Publications

tethered-function analysis reveals that elf4e can recruit ribosomes independent of its binding to the cap structure.	the cap-binding complex elf4f is involved in ribosome recruitment during the initiation phase of translation and is composed of three subunits: elf4e, -4g, and -4a. the m7gpppn cap-binding subunit eif4e binds the n-terminal region of eif4g, which in turn contacts eif4a through its central and c-terminal regions. we have previously shown, through a tethered-function approach in transfected hela cells, that the binding of eif4g to an mrna is sufficient to drive productive translation (de gregorio ...	2001	11214172
growth and recombination of phage lambda in the presence of exonuclease v from bacillus subtilis.	when expressed in escherichia coli, the addab exonuclease/recombinase from bacillus subtilis blocks the growth of phage lambda. mutants of lambda that are deleted for ea47, a gene of unknown function which is expressed early in the lytic cycle, are not blocked for growth. the blocked-growth phenotype of lambda ea47+ in the presence of addab is expressed only when phage dna replication is permitted.	2001	11212927
characterization and genomic sequence of the murine 60 kd ro gene.	autoantibodies binding 60 kd ro (or ss-a) are commonly found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and sjögren's syndrome. while many studies have examined the autoimmune response directed against this rna-protein, its function is still uncertain. as part of a broad effort to better understand animal models of anti-ro autoimmunity we have characterized the murine 60 kd ro gene. southern blot analysis of mouse genomic dna suggests that the 60 kd ro gene is a single copy gene. the complete ...	2000	11196703
function of transcription cleavage factors grea and greb at a regulatory pause site.	gre proteins of prokaryotes, and sii proteins of eukaryotes and archaea, are transcription elongation factors that promote an endogenous transcript cleavage activity of rna polymerases; this process promotes elongation through obstructive regions of dna, including transcription pauses that act as sites of genetic regulation. we show that a regulatory pause in the early part of the late gene operon of bacteriophage lambda is subject to such cleavage and resynthesis. in cells lacking the cleavage ...	2000	11163202
directional cdna library construction assisted by the in vitro recombination reaction.	we report here a new directional cdna library construction method using an in vitro site-specific recombination reaction, based on the integrase-excisionase system of bacteriophage lambda. preliminary experiments revealed that in vitro recombinational cloning (rc) provided important advantages over conventional ligation-assisted cloning: it eliminated restriction digestion for directional cloning, generated low levels of chimeric clones, reduced size bias and, in our hands, gave a higher cloning ...	2001	11160942
genetic footprinting in bacteria.	in vivo genetic footprinting was developed in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae to simultaneously assess the importance of thousands of genes for the fitness of the cell under any growth condition. we have developed in vivo genetic footprinting for escherichia coli, a model bacterium and pathogen. we further demonstrate the utility of this technology for rapidly discovering genes that affect the fitness of e. coli under a variety of growth conditions. the definitive features of this system incl ...	2001	11160101
the initiation codon affects ribosome binding and translational efficiency in escherichia coli of ci mrna with or without the 5' untranslated leader.	translational efficiency of an aug, cug, gug, or uug initiation codon was measured for the naturally leaderless ci mrna from bacteriophage lambda. in a ci-lacz translational fusion, only aug supported a high level of expression; gug supported a low level of expression, while uug and cug expression was barely above background levels. addition of an untranslated lac leader and shine-dalgarno sequence to ci increased expression but still showed a dependence on an aug for maximum expression. ci-lacz ...	2001	11157940
a new expression cloning strategy for isolation of substrate-specific kinases by using phosphorylation site-specific antibody.	signal transduction from cell surface receptors to the nucleus is regulated in most part by protein phosphorylation. for the purpose of identification of kinases which play an important role at a particular phosphorylation step in a series of signal transduction pathways, we have developed a new expression-screening method using a phosphorylation site specific antibody and a vector encoding substrate polypeptide. we have applied this method for screening kinases which phosphorylate stat3 at seri ...	2001	11150545
increased bar minigene mrna stability during cell growth inhibition.	bacteriophage lambda is unable to grow vegetatively on escherichia coli mutants defective in peptidyl-trna hydrolase (pth) activity. mutations which allow phage growth on the defective host have been located at regions named bar in the lambda genome. expression of wild-type bar regions from plasmid constructs results in inhibition of protein synthesis and lethality to pth-defective cells. two of these wild-type bar regions, bari+ and barii+, contain minigenes with similar aug-aua-stop codon sequ ...	2001	11136457
genomic organization of the 5' region of the human thyroglobulin gene.	the purpose of the present work is to establish the intron-exon organization from exon 12 to exon 23 of the human thyroglobulin gene and to construct a physical map of the 5' terminal half of the gene.	2000	11124863
a tyrosine hydroxylase-neurofilament chimeric promoter enhances long-term expression in rat forebrain neurons from helper virus-free hsv-1 vectors.	helper virus-free herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) plasmid vectors are attractive for neural gene transfer, but a promoter that supports neuronal-specific, long-term expression is required. although expression from many promoters is unstable, a 6.8-kb, but not a 766-bp, fragment of the tyrosine hydroxylase (th) promoter supports long-term expression. thus, 5' upstream sequences in this promoter may enhance expression. in this study, we evaluated expression from vectors that contain 5' upstream seque ...	2000	11113528
recent advances in the protocols of transgenic mouse mutation assays.	transgenic mutation assays were developed to detect gene mutations in multiple organs of mice or rats. the assays permit (1) quantitative measurements of mutation frequencies in all tissues/organs including germ cells and (2) molecular analysis of induced and spontaneous mutations by dna sequencing analysis. the protocols of recently developed selections in the lambda phage-based transgenic mutation assays, i.e. cii, spi(-) and 6-thioguanine selections, are described, and a data set of transgeni ...	2000	11113476
structure of the bacteriophage lambda ser/thr protein phosphatase with sulfate ion bound in two coordination modes.	the protein phosphatase encoded by bacteriophage lambda (lambda pp) belongs to a family of ser/thr phosphatases (ser/thr ppases) that includes the eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 (pp1), 2a (pp2a), and 2b (calcineurin). these ser/thr ppases and the related purple acid phosphatases (paps) contain a conserved phosphoesterase sequence motif that binds a dinuclear metal center. the mechanisms of phosphoester hydrolysis by these enzymes are beginning to be unraveled. to utilize lambda pp more effect ...	2000	11112522
