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characterization of hachi (camelus dromedarius) fat extracted from the hump.in this work, the characteristics of fat from the hump of young camels (hachi) were evaluated. the physicochemical properties of the fat were as follows: melting point, 45°c; saponification value, 202.3 mg koh/g oil; refractive index (60°c), 1.468; unsaponifiable matter, 1.37%; free fatty acids (as the percentage of oleic acid), 0.96%; and peroxide value, 3.37 mequiv. o2/kg oil. high-resolution (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h nmr) was used for the direct determination of the iodine value o ...201323561157
nanobodies raised against monomeric α-synuclein distinguish between fibrils at different maturation stages.nanobodies are single-domain fragments of camelid antibodies that are emerging as versatile tools in biotechnology. we describe here the interactions of a specific nanobody, nbsyn87, with the monomeric and fibrillar forms of α-synuclein (αsyn), a 140-residue protein whose aggregation is associated with parkinson's disease. we have characterized these interactions using a range of biophysical techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, isothermal titratio ...201323557833
v(h)h (nanobody) directed against human glycophorin a: a tool for autologous red cell agglutination assays.the preparation of a v(h)h (nanobody) named ih4 that recognizes human glycophorin a (gpa) is described. ih4 was isolated by screening a library prepared from the lymphocytes of a dromedary immunized by human blood transfusion. phage display and panning against gpa as the immobilized antigen allowed isolating this v(h)h. ih4, representing 67% of the retrieved v(h)h sequences, was expressed as a soluble correctly folded protein in shuffle escherichia coli cells, routinely yielding approximately 10 ...201323541519
generation of single-domain antibody multimers with three different self-associating peptides.conventional y-shaped antibodies have been widely used in research, diagnostics and therapeutics. their large size result in disadvantages in certain applications, which makes production difficult. different parts of an antibody have been used to replace the whole antibody to make it smaller. single-domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from the camelid heavy chain antibodies are among the smallest antibody fragments engineered for various applications. to improve the affinity of these single- sdabs ...201323538432
viral infection modulation and neutralization by camelid nanobodies.lactococcal phages belong to a large family of siphoviridae and infect lactococcus lactis, a gram-positive bacterium used in commercial dairy fermentations. these phages are believed to recognize and bind specifically to pellicle polysaccharides covering the entire bacterium. the phage tp901-1 baseplate, located at the tip of the tail, harbors 18 trimeric receptor binding proteins (rbps) promoting adhesion to a specific lactococcal strain. phage tp901-1 adhesion does not require major conformati ...201323530214
expression of orexin a and its receptor 1 in the epididymis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).orexins a (ox a) and b are two peptides originally discovered in neurons of rat hypothalamus, and later found in different cellular types of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts. they arise from the proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor molecule, prepro-orexin, and bind to two receptors, namely receptor 1 (ox1r) and receptor 2 for orexins, that show different binding affinity. the central role of the two peptides has been extensively studied, whereas their activity in the periphery is st ...201423521689
foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review.foot and mouth disease (fmd) remains the most important animal disease. the fmd virus is highly contagious and occurs almost exclusively among cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, bactrian camels and swine. old world camels (owcs) and new world camels (nwcs) inhabit fmd-endemic countries in south america, north and east africa, and the middle and far east. results of experimental infection of owcs with the virus, and several clinical observations from the field over a century, con ...201223520744
production, crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of two nanobodies against the duffy binding-like (dbl) domain dbl6ℇ-fcr3 of the plasmodium falciparum var2csa protein.the var2csa protein has been closely associated with pregnancy-associated malaria and is recognized as the main adhesin exposed on the surface of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. chondroitin sulfate a was identified as the main host receptor in the placenta. single-domain heavy-chain camelid antibodies, more commonly called nanobodies, were selected and produced against the dbl6ℇ-fcr3 domain of var2csa. crystals of two specific nanobodies, nb2907 and nb2919, identified as strong bind ...201323519802
anp and bnp responses to dehydration in the one-humped camel and effects of blocking the renin-angiotensin system.the objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the responses of atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) and b-type natriuretic peptide (bnp) in the circulation of hydrated, dehydrated, and dehydrated losartan - treated camels; and to document the cardiac storage form of b-type natriuretic peptide in the camel heart. eighteen male camels were used in the study: control or hydrated camels (n = 6), dehydrated camels (n = 6) and dehydrated losartan-treated camels (n = 6) which were dehydrated ...201323516417
spatial point pattern analyses of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic livestock herds and concomitant seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york state, usa.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an economically important disease of domestic cattle that is capable of infecting cervids. a first step in the formulation of a regional bvdv management plan is a local assessment of the likelihood of pathogen transmission from wildlife to domestic livestock. to achieve this, blood samples were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) throughout new york state in the fall of 2009 and 2010. the svanovir bvdv p80-ab enzyme-lin ...201323512919
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by is900-based pcr assays from an alpaca (vicugna pacos) kept in a german zoological garden.an alpaca (vicugna pacos) bred and kept in a german zoological garden exhibited clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis. the presence of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) was confirmed in feces and in the ileocecal lymph node (iln) by is900-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and culture. a bacterial burden of 7.6 x 10(6) map/g in feces and 4.4 x 10(7) map/g in lymph node tissue was determined by real-time pcr. for further characterization, a conventional pcr was d ...201323505723
purification, characterization and bactericidal activities of phospholipase a₂ from the dromedary intestine.we purified a protein from the dromedary small intestine that displayed potent bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, and identified it as group-iia phospholipase a₂ (drpla₂-iia) by nh₂-terminal sequencing and enzymatic measurements. in fact, our findings revealed that the purified pla₂-iia was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of about 14 kda. pure enzyme has a specific activity of 329 ± 25 u/mg at optimal conditions (ph 9.5 and 45 °c) in the presence of 6 mm nadc and 7 m ...201323500664
expression of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family in the epitheliochorial placenta of two camelidae species (c. dromedarius and c. bactrianus).this study describes placental morphology and immunolocalization of the placental pregnancy associated glycoprotein-like family (pags) identified in two selected taxa of old-world camels of the camelidae family: camelus dromedarius (cd) and camelus bactrianus (cb). placental tissues of cd from days 140-293 post-coitum (dpc), term (404 dpc); and of cb from term (440 dpc) were examined. histological staining (hematoxylin/eosin and propidium iodine) revealed the development of the placental structu ...201323498309
entrainment of the circadian clock by daily ambient temperature cycles in the camel (camelus dromedarius).in mammals the light-dark (ld) cycle is known to be the major cue to synchronize the circadian clock. in arid and desert areas, the camel (camelus dromedarius) is exposed to extreme environmental conditions. since wide oscillations of ambient temperature (ta) are a major factor in this environment, we wondered whether cyclic ta fluctuations might contribute to synchronization of circadian rhythms. the rhythm of body temperature (tb) was selected as output of the circadian clock. after having ver ...201323485867
comparison of activated chromatography resins for protein immobilization.the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (bsa) to an immobilized camelid-derived antibody fragment was investigated using six different activated resins, of which two are prototypes. the resins differed in base material, coupling chemistry and particle size. the adsorption, washing and desorption stage of the affinity chromatography process were taken into account. dynamic binding capacities at 10% breakthrough ranged between 0.76 and 4.8 mg bsa/ml resin. the washing volume ranged between 2.9 and ...201323471886
antibodies in sera from camels (camelus dromedarius) in western and sothren regions of central province, saudi arabia.the study evaluated the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic camels in western and southern regions of central province of saudi arabia. in total, 713 serum samples from clinically healthy camels were analyzed for anti-t. gondii antibodies using the latex agglutination test (lat). antibodies to t. gondii were found in 94 (13.1%) camels. the number of seropositive in al-quwayiyah region (16.9%) was considerably higher than in other regions. however, the differences in seroprevalence be ...201223469639
design and selection of a camelid single-chain antibody yeast two-hybrid library produced de novo for the cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).nanobodies (or variable domain of the heavy chain of the heavy-chain antibodies, vhhs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies. their comparatively small size, monomeric behavior, high stability, high solubility, and ability to bind epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. in this paper, for the first time, we created the immunized camelus bactrianus vhh y ...201323469171
a highly specific gold nanoprobe for live-cell single-molecule imaging.single molecule tracking in live cells is the ultimate tool to study subcellular protein dynamics, but it is often limited by the probe size and photostability. because of these issues, long-term tracking of proteins in confined and crowded environments, such as intracellular spaces, remains challenging. we have developed a novel optical probe consisting of 5 nm gold nanoparticles functionalized with a small fragment of camelid antibodies that recognize widely used green fluorescent proteins (gf ...201323458263
estimating the population mutation rate from a de novo assembled bactrian camel genome and cross-species comparison with dromedary ests.the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) are among the last species that have been domesticated around 3000-6000 years ago. during domestication, strong artificial (anthropogenic) selection has shaped the livestock, creating a huge amount of phenotypes and breeds. hence, domestic animals represent a unique resource to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and adaptation. similar to its late domestication history, the bactrian camel is also am ...201323454912
the global sequence signature algorithm unveils a structural network surrounding heavy chain cdr3 loop in camelidae variable domains.a large fraction of camelid (camels and llamas) antibodies is composed of heavy chain-only homodimers, able to recognise antigens with their variable domain. events in somatic assembly and maturation of antibodies such as hypermutations and rearrangement of variable loops (cdrs - complementary determining regions) and selection among a wide range of framework variants are generally considered to be random processes.201323454650
milk production, raw milk quality and fertility of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) under intensive management.in many arid countries, dromedaries play an important role as a milk source in rural areas. however, the milk and meat production potential of this species is not well understood and documented. a large-scale camel dairy farm was established in 2006 in the united arab emirates. this study summarises the most important data on milk production, raw milk quality and reproductive efficiency collected on this farm during the first three years of operation. the average daily milk production, the mean ...201323439293
effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin i and creatine kinase myocardial band in racing camels (camelus dromedarius).this study was designed to investigate the effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin i (ctni) and creatine kinase myocardial (ck-mb) in healthy racing camels (camelus dromedarius). twenty-three racing camels scheduled for a 5 km race were investigated in this study. from each camel, 3 blood samples were collected: 24 h before racing (t0), within 2 h after the race (t1) and 24 h post-race (t2). following the 5 km race, 91.3 % of the racing camels had increases in serum ctni ...201323435840
cardiac biomarker changes in camels (camelus dromedarius) secondary to road transportation.little is known about cardiac biomarkers in camels despite their extensive use as draft animals. this study was designed to establish reference ranges for the cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin i (ctni) and creatine kinase myocardial b fraction (ck-mb) in healthy camels and to investigate their changes in response to road transportation.201323434241
assessment of adrenocortical activity by non-invasive measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).the aim of this study was to determine whether glucocorticoid production could be monitored non-invasively in dromedary camels by measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (fcms). five sudanese dromedaries, two males and three females, were injected with a synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) analogue. blood samples were collected pre- and post-acth injection. faeces were sampled after spontaneous defecation for five consecutive days (2 days before and 3 days after acth injection). baseline ...201323430659
