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drug delivery in multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies: systems to prevent hiv-1 transmission and unintended pregnancies or hsv-2 transmission.the development of multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies (mipts) is driven by overlapping relationships in the area of female reproductive health.201222385316
infectious co-factors in hiv-1 transmission herpes simplex virus type-2 and hiv-1: new insights and interventions.over the last thirty years, epidemiologic and molecular studies indicate a strong and synergist relationship between the dual epidemics of herpes simplex type 2 (hsv-2) and hiv-1 infection. while prospective studies show that hsv-2 infection increases the risk for hiv-1 acquisition by 2- to 3-fold, hsv-2 suppression with standard prophylactic doses of hsv-2 therapy did not prevent hiv-1 acquisition. reconciling these discrepancies requires understanding recent hsv-2 pathogenesis research, which ...201222384842
circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and hiv infection.we assessed the protective effect of medical male circumcision (mmc) against hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and genital ulcer disease (gud) incidence.201222382150
prevalence of hiv and sexually transmitted infections among clients of female sex workers in karnataka, india: a cross-sectional study.studies have demonstrated the significance of commercial sex work in the ongoing transmission of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) in india. clients of female sex workers (fsws) are thought to be an important bridging population for hiv/stis. however, there is a lack of information on basic characteristics of sex work clients. this study sought to describe the prevalence of hiv and other stis, as well as examine the determinants of these pathogens among a sample of clients in ...201122375691
objective identification of sexual risk behavior among blood donors in croatia: is it reality?the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of blood donors positive for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), to identify the patterns of sexual risk behavior responsible for hsv-2 positivity and to assess the reliability of hsv-2 positivity as a marker of sexual risk behavior in the study population.201222372342
an ulcerated lesion due to hsv-2 infection with a cd56+ cell predominant inflammatory infiltrate.cd56+ rich inflammatory infiltrates have been described in several cutaneous inflammatory conditions. however, cd56+ cells rarely account for more than 10% of the cells in such infiltrates. in certain conditions, such as insect bites or infection with herpes virus, cd56+ cells can be up to 43% of the cells in the infiltrate. this contrasts with what is observed in natural killer (nk)-cell lymphomas, which show a diffuse, atypical infiltrate in which most of the cells are cd56+. in this report, w ...201122367376
herpes simplex virus type 2 triggers reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency and collaborates with hiv-1 tat.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection was necessary but not sufficient for kaposi's sarcoma (ks) development without other cofactors. previously, we identified that both human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) tat and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) were important cofactors reactivating kshv from latency. here, we further investigated the potential of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) to influence kshv replication and examined the role of tat in this procedure. we demonstrated that ...201222347501
effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of hiv and herpes simplex type 2 in malawi: a cluster randomised trial.lack of education and an economic dependence on men are often suggested as important risk factors for hiv infection in women. we assessed the efficacy of a cash transfer programme to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections in young women.201222341825
acyclovir achieves a lower concentration in african hiv-seronegative, herpes simplex virus 2-seropositive women than in non-african populations.acyclovir pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 68 hiv-seronegative, herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2)-seropositive african women, who received a single oral 400-mg dose of acyclovir, with plasma acyclovir concentrations measured over 8 h. geometric mean peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve were 0.31 μg/ml and 1.59 h · μg/ml, respectively, 54% and 52% lower than values from non-africans. lower acyclovir concentrations may partly explain the reduced acyclovir suppression of hsv ...201222330926
equal hiv-1 decay kinetics in hsv-2-infected and hsv-2-uninfected clinical trial participants treated with antiretroviral therapy.herpes simplex virus-2 increases hiv-1 viral load and may augment hiv-1 transmission probability. to test the hypothesis that lower hiv-1 clearance rates in hsv-2-infected persons may account for this higher hiv-1 viral load, we studied 149 participants from 3 actg viral dynamic studies (a315, a5160s, and a5166s). though hiv-1 viral load was 0.19 logs higher in hsv-2-positive versus hsv-2-negative persons, first and second phase clearance rates during antiretroviral therapy were equal between pa ...201222330608
enhancement of chemokine function as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human herpesviruses.herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 are highly prevalent human neurotropic pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including lethal encephalitis. the relationship between hsv and the host immune system is one of the main determinants of the infection outcome. chemokines play relevant roles in antiviral response and immunopathology, but the modulation of chemokine function by hsv is not well understood. we have addressed the modulation of chemokine function mediated by hsv. by using surf ...201222319442
bioactivity-guided fractionation of phyllanthus orbicularis and identification of the principal anti hsv-2 compounds.the antiherpes virus properties of phyllanthus orbicularis kunth, a cuban-endemic medicinal plant, have been reported previously but data on its phytochemical profile and identification of antiviral metabolites as well as their mechanisms of action are still lacking. in this work, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical analysis was performed in order to isolate anti hsv-2 compounds. p. orbicularis contained mainly phenolic acids derivatives and flavonoids. the antiviral effects were attributed to (- ...201222318977
herpes simplex virus 2 infection rate and necessity of screening during pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiologic study.this study determined the seroprevalence of herpes virus 2 in gravidas and the differences between herpes virus 2-infected and healthy gravidas. the need to screen gravidas for herpes virus 2 was also evaluated.201222318830
incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural tanzania.the authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an hiv and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex.201222318666
herpesviruses enhance fibrin clot lysis.the incorporation of virus- and host-derived procoagulant factors initiates clotting directly on the surface of herpesviruses, which is an explanation for their correlation to vascular disease. the virus exploits the resulting thrombin to enhance infection by modulating the host cell through protease activated receptor (par) 1 signalling. prior reports demonstrated that at least one herpesvirus expresses surface annexin a2 (a2), a cofactor for tissue plasminogen activator (tpa)-dependent activat ...201222318336
discovery of potential diagnostic and vaccine antigens in herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 by proteome-wide antibody profiling.routine serodiagnosis of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections is currently performed using recombinant glycoprotein g (gg) antigens from herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. this is a single-antigen test and has only one diagnostic application. relatively little is known about hsv antigenicity at the proteome-wide level, and the full potential of mining the antibody repertoire to identify antigens with other useful diagnostic properties and candidate vaccine antigens is yet to be realized. ...201222318154
live attenuated herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein e deletion mutant as a vaccine candidate defective in neuronal spread.a herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein e deletion mutant (ge2-del virus) was evaluated as a replication-competent, attenuated live virus vaccine candidate. the ge2-del virus is defective in epithelial cell-to-axon spread and in anterograde transport from the neuron cell body to the axon terminus. in balb/c and scid mice, the ge2-del virus caused no death or disease after vaginal, intravascular, or intramuscular inoculation and was 5 orders of magnitude less virulent than wild-type virus w ...201222318147
immunodominant "asymptomatic" herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 protein antigens identified by probing whole-orfome microarrays with serum antibodies from seropositive asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 are medically significant pathogens. the development of an effective hsv vaccine remains a global public health priority. hsv-1 and hsv-2 immunodominant "asymptomatic" antigens (id-a-ags), which are strongly recognized by b and t cells from seropositive healthy asymptomatic individuals, may be critical to be included in an effective immunotherapeutic hsv vaccine. in contrast, immunodominant "symptomatic" antigens (id-s-ags) may exacerbate herpetic disease ...201222318137
hiv and sexually transmitted infections at the borderlands: situational analysis of sexual health in the brazilian amazon.the borderlands are considered areas of increased vulnerability to hiv and sexually transmitted infections (sti). the study aimed to determine the sti/hiv prevalence and risk factors in the triple-border area of the brazilian amazon.201222317841
exploiting the anti-hiv-1 activity of acyclovir: suppression of primary and drug-resistant hiv isolates and potentiation of the activity by ribavirin.multiple clinical trials have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) suppressive therapy using acyclovir (acv) or valacyclovir in hiv-1/hsv-2-infected persons increased the patient's survival and decreased the hiv-1 load. it has been shown that the incorporation of acv-monophosphate into the nascent dna chain instead of dgmp results in the termination of viral dna elongation and directly inhibits laboratory strains of hiv-1. we evaluated here the anti-hiv activity of acv against primar ...201222314523
antiviral and virucidal activities of nα-cocoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester.various amino acid-derived compounds, for example, nα-cocoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (cae), alkyloxyhydroxylpropylarginine, arginine cocoate, and cocoyl glycine potassium salt (amilite), were examined for their virucidal activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), influenza a virus (iav), and poliovirus type 1 (pv-1) in comparison to benzalkonium chloride (bkc) and sodium dodecylsulfate (sds) as a cationic and anionic control detergent and also to other commercially av ...201122312346
mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species negatively regulates immune innate signaling pathways triggered by a dna virus, but not by an rna virus.reactive oxygen species (ros) are crucial secondary messengers of signaling pathways. redox-dependent signaling events have been previously described in the innate immune response. however, the mechanism by which ros modulates anti-viral innate immune signaling is not fully clarified. here, we report that mitochondria-derived ros differentially regulate the innate response to dna and rna viruses (herpes simplex virus (hsv) and sendai virus (sev), respectively), with the cytokine response to hsv ...201222310710
a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection and quantification of hpv16/18 and hsv1/2 in cervical cancer screening.infection with human papillomavirus (hpv), particularly hpv16 and hpv18, is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, although other factors such as herpes simplex virus (hsv) may act in conjunction with hpv in this context. to explore the possibility of developing a system for rapid diagnosis and clinical screening of cervical cancer, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay that can simultaneously detect and quantify hpv16/18 and hsv1/2. to evaluate its possibilities and practical uses, ...201222293505
recombinant cell lines expressing shrna targeting herpes simplex virus 2 vp16 inhibit virus replication.to establish hsv2 vp16 targeting shrna-expressing cell lines and investigate the antiviral effect of shrna targeting hsv2 vp16.201222286011
hypertrophic perianal herpes successfully treated with imiquimod.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections are frequent in hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infected patients. in those cases, genital herpes may have an atypical clinical presentation. hypertrophic and vegetating variants are unusual. the authors describe a case of hypertrophic perianal herpes in an hiv patient with unsatisfactory response to acyclovir and valacyclovir, successfully treated with imiquimod. hypertrophic genital herpes cases are frequently refractory to antiviral treatments ...201122281910
lactoferricin but not lactoferrin inhibit herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice.we have evaluated the potential of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin for their ability to prevent and/or treat genital hsv-2 infection in mice. we confirm previous data showing that both lactoferrin and lactoferricin have antiviral properties in vitro and can inhibit hsv-2 infection of gmk cells in a dose-dependent manner. when tested in vivo, lactoferricin but not lactoferrin was also a potent inhibitor of hsv-2 infection. when admixed with virus prior to inoculation, lactoferricin inhibited ...201222269645
prolonged detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna in cerebrospinal fluid despite antiviral therapy in a patient with hsv-2-associated radiculitis.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) can cause radiculo-myelitis as a neurological manifestation. we report a case of ongoing hsv-2 dna positivity in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of at least eight weeks under antiviral therapy with acyclovir in a highly immunocompromised hemato-oncologic patient with hsv-2-associated radiculitis. upon admission, the patient presented with pain, leg paresis, and urinary incontinence, as well as pleocytosis in the csf. quantitative real-time pcr of the csf at day ...201222267477
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...201222265826
x-ray diffraction analysis of glycoprotein d from herpes simplex virus type 2.glycoprotein d (gd) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a key factor mediating the entry of hsv-2 into host cells. in order to explain the mechanism underlying the gd-mediated receptor-binding and viral entry, we performed a structural study on hsv-2 gd. the ectodomain of the gd protein encompassing residues 1 to 285 was expressed by baculovirus-infected insect cells as a secreted soluble protein with a c-terminal hexa-his tag. the protein was then purified by affinity and size-exclusion c ...201122260067
aciclovir treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-1: is the “juice worth the squeeze?”. 201122256341
high human immunodeficiency virus incidence in a cohort of rwandan female sex workers.measurement of human immunodeficiency virus(hiv) incidence among female sex workers in rwanda is a key part of preparing for hiv prevention trials.201122256340
prevalence and risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 infection in a contemporary cohort of hiv-infected persons in the united states.we compared the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence in a contemporary hiv cohort with the general us population and determined risk factors for hsv-2 infection among hiv-infected persons.201222249305
prevalence and concordance of hpv, hiv, and hsv-2 in heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.in the absence of prospectively collected transmission data, the transmission potential of a sexually transmissible infection (sti) can be estimated by its proxy of concordance in sexual partners. here we report concordance data of 3 viral stis: human papillomavirus (hpv), hiv, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) among heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.201222249302
determinants of per-coital-act hiv-1 infectivity among african hiv-1-serodiscordant couples.knowledge of factors that affect per-act infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is important for designing hiv-1 prevention interventions and for the mathematical modeling of the spread of hiv-1.201222241800
[enteroviral central nervous system infections in children treated at a hospital in lima, peru].to determine the frequency and clinical features of central nervous system infections caused by enterovirus in children treated at the hospital nacional cayetano heredia in lima, peru.201122241255
sequential changes in pathophysiology of systemic inflammatory response in a disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection.disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection causes a typical systemic inflammatory response syndrome and has a high mortality rate. however, the validity of anti-inflammatory intervention against this condition remains unknown.201222237001
resistance to hsv-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, ifi-16.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. we report that tlr signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (myd88(-/-), trif(-/-) and myd88(-/-) trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. to identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the dna s ...201222236996
standard-dose and high-dose daily antiviral therapy for short episodes of genital hsv-2 reactivation: three randomised, open-label, cross-over trials.skin and mucosal herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding predominantly occurs in short subclinical episodes. we assessed whether standard-dose or high-dose antiviral therapy reduces the frequency of such shedding.201222225814
the relationship between age of coital debut and hiv seroprevalence among women in durban, south africa: a cohort study.objectives to investigate the impact of early sexual debut on hiv seroprevalence and incidence rates among a cohort of women. design prospective study. setting kwazulu-natal, south africa. participants a total of 3492 sexually active women who consented to screen a hiv prevention trial during september 2002 to september 2005; a total of 1485 of them were followed for approximately 24 months. primary and secondary outcome measures hiv seroprevalence among those who were screened for the trial ...201222223838
efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine.two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein d in hsv-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 antibodies. efficacy was not observed in men or hsv-1 seropositive women.201222216840
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...201222211994
Chronic Acyclovir-Resistant HSV-2 Ulcer in an Immunosuppressed Patient Treated With Topical Cidofovir. 201122184781
clinical and virologic response to episodic acyclovir for genital ulcers among hiv-1 seronegative, herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive african women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.in a randomized trial among african women with recurrent genital herpes, episodic acyclovir therapy resulted in modestly greater likelihood of lesion healing (hazard ratio [hr] = 1.48, p = 0.098; mean, 5.1 vs. 6.0 days) and cessation of herpes simplex virus shedding (hr = 1.88, p = 0.008; mean, 3.0 vs. 5.0 days) compared with placebo, similar to results of studies in high-income countries (clinicaltrials.gov registration nct00808405).201222183840
the anti-hsv-2 effect of alumen: in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.this study investigated the anti-hsv-2 effect of alumen through in vitro and in vivo experiments. viable cell counting was employed to assess the toxicity of alumen on vero cells. the inhibition rate of hsv-2 was defined as the cytopathic effect (cpe) of the cells infected with the virus. alumen suppositories of different concentrations were vaginally applied to the guinea pigs which were then infected with hsv-2 via a vaginal route. the clinical symptoms were observed and the local virus titer ...201122173507
Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder.Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ...201222170549
Successful treatment of aciclovir and foscarnet resistant Herpes simplex virus lesions with topical imiquimod in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Aciclovir (ACV)-resistant Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV-1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV-2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to ...201222170537
are human herpes viruses associated with autoimmune thyroid disease?autoimmune diseases are complex diseases with genetic, endogenous and environmental etiologies. viral infections have been postulated as one of the factors that may be the trigger of autoimmune diseases.201122169789
[influence of physiological state of escherichia coli cells on the expression of soluble protein--recombinant analog of glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus of type 2].it is shown that the recombinant protein gst-hsv2gg, containing the immunodominant regions of glycoprotein g of hsv-2 is accumulated in the form of inclusion bodies or in soluble form in the escherichia coli bl21 (de3) cells. the ratio between protein fractions varied depending on the physiological state of cells before biosynthesis. the kinetic parameters of bacterial populations were determined by mathematical modeling of growth curves based on the verhulst logistic function. it was establishe ...201122164698
Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence.Topical tenofovir gel and oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir [FTC/tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF)] have been demonstrated to have efficacy in preventing HIV-1 in some populations. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials and future directions are summarized.201222156901
Novel resistance-associated mutations of thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2.BACKGROUND: Studies to verify correlations between phenotypes and genotypes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are an important tool to establish a database of resistance-associated mutations. METHODS: In this study, 32 acyclovir (ACV)-resistant clinical HSV-1 and 4 ACV-resistant clinical HSV-2 isolates were examined in parallel by both phenotypic and genotypic resistance testing. Additionally, five non-viable HSV-1 strains and two non-viable HSV-2 strains with clinical resistance were included in ge ...201122155911
efficacy of asp2151, a helicase-primase inhibitor, against thymidine kinase-deficient herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in vitro and in vivo.asp2151 was developed as a novel inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella-zoster virus helicase-primase. the anti-hsv activity of asp2151 toward a clinical hsv isolate with acyclovir (acv)-resistant/thymidine kinase (tk)-deficiency was characterized in vitro and in vivo using a plaque reduction assay and the ear pinna infection in mice. the ic(50) ranged from 0.018 to 0.024μg/ml, indicating the susceptibility of tk-deficient hsv-2 was similar to that of wild-type hsv-2 strains. anti ...201122155691