mechanism for a transcriptional activator that works at the isomerization step.	transcriptional activators in prokaryotes have been shown to stimulate different steps in the initiation process including the initial binding of rna polymerase (rnap) to the promoter and a postbinding step known as the isomerization step. evidence suggests that activators that affect initial binding can work by a cooperative binding mechanism by making energetically favorable contacts with rnap, but the mechanism by which activators affect the isomerization step is unclear. a well-studied examp ...	2000	11087868
folding kinetics of phage 434 cro protein.	folding kinetics for phage 434 cro protein are examined and compared with those reported for lambda(6-85), the n-terminal domain of the repressor of phage lambda. the two proteins have similar all-helical structures consisting of five helices but different stabilities. in contrast to lambda(6-85), sharp and distinct aromatic (1)h nmr signals without exchange broadening characterize the native and urea-denatured 434 cro forms at equilibrium at 20 degrees c, indicating slow interconversion on the ...	2000	11076539
the multifunctional bacteriophage p2 cox protein requires oligomerization for biological activity.	the cox protein of bacteriophage p2 is a multifunctional protein of 91 amino acids. it is directly involved in the site-specific recombination event leading to excision of p2 dna out of the host chromosome. in this context, it functions as an architectural protein in the formation of the excisome. cox is also a transcriptional repressor of the p2 pc promoter, thereby ensuring lytic growth. finally it promotes derepression of prophage p4, a nonrelated defective satellite phage, by activating the ...	2000	11073917
the pcr plateau phase - towards an understanding of its limitations.	the dna polymerases from thermus aquaticus and thermus flavus were recently found to bind to short double-stranded dna fragments without sequence specificity [kainz et al. (2000) biotechniques 28, 278-82]. in the present study, it is shown that the accumulation of amplification products during later pcr cycles also exerts an inhibitory effect on several enzymes tested. to simulate later cycle conditions, a 1.7 kb sequence from phage lambda dna was amplified in the presence of various amounts of ...	2000	11072065
a rapid method for efficient gene replacement in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	the construction of mutant fungal strains is often limited by the poor efficiency of homologous recombination in these organisms. higher recombination efficiencies can be obtained by increasing the length of homologous dna flanking the transformation marker, although this is a tedious process when standard molecular biology techniques are used for the construction of gene replacement cassettes. here, we present a two-step technology which takes advantage of an escherichia coli strain expressing ...	2000	11071951
the r-type pyocin of pseudomonas aeruginosa is related to p2 phage, and the f-type is related to lambda phage.	pseudomonas aeruginosa produces three types of bacteriocins: r-, f- and s-type pyocins. the s-type pyocin is a colicin-like protein, whereas the r-type pyocin resembles a contractile but non-flexible tail structure of bacteriophage, and the f-type a flexible but non-contractile one. as genetically related phages exist for each type, these pyocins have been thought to be variations of defective phage. in the present study, the nucleotide sequence of r2 pyocin genes, along with those for f2 pyocin ...	2000	11069649
endonuclease and helicase activities of bacteriophage lambda terminase: changing nearby residue 515 restores activity to the gpa k497d mutant enzyme.	terminase, the dna packaging enzyme of bacteriophage lambda, is a heteromultimer of gpnu1 and gpa subunits. in an earlier investigation, a lethal mutation changing gpa residue 497 from lysine to aspartic acid (k497d) was found to cause a mild change in the high-affinity atpase that resides in gpa and a severe defect in the endonuclease activity of terminase. the k497d terminase efficiently sponsored packaging of mature lambda dna into proheads. in the present work, k497d terminase was found to h ...	2000	11062051
assignment of the 1h, 13c, and 15n resonances of the dna binding domain of gpnu1, a genome packaging protein from bacteriophage lambda.		2000	11061230
affinity selection of cdna libraries by lambda phage surface display.	bacteriophage lambda surface display was used to isolate cdna clones encoding autoantigens recognized by sera from patients with sjögren's syndrome (ss). we made cdna libraries from human hela and hepg2 cells, using the expression vector lambdafoo. by repeating affinity selection of the libraries with the sera immobilized in microtiter wells, we isolated three clones that encode previously unknown antigens as well as four clones previously known as ss autoantigens. the newly identified autoantig ...	2000	11054552
cooperativity: action at a distance in a classic system.	a new high resolution crystal structure of the phage lambda repressor reveals the basis for repressor dimer formation and, together with biochemical data, provides insights into the mechanism of repressor tetramer formation, a process essential to the cooperative binding and gene regulatory activities of this protein.	2000	11050405
[antioxidant features of fungal melanin pigments].	fungal melanin pigments were shown to display a high antioxidant activity. an increase in the number of methyl substituents in benzidine molecules of melanins obtained from micromycetes and macromycetes was accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of inhibition of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation. melanins were found to have considerable gene-protecting properties. pigments isolated from macromycetes and applied at a much lower concentration than those obtained from micromycetes prevented damag ...	2000	11042882
the alpha subunit of e. coli rna polymerase activates rna binding by nusa.	the escherichia coli nusa protein modulates pausing, termination, and antitermination by associating with the transcribing rna polymerase core enzyme. nusa can be covalently cross-linked to nascent rna within a transcription complex, but does not bind rna on its own. we have found that deletion of the 79 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the 495-amino-acid nusa protein allows nusa to bind rna in gel mobility shift assays. the carboxy-terminal domain (ctd) of the alpha subunit of rna polymerase, as ...	2000	11040219
detection of mutations in transgenic fish carrying a bacteriophage lambda cii transgene target.	to address the dual needs for improved methods to assess potential health risks associated with chemical exposure in aquatic environments and for new models for in vivo mutagenesis studies, we developed transgenic fish that carry multiple copies of a bacteriophage lambda vector that harbors the cii gene as a mutational target. we adapted a forward mutation assay, originally developed for lambda transgenic rodents, to recover cii mutants efficiently from fish genomic dna by lambda in vitro packag ...	2000	11035814
genetic and biochemical analysis of dimer and oligomer interactions of the lambda s holin.	bacteriophage lambda uses a holin-endolysin system for host cell lysis. r, the endolysin, has muralytic activity. s, the holin, is a small membrane protein that permeabilizes the inner membrane at a precisely scheduled time after infection and allows the endolysin access to its substrate, resulting in host cell lysis. lambda s has a single cysteine at position 51 that can be replaced by a serine without loss of the holin function. a collection of 27 single-cysteine products of alleles created fr ...	2000	11029428
dimerization between the holin and holin inhibitor of phage lambda.	holins are integral membrane proteins that control the access of phage-encoded muralytic enzymes, or endolysins, to the cell wall by the sudden formation of an uncharacterized homo-oligomeric lesion, or hole, in the membrane, at a precisely defined time. the timing of lambda-infected cell lysis depends solely on the 107 codon s gene, which encodes two proteins, s105 and s107, which are the holin and holin inhibitor, respectively. here we report the results of biochemical and genetic studies on t ...	2000	11029427
the pcna from thermococcus fumicolans functionally interacts with dna polymerase delta.	we have cloned the gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) from the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeote thermococcus fumicolans (tfu). tfu pcna contains 250 amino acids with a calculated m(r) of 28,000 and is 26% identical to human pcna. next, tfu pcna was overexpressed in escherichia coli and it showed an apparent molecular mass of 33.5 kda. the purified tfu pcna was tested first with recombinant tfu dna polymerase i (tfu pol) and second with calf thymus dna polymerase delta (pol de ...	2000	11027519
three spliced mrnas of tt virus transcribed from a plasmid containing the entire genome in cos1 cells.	a permuted whole-genome construct of a tt virus (ttv), named vt416, had 3,852 nucleotides (nt) 98.2% similar to the prototype ta278 genome. to allow the transcription of ttv from the internal promoter, pbk*vt416(1.3g), carrying 1.3 units of vt416, was constructed. the poly(a)(+) rnas expressed in cos1 cells 48 h posttransfection contained three ttv mrna species 3.0, 1.2, and 1.0 kb in length, which were recovered in the 13 dna clones from a lambda phage cdna library. these mrnas in the antigenom ...	2000	11024126
characterization of bacteriophage lambda excisionase mutants defective in dna binding.	the bacteriophage lambda excisionase (xis) is a sequence-specific dna binding protein required for excisive recombination. xis binds cooperatively to two dna sites arranged as direct repeats on the phage dna. efficient excision is achieved through a cooperative interaction between xis and the host-encoded factor for inversion stimulation as well as a cooperative interaction between xis and integrase. the secondary structure of the xis protein was predicted to contain a typical amphipathic helix ...	2000	11004181
identification of a gene cluster encoding krebs cycle oxidative enzymes linked to the pyruvate carboxylase gene in lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis c2.	we identified a 14-kb pyruvate carboxylase gene-containing fragment from a lactococcal c2-lambda phage genomic library. downstream of the pyruvate carboxylase gene-containing fragment, a gene cluster coding for open reading frames displaying extensive homology to citrate synthase, aconitase, and a truncated isocitrate dehydrogenase was identified. however, the truncation was shown to have occurred during the cloning by two noncontiguous sau3ai fragments ligating together. the lactococcal citrate ...	2000	11003218
atpase center of bacteriophage lambda terminase involved in post-cleavage stages of dna packaging: identification of atp-interactive amino acids.	terminase is the enzyme that mediates lambda dna packaging into the viral prohead. the large subunit of terminase, gpa (641 amino acid residues), has a high-affinity atpase activity (k(m)=5 microm). to directly identify gpa's atp-interacting amino acids, holoterminase bearing a his(6)-tag at the c terminus of gpa was uv-crosslinked with 8-n(3)-[alpha-(32)p]atp. tryptic peptides from the photolabeled terminase were purified by affinity chromatography and reverse-phase hplc. two labeled peptides o ...	2000	10993723
cloning and chromosomal assignment of the porcine interleukin-2 receptor alpha (il-2ralpha) gene.	porcine genomic dna encoding a 55 kda subunit of interleukin-2 receptor (il-2r), which is termed alpha chain (il-2ralpha), was cloned by repeated plaque hybridization using il-2ralpha cdna as a probe. two different lambda phage clones, one of which encoded exon 1 and the 5'-upstream flanking region of il-2ralpha gene and another encoded the sequence from exon 2 to exon 8, were isolated. by analysis of the 5'-upstream region of the gene, putative binding motifs for transcription factors such as g ...	2000	10993181
coupled energetics of lambda cro repressor self-assembly and site-specific dna operator binding ii: cooperative interactions of cro dimers.	the bacteriophage lambda relies on interactions of the ci and cro repressors which self assemble and bind the two operators (o(r) and o(l)) of the phage genome to control the lysogenic to lytic switch. while the self assembly and o(r) binding of ci have been investigated in detail, a more complete understanding of gene regulation by phage lambda also requires detailed knowledge of the role of cro repressor as it dimerizes and binds at o(r) sites. since dimerization and operator binding are coupl ...	2000	10986123
coupled energetics of lambda cro repressor self-assembly and site-specific dna operator binding i: analysis of cro dimerization from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations.	the cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda is an important and classical transcription regulatory protein that binds dna operator sites as a dimer. therefore, a complete understanding of gene regulation by cro requires knowledge of the coupled energetics of its protein dimerization and site-specific dna binding. a method is described by which cro repressor can be labeled in vivo with [(35)s]methionine to a specific activity of 2 x 10(15) cpm/mol. as a prelude to binding studies, the association ...	2000	10985796
clpp/clpx-mediated degradation of the bacteriophage lambda o protein and regulation of lambda phage and lambda plasmid replication.	the o protein is a replication initiator that binds to the orilambda region and promotes assembly of the bacteriophage lambda replication complex. this protein, although protected from proteases by other elements of the replication complex, in a free form is rapidly degraded in the host, escherichia coli, by the clpp/clpx protease. nevertheless, the physiological role of this rapid degradation remains unclear. here we demonstrate that the copy number of plasmids derived from bacteriophage lambda ...	2000	10985747
isolation and mapping of microsatellite markers specific for the d genome of bread wheat.	the potential of aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the d genome of wheat, as a source of microsatellite markers for hexaploid bread wheat was investigated. by screening lambda phage and plasmid libraries of ae. tauschii genomic dna, dinucleotide microsatellites containing ga and gt motifs were isolated and a total of 65 functional microsatellite markers were developed. all primer pairs that were functional in ae. tauschii amplified well in hexaploid wheat. fifty-five loci amplified by ...	2000	10984182
survey and summary: holliday junction resolvases and related nucleases: identification of new families, phyletic distribution and evolutionary trajectories.	holliday junction resolvases (hjrs) are key enzymes of dna recombination. a detailed computer analysis of the structural and evolutionary relationships of hjrs and related nucleases suggests that the hjr function has evolved independently from at least four distinct structural folds, namely rnase h, endonuclease, endonuclease vii-colicin e and rusa. the endonuclease fold, whose structural prototypes are the phage lambda exonuclease, the very short patch repair nuclease (vsr) and type ii restrict ...	2000	10982859
isbst12, a novel type of insertion-sequence element causing loss of s-layer-gene expression in bacillus stearothermophilus atcc 12980.	the cell surface of the surface layer (s-layer)-carrying strain of bacillus stearothermophilus atcc 12980 is completely covered with an oblique lattice composed of the s-layer protein sbsc. in the s-layer-deficient strain, thes-layer gene sbsc was still present but was interrupted by a novel type of insertion sequence (is) element designated isbst12. the insertion site was found to be located within the coding region of the sbsc gene, 199 bp downstream from the translation start of sbsc. isbst12 ...	2000	10974105
in vivo and in vitro function of groel mutants with impaired allosteric properties.	escherichia coli cells that produce only plasmid-encoded wild-type or mutant groel were generated by bacteriophage p1 transduction. effects of mutations that affect the allosteric properties of groel were characterized in vivo. cells containing only groel(r197a), which has reduced intra-ring positive cooperativity and inter-ring negative cooperativity in atp binding, grow poorly upon a temperature shift from 25 to 42 degrees c. this strain supports the growth of phages t4 and t5 but not phage la ...	2000	10973985
characterization and comparative study of the rrn operons of alkaliphilic bacillus halodurans c-125.	the ribosomal rna operons (rrn) of alkaliphilic bacillus halodurans c-125 were characterized and compared with those of b. subtilis. we isolated clones containing rrn operons from a lambda phage library of the c-125 chromosome, and the complete nucleotide sequence of each was determined. eight rrn operons were identified by pfge analysis of the c-125 chromosome digested with i-ceui. the transcriptional orientation of the rrn operons mapped on the chromosome by southern hybridization analysis was ...	2000	10972189
charge transport along the lambda-dna double helix.	we have measured the conductivity sigma along the lambda phage dna (lambda-dna) double helix at microwave frequencies using lyophilized dna in and also without a buffer. the conductivity is strongly temperature dependent around room temperature with a crossover to a weakly temperature dependent conductivity at low temperatures. removal of the water mantle around the double helix leads to reduced conductivity.	2000	10970555
shear-induced assembly of lambda-phage dna.	recombinant dna technology, which is based on the assembly of dna fragments, forms the backbone of biological and biomedical research. here we demonstrate that a uniform shear flow can induce and control the assembly of lambda-phage dna molecules: increasing shear rates form integral dna multimers of increasing molecular weight. spontaneous assembly and grouping of end-blunted lambda-phage dna molecules are negligible. it is suggested that shear-induced dna assembly is caused by increasing the p ...	2000	10969014
combining phage display and screening of cdna expression libraries: a new approach for identifying the target antigen of an scfv preselected by phage display.	a potential method for identifying new tumor-specific antibody structures as well as tumor-associated antigens is by selecting scfv phage libraries on tumor cells. this phage display technique involves multiple rounds of phage binding to target cells, washing to remove non-specific phage and elution to retrieve specific binding phage. although the binding properties of an isolated tumor-specific scfv can be evaluated by elisa, facs and immunohistochemistry, it still remains a challenge to define ...	2000	10966781
replication of orij-based plasmid dna during the stringent and relaxed responses of escherichia coli.	the orij-based plasmids contain the origin of dna replication from the cryptic rac prophage, present in the chromosomes of most escherichia coli k-12 strains. the organization of the orij replication region resembles that of the bacteriophage lambda, although sequence similarity is small. here we investigated the regulation of replication of the orij-based plasmid in e. coli rela(+) and rela(-) hosts during amino acid starvation and limitation, i.e., during the stringent and relaxed responses. w ...	2000	10964622
detection of beta-amyloid peptide aggregation using dna electrophoresis.	dna could readily associate with the aggregated forms of the beta-amyloid peptides beta(1-40) and beta(25-35), giving rise to a shift in the electrophoretic mobility of dna. as a result, dna was retained at the top of a 1% agarose gel. in contrast, the electrophoretic mobility of dna was little influenced by the monomeric forms of beta(1-40) and beta(25-30). dna from different sources such as lambda phage, escherichia coli plasmid, and human gene showed similar results. however, the electrophore ...	2000	10964426
molecular structure of a novel gypsy-ty3-like retrotransposon (kabuki) and nested retrotransposable elements on the w chromosome of the silkworm bombyx mori.	we previously characterized a female-specific randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), designated w-kabuki, derived from the w chromosome of the silkworm, bombyx mori. to further analyze the w chromosome of b. mori, we obtained a lambda phage clone which contains the w-kabuki rapd sequence and sequenced the 18.1-kb dna insert. we found that this dna comprises a nested structure of at least seven elements; three retrotransposons, two retroposons, one functionally unknown insertion, and one bomb ...	2000	10954076
defective processing of methylated single-stranded dna by e. coli alkb mutants.	escherichia coli alkb mutants are very sensitive to dna methylating agents. despite these mutants being the subject of many studies, no dna repair or other function has been assigned to the alkb protein or to its human homolog. here, we report that reactivation of methylmethanesulfonate (mms)-treated single-stranded dna phages, m13, f1, and g4, was decreased dramatically in alkb mutants. no such decrease occurred when using methylated lambda phage or m13 duplex dna. these data show that alkb mut ...	2000	10950872
the terminase enzyme from bacteriophage lambda: a dna-packaging machine.	this review focuses on the biochemical, biophysical, and catalytic properties of terminase, an enzyme involved in bacteriophage lambda genome packaging. the holoenzyme possesses atpase, dna strand-separation, and site-specific nuclease activities that work in concert to insert a viral genome into the confines of a performed capsid. moreover, the terminase subunits are part of a series of nucleoprotein complexes involved in genome packaging, including remarkably stable intermediates that transiti ...	2000	10949585
quantitative dissection of transcriptional control system: n-dependent antitermination complex of phage lambda as regulatory paradigm.		2000	10944745