sonographic monitoring of early follicle growth induced by melatonin implants in camels and the subsequent fertility.the present study examined the effect of melatonin implants on follicle growth in dromedary camels two months ahead of their natural breeding season (december to march). female camels (n = 6) were treated with melatonin implants at the dose rate of 1 implant per 28 kg body weight sc. control camels (n = 6) were administered an sc placebo implant of 8 ml vitamin a. ovarian ultrasonography was performed at weekly interval upto 7 weeks. camels were mated with virile stud when a follicle (≥10 mm) wa ...201223396356
genetic variation in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the beta-tubulin gene in whipworms (trichuris spp.) from a range of domestic animals and wildlife.a recurrent problem in the control of whipworm (trichuris spp.) infections in many animal species and man is the relatively low efficacy of treatment with a single application of benzimidazoles (bzs). the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in codons 167, 198 and 200 in the beta-tubulin gene has been associated with bz anthelmintic resistance in intestinal nematodes of veterinary importance. we hypothesized that the low susceptibility to bz could be related to a natural tolerance ...201323352105
identification and isolation of stimulator of interferon genes (sting): an innate immune sensory and adaptor gene from camelids.the mechanism by which type i interferon-mediated antiviral response is mounted by hosts against invading pathogen is an intriguing one. of late, an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein encoded by a gene called stimulator of interferon genes (sting) is implicated in the innate signalling pathways and has been identified and cloned in few mammalian species including human, mouse and pig. in this article, we report the identification of sting from three different species of a highly conserv ...201323350682
proteomics of the milk fat globule membrane from camelus dromedarius.camel milk has been widely characterized with regards to casein and whey proteins. however, in camelids, almost nothing is known about the milk fat globule membrane (mfgm), the membrane surrounding fat globules in milk. the purpose of this study was thus to identify mfgm proteins from camelus dromedarius milk. major mfgm proteins (namely, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin, and adipophilin) already evidenced in cow milk were identified in camel milk using ms. in add ...201323349047
comparison of three immunoglobulin g assays for the diagnosis of failure of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal alpacas.measurement of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) is used for the assessment of passive transfer of immunity in neonatal crias, with an igg concentration <10 g/l being suggestive of failure of passive transfer (fpt). the purpose of the current study was to determine whether 3 commercially available immunologic assays yielded comparable results for igg in alpacas. serum samples from 91 alpacas were used and were stored frozen until batch analysis on the same day with the 3 assays. immunoglobulin g was ...201323345272
habitual diet and ascorbic acid status in sudanese camels.there is suggestive evidence that a low status of ascorbic acid in camels enhances their risk for infectious diseases. this study was carried out to find clues as to the role of diet in affecting ascorbic acid status. in a crossover trial with feeding periods of 3 weeks each, six camels (camelus dromedarius) were fed either a composite of their habitual diet or alfalfa. the simulated habitual diet contained grass (hummra), acacia mellifera and blepharis persica. the habitual diet significantly l ...201323345066
secretory phospholipase a2 in dromedary tears: a host defense against staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria.the best known physiologic function of secreted phospholipase a2 (spla2) group iia (spla2-iia) is defense against bacterial infection through hydrolytic degradation of bacterial membrane phospholipids. in fact, spla2-iia effectively kills gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent gram-negative bacteria and is considered a major component of the eye's innate immune defense system. the antibacterial properties of spla2 have been demonstrated in rabbit and human tears. in this report, we have a ...201323344945
comparison of virokine from camel pseudocowpoxvirus (pcpv) with interleukin 10 of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).cellular interleukin-10 (il-10) gene from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the healthy dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) and viral il-10 (vil-10) from the skin scabs of the dromedary camels infected with contagious ecthyma (a parapoxviral infection in the camels) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and characterized. sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame (orf) of dromedarian camel il-10 is 537 bp in length, encoding 178 amino acid polypeptide while o ...201323306428
'everybody knows', but the rest of the world: the case of a caterpillar-borne reproductive loss syndrome in dromedary camels observed by sahrawi pastoralists of western sahara.the traditional knowledge of local communities throughout the world is a valuable source of novel ideas and information to science. in this study, the ethnoveterinary knowledge of sahrawi pastoralists of western sahara has been used in order to put forward a scientific hypothesis regarding the competitive interactions between camels and caterpillars in the sahara ecosystem.201323305273
isolation, characterization, and mesodermic differentiation of stem cells from adipose tissue of camel (camelus dromedarius).adipose-derived stem cells are an attractive alternative as a source of stem cells that can easily be extracted from adipose tissue. isolation, characterization, and multi-lineage differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells have been described for human and a number of other species. here we aimed to isolate and characterize camel adipose-derived stromal cell frequency and growth characteristics and assess their adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. samples were o ...201323299319
pathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of 26 camelid malignant round cell tumors.lymphoma and/or leukemia was diagnosed in 26 camelids (20 alpacas and 6 llamas) out of 110 camelid neoplasia archived january 1995 through january 2012 at the colorado state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (csu-vdl). some of the tumors presented a diagnostic challenge because they could not be distinguished on the basis of gross or microscopic morphology. immunohistochemistry using a t-cell marker (cluster of differentiation [cd]3), a b-cell marker (paired box protein [pax]-5), a leukocyte in ...201323293163
comparison of some biochemical and hormonal constituents of oversized follicles and preovulatory follicles in camels (camelus dromedarius).the current study was carried out to compare some biochemical and hormonal constituents in follicular fluids from oversized follicles, preovulatory follicles, and serum in camels (camelus dromedarius). follicular fluids from oversized follicles (n = 10), preovulatory follicles (n = 10), and sera were harvested from 20 dromedaries. the follicular fluids and sera were subjected to biochemical and hormonal analysis. the results indicated no significant differences in the concentrations of ascorbic ...201323290312
allosteric inhibition of vim metallo-β-lactamases by a camelid nanobody.mβl (metallo-β-lactamase) enzymes are usually produced by multi-resistant gram-negative bacterial strains and have spread worldwide. an approach on the basis of phage display was used to select single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs, also called nanobodies) that would inhibit the clinically relevant vim (verona integron-encoded mβl)-4 mβl. out of more than 50 selected nanobodies, only the nbvim_38 nanobody inhibited vim-4. the paratope, inhibition mechanism and epitope of the nbvim_38 nanobody w ...201323289540
normal radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the adult dromedary camel tarsus (one humped camel).six cadaver pelvic limbs were obtained from clinically sound dromedary camels and examined radiographically and ultrasonographically using a 7.5 mhz convex transducer. radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique projections, and the bony structures and articulations of the tarsal joint were outlined. the tarsus was ultrasonographically investigated in four planes (dorsal, medial, lateral and pla ...201323278186
molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiome in the forestomach fluid from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).rumen microorganisms play an important role in ruminant digestion and absorption of nutrients and have great potential applications in the field of rumen adjusting, food fermentation and biomass utilization etc. in order to investigate the composition of microorganisms in the rumen of camel (camelus dromedarius), this study delves in the microbial diversity by culture-independent approach. it includes comparison of rumen samples investigated in the present study to other currently available meta ...201323277394
nanobody(r)-based chromatin immunoprecipitation/micro-array analysis for genome-wide identification of transcription factor dna binding sites.nanobodies® are single-domain antibody fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies. because of their small size, straightforward production in escherichia coli, easy tailoring, high affinity, specificity, stability and solubility, nanobodies® have been exploited in various biotechnological applications. a major challenge in the post-genomics and post-proteomics era is the identification of regulatory networks involving nucleic acid-protein and protein-protein interactions. here, we app ...201323275538
chemical composition, quality and histochemical characteristics of individual dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) muscles.this study characterized the chemical composition, quality and histological traits of six muscles from 10 dromedary carcasses. there were significant differences in moisture, fat, protein, mineral, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents between muscles. the longissimus thoracis (lt) had the highest cooking loss (33.5%) and triceps brachii (tb) the lowest (29.2%). the shear force value of semitendinosus (st), semimembranosus (sm) and biceps femoris (bf) were significantly higher than infra ...201323273465
evaluation of insulin secretion and action in new world camelids.to measure and compare insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy alpacas and llamas via glucose clamping techniques.201323270352
camel heavy chain antibodies against prostate-specific membrane antigen.prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma), a type ii integral membrane glycoprotein, is highly overexpressed in all forms of prostate cancer tissues. it has also been demonstrated in a wide range of neovasculature of non-prostatic solid tumors, including bladder, pancreas, lung, kidney, colorectal, and gastric cancers. given the unique expression of psma, it is considered an alluring target for antibody-based imaging and therapy of cancer. in the present study, the production and characterizatio ...201223244321
recombinant λ bacteriophage displaying nanobody towards third domain of her-2 epitope inhibits proliferation of breast carcinoma skbr-3 cell line.phage display of many nanobodies via filamentous phage in combination with helper phage has been reported by many scientists. the aim of this study was to produce lambda (λ) bacteriophage displaying high-affinity nanobody against her-2 expressing breast carcinoma cells. bacteriophage λ is a temperate phage with inherent biological safety in mammalian cells. here we report the construction of a recombinant λ phage that efficiently expresses specific nanobody towards third domain of her-2 target o ...201323224340
lactation curves of dairy camels in an intensive system.weekly milk records of 47 she-camels in a multibreed dairy camel herd were collected for over a period of 5 years. a total of 72 lactation curves were defined, and relationships with parity, calving season, lactation length, milk production level, following lactations, and dam weight were analyzed. overall mean values were milk yield up to 12 months, 1,970 ± 790 l; lactation length, 12.5 months; persistency, 94.7 %; weekly peak yield, 50.7 l; monthly peak yield, 220 ± 90 l; and the number of wee ...201323212839
direct and dynamic detection of hiv-1 in living cells.in basic and applied hiv research, reliable detection of viral components is crucial to monitor progression of infection. while it is routine to detect structural viral proteins in vitro for diagnostic purposes, it previously remained impossible to directly and dynamically visualize hiv in living cells without genetic modification of the virus. here, we describe a novel fluorescent biosensor to dynamically trace hiv-1 morphogenesis in living cells. we generated a camelid single domain antibody t ...201223209635
prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)- and cmy-2-producing escherichia coli isolates from healthy food-producing animals in tunisia.the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)- and plasmidic ampc-beta-lactamase (pampc-bl)-producing escherichia coli isolates has been studied in food-producing animals at the farm level in tunisia, and recovered isolates were characterized for the presence of other resistance genes and integrons. eighty fecal samples of food-producing animals (23 sheep, 22 chickens, 22 cattle, six horses, five rabbits, and two dromedaries) were obtained from 35 different farms in tunisia in 2011. ...201223194332
first detection of rickettsia aeschlimannii in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from tunisia.tick-borne rickettsioses have long been described in north africa. these human diseases and their causative agents occur in several countries in this region, including mauritania, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt. in tunisia, the first described and most well-known rickettsiosis is mediterranean spotted fever, which is caused by rickettsia conorii conorii. cases of r. aeschlimannii infections have been documented by serology, but the agent has never actually been detected in patients ...201223182544
selection and characterization of recombinant dromedary antiovalbumin antibody fragments that do not cross-react with ovalbumin-related protein x: use for immunoaffinity.ovalbumin-related protein x (ovax) and ovalbumin are two very close ovalbumin-related serpins. as primary data on ovax remain recent, information about possible cross-reaction of available antiovalbumin antibodies with ovax is still missing. using labeled purified ovax and dot ligand blotting, we identified 49 recombinant dromedary antiovalbumin single domain antibody (sdab) fragments that were unable to bind ovax. discrimination between ovax and ovalbumin was confirmed for two of the correspond ...201223181906
rumen-protected methionine supplementation and fibre production in alpacas (vicugna pacos).sulphur-containing amino acids are a crucial requirement for fibre production and may be supplemented in the diet of fibre-producing animals to stimulate fibre growth. the alpaca fibre industry is a developing industry in australia with high variability in fibre production. to date, there is no evidence whether supplementing the diet of alpacas with sulphur amino acids improves fibre production. we hypothesised that supplementation with the rumen-protected sulphur amino acid, methionine would in ...201323173603
rickettsia africae in hyalomma dromedarii ticks from sub-saharan algeria.spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are caused by obligate, intracellular gram-negative bacteria of the genus rickettsia. in recent years, several species and subspecies of rickettsias have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including sub-saharan africa. we report here the detection of rickettsia africae, the agent responsible for african tick-bite fever, by amplification of fragments of glta and ompa genes and multi-spacer typing from hyalomma dromedarii ticks colle ...201223164496
molecular characterization and genetic variability at κ-casein gene (csn3) in camels.κ-casein is a glycosilated protein belonging to a family of phosphoproteins (αs1, β, αs2, κ) that represent the major protein component in mammalian milk. κ-casein plays an essential role in the casein micelle stabilization, determining the size and the specific function. in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the whole κ-casein-encoding gene (csn3) plus 1045 nucleotides at the 5' flanking region in camelus dromedarius. the promoter ...201323154061
artificial insemination in dromedary camels.artificial insemination (ai) is an important technique in all domestic species to ensure rapid genetic progress. the use of ai has been reported in camelids although insemination trials are rare. this could be because of the difficulties involved in collecting as well as handling the semen due to the gelatinous nature of the seminal plasma. in addition, as all camelids are induced ovulators, the females need to be induced to ovulate before being inseminated. this paper discusses the different me ...201323153625
structural basis of the binding of fatty acids to peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp-s through second binding site.short peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp-s) is a member of the mammalian innate immune system. pgrp-s from camelus dromedarius (cpgrp-s) has been shown to bind to lipopolysaccharide (lps), lipoteichoic acid (lta) and peptidoglycan (pgn). its structure consists of four molecules a, b, c and d with ligand binding clefts situated at a-b and c-d contacts. it has been shown that lps, lta and pgn bind to cpgrp-s at c-d contact. the cleft at the a-b contact indicated features that suggested a poss ...201323149273
use of assisted reproduction for the improvement of milk production in dairy camels (camelus dromedarius).despite their production potential and ability to survive on marginal resources in extreme conditions, dromedaries have not been exploited as an important food source. camels have not been specifically selected for milk production, and genetic improvement has been negligible. high individual variation in milk production both within the population and within breeds provides a good base for selection and genetic progress. in this paper, we discuss the possibilities and constraints of selective bre ...201323146200
factors influencing embryo transfer success in alpacas: a retrospective study.embryo transfer offers great advantages to south american camelid farmers to reach their breeding goals but the technology still plays a relatively minor role in comparison to other domestic farm animals like cattle. the aim of the present study was to analyse a data set of 5547 single or multiple ovulation embryo transfers performed in commercial alpaca farms in australia to determine the factors that influence number and quality of embryos produced, embryo transfer success (percentage of crias ...201323141430
morphological characteristics of the vallate papillae of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).in this study, the morphology of the vallate papillae of camel was investigated using gross, light and scanning electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. vallate papillae were arranged along an identical line on each side of the lingual torus and revealed remarkable individual differences. however, each papilla - round or flat, small or large, single or paired - was surrounded by a prominent groove and an annular pad. based on our findings, postnatal development and formation of new p ...201223137354
prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. in camels and involved people in yazd province, iran.although infection of dromedary camels with cryptosporidium spp. is rare in iran, it is considered a zoonotic threat to the keepers and herders of camels. thus we investigated the prevalence of cryptosporidium in these two hosts in yazd province, a semi-arid region in center of iran.201223133476
in vitro antibacterial effects of five volatile oil extracts against intramacrophage brucella abortus 544.brucellaabortus is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause a highly contagious disease in sheep, goats, cattle and one-humped camels. it is responsible for one of the most important zoonosis in human. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mentha piperita, origanum majorana, citrus lemon, cinnamomum verum and myristica fragrans essential volatile oil extracts on human macrophages infected by b. abortus 544.201223115441
clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic findings in 70 camels (camelus dromedarius) with johne's disease.this study evaluated the use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of johne's disease in camels (camelus dromedarius). seventy camels with confirmed johne's disease were examined by ultrasonography and subsequent necropsy; 15 healthy camels were included as controls. the most outstanding findings were visible enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes in 52 (74%) camels. lesions had either echogenic (26%; n = 18) or anechoic (69%; n = 48) capsule and the contents were either anechoic (21%; n = 15) ...201223115369
development and application of camelid molecular cytogenetic tools.cytogenetic chromosome maps offer molecular tools for genome analysis and clinical cytogenetics and are of particular importance for species with difficult karyotypes, such as camelids (2n = 74). building on the available human-camel zoo-fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) data, we developed the first cytogenetic map for the alpaca (lama pacos, lpa) genome by isolating and identifying 151 alpaca bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones corresponding to 44 specific genes. the genes were ...201623109720
surface display of a single-domain antibody library on gram-positive bacteria.combinatorial protein engineering for selection of proteins with novel functions, such as enzymes and affinity reagents, is an important tool in biotechnology, drug discovery, and other biochemical fields. bacterial display is an emerging technology for isolation of new affinity proteins from such combinatorial libraries. cells have certain properties that are attractive for directed evolution purposes, in particular the option to use quantitative flow-cytometric cell sorting for selection of bi ...201323064703
computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the normal dromedary camel tarsus (one humped camel).the purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (ct) anatomic reference for the dromedary camel tarsus. six cadaver pelvic limbs, obtained from three clinically and radiographically sound dromedary camels, were scanned in both soft tissue and bone windows starting from the calcaneal tuber towards the proximal metatarsus. limbs were frozen at -20°c and sectioned transversely via an electric bone saw. the ct images were evaluated and correlated with their corresponding cry ...201323050765
a preliminary microbiological assessment of process hygiene of traditional outdoor camel slaughter in sahrawi refugee camps.the aim of this study was to investigate the hygiene performance of a camel (camelus dromedarius) slaughtering process as carried out with the traditional method in the sahrawi refugee camps located in southwestern algeria. the camel slaughtering process in this region differs significantly from that carried out in commercial abattoirs. slaughtering is performed outdoors in desert areas, and dehiding of the carcass is approached via the dorsoventral route rather than the classic ventrodorsal rou ...201223043838
cellulolytic bacteria in the foregut of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).foregut digesta from five feral dromedary camels were inoculated into three different enrichment media: cotton thread, filter paper, and neutral detergent fiber. a total of 283 16s rrna gene sequences were assigned to 33 operational taxonomic units by using 99% species-level identity. libshuff revealed significant differences in the community composition across all three libraries.201223042173
haematological and biochemical alterations caused by epidural and intramuscular administration of xylazine hydrochloride in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).this study was conducted in 16 healthy immature dromedary camels weighing 120-150 kg to evaluate and compare the effects of epidural and intramuscular injections of xylazine administered at 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg. haematological parameters included haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. biochemical parameters included alkaline phosphates, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose. parameters wer ...201623038078
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis liver abscess in a mature alpaca (lama pacos).a mature female alpaca was evaluated for weight loss and a 10-day history of anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal distension, and ventral edema. ultrasonography revealed a hepatic mass, culture of which identified corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. this is the first reported case of an internal caseous lymphadenitis lesion resulting in clinical disease in a camelid.201223024384
development of oligoclonal nanobodies for targeting the tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 antigen.the tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (tag-72) is a membrane mucin whose over-expression is correlated with advanced tumor stage and increased invasion and metastasis. in this study, we identified a panel of four nanobodies, single variable domains of dromedary heavy-chain antibodies that specifically recognize the tag-72 antigen. all selected nanobodies were shown to selectively bind to this cancer-related molecule with low-nanomolar affinities and do not cross-react with other antigens, such as ...201323015323
ovarian dysgenesis in an alpaca with a minute chromosome 36.a 4-year-old female alpaca (lama pacos [lpa]) was presented to the oregon state veterinary teaching hospital for failure to display receptive behavior to males. although no abnormalities were found on physical examination, transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract revealed uterine hypoplasia and ovarian dysgenesis. cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a normal female 74,xx karyotype with 1 exceptionally small (minute) homologue of autosome lpa36. chromosome analysis by giem ...201423008444
genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi in iranian dromedary camels.whole blood samples were collected from 117 male clinically healthy camelus dromedarius aged between 6 months to 18 years from several farms in yazd province of iran. trypanosoma evansi-affected camels were detected by giemsa-stained blood smears, and the positive blood samples (4 out of 117) were submitted to pcr examination and phylogenetic analysis. basic local alignment search tool data of the obtained complete internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences revealed that they corresponded to th ...201323007725
survey of the camel urinary proteome by shotgun proteomics using a multiple database search strategy.we report the first survey of the dromedary camel urinary proteome. proteins retained from ultrafiltration of urine were analysed by gelc-ms/ms (sds-page followed by lc-ms/ms). in the absence of a complete camel genome sequence, the number of protein identifications was maximised by searching three primary sequence databases: swiss-prot, alpaca and camel est. this search strategy enabled the identification of 1274 peptide sequences, of which 735 were found in at least two independent samples. fu ...201223001906
nanobody-induced perturbation of lfa-1/l-plastin phosphorylation impairs mtoc docking, immune synapse formation and t cell activation.the t cell integrin receptor lfa-1 orchestrates adhesion between t cells and antigen-presenting cells (apcs), resulting in formation of a contact zone known as the immune synapse (is) which is supported by the cytoskeleton. l-plastin is a leukocyte-specific actin bundling protein that rapidly redistributes to the immune synapse following t cell-apc engagement. we used single domain antibodies (nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain only antibodies) directed against functional and structura ...201323001012
novel nsp4 genotype in a camel g10p[15] rotavirus strain.in this study a kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, rva/camel-wt/kuw/s21/2010/g10p[15], is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. the strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains (vp2, ≤ 96%; nsp2 and nsp5, ≤ 97%, nsp3, ≤ 94%), or, to porcine strains (vp1, ≤ 89%). other genes had moderate sequence similarities (vp4, ≤ 87%; vp6, ≤ 81%; vp7, ≤ 82%) with reference strains from ruminants. the nsp4 gene shared limited sequence identity ( ...201222982644
cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered domestic ruminants from tunisia.a total of 10,818 domestic ruminants (3913 cattle, 2722 sheep, 3779 goats, 404 dromedaries) slaughtered in various abattoirs in tunisia between 2003 and 2010 were examined for the presence of echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (ce) was 16.42% in sheep, 8.56% in cattle, 5.94% in dromedaries and 2.88% in goats. ce prevalence increased with age according to an asymptotic model and there was evidence of variation in infection pressure depending on the regi ...201322967724
characterization and enzyme-conjugation of a specific anti-l1 nanobody.persistent infection of the human papillomaviruses (hpv) has been shown to result in cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia. early detection and screening programs are essential strategies against cervical cancer. a nanobody is the smallest antigen-binding fragment known and is derived from a camelid heavy-chain antibody. this tiny protein shows high solubility and stability. it can be produced cost-effectively with high yield production. in this study, we enriched a nanobody library agai ...201222963491
generation of diversity by somatic mutation in the camelus dromedarius t-cell receptor gamma variable domains.in jawed vertebrates the v-(d)-j rearrangement is the main mechanism generating limitless variations of antigen-specific receptors, immunoglobulins (igs), and t-cell receptors (tcrs) from few genes. once the initial diversity is established in primary lymphoid organs, further diversification occurs in igs by somatic hypermutation, a mechanism from which rearranged tcr genes were thought to be excluded. here, we report the locus organization and expression of the t-cell receptor gamma (tcrg) gene ...201222961631
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
molecular cloning and 3d structure modeling of apex1, dna base excision repair enzyme from the camel, camelus dromedarius.the domesticated one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius, is one of the most important animals in the arabian desert. it is exposed most of its life to both intrinsic and extrinsic genotoxic factors that are known to cause gross dna alterations in many organisms. ionic radiation and sunlight are known producers of reactive oxygen species (ros), one of the causes for dna lesions. the damaged dna is repaired by many enzymes, among of them base excision repair enzymes, producing the highly mutagenic ...201222942721
disulfide linkage engineering for improving biophysical properties of human vh domains.to enhance their therapeutic potential, human antibody heavy chain variable domains (v(h)s) would benefit from increased thermostability. the highly conserved disulfide linkage that connects cys23 and cys104 residues in the core of v(h) domains is crucial to their stability and function. it has previously been shown that the introduction of a second disulfide linkage can increase the thermostability of camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (v(h)hs). using four model domains we demonstrat ...201222942392
cloning, phylogenetic analysis and 3d modeling of a putative lysosomal acid lipase from the camel, camelus dromedarius.acid lipase belongs to a family of enzymes that is mainly present in lysosomes of different organs and the stomach. it is characterized by its capacity to withstand acidic conditions while maintaining high lipolytic activity. we cloned for the first time the full coding sequence of camel's lysosomal acid lipase, clipa using rt-pcr technique (genbank accession numbers jf803951 and aeg75815, for the nucleotide and aminoacid sequences respectively). the cdna sequencing revealed an open reading fram ...201222936112
resolution of an immunodiagnostic dilemma: heavy chain chimeric antibodies for species in which plasmocytomas are unknown.the immunoglobulin (ig) genes of many vertebrates have been characterized but igg subclasses, igd and ige proteins are only available for three species in which plasmacytomas occur. this creates a major problem in the production and specificity verification of diagnostic anti-ig reagents for the vast majority of mammals. we describe a novel solution using the swine system with its eleven different variants of igg. it involves the in vitro synthesis of chimeric porcine-camelid heavy chain antibod ...201322922509
generation and characterization of non-competitive furin-inhibiting nanobodies.the pc (proprotein convertase) furin cleaves a large variety of proproteins and hence plays a major role in many pathologies. therefore furin inhibition might be a good strategy for therapeutic intervention, and several furin inhibitors have been generated, although none are entirely furin-specific. to reduce potential side effects caused by cross-reactivity with other proteases, dromedary heavy-chain-derived nanobodies against catalytically active furin were developed as specific furin inhibito ...201222920187
presence, distribution and steroidogenic effect of the peptides orexin a and receptor 1 for orexins in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).the orexins a (oxa) and b are peptides discovered in the rat hypothalamus and successively found in some peripheral organs of the mammalian body. they binds two protein g-coupled receptors defined receptor 1 (ox1r) and 2 for orexins, the first of which is highly specific for oxa while the second binds both the peptides with equal affinity. this work aimed to detect the presence of oxa and ox1r in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) and investigate the role played by t ...201222909972
generation of single domain antibody fragments derived from camelids and generation of manifold constructs.immunizing a camelid (camels and llamas) with soluble, properly folded proteins raises an affinity-matured immune response in the unique camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (hcabs). the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the immunized animal are used to clone the antigen-binding antibody fragment from the hcabs in a phage display vector. a representative aliquot of the library of these antigen-binding fragments is used to retrieve single domain antigen-specific binders by successive rounds of panni ...201222907350
genetically engineered t cells bearing chimeric nanoconstructed receptors harboring tag-72-specific camelid single domain antibodies as targeting agents.despite the preclinical success of adoptive therapy with t cells bearing chimeric nanoconstructed antigen receptors (cars), certain limitations of this therapeutic approach such as the immunogenicity of the antigen binding domain, the emergence of tumor cell escape variants and the blocking capacity of soluble antigen still remain. here, we address these issues using a novel car binding moiety based on the oligoclonal camelid single domain antibodies. a unique set of 13 single domain antibodies ...201322902507
hydroxyproline concentrations in ocular tissues of arabian camel (camelus dromedarius linn.).hydroxyproline (hyp) concentrations (total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound) in camel eye tissues were determined. total hyp concentration was highest in iris, followed by ciliary body, sclera, cornea, lens and retina; the difference between total hyp concentration of iris and sclera (p < 0.05) and cornea, lens and retina (p < 0.001) was statistically significant. cornea had the highest concentration of free hyp, followed by ciliary body, retina, iris, sclera and lens (p < 0.001). peptide- ...200322900375
physico-chemical and antigenic characterization of unconventional heavy chain antibodies of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.).heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) of igg2 and igg3 subtypes were purified from the sera of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius l.) by ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography on protein a-sepharose and protein g-sepharose, and characterized by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (ciep), immunoelectrophoresis (iep), elisa and immunoblotting. igg2 and i ...200422900358