Potent antiviral flavone glycosides from Ficus benjamina leaves.Crude ethanol extracts from Ficus benjamina leaves strongly inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2) as well as Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) cell infection in vitro. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract demonstrated that the most efficient inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was obtained with the flavonoid fraction. The present study was aimed to further isolate, purify and identify substances with potent antiviral activity from the flavonoid fraction of F. benjamina extracts. Flav ...201122155188
Male Circumcision and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in Female Partners: A Randomized Trial in Rakai, Uganda.Male circumcision reduces acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in men. We assessed whether male circumcision reduces HSV-2 infection among female partners. HSV-2-negative, human immunodeficiency virus-negative female partners of 368 males who were and 372 males who were not randomized to receive male circumcision were enrolled. The incidence of HSV-2 infection among females over a period of 2 years was 6.09 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention arm and 6.32 cases per 100 p ...201122147796
valacyclovir suppressive therapy reduces plasma and breast milk hiv-1 rna levels during pregnancy and postpartum: a randomized trial.background. the effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) suppression on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (pmtct) interventions is unknown. methods. between april 2008 and august 2010, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of twice daily 500 mg valacyclovir or placebo beginning at 34 weeks gestation in 148 hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected pregnant kenyan women ineligible for highly active antiretroviral therapy (cd4 > ...201122147786
herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital mucosa: insights into the mucosal host response and vaccine development.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes and has been implicated in hiv infection and transmission. thus far, vaccines developed against hsv-2 have been clinically ineffective in preventing infection. this review aims to summarize the innate and adaptive immune responses against hsv-2 and examines the current status of vaccine development.201222143115
Recalcitrance of bacterial vaginosis among herpes-simplex-virus-type-2-seropositive women.Aim: The multifactorial etiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) impedes development of effective treatment and prevention strategies. Herein, we evaluated the effects of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a suspected BV risk factor, on vaginal flora composition. Materials and Methods: Correlations between HSV-2 infection and BV were prospectively explored among 12 HSV-2-seropositive women with asymptomatic BV who were asked to collect daily vaginal swab specimens for Gram stain analysis of vagi ...201122136755
HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine.Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In addition to recurrent genital ulcers, HSV-2 causes neonatal herpes, and it is associated with a 3-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition. Although many HSV-2 vaccines have been studied in animal models, few have reached clinical trials, and those that have been tested in humans were not consistently effective. Here, we review HSV-2 pathogenesis, with a focus on novel understanding of m ...201122133885
preventing sexually transmitted infections: back to basics.sexually transmitted infections (stis) have plagued humans for millennia and can result in chronic disease, pregnancy complications, infertility, and even death. recent technological advances have led to a better understanding of the causative agents for these infections as well as aspects of their pathogenesis that might represent novel therapeutic targets. the articles in this review series provide excellent updates on the recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of some very impor ...201122133882
immunology in the clinic review series; focus on host responses: t cell responses to herpes simplex viruses.herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. this review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically ...201222132884
HTLV-1 bZIP factor impairs cell-mediated immunity by suppressing production of Th1 cytokines.Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected individuals succumb to opportunistic infections. Cell mediated immunity is impaired, yet the mechanism of this impairment has remained elusive. The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene is encoded in the minus strand of the viral DNA and is constitutively expressed in infected cells and ATL cells. To test the hypothesis that HBZ contributes to HTLV-1 associated immunodeficiency, we challenged transge ...201122123848
seroprevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type-2 infection among pregnant women in northeast india.abstract: background: herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections that facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) acquisition by over two fold or more. the development of hsv-2 control methods as a measure to control hiv epidemic in high hsv-2/hiv areas has become a priority. two out of the six high hiv prevalent states of india are located in the northeastern region of india. due to lack of documented hsv-2 studies from this part of the coun ...201122111810
characterization of natural killer cell phenotype and function during recurrent human hsv-2 infection.human natural killer (nk) cell differentiation, characterized by a loss of nkg2a in parallel with the acquisition of nkg2c, kirs, and cd57 is stimulated by a number of virus infections, including infection with human cytomegalovirus (cmv), hantavirus, chikungunya virus, and hiv-1. here, we addressed if hsv-2 infection in a similar way drives nk cell differentiation towards an nkg2a(-)nkg2c(+)kir(+)cd57(+) phenotype. in contrast to infection with cmv, hantavirus, chikungunya virus, and hiv-1, rec ...201122110712
