Publications

the possible role of mesodermal growth factors in the formation of endoderm inxenopus laevis.	we have raised a monoclonal antibody, 4g6, against gut manually isolated from stage 42xenopus laevis embryos. it is specific for endoderm and recognises an epitope that is first expressed at stage 19 and which persists throughout subsequent development. the antibody maintains gut specificity through metamorphosis and into adulthood. the epitope is conserved in the mouse, where it is also found in the gut. isolated vegetal poles fromxenopus blastula stage embryos express the epitope autonomously ...	1993	28305766
mesoderm induction in the future tail region of xenopus.	we have used interspecific grafts between xenopus borealis and xenopus laevis to study the signalling system that produces tail mesoderm. early gastrula ectoderm grafted into the posterior neural plate region of neurulae responds to a mesodermal inducing signal in this region and forms mainly tail somites; this signal persists until at least the early tail bud stage. ventral ectoderm grafted into the posterior neural plate loses its competence to respond to this signal after stage 10 1/2. we hav ...	1988	28305752
developmental pattern and molecular identification of globin chains in xenopus laevis.	high-resolution electrophoresis of larval and adult hemoglobins of xenopus laevis reveals stage-specific differences in the number and mobility of the globin chains. to establish the relationship between the globin chains and the previously described globin genes, the corresponding mrnas were hybrid-selected from total erythroblast rna by representative cdna clones, and translated in vitro. electrophoretic separation of the translation products allowed identification of a major and a minor α-glo ...	1988	28305747
binding of anti-fibronectin to early amphibian ectoderm does not result in inhibition of neural induction under in vitro conditions.	antibodies directed to fibronectin (anti-fn) were injected into the blastocoel of late blastulae of xenopus laevis. two animal caps (ectoderm) were isolated, when control embryos reached the early gastrula stage, and were combined with untreated upper blastopore lip in the sandwich method. in two control series fibronectin or holtfreter solution was injected into the blastocoel. the results of the experiments suggest that neural induction cannot be prevented by binding anti-fn to fibronectin, wh ...	1987	28305695
the direction of cleavage waves and the regional variation in the duration of cleavage cycles on the dorsal side of the xenopus laevis blastula.	the animal and the dorsal side of five embryos of xenopus laevis were studied in detail from the 7th to the 13th cleavage by means of time-lapse cinematography. at each cleavage the regionally ordered sequence of blastomere divisions is visible in the films as a "cleavage wave", propagating about three times slower in the dorsal than in the animal view. in the dorsal view the waves run in an animal-vegetal direction, initially with a left-to-right deviation and in later cleavages converging on t ...	1986	28305687
epiboly connected with cleavage in morula and early blastula stages of xenopus laevis, a study using time-lapse photography.	measurements were made of the external surface areas occupied by animal and vegetal blastomeres and their daughter cells at successive cleavage cycles in 15 embyros of xenopus laevis. on the animal side, after each cleavage a general area increase (epiboly) occurs from cycle 4 (16-cell stage, stage 5) to cycle 10 (stage 8 1/2), while on the vegetal side there is a slight general area decrease after each cleavage from cycle 6 to cycle 10. the comparison between the external surface areas of indiv ...	1990	28305669
characterization of repetitive dna transcripts isolated from a xenopus laevis gastrula-stage cdna clone bank.	by screening a cdna library prepared from polyadenylated nuclear rna of xenopus laevis gastrula-stage embryos with total genomic dna we have identified nine clones belonging to seven different families of repeated dna. two of these families exhibit partial sequence homologies and thus probably represent subfamilies of a common origin. the individual families comprise between 0.024% and 1.5% and, in total, about 2% of the x. laevis genome. six of the clones elements represent dispersed repetitive ...	1987	28305657
partial characterization of neural-inducing factors from xenopus gastrulae evidence for a larger protein complex containing the factor.	high (mr ≈ 90-110 kda) and low (mr ≈ 15-30 kda) molecular weight forms of neural-inducing factors have been found in the supernatant of xenopus gastrula homogenate. the factors, which are protein in nature, have been partially purified by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the factor of smaller size, which could be derived from a precursor, is associated with other proteins in a larger complex. the ne ...	1992	28305609
two recessive mutations with maternal effect upon colour and cleavage ofxenopus l. laevis eggs.	"pale eggs" and "partial cleavage" are two mutations with a maternal effect that are found in the same family ofxenopus l. laevis. the pale eggs have animal hemispheres of a yellow to beige colour and give rise to normally pigmented tadpoles and frogs. the cells of pale embryos contain fewer melanosomes than those of controls. the partial cleavage eggs are characterized by an abnormality of cleavage visible from the eight-cell stage onwards, by abnormal yolk platelet distribution and abnormal cy ...	1984	28305590
nerve-independent dna synthesis and mitosis in regenerating hindlimbs of larval xenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis larvae at stage 52-53 (according to nieuwkoop and faber 1956) were subjected to amputation of both limbs at the thigh level as well as to repeated denervations of the right limb. results obtained in larvae sacrificed during wound healing (1 after amputation), blastema formation (3 days) and blastema growth (5 and 7 days) showed that denervated right limbs have undergone the same histological modifications observed in innervated left limbs and have formed a regeneration blastema co ...	1992	28305578
crystallins during xenopus laevis free lens formation.	the ontogeny and localization of crystallins during free lens development (i.e. lens development without the optic vesicle) were investigated in xenopus laevis using the indirect immunofluorescence staining method with an antiserum raised against homologous total lens soluble proteins. since the developing free lenses pass through stages similar to those of the lenses regenerated from the inner cell layer of the outer cornea following lentectomy in the same species freeman's classification was u ...	1988	28305564
cell proliferation in ectodermal explants from xenopus embryos.	dissociated prospective ectoderm cells from xenopus laevis embryos divide autonomously up to the 17th division cycle of the embryo. to examine the requirements for the further proliferation of these cells, the continuation of cell division in compact ectodermal explants beyond the 17th division cycle has been studied. such explants develop into aggregates of epidermal cells, as can be shown immunohistochemically with an anti-serum against xenopus epidermal cytokeratin. cell division in these exp ...	1988	28305558
hensen's node, but not other biological signallers, can induce supernumerary digits in the developing chick limb bud.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether the organizer regions of early avian and amphibian embryos could induce supernumerary (sn) wing structures to develop when they were grafted to a slit in the anterior side of stage 19-23 chick wing buds. supernumerary digits developed in 43% of the wings that received anterior grafts of hensen's node from stage 4-6 quail or chick embryos; in addition, 16% of the wings had rods of sn cartilage, but not recognizable sn digits. the grafted quail ti ...	1990	28305531
inducing activity of fractionated microsomal material from thexenopus laevis gastrula stage.	the postmitochondrial supernatant fromxenopus gastrulae has been fractionated on sucrose gradients. part of the microsomal material was treated with edta, which dissociates most of the polysomal and monosomal material into ribosomal subