosomes].	a highly effective protein-synthesizing system fully dependent on translation factors was isolated from the ascite krebs-2 carcinoma. the effect of emc-infection on the ability of these factors to maintain the translation of polyribosomes containing cell mrna was studied. it was shown that the activity of translation factors of infected cells does not differ from that of non-infected cells in terms of their ability to maintain the protein-synthesizing activity of cell polyribosomes in vitro.	1984	6329325
virus-induced diabetes mellitus: mengovirus infects pancreatic beta cells in strains of mice resistant to the diabetogenic effect of encephalomyocarditis virus.	in mice, mengovirus produces a fatal encephalitis. plaque purification of the virus resulted in the isolation of a clone (mengo- 2t ), which in addition to encephalitis caused diabetes. microscopic examination of pancreases from infected mice revealed necrosis in the islets of langerhans and infiltration of inflammatory cells. by immunofluorescence viral antigens were found in the islets, and radioimmunoassays demonstrated a substantial decrease in pancreatic immunoreactive insulin. studies on s ...	1984	6327999
na and k changes in animal virus-infected hela cells.	na-k changes and cytotoxic effects were monitored in hela cells infected with encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus, human rhinovirus or vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). whereas in all three cases na-k changes followed viral inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, such changes preceded trypan blue staining of rhinovirus-infected or vsv-infected cells and paralleled trypan blue staining of emc virus-infected cells. in each case a progressive reduction in cellular electrical volume was associated wi ...	1984	6327896
partial n-terminal amino acid sequences of polypeptides p14 and p12 of encephalomyocarditis virus are identical and correspond to the n-terminus of the viral polyprotein.	our previous data suggested that translation in an emc virus rna-programmed cell-free system from krebs-2 cells is initiated predominantly at a single site and that the earliest amino acid sequences synthesized correspond to non-structural 'leader' polypeptides p14 and p12 [(1982) febs lett. 141, 153-156]. here, polypeptides p14 and p12 were labelled in vitro by tritiated amino acids, isolated and subjected to automated edman degradation. both polypeptides (after the loss of the n-terminal methi ...	1984	6327386
[protective action of double-stranded complexes--interferon inducers in encephalomyocarditis in mice].	interferon inducers, dsrna and poly (g) x poly (c) ( polyguacyl ), injected into mice intraperitoneally induced interferon formation, the maximal activity being equal to 640-1280 u/ml. antiviral effect of the inducers was studied upon intraperitoneal and intracerebral injections. both polyguacyl and dsrna exerted a marked antiviral action against infection induced by murine encephalomyocarditis virus. the most powerful effect was attained when the inducers were injected 24 or 4 h before challeng ...	1984	6326886
effect of n-phenyl-n'-3-hydroxyphenylthiourea (ptu-23) on the protein synthesis in krebs-ii cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus.	ptu-23, a selective inhibitor of the reproduction of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus in krebs-ii ascites carcinoma cells, counteracts the virus-induced shut-off of the host-cell protein synthesis reducing it from 32% to 19%. the compound does not inhibit the synthesis of virus-specific proteins; the electrophoretic profile in sds-paag shows an increase in the peaks of some viral polypeptides, mainly a, e and epsilon. it is suggested that this effect is connected to the partial inhibition by ptu ...	1983	6326422
inhibitory effect of n-phenyl-n'-3-hydroxyphenylthiourea (ptu-23) on the reproduction of encephalomyocarditis virus in krebs-ii cells.	ptu-23, an effective in vivo wide-range enterovirus inhibitor, suppresses the reproduction of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus in krebs-ii ascites carcinoma cells at concentrations of 20-50 micrograms/ml, not affecting the cellular synthetic processes. the virus-specific rna synthesis is distinctly inhibited. the studies on the kinetics of this effect point to its leading role in the inhibitory action the compound exerts on the production of infectious virions. the sedimentation profile in sucro ...	1983	6326421
electrocardiographic findings in experimental myocarditis in dba/2 mice: complete atrioventricular block in the acute stage, low voltage of the qrs complex in the subacute stage and arrhythmias in the chronic stage.	to determine whether arrhythmias persist in the chronic stage of myocarditis, serial electrocardiograms were studied in dba/2 mice with experimentally induced myocarditis. after baseline electrocardiograms with standard limb and two precordial leads were recorded, 52 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.1 ml of the myocardiotropic variant of encephalomyocarditis in a viral suspension containing 10(2) tcd50 (50% tissue culture infective dose). electrocardiograms were recorded every day o ...	1984	6325521