effects of crystal twinning on the ability to solve a macromolecular structure using multiwavelength anomalous diffraction.	the crystal structure of gpd, the capsid-stabilizing protein of bacteriophage lambda, was solved by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (mad) for a selenomethionine (semet) derivative of the protein at 1.8 a resolution, using crystals in space group p2(1) [yang et al. (2000), nature struct. biol. 7, 230-237]. subsequent analysis showed that the crystals of both the original protein and the semet derivative were pseudo-merohedrally twinned with a twinning fraction approximately 0.36, owing to t ...	2000	10944332
characterization of a mutation of bacteriophage lambda integrase. putative role in core binding and strand exchange for a conserved residue.	site-specific recombination is involved in processes ranging from resolution of bacterial chromosome dimers to adeno-associated viral integration and is a versatile tool for mammalian genetics. the bacteriophage lambda-encoded site-specific recombinase integrase (int) is one of the best studied site-specific recombinases and mediates recombination via four distinct pathways. we have characterized a mutant version of lambda int, intt236i; this mutant can perform the bent-l pathway only, whereas t ...	2000	10938278
specific recognition of dna by integration host factor. glutamic acid 44 of the beta-subunit specifies the discrimination of a t:a from an a:t base pair without directly contacting the dna.	integration host factor (ihf) is a protein that binds to the h' site of bacteriophage lambda with sequence specificity. genetic experiments implicated amino acid residue glu(44) of the beta-subunit of ihf in discrimination against substitution of a for t at position 44 of the ttr submotif of the binding site (lee, e. c., hales, l. m., gumport, r. i., gardner, j. f. (1992) embo j., 11, 305-313). we have extended this observation by generating all possible single-base substitutions at positions 43 ...	2000	10930420
1,3-butadiene: cancer, mutations, and adducts. part ii: roles of two metabolites of 1,3-butadiene in mediating its in vivo genotoxicity.	1,3-butadiene (bd) is carcinogenic in mice and rats, with mice being more susceptible than rats to its carcinogenic effects. 1,3-butadiene is mutagenic in the bone marrow and spleen cells of b6c3f1 laci transgenic mice. the goal of this research was to assess the roles of two bd metabolites, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (bdo) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (bdo2), in the mutagenicity and mutational spectrum of the parent compound bd by determining the mutagenicity and mutational spectra of bdo and bdo2 in huma ...	2000	10925839
formation and stability of the bacteriophage lambda replication complexes in uv-irradiated escherichia coli.	bacteriophage lambda replication complex, containing the phage-encoded o initiator protein protected from proteases by other elements of this complex, is a stable structure that can be inherited by one of the two daughter lambda dna copies after a replication round in escherichia coli. in normal growth conditions in bacteria bearing a plasmid derived from bacteriophage lambda, such a complex may be stable for many cell generations. however, it was found that this stable structure is disassembled ...	2000	10915199
probing sugar translocation through maltoporin at the single channel level.	sugar permeation through maltoporin of escherichia coli, a trimer protein that facilitates maltodextrin translocation across outer bacterial membranes, was investigated at the single channel level. for large sugars, such as maltohexaose, elementary events of individual sugar molecule penetration into the channel were readily observed. at small sugar concentrations an elementary event consists of maltoporin channel closure by one third of its initial conductance in sugar-free solution. statistica ...	2000	10913618
high-conductance channel induced by the interaction of phage lambda with its receptor maltoporin.	bacteriophage lambda that binds to liposomes bears its receptor maltoporin (lamb) and is able to inject its dna into the internal space. during this process, the liposomes are permeabilized, suggesting that a transmembrane channel has formed (roessner and ihler (1986) j. biol. chem. 261, 386-390). this pore possibly constitutes the pathway used by lambda dna to cross the membrane. we reconstituted purified lamb from shigella in liposomes that were incubated with lambda phages. addition of this m ...	2000	10913599
escherichia coli dna polymerase iv mutator activity: genetic requirements and mutational specificity.	the dinb gene of escherichia coli is known to be involved in the untargeted mutagenesis of lambda phage. recently, we have demonstrated that this damage-inducible and sos-controlled gene encodes a novel dna polymerase, dna pol iv, which is able to dramatically increase the untargeted mutagenesis of f' plasmid. at the amino acid level, dna pol iv shares sequence homologies with e. coli umuc (dna pol v), rev1p, and rad30p (dna polymerase eta) of saccharomyces cerevisiae and human rad30a (xpv) prot ...	2000	10913093
functional expression and affinity selection of single-chain cro by phage display: isolation of novel dna-binding proteins.	a robust selection system affording phage display of the dna-binding helix-turn-helix protein cro is presented. the aim of the work was to construct an experimental system allowing for the construction and isolation of cro-derived protein with new dna-binding properties. a derivative of the phage lambda cro repressor, sccro8, in which the protein subunits had been covalently connected via a peptide linker was expressed in fusion with the gene 3 protein of escherichia coli filamentous phage. the ...	2000	10906348
hybrid petri net representation of gene regulatory network.	it is important to provide a representation method of gene regulatory networks which realizes the intuitions of biologists while keeping the universality in its computational ability. in this paper, we propose a method to exploit hybrid petri net (hpn) for representing gene regulatory networks. the hpn is an extension of petri nets which have been used to represent many kinds of systems including stochastic ones in the field of computer sciences and engineerings. since the hpn has continuous and ...	2000	10902182
the use of competitive pcr mimic to evaluate a limulus lambda phage genomic dna library.	1. a lambda phage genomic dna library for limulus (l.) polyphemus brain was constructed using the agem-12 vector and the host strain kw251. 2. the primary library contained approximately 1.275 x 10(6) independent clones, increasing upon amplfication to 6.66 x 10(9) pfu/ml in a total volume of 58 ml. 3. a total of 28 clones was randomly chosen for a determination of the average size of inserts in the library. all clones contained inserts and the average size was 14.9 kb, ranging from 11.7 to 28.0 ...	2000	10901270
[the endogenous differentiation factor of the hl-60 cells shows a nuclease activity].	a structural homology between the endogenous differentiation factor of the hl-60 cell line of promyelocyte leukemia (hldf) and several dna/rna-binding and dna/rna-hydrolyzing proteins was revealed, and expression of the hldf gene in prokaryotic systems was studied. on the basis of these experiments, the amino acid sequence of an 8-membered fragment of hldf with potential nuclease activity was identified. the synthetic octapeptide rrwhrlke was shown to be capable of the cleavage of rna, linear dn ...	2000	10900504