fulminant gestational hepatitis due to primary herpes simplex type 2 infection: use of serum hsv polymerase chain reaction for noninvasive diagnosis.acute gestational hepatitis from herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. we present the first reported case of primary hsv type 2 hepatitis in a pregnant woman who was diagnosed by detection of hsv-2 viremia via real-time polymerase chain reaction. the patient was successfully treated with acyclovir and delivered a healthy infant.201222104186
Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.Schizophrenia is a highly disabling and limiting disorder for patients and the possibility that infections by some microorganisms may be associated to its development may allow prevention and recovery. In the current study we have done a meta-analysis of studies that have assessed the possible association between detection of different infectious agents and schizophrenia. We report results that support the idea that there is a statistically significant association between schizophrenia and infec ...201122104141
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical microbicide trials: blind evaluation of candidate gels in murine models of efficacy and safety.Despite significant protection in preclinical studies, cellulose sulfate (CS) failed to protect women against HIV-1/2 and was associated with a trend toward increased HIV-1 acquisition in one of the clinical trials. These results highlight the need for preclinical tests more predictive of clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to test coded vaginal gels, including CS, in murine models of safety and efficacy to determine the models' utility for evaluating future products.201122096611
Impact of international laboratory partnerships on the performance of HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing in five resource-constrained countries.To review a quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) model established to ensure the validity and reliability of collection, storage and analysis of biological outcome data, and to promote good laboratory practices (GLPs) and sustained operational improvements in international clinical laboratories, we conducted a two-arm randomized community-level HIV behavioural intervention trial in five countries: China, India, Peru, Russia and Zimbabwe. The trial was based on diffusion theory utilizing ...201122096049
efficacy of orally administered low dose n-methanocarbathymidine against lethal herpes simplex virus type-2 infections of mice.n-methanocarbathymidine (n-mct) has previously been shown to be effective against lethal orthopoxvirus and herpes simplex virus type-1 infections in mice. in this investigation, the antiviral activity of n-mct was assessed against herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) in balb/c mice.201122095521
[Investigation of Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus markers by serological and molecular methods in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus].Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which are autoimmune diseases usually questioned for their association with many infectious agents have etiopathogenesis related to genetic, immunologic, hormonal and even environmental factors. The most commonly attributed etiologic agents are herpes group viruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex (HSV) viruses in the etiology of RA and SLE. A total of 137 patients (8 ...201122090298
prevalence of & knowledge, attitude & practices towards hiv & sexually transmitted infections (stis) among female sex workers (fsws) in andhra pradesh.as part of the baseline survey carried out during 2005-06, biological and behavioural data were generated on about 3200 female sex workers (fsws), from eight districts of andhra pradesh (ap), india. this study describes the relationship between socio-demographic and behavioural factors with consistent condom use (ccu) and hiv among fsws in ap.201122089609
Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.There are sparse data on the prevalence of primary infertility in India and almost none from Southern India. This study describes the correlates and prevalence of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.201122089604
Structures and anti-HSV-2 activities of neutral polysaccharides from an edible plant, Basella rubra L.Four neutral polysaccharides (BRN-1, BRN-2, BRN-3 and BRN-4) were isolated from the hot water extract of the aerial part of Basella rubra L. They were found to consist of a large amount of d-galactose (81.0-92.4%) and small amounts of l-arabinose (5.4-7.8%), d-glucose (2.2-11.0%) and mannose (~2.9%). Linkage analysis revealed that all these neutral polysaccharides might be arabinogalactan type I polysaccharides in different molecular weight and chain length. Among them, only BRN-3 showed antivir ...201222085753
seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in thuringia, germany, 1999 to 2006.the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-specific igg was determined in sera taken in 1999 to 2006 from 1,100 children aged 0–18 years, 800 blood donors and 200 pregnant women in thuringia, germany, using tests based on the hsv glycoproteins (g) gg. by the age of 10–12 years, hsv-1 igg prevalence reached 57.3%, rising to 69.3% by the age of 16–18 years and to 78.0% by the age of 28–30 years. between 2.7% and 4.7% of the children aged up to 15 years had hsv-2 antibodies, increasing to 7. ...201122085620
Neonatal antibodies to infectious agents and risk of bipolar disorder: a population-based case-control study.There is a substantial evidence base linking prenatal exposure to infectious agents and an increased risk of schizophrenia. However, there has been less research examining the potential for these exposures to also contribute to risk for bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the association between neonatal markers of selected prenatal infections and risk for bipolar disorder.201122085475