replication of diabetogenic and nondiabetogenic variants of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus in icr swiss mice.	the replication of the diabetogenic d (emc-d) and nondiabetogenic b (emc-b) variants of encephalomyocarditis virus in various tissues of the murine host was determined. pancreatic insulin levels were also measured. emc-d replicated in the spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and intestines, while emc-b was limited to the spleen and pancreas. emc-b interfered with the replication of emc-d in each of the tissues examined. insulin levels were initially increased by both viruses. by 4 days postinfection, ...	1984	6324221
the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the encephalomyocarditis viral polyprotein coding region.	the nucleotide sequence of 7200 bases of encephalomyocarditis (emc) viral rna, including the complete polyprotein-coding region, was determined. the polyprotein is encoded within a unique translational reading frame, 6870 bases in length. protein synthesis begins with the sequence met-ala-thr, and ends with the sequence leu-phe-trp, 126 bases from the 3' end of the rna. viral capsid and noncapsid proteins were aligned with the deduced amino acid sequence of the polyprotein. the proteolytic proce ...	1984	6324136
immunotoxic effects of diethylstilbestrol on host resistance: comparison with cyclophosphamide.	to evaluate the usefulness of host resistance assays for measurement of immunotoxicologic effects of chemicals, the immunosuppressive effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (des) were compared with the effects of treatment with the known immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (cps). a panel of six host resistance models was evaluated, including infection with the bacterium listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and encephalomyocarditis virus (emc), the yeast cryptococcu ...	1984	6323603
the primary and secondary structure of the 5'-end region of encephalomyocarditis virus rna. a novel approach to sequencing long rna molecules.	the primary structure of a 149-nucleotide fragment of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus rna from the 5'-terminus of the genome up to the poly(c) tract (s fragment) has been determined. for isolation of the s fragment, site-directed fragmentation of the viral rna with rnase h and poly(dg) was employed. for sequencing the s fragment, a novel approach has been developed, which can be used for primary structure determination of long rna molecules. a model of the secondary structure of the s fragment ...	1983	6323259
lack of correlation between thymidine kinase activity and the antiviral or antiproliferative response to interferon.	murine l cells lacking thymidine kinase activity (ltk-) do not respond to the antiviral or antiproliferative activity of interferon, whereas human tk- cells show a normal response. furthermore, a clone of tk+ cells derived from ltk- cells by dna-mediated transfer of the tk herpes gene does not respond to interferon. cells of this clone and ltk- cells do not produce interferon when infected with newcastle disease virus or treated with poly(i) x poly(c) and deae-dextran. possible reasons for this ...	1984	6322432
decreased bone formation and mineralization in virus-induced diabetes mellitus.	severe hyperglycemic and hypoinsulinemic mice were selected at 30 and 180 days after infection with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus. in these animals, although the concentration of calcium and phosphate in serum was not changed, the alkaline phosphatase activity and the rate of mineralization in the proximal tibial epimetaphysis were markedly decreased in the diabetic mice for 30 and 180 days compared with those of the age-matched uninfected animals. viral specific antigens wer ...	1984	6320656
injection of mice with antibody to interferon renders peritoneal macrophages permissive for vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus.	vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) multiply in only a small percentage of peritoneal macrophages freshly explanted from 4- to 6-week-old male or female dba/2, balb/c, c3h, c57bl/6, or swiss mice. however, when these mice were injected intraperitoneally with potent sheep (or goat) anti-mouse interferon alpha/beta globulin 4 days prior to harvesting peritoneal macrophages, the viruses multiplied to high titers and most of the cells were infected, as determined b ...	1984	6320197
action of human lymphoblastoid interferon on hela cells infected with rna-containing animal viruses.	protein synthesis in interferon-treated hela cells infected by different animal rna viruses has been studied. synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) proteins was not detected in cells treated with concentrations of huifn-alpha (ly) above 10 iu/ml. no specific inhibition of glycosylation of the g protein was observed. in addition, inhibition of host protein synthesis in ifn-treated cells occurred when high multiplicities of vsv were used, even though no viral protein synthesis was detected ...	1984	6319580
in vitro culture of coxsackievirus group b, type 3 immune spleen cells on infected endothelial cells and biological activity of the cultured cells in vivo.	spleen cells from male balb/c mice infected 7 days earlier by an intraperitoneal injection of 3 x 10(4) pfu of a myocarditic strain of coxsackievirus b-3 lysed virus-infected endothelial cells in a 51cr release assay. cytotoxic activity in the in vivo sensitized spleen cell population could be further increased by culturing the immune spleen cells from infected mice on virus-infected or uninfected endothelial cells for 6 to 7 days in vitro. cytotoxicity of in vitro cultured spleen cells to infec ...	1984	6319285
the binding of insulin to mouse leucocytes during viral infections.	the effect of viral infections on insulin binding in vivo was evaluated by measuring the binding of 125i-insulin to several different tissues. we found that splenic leucocytes from mice infected with either the diabetogenic (d) or non-diabetogenic (b) variants of encephalomyocarditis virus, herpes simplex virus, or lactic dehydrogenase virus showed up to a 130% increase in insulin binding. as much as a 300% increase in the binding of 125i-insulin to splenic leucocytes was observed in mice given ...	1983	6319215
induction of 2',5' oligo(a) synthetase in tumor-bearing mice with encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus or poly(i)poly(c).	infection of 13 month-old c3h mice with emc virus or inoculation with the interferon inducer poly(i)poly(c) results in elevated levels of the enzyme 2',5' oligo(a) synthetase only in animals with spontaneous tumors (breast cancer or hepatomas). high enzymatic activities are detected in homogenates from liver, spleen, plasma and neoplastic cells of the animals with breast carcinomas and only in the neoplastic liver cells of the animals with hepatomas.	1983	6317439
role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of type i diabetes.		1983	6317288
viruses in the pathogenesis of type i diabetes.		1983	6317287
effect of the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide on the humoral and cellular immune responses to encephalomyocarditis virus.	the effects of the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (dda) on the immune responses to encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus were studied in mice. the humoral response, as measured by appearance of neutralizing antibodies, was slightly enhanced in mice immunized by the intraperitoneal route. intracutaneously, dda almost did not affect the humoral response but resulted in distinct enhancement of delayed type hypersensitivity (dh), as measured by the footpad swelling test. dh to emc virus w ...	1983	6316848
right ventricular aneurysms complicating encephalomyocarditis virus myocarditis in mice.	inbred strains of balb/c, c3h/he and dba/2 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the m variant of encephalomyocarditis virus with a titer of 100 tcd50 per 0.1 ml and followed up to the 8th month. right ventricular aneurysms were noticed in 7 hearts of these 647 mice (1.1%) sacrificed from 8 to 10 months after inoculation with the virus. myocardial fibers of the right ventricle were destroyed transmurally and fibrosis was found in the chronic stage. this study demonstrated that viral myocar ...	1983	6315987
electrocardiographic findings in experimental murine myocarditis--arrhythmias in the chronic stage.	we studied serial electrocardiographic changes in murine myocarditis due to encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus. after taking control electrocardiograms using standard extremity and 2 precordial leads, 86 mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with a 0.1 ml of the m variant of emc virus suspension containing 100 tcid50. electrocardiograms were recorded everyday from the 2nd to the 14th day, and thereafter once every 3-5 days until the 35th day. the cumulative incidence of myocarditis was 90% (77 ou ...	1983	6315986
coordinated therapeutic effects of immune modulators and interferon.	immune modulators injected 24 h before encephalomyocarditis virus significantly increase antiviral resistance in mice when interferon is administered 1 h after the virus. these immune modulators can be crude bacterial extracts or synthetic drugs. in some cases, the responses are additive; in others, they are clearly cooperative. to protect the mice against the development of 180 tg crocker sarcomas, the association of bacterial extracts and interferon is highly effective under the condition that ...	1983	6315585