crystal structure of the lambda repressor c-terminal domain provides a model for cooperative operator binding.	interactions between transcription factors bound to separate operator sites commonly play an important role in gene regulation by mediating cooperative binding to the dna. however, few detailed structural models for understanding the molecular basis of such cooperativity are available. the c1 repressor of bacteriophage lambda is a classic example of a protein that binds to its operator sites cooperatively. the c-terminal domain of the repressor mediates dimerization as well as a dimer-dimer inte ...	2000	10892750
the crystal structure of nusb from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	both prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate transcription through mechanisms that suppress termination signals. an antitermination mechanism was first characterized in bacteriophage lambda. bacteria have analogous machinery that regulates ribosomal rna transcription and employs host factors, called the n-utilizing (where n stands for the phage lambda n protein) substances (nus), nusa, nusb, nuse and nusg. here we report the crystal structure of nusb from mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium th ...	2000	10881194
effectiveness of oxygen in promoting x-ray-induced single-strand breaks in circular phage lambda dna and killing of radiation-sensitive mutants of escherichia coli.		1974	10876629
peptide inhibitors of dna cleavage by tyrosine recombinases and topoisomerases.	the study of biochemical pathways requires the isolation and characterization of each and every intermediate in the pathway. for the site-specific recombination reactions catalyzed by the bacteriophage lambda tyrosine recombinase integrase (int), this has been difficult because of the high level of efficiency of the reaction, the highly reversible nature of certain reaction steps, and the lack of requirements for high-energy cofactors or metals. by screening synthetic peptide combinatorial libra ...	2000	10873446
dissection of bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination using synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries.	a wide variety of tools have been used to dissect biochemical pathways, inhibitors being chief among them. combinatorial approaches have made the search for inhibitors much more efficient. we have applied such an approach to identify hexapeptides which inhibit different steps in a site-specific recombination reaction mediated by the bacteriophage lambda integrase protein. integrase's mechanism is still incompletely understood, in large part because several pathway intermediates remain hard to is ...	2000	10873445
changes in the 17 bp spacer in the p(r) promoter of bacteriophage lambda affect steps in open complex formation that precede dna strand separation.	tau plots and temperature-shift experiments were used to determine which step in the formation of transcriptionally-competent open complexes is affected by changing the length of the 17 bp spacer separating the -10 and -35 consensus regions of the p(r) promoter of bacteriophage lambda. abortive initiation assays at 37 degrees c indicate that the primary effect of insertion of a base-pair, thereby increasing spacer length to 18 bp, is a decrease in k(f), the rate constant for conversion from clos ...	2000	10860742
genomic sequence and analysis of the atypical temperate bacteriophage n15.	n15 is a temperate bacteriophage that forms stable lysogens in escherichia coli. while its virion is morphologically very similar to phage lambda and its close relatives, it is unusual in that the prophage form replicates autonomously as a linear dna molecule with closed hairpin telomeres. here, we describe the genomic architecture of n15, and its global pattern of gene expression, which reveal that n15 contains several plasmid-derived genes that are expressed in n15 lysogens. the tel site, at w ...	2000	10860722
genomic sequences of bacteriophages hk97 and hk022: pervasive genetic mosaicism in the lambdoid bacteriophages.	we report the complete genome dna sequences of hk97 (39,732 bp) and hk022 (40,751 bp), double-stranded dna bacteriophages of escherichia coli and members of the lambdoid or lambda-like group of phages. we provide a comparative analysis of these sequences with each other and with two previously determined lambdoid family genome sequences, those of e. coli phage lambda and salmonella typhimurium phage p22. the comparisons confirm that these phages are genetic mosaics, with mosaic segments separate ...	2000	10860721
characterization of a conserved alpha-helical, coiled-coil motif at the c-terminal domain of the atp-dependent ftsh (hflb) protease of escherichia coli.	ftsh (hflb) is an atp-dependent protease found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts. here, we have identified, in the carboxy-terminal region of ftsh (hfib), a short alpha helix predicted of forming a coiled-coil, leucine zipper, structure. this region appears to be structurally conserved. the presence of the coiled-coil motif in the escherichia coli ftsh (hflb) was demonstrated by circular dichroism and cross-linking experiments. mutational analysis showed that three highly conse ...	2000	10843850
affinity selection of dna-binding proteins displayed on bacteriophage lambda.	two transcription factors, human atf1, its dna-binding domain (atf1bd), and the dna-binding domain (gal4bd) of the yeast gal4 protein, were displayed on the surface of bacteriophage lambda vectors and efficiently selected by dna fragments immobilized in microtiter wells. the dna-binding proteins are fused to the carboxy terminus of the tail protein gpv and head protein gpd of the vectors, lambdafoo and lambdafoodc, respectively. after a single round of affinity selection, the fusion phages were ...	2000	10833275
one-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in escherichia coli k-12 using pcr products.	we have developed a simple and highly efficient method to disrupt chromosomal genes in escherichia coli in which pcr primers provide the homology to the targeted gene(s). in this procedure, recombination requires the phage lambda red recombinase, which is synthesized under the control of an inducible promoter on an easily curable, low copy number plasmid. to demonstrate the utility of this approach, we generated pcr products by using primers with 36- to 50-nt extensions that are homologous to re ...	2000	10829079
translational frameshift sites within bacteriophage lambda genes rexa and ci.	phage lambda's ci-rexa-rexb operon displays an intriguing example of regulation by an unexplained mechanism of polarity. we have identified three potential -1 translational frameshift sites and present a model for translational frameshift suppression by lambda's ci repressor as a mechanism of regulating operon polarity, implying an additional role for ci self-regulation.	1999	10824855
mutagenic effects of gamma-rays and incorporated 8-3h-purines on extracellular lambda phage: influence of muty and mutm host mutations.	the lethal and mutagenic effects on phage lambdaci857 of 60co gamma-rays and of decay of 3h incorporated into phage dna both as 8-3h-deoxyadenosine and 8-3h-deoxyguanosine (using 8-3h-adenine as a labelled dna precursor) were studied on four isogenic escherichia coli strains: ab1157 m(+)y(+) (wild type, mutm(+) muty(+)), ab1157 m(-)y(+) (mutm::kan muty(+) mutant deficient in the formamidopyrimidine-dna glycosylase mutm), ab1157 m(+)y(-) (mutm(+) muty mutant deficient in the a:g mismatch dna glyc ...	2000	10812335