real-time pcr in infectious uveitis as an alternative diagnosis.uveitis is a major visual impairment disease affecting parts or the entire uveal tract and occasionally the sclera, the cornea or the optic nerve. the disease is a major cause of ocular morbidity and blindness in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. in this work we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of real-time pcr to detect the etiological agent from blood, plasma, vitreous and aqueous humor and compared with the diagnostic hypothesis.201122068852
Herpes simplex virus type-2 and human immunodeficiency virus infections in a rural population in Kilimanjaro Tanzania.To estimate the seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Type 2 (HSV-2) and its association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections in rural Kilimanjaro Tanzania.201122066279
zinc acetate/carrageenan gels exhibit potent activity in vivo against high-dose herpes simplex virus 2 vaginal and rectal challenge.topical microbicides that block the sexual transmission of hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) are desperately needed to reduce the incidence of hiv infections worldwide. previously we completed phase 3 testing of the carrageenan-based gel carraguard. although the trial did not show that carraguard is effective in preventing hiv transmission during vaginal sex, it did show that carraguard is safe when used weekly for up to 2 years. moreover, carraguard has in vitro activity against human papi ...201222064530
genotypic characterization of herpes simplex virus dna polymerase ul42 processivity factor.the herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna polymerase is composed of the ul30 catalytic subunit and the ul42 processivity factor. the ul42 subunit increases the processivity of the polymerase along the dna template during replication. the molecular mechanisms of hsv resistance to drugs interfering with viral dna synthesis reported so far mainly rely on modifications of the viral thymidine kinase and dna polymerase. we aimed to extensively describe the genetic variations of hsv ul42 processivity factor a ...201222061617
Identification of human herpesviruses 1 to 8 in Tunisian multiple sclerosis patients and healthy blood donors.Members of the human Herpesviridae family are candidates for representing the macroenvironmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. To verify the possible role of human herpesviruses (HHVs) as triggering or aggravating factors in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis clinical outcome, we studied the prevalence of all eight human herpesviruses in whole blood samples collected from 51 MS patients and from 51 healthy controls. The presence of DNA of herpes simplex virus ...201122058062
the association of depression, risky sexual behaviours and herpes simplex virus type 2 in adults in nhanes, 2005-2008.objectives depression has been linked to risky sexual behaviours in adolescents, but there is little research among adults. the goal of this analysis was to examine the associations between current depression and self-reported risky sexual behaviours in a nationally representative sample of us adults aged 20-59 years. the authors also examined the association between depression and infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), a biological marker of risky sexual behaviours. methods the au ...201122057015
rna binding properties of the us11 protein from four primate simplexviruses.the protein encoded by the us11 gene of herpes simplex viruses is a dsrna binding protein which inhibits protein kinase r activity, thereby preventing the interferon-induced shut down of protein synthesis following viral infection. us11 protein is not essential for infectivity in vitro and in mice in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), however this virus has a second, and apparently more important, inhibitor of pkr activity, the γ134.5 protein. recently sequenced simian simplexviruses sa8, hvp2 ...201122054255
the first common cold sore susceptibility gene. 201122039567
structure-function analysis of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein h identifies domain-specific roles for fusion and skin tropism.enveloped viruses require membrane fusion for cell entry and replication. for herpesviruses, this event is governed by the multiprotein core complex of conserved glycoproteins (g)b and gh/gl. the recent crystal structures of gh/gl from herpes simplex virus 2, pseudorabies virus, and epstein-barr virus revealed distinct domains that, surprisingly, do not resemble known viral fusogens. varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes chicken pox and shingles. vzv is an α-herpesvirus closely related to herpes s ...201122025718
Protective effect of brown Brazilian propolis against acute vaginal lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice: involvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.Propolis has been highlighted for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate if brown Brazilian hydroalcoholic propolis extract (HPE) protects against vaginal lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in female BALB/c mice. The treatment was divided in 5?days of pre-treatment with HPE [50?mg·kg(-1) , once a day, intragastric (i.g.)], HSV-2 infection [10?µl of a solution 1?×?10(2) plaque-forming unit (PFU·ml(-1) HSV-2), ...201122025285
gene polymorphism of thymidine kinase and dna polymerase in clinical strains of herpes simplex virus.the thymidine kinase (tk) and dna polymerase (pol) genes of herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and type-2 (hsv-2) are important targets for genotypic determination of hsv resistance to antiviral drugs. the knowledge of gene polymorphism is an absolute requirement for the correct interpretation of genotypic findings.201122024514
Sensing herpes: more than toll.To launch an effective antiviral immune response, cells must recognize the virus, activate a cytokine response, and initiate inflammatory processes. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are nuclear-replicating viruses composed of a double-stranded DNA genome plus glycoproteins that are incorporated into a lipid bilayer envelope that surrounds an icosahedral capsid. Several novel receptors that mediate innate recognition of HSV and that activate the innate immune response have been identified ...201122020814