relationship of interferon-inducing particle phenotype to encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes mellitus.	the b (nondiabetogenic) and d (diabetogenic) variants of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus were studied to further define the role of the interferon (ifn) system in murine virus-induced diabetes mellitus. the relationship between the initial multiplicity of infection with emc-b and the ifn yield showed that cells infected with one ifn-inducing particle produce a maximum amount of ifn, whereas ifn production is suppressed in cells infected with two or more particles. the ifn yield induced by emc-d ...	1983	6315581
animal models of diabetes mellitus: physiology and pathology.		1983	6314046
infectivity of liposomally encapsulated nucleic acids isolated from emc virus and scrapie-infected mouse brain.	the ability of liposomes to enhance nucleic acid infectivity in vivo was studied. encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus rna was extracted and encapsulated within liposomes. the infectivity of emc rna was increased by liposomal entrapment after intraperitoneal injection of mice, but decreased after intracerebral injection. in contrast, when nucleic acids from scrapie-infected brains were entrapped in liposomes and injected into mice by one of four routes, no cases of scrapie were observed. this is the ...	1983	6313546
experimentally induced glucose intolerance as model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.		1983	6313302
antiviral effects of bacteria-derived human leukocyte interferons against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of squirrel monkeys. brief report.	two human leukocyte interferon sub-types (ifn-alpha a and -alpha d) produced in e. coli and a hybrid interferon (ifn-alpha ad[bgl]) consisting of the n-terminal 61 residues of ifn-alpha a and the c-terminal 104 residues of ifn-alpha d were compared for antiviral activity against emc virus infection of squirrel monkeys. marked reduction in viremia and a decrease in the incidence of deaths occurred with highly purified preparations of the recombinant-dna derived interferons. dose response studies ...	1983	6312932
inhibition of feline leukemia virus replication by human leukocyte interferon.	the replication of feline leukemia virus (felv) is inhibited by treatment of cat cell cultures with crude human leukocyte interferon (huifn-alpha) as evidenced by titration of the infectious progeny. the inhibition can be demonstrated in three different cell lines in which the production of hemagglutinin by encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus, and plaque formation by vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) are also inhibited by the huifn-alpha. the dose dependency of the inhibition of emc virus by the hui ...	1983	6312876
cross antigenicity among enteroviruses as revealed by immunoblot technique.	antigenic relationships of various human and two animal picornaviruses were investigated by the immunoblotting ("western blot") technique. the viruses included all coxsackievirus b types (1-6), poliovirus types 1-3, several strains of echovirus 11, emc virus, and fmdv. antisera included human sera and sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with either purified picornaviruses, viral structural polypeptides (vp8), boiled or "sample-boiled" virions. group-specific reactions of various extent were observe ...	1983	6312682
encephalomyocarditis virus replication complexes that prefer nucleoside diphosphates as substrates for viral rna synthesis.	replication complexes (rc) containing endogenous viral rna templates and the viral rna polymerase were isolated from encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus-infected krebs ii cells by two different procedures one of which included removal of the bulk of the associated proteins by treatment with 2 m licl. replacement of one or all the four nucleoside triphosphate (ntp) substrates by corresponding nucleoside diphosphates (ndps) did not eliminate the ability of the rc to synthesize viral rna products. mor ...	1983	6312677
genetic evidence that action of camp-dependent protein kinase is not an obligatory step for antiviral and antiproliferative effects of human interferon in chinese hamster ovary cells.	several chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell mutants with altered camp-dependent protein kinases were utilized to study the possible involvement of this enzyme in mediating interferon effects in cultured cells. human fibroblast interferon had a pronounced protective effect for cho cells against encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). this protective effect was also observed in camp-resistant cho mutants with protein kinase defects, although to a slightly lesser extent. emcv, however, which grows well in ...	1983	6310882