dna-independent atpase activity of the trichoplusia ni granulovirus dna helicase.	dna helicases of baculoviruses are essential for virus replication and have been implicated as molecular determinants of host range. although these proteins contain seven motifs (i, ia, ii-vi) characteristic of dna helicases, the two most important characteristics of helicases - duplex-dna unwinding and atpase activity - have not been demonstrated. in the present study, a recombinant putative dna helicase (rp137) of trichoplusia ni granulovirus (tngv) was purified from insect cells infected with ...	2000	10811944
mutually exclusive utilization of p(r) and p(rm) promoters in bacteriophage 434 o(r).	establishment and maintenance of a lysogen of the lambdoid bacteriophage 434 require that the 434 repressor both activate transcription from the p(rm) promoter and repress transcription from the divergent p(r) promoter. several lines of evidence indicate that the 434 repressor activates initiation of p(rm) transcription by occupying a binding site adjacent to the p(rm) promoter and directly contacting rna polymerase. the overlapping architecture of the p(rm) and p(r) promoters suggests that an r ...	2000	10809696
proteolysis of bacteriophage lambda cii by escherichia coli ftsh (hflb).	ftsh (hflb) is a conserved, highly specific, atp-dependent protease for which a number of substrates are known. the enzyme participates in the phage lambda lysis-lysogeny decision by degrading the lambda cii transcriptional activator and by its response to inhibition by the lambda ciii gene product. in order to gain further insight into the mechanism of the enzymatic activity of ftsh (hflb), we identified the peptides generated following proteolysis of the phage lambda cii protein. it was found ...	2000	10809689
expression of hepatitis b virus x protein does not alter the accumulation of spontaneous mutations in transgenic mice.	chronic infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) is one of the major etiological factors in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. transgenic mice that express the hbv x protein (hbx) have previously been shown to be more sensitive to the effects of hepatocarcinogens, although the mechanism for this cofactor role remains unknown. the ability of hbx to inhibit dna repair in transiently transfected cell lines suggests one possible pathway. in the present study, primary hepatocytes isolat ...	2000	10799603
alu-associated interstitial deletions and chromosomal re-arrangement in 2 human multidrug-resistant cell lines.	previous studies have shown that gene re-arrangements play a significant role in tumorigenesis. gene re-arrangements involving the human multidrug resistance-1 (mdr1) gene have been identified as a mechanism for mdr1 over-expression in human malignant cells. in 2 multidrug-resistant human cancer sublines with high levels of mdr1 and p-glycoprotein (mcf7/tx400 and s48-3s/adr10), hybrid mrnas containing sequences from mdr1 and an unrelated gene have previously been identified. to characterize and ...	2000	10797263
dna sequence analysis: a general, simple and rapid method for sequencing large oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments by mapping.	several electrophoretic and chromatographic systems have been investigated and compared for sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. three systems were found to be useful for the separation of a series of sequential degradation products resulting from a labeled oligonucleotide: (i) 2-d electrophoresisdagger; (ii) 2-d pei-cellulose; and (iii) 2-d homochromatography. system (iii) proved generally most informative regardless of base composition and sequence. furthermore, only in this system ...	1974	10793670
bacteriophage and host mutants causing the rolling-circle lambda dna replication early after infection.	there are two modes of bacteriophage lambda dna replication during its lytic development in escherichia coli cells. the circle-to-circle (theta) replication predominates at early stages of the phage growth, whereas rolling-circle (sigma) replication occurs late after infection to produce long concatemers that serve as substrates for packaging of lambda dna into phage proheads. the mechanism regulating the switch from theta to sigma replication remains unknown. our previous genetic studies indica ...	2000	10788614
simplified, rapid method for cloning of virus-binding polypeptides (putative receptors) via the far-western screening of a cdna expression library using purified virus particles.	a simplified, alternative method for cloning virus-binding polypeptides (receptor candidates) is described. the method is based on a far-western assay using purified tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv, bunyaviridae) for screening a lambda-phage cdna expression library. the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, the principal vector of tswv, in which the virus replicates, was used for library construction. using this method several virus-binding polypeptides were identified ...	2000	10785290
thermodynamic and functional characterization of protein w from bacteriophage lambda. the three c-terminal residues are critical for activity.	gene product w (gpw), the head-tail joining protein from bacteriophage lambda, provides a fascinating model for studying protein interactions. composed of only 68 residues, it must interact with at least two other proteins in the phage, and probably with dna. to study the structural and functional properties of gpw, plasmids were constructed expressing gpw with hexahistidine tag sequences at either the n or c terminus. the purified wild type fusion proteins were found to be stably folded and bio ...	2000	10770927
a bacteriophage lambda-based genetic screen for characterization of the activity and phenotype of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) resistance to antiretroviral drugs is the main cause of patient treatment failure. despite the problems associated with interpretation of hiv-1 resistance testing, resistance monitoring should help in the rational design of initial or rescue antiretroviral therapies. it has previously been shown that the activity of the hiv-1 protease can be monitored by using a bacteriophage lambda-based genetic assay. this genetic screening system is based on the bac ...	2000	10770741
antitermination in bacteriophage lambda. the structure of the n36 peptide-boxb rna complex.	the solution structure of a 15-mer nutrboxb rna hairpin complexed with the 36-mer n-terminal peptide of the n protein (n36) from bacteriophage lambda was determined by 2d and 3d homonuclear and heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. these 36 amino acids include the arginine-rich motif of the n protein involved in transcriptional antitermination of phage lambda. upon complex formation with boxb rna, the synthetic n36 peptide binds tightly to the major groove of the boxb hairpin through hy ...	2000	10759866
retro-recombination screening of a mouse embryonic stem cell genomic library.	targeted gene disruption is an important tool in molecular medicine, allowing for the generation of animal models of human disease. conventional methods of targeting vector (tv) construction are difficult and represent a rate limiting step in any targeting experiment. we previously demonstrated that bacteriophage are capable of acting as tvs directly, obviating the requirement for 'rolling out' plasmids from primary phage clones and thus eliminating an additional, time consuming step. we have al ...	2000	10756208