investigation of the osteometry of the skull of the one-humped camels. part ii: sex dimorphism and geographical variations in adults.sexual dimorphism in the skull of different species has been of importance in archaeological, forensic and anatomical studies; also, a variation in phenotypic and genetic traits across geographic space is a recurring phenomenon in biological species. this study investigated 10 adult camels from each of three geographical locations in northern nigeria, for sex- and location-based variations in the skulls. in one location, male skulls had greater absolute osteometric values but there were no signi ...201222893998
osteometry of the skull of one-humped camels. part i: immature animals.the aim of this study was to investigate osteometric indices of immature camels (2-3 years old) in nigeria. the cranial length, viscerocranial length, maximum zygomatic width, neurocranial volume, skull and facial index for females and males were 22.1 cm and 22.3 cm; 16.3 cm and 16.7 cm; 15.8 cm and 16.1 cm; 479 ml and 496 ml; 40.9 and 41.3, and 96.4 and 96.2 respectively. the mean orbital horizontal and vertical diameters of young camels were similar to each other giving a near complete circula ...201222893997
nanobodies as structural probes of protein misfolding and fibril formation.the deposition of peptides and proteins as amyloid fibrils is a common feature of nearly 50 medical -disorders affecting the brain or a variety of other organs and tissues. these disorders, which include alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, the prion diseases, and type ii diabetes, have an enormous impact on the public health and economy of the modern world. extensive research is therefore taking place to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms and determinants of the pathological con ...201222886275
nanobody-based chromatin immunoprecipitation.chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip), followed by microarray hybridization (chip-chip) or high-throughput sequencing (chip-seq), is becoming a widely used powerful method for the analysis of the in vivo dna-protein interactions at genomic scale.the success of chip largely depends on the quality of antibodies. although polyclonal antibodies have been successfully used for chip, their production requires regular immunization and they exhibit high aspecificity and batch to batch variability. these ...201222886272
characterization of single-domain antibodies with an engineered disulfide bond.camelidae single-domain antibodies (vhhs) represent a unique class of emerging therapeutics. similar to other recombinant antibody fragments (e.g., fabs, scfvs), vhhs are amenable to library screening and selection, but benefit from superior intrinsic biophysical properties such as high refolding efficiency, high solubility, no tendency for aggregation, resistance to proteases and chemical denaturants, and high expression, making them ideal agents for antibody-based drug design. despite these fa ...201222886266
improvement of single domain antibody stability by disulfide bond introduction.the successful medical application of single domain antibodies largely depends on their functionality. this feature is partly determined by the intrinsic stability of the single domain. therefore a lot of research has gone into the elucidation of rules to uniformly increase stability of antibodies. recently, a novel intra-domain disulfide bond was independently discovered by two research groups, after either rational design or careful investigation of the naturally occurring camelid antibody rep ...201222886265
stable expression of chimeric heavy chain antibodies in cho cells.camelid single domain antibodies fused to noncamelid fc regions, also called chimeric heavy chain antibodies (chcab), offer great potential as therapeutic and diagnostic candidates due to their relatively small size (80 kda) and intact fc. in this chapter, we describe two approaches, limiting dilution and minipools, for generating nonamplified chinese hamster ovary cell lines stably expressing chcab in suspension and serum-free cultures using a stringent antibiotic selection. neither of the prot ...201222886259
preparation of a naïve library of camelid single domain antibodies.the preparation of antibody libraries starting from lymphocytes recovered from immunized members of the camelidae enables to collect binders that underwent somatic maturation. however, the time and costs necessary to prepare a library for each new antigen may urge to look for alternatives such as those offered by large one-pot libraries. here we describe how to obtain a suitable naïve library using material from nonimmunized llamas. despite the lack of somatic maturation, the selection based on ...201222886246
introduction to heavy chain antibodies and derived nanobodies.the immune response of infected or immunized dromedaries contains a diverse repertoire of conventional and heavy chain-only antibodies, both functional in antigen binding. by definition, a heavy chain antibody is devoid of a light chain and in the case of the heavy chain antibodies in camelids the ch1 domain is also missing. consequently a camelid heavy chain antibody associates with its cognate antigen via a single domain, the variable heavy chain domain of a heavy chain antibody or vhh. an ant ...201222886243
echocardiography of the normal camel (camelus dromedaries) heart: technique and cardiac dimensions.echocardiography and intra-cardiac dimensions have not previously been reported in adult camels despite its potential application for medical purpose. the aim of this study was to describe the results of a prospective study, aiming to report normal cardiac appearance and normal chamber dimensions in adult camels (camelus dromedarius).201222862855
bluetongue virus genetic and phenotypic diversity: towards identifying the molecular determinants that influence virulence and transmission potential.bluetongue virus (btv) is the prototype member of the orbivirus genus in the family reoviridae and is the aetiological agent of the arthropod transmitted disease bluetongue (bt) that affects both ruminant and camelid species. the disease is of significant global importance due to its economic impact and effect on animal welfare. bluetongue virus, a dsrna virus, evolves through a process of quasispecies evolution that is driven by genetic drift and shift as well as intragenic recombination. quasi ...201222835527
seminal plasma components in camelids and comparisons with other species.camelid semen is characterized by a highly viscous, low-volume ejaculate with a low concentration of spermatozoa that exhibit low progressive motility. the viscous seminal plasma is currently the major impediment to the development of assisted reproductive technologies (arts) in camelids. to advance arts such as sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination in camelids, it is necessary to identify the cause of the viscosity and gain an understanding of the role of seminal plasma components ...201222827394
characterization of ovarian follicular dynamics in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).ovarian follicular dynamics was monitored by transrectal ultrasonography, for a period of 60 to 90 days, and its correlation with plasma estradiol-17β (e2) and progesterone (p4) were studied in seventeen, multiparous, non-lactating, 12 to 20-year-old dromedary camels. the average number of follicles recruited (12.77 ± 0.93) in each wave between animals varied (p < 0.001). the number of follicles recruited during different follicular waves was highly repeatable (0.95) within individual animals. t ...201222819287
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