effect of interferon on two human choriocarcinoma-derived cell lines.	two cell lines derived from human choriocarcinomas (hccm-5 and bewo) are resistant to several biological effects of human interferon such as inhibition of vsv multiplication and inhibition of cell growth, but they develop a normal antiviral activity against emcv. nevertheless, in both cell lines, 2-5a synthetase and protein kinase are induced by ifn. 2-5a-dependent endonuclease can be measured by two independent methods and 2-5a itself is detected at least in poly(ri):poly(rc)- and ifn-treated b ...	1983	6310868
encephalomyocarditis virus induced diabetes mellitus in mice: long-term changes in the structure and function of islets of langerhans.	adult male mice infected with the m variant of encephalomyocarditis virus develop hyperglycaemia acutely as a consequence of b cell injury. the severity of the metabolic disease is variable and many animals become normoglycaemic during convalescence. the islets of langerhans of these mice exhibit minor structural changes, but there are no significant abnormalities of insulin and glucagon secretion. in contrast, animals with persistent hyperglycaemia exhibit striking morphological alterations in ...	1983	6309588
animal models of cardiomyopathy.		1983	6307896
virus-induced diabetes mellitus in icr swiss mice is age dependent.	adult male icr swiss mice develop diabetes mellitus when infected with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus. it was determined that the disease syndrome caused by the virus in this mouse strain is dependent upon the age of the animals. mice younger than 7 weeks developed lethal encephalitis, whereas those past this age developed diabetes. the susceptibility of young mice to the diabetogenic effects of encephalomyocarditis virus was enhanced by testosterone.	1983	6307884
virus-induced diabetes in autoimmune new zealand mice.	infection of autoimmune new zealand mice with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus results in beta-cell damage and clinical diabetes. the induction of diabetes in parental nzb and nzw strains was independent of sex. however, the susceptibility to virus-induced diabetes in their f1 offspring was sex dependent. this susceptibility was significantly higher in male (nzb x nzw) f1 mice as compared with female f1 mice. castration of male f1 mice significantly reduced the susceptibility to ...	1983	6307790
inhibition of virus-induced diabetes mellitus by interferon is influenced by the host strain.	the diabetogenic variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d) induces a diabetes-like syndrome in certain strains of mice. a study was done to determine if virus-induced diabetes could be prevented by interferon (ifn). it was found that the production of diabetes by emc-d was blocked by either ifn beta or a variety of ifn-inducers in swr/j, but not icr swiss mice. the replication of emc-d in cell culture was inhibited by ifn beta. it is concluded that the response of pancreatic beta cells to th ...	1983	6306672
virus-induced diabetes in mice.	encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infects and destroys pancreatic beta cells when inoculated into mice. this results in hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. the development of virus-induced diabetes is dependent on the genetic background of the host and the genetic makeup of the virus. in addition to the acute metabolic changes, animals with diabetes for six months show some long-term complications, including reduced life span, glomerulosclerosis, and ocular changes. the development of virus-induce ...	1983	6306392
replication of encephalomyocarditis virus in various mammalian cell types.	recently, the biological and biochemical characteristics of emc virus have received considerable attention, but little is known concerning the relative susceptibility of various mammalian cells to emc virus. in this study, a variety of mammalian cell types was evaluated for susceptibility to the m strain of emc virus by comparing peak viral titers, time course of infection, plaquing efficiency, and formation of viral antigens. infection of all murine and guinea pig cell types resulted in substan ...	1983	6306164
defective interfering particles of encephalomyocarditis virus.	encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus and five temperature-sensitive mutants of emc virus were serially passed numerous times in hela, l929 and bhk-21 cells. equilibrium centrifugation in cscl density gradients of virus and electrophoresis of virus rna from many of the high number passages indicated the presence of standard emc virus and particles containing rna of lower molecular weight. three virus isolates with high passage number were able to interfere with the replication of the standard virions ...	1983	6306154