whole genome sequence-enabled prediction of sequences performed for random pcr products of escherichia coli.	the sequence of an unknown pcr product generated by random (and conventional) pcr could be determined without sequencing when it is provided with the template dna sequence. theoretically, this was based on formerly established ideas which assert that the amount of random pcr product mainly depends on the stability of the primer-binding structures and that the dynamic solution structure of dna is essentially governed by the watson-crick base pairing. however, it has not been clear whether this ho ...	2000	10756186
intrachromosomal recombination between attp regions as a tool to remove selectable marker genes from tobacco transgenes.	recombinant genes conferring resistance to antibiotics or herbicides are widely used as selectable markers in plant transformation. once transgenic material has been selected, the marker gene is dispensable. we report a novel strategy to remove undesirable parts of a transgene after integration into the tobacco genome. this approach is based on the transfer of a vector containing a nptii gene flanked by two 352 bp attachment p (attp) regions of bacteriophage lambda, and the identification of som ...	2000	10748528
structural insights into substrate binding by the molecular chaperone dnak.	how substrate affinity is modulated by nucleotide binding remains a fundamental, unanswered question in the study of 70 kda heat shock protein (hsp70) molecular chaperones. we find here that the escherichia coli hsp70, dnak, lacking the entire alpha-helical domain, dnak(1-507), retains the ability to support lambda phage replication in vivo and to pass information from the nucleotide binding domain to the substrate binding domain, and vice versa, in vitro. we determined the nmr solution structur ...	2000	10742174
genetic requirements of phage lambda red-mediated gene replacement in escherichia coli k-12.	recombination between short linear double-stranded dna molecules and escherichia coli chromosomes bearing the red genes of bacteriophage lambda in place of recbcd was tested in strains bearing mutations in genes known to affect recombination in other cellular pathways. the linear dna was a 4-kb fragment containing the cat gene, with flanking lac sequences, released from an infecting phage chromosome by restriction enzyme cleavage in the cell; formation of lac(-) chloramphenicol-resistant bacteri ...	2000	10735883
mechanical stability of single dna molecules.	using a modified atomic force microscope (afm), individual double-stranded (ds) dna molecules attached to an afm tip and a gold surface were overstretched, and the mechanical stability of the dna double helix was investigated. in lambda-phage dna the previously reported b-s transition at 65 piconewtons (pn) is followed by a second conformational transition, during which the dna double helix melts into two single strands. unlike the b-s transition, the melting transition exhibits a pronounced for ...	2000	10733978
stretching of single collapsed dna molecules.	the elastic response of single plasmid and lambda phage dna molecules was probed using optical tweezers at concentrations of trivalent cations that provoked dna condensation in bulk. for uncondensed plasmids, the persistence length, p, decreased with increasing spermidine concentration before reaching a limiting value 40 nm. when condensed plasmids were stretched, two types of behavior were observed: a stick-release pattern and a plateau at approximately 20 pn. these behaviors are attributed to ...	2000	10733975
the carboxyl terminus of phage hk022 nun includes a novel zinc-binding motif and a tryptophan required for transcription termination.	the amino-terminal arginine-rich motif of the phage hk022 nun protein binds phage lambda nascent mrna transcripts while the carboxy-terminal domain binds rna polymerase and arrests transcription. the role of specific residues in the carboxy-terminal domain in transcription termination were investigated by mutagenesis, in vitro and in vivo functional assays, and nmr spectroscopy. coordination of zinc to three histidine residues in the carboxy-terminus inhibited rna binding by the amino-terminal d ...	2000	10733532
dna sequence dependent and independent conformational changes in multipartite operator recognition by lambda-repressor.	binding of regulatory proteins to multipartite dna binding sites often occurs with protein-protein interaction, resulting in cooperative binding. the operators of bacteriophage lambda have several pairs of repressor binding sites (o(r)1-o(r)2, o(r)2-o(r)3, o(l)1-o(l)2, and o(l)2-o(l)3) separated by a variable number of base pairs, and thus, bacteriophage lambda is a model system for studying multipartite operator recognition by dna-binding proteins. near-uv circular dichroism spectra show that t ...	2000	10727231
a dual-color fish framework map for the characterization of the sai1 tumor suppression region on rat chromosome 5.	the analysis of cell hybrids between malignant mouse hepatoma cells and normal rat fibroblasts has previously demonstrated the critical role of a deletion in rat chromosome 5 (rno5) that was related to an anchorage independent phenotype. those hybrids that were anchorage independent displayed loss of the entire rno5 or an interstitial deletion in rno5. these findings suggested that a putative tumor suppressor gene, sai1 (suppression of anchorage independence 1), was located within the deleted re ...	2000	10719366
functional analysis of heterologous holin proteins in a lambdadeltas genetic background.	holins are small hydrophobic proteins causing non-specific membrane lesions at the end of bacteriophage multiplication, to promote access of the murein hydrolase to their substrate. we have established a lambdadeltas genetic system, which enables functional expression of holins from various phages in an isogenic phage lambda background, and allows qualitative evaluation of their ability to support lysis of escherichia coli cells. synthesis of holins is under control of native lambda transcriptio ...	2000	10713418
amylase mrna expression in crassostrea gigas during feeding cycles.	a crassostrea gigas digestive gland copy dna (cdna) library constructed in the lambda phage zapii (stratagene, la jola, usa) was screened with an amylase heterologous proble. to get access to the complete cdna, a polymerase chain reaction extension was conducted using dna extracted from the phages. the complete cdna sequence is 1688 base pairs (embl = y08370). the deduced protein sequence is 519 aminoacids long with a 19 aminoacid signal peptide. similarity with pecten maximus amylase is 72%. a ...	2000	10707321
novel fold and capsid-binding properties of the lambda-phage display platform protein gpd.	the crystal structure of gpd, the capsid-stabilizing protein of bacteriophage lambda, was solved at 1.1 a resolution. data were obtained from twinned crystals in space group p21 and refined with anisotropic temperature factors to an r-factor of 0.098 (rfree = 0. 132). gpd (109 residues) has a novel fold with an unusually low content of regular secondary structure. noncrystallographic trimers with substantial intersubunit interfaces were observed. the c-termini are well ordered and located on one ...	2000	10700283