topical tenofovir, a microbicide effective against hiv, inhibits herpes simplex virus-2 replication.the hiv reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir, was recently formulated into a vaginal gel for use as a microbicide. in human trials, a 1% tenofovir gel inhibited hiv sexual transmission by 39% and, surprisingly, herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) transmission by 51%. we demonstrate that the concentration achieved intravaginally with a 1% tenofovir topical gel has direct antiherpetic activity. tenofovir inhibits the replication of hsv clinical isolates in human embryonic fibroblasts, keratinocyt ...201122018238
seroprevalence of 13 common pathogens in a rapidly growing u.s. minority population: mexican americans from san antonio, tx.abstract:201122018212
Comparative evaluation of the QIAGEN QIAsymphony® SP system and bioMérieux NucliSens easyMAG automated extraction platforms in a clinical virology laboratory.The QIAGEN QIAsymphony(®) SP is an automated system that can process a variety of different sample types for nucleic acid extraction.201122014618
identification of b- and t-cell epitopes from glycoprotein b of herpes simplex virus 2 and evaluation of their immunogenicity and protection efficacy.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a major health concern worldwide. evidence obtained from animals and humans indicates that b- and t-cell responses contribute to protective immunity against herpes virus infection. glycoprotein b is a transmembrane envelope component of hsv-1 and hsv-2, which plays an important role in virion morphogenesis and penetration into host cells, and can induce neutralizing antibodies and protective t-cell response when it is used to immunize humans and animals. h ...201122008818
herpes simplex virus type 2 mimicking necrotizing fasciitis. 201122007058
[Construction of the HSV-1 strain HF amplicon and study on its unversal function between different HSV serotypes].The study aimed to construct the amplicon vector of HSV-1 strain HF and explore its universal package function between different serotypes of HSV. OriS and pac elements were obtained by enzyme digestion from the Plasmid BAC-HSV-1 strain HF and sequenced. With red fluorescence (DsRed) as a reporter gene, the amplicon vector of HSV-1 strain HF was constructed based on pSilencer2.0-U6. The amplicon vector was transfected into Vero cells by lipofectamine 2000, then packaged by HSV-1 strain HF and HS ...201121998950
time to refocus on hsv interventions for hiv prevention? 201121998480
high-dose valacyclovir hsv-2 suppression results in greater reduction in plasma hiv-1 levels compared with standard dose acyclovir among hiv-1/hsv-2 coinfected persons: a randomized, crossover trial.standard-dose hsv-2 suppressive therapy (acyclovir 400 mg twice daily) reduces plasma hiv-1 levels by 0.25-0.50 log(10) copies/ml. it is not known if higher doses might further suppress hiv-1 levels.201121998479
genetic factors influence serological measures of common infections.antibodies against infectious pathogens provide information on past or present exposure to infectious agents. while host genetic factors are known to affect the immune response, the influence of genetic factors on antibody levels to common infectious agents is largely unknown. here we test whether antibody levels for 13 common infections are significantly heritable.201121996708
synthesis and early development of hexadecyloxypropylcidofovir: an oral antipoxvirus nucleoside phosphonate.hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (hdp-cdv) is a novel ether lipid conjugate of (s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonoylmethoxypropyl)-cytosine (cdv) which exhibits a remarkable increase in antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses compared with cdv. in contrast to cdv, hdp-cdv is orally active and lacks the nephrotoxicity of cdv itself. increased oral bioavailability and increased cellular uptake is facilitated by the lipid portion of the molecule which is responsible for the improved activity profile. the l ...201021994617
innate and adaptive immune responses to herpes simplex virus.immune responses against hsv-1 and hsv-2 are complex and involve a delicate interplay between innate signaling pathways and adaptive immune responses. the innate response to hsv involves the induction of type i ifn, whose role in protection against disease is well characterized in vitro and in vivo. cell types such as nk cells and pdcs contribute to innate anti-hsv responses in vivo. finally, the adaptive response includes both humoral and cellular components that play important roles in antivir ...200921994578
prospective seroepidemiologic study of human papillomavirus and other risk factors in cervical cancer.several sexually transmitted infections (sti) have been reported to interact with human papillomavirus (hpv) in the etiology of cervical cancer. a large cohort study is required to obtain a both unbiased and stable estimate of their effects.201121994401
Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, human immunodeficiency virus/herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, and associated risk factors in a national, population-based survey in Kenya.Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a known biologic cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007 provided Kenya's first nationally representative estimate of HSV-2 prevalence and risk factors.201121992985
serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and herpesvidae family viruses in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a case-control study.recent etiological studies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on the protozoan toxoplasma gondii and herpesvirdae family viruses.201121991754
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