effects of glycosidase treatment on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of human interferon-gamma.	highly purified human interferon (ifn)-gamma was treated with a preparation of mixed glycosidases in order to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate depletion on its biological activity, isoelectric point, and molecular size. glycosidase treatment did not reduce the antiviral activity of ifn-gamma in cultures of human fibroblasts and in bat lung cells. no antiviral activity was observed before or after treatment with glycosidases in pig, mink, bovine, murine, and monkey cells. the degree of neutral ...	1983	6305965
electron microscopy of renal and ocular changes in virus-induced diabetes mellitus in mice.	the eyes, kidneys and pancreas of mice (sjl/j) infected with encephalomyocarditis virus were examined by light and electron microscopy. diabetic mice with the longest duration (6 months) of diabetes showed marked renal and ocular alterations. fasting blood glucose levels were 17.8-21.9 mmol/l and glycosuria was present. clinically, based on ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography, retinal vessels were normal. histologically, moderately decreased numbers of pericytes were noted following tryps ...	1983	6305750
permeability to alpha sarcin in virus-infected cells.	incubation of hela cells with encephalomyocarditis virus (emc) induces permeability of the cell membrane to protein toxins, such as alpha sarcin. to induce permeability to this toxin only 5 min incubation of cells with virus is needed. on the other hand, less than 1 min exposure of the susceptible cells to alpha sarcin produces maximal inhibition of protein synthesis. emc virus treated with uv-light, although unable to replicate, can still induce the entrance of alpha sarcin into hela cells, but ...	1983	6304486
unusual requirements for optimum translation of polio viral rna in vitro.	the translation of poliovirion rna (polio rna) in an in vitro fractionated system was much less efficient than that of encephalomyocarditis virion rna (emc rna). in contrast, when polio and emc rnas were added to postmitochondrial cell lysates (s10), they were translated with equal efficiency. however, this equality was observed only when high concentrations of s10 were employed; at lower concentrations, polio rna translation was reduced relative to that of emc rna. these results suggest that bo ...	1983	6304083
translational barrier in central region of encephalomyocarditis virus genome. modulation by elongation factor 2 (eef-2).	a fractionated cell-free system from krebs-2 cells was prepared which contained ribosomes and a high-speed supernatant. when this system was programmed with encephalomyocarditis virus rna, the synthesis of a precursor of capsid proteins, polypeptide prea, proceeded at a rate not very different from that observed in unfractionated extracts, whereas the synthesis of more distally encoded proteins, in particular polypeptide f, was greatly retarded, if not abolished. a protein was purified from the ...	1983	6303783
human leukocyte interferon subtypes have different antiproliferative and antiviral activities on human cells.	the antigrowth effects of 5 different cloned human leukocyte ifn subtypes (ifn-alpha a, b, c, d, f) and 2 molecular hybrids between them (ifn-alpha ad(bg1ii) and ifn-alpha da(bg1ii)) were examined on 6 different human cell lines. the results indicate that the interferons sort into two distinct groups: ifn-alpha b, c and f showed comparable antiproliferative activity which was greater than that of ifn-alpha a, d, ad(bg1ii) and da(bg1ii). the interferons could also be assigned to one of two groups ...	1983	6303322
[formation of immune (gamma) interferon induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin and phytohemagglutinin].	some conditions of production of human and mouse immune interferon induced by phytohemagglutinin and a national preparation of staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) were studied. the latter was shown to be suitable for use as an inducer of this type of interferon. production of mouse immune interferon could be increased by using a mixture of spleen and peritoneal exudate cells. interferon production induced by sea was also higher in spleen cells of mice immunized with bcg.	1983	6302998
a sialoglycopeptide from human erythrocytes with receptor-like properties for encephalomyocarditis and influenza viruses.	encephalomyocarditis and influenza viruses attach to human erythrocytes causing haemagglutination. the receptor for both viruses on these cells is the major membrane sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin, solubilized preparations of which inhibit haemagglutination by either virus. we show here that glycophorin preparations inhibited haemagglutination of both viruses, even after the preparations were digested with chymotrypsin. to determine which component(s) in the digest exhibited activity, peptides s ...	1983	6302211
virus-induced diabetes: cytomegalovirus and multiple environmental insults.		1983	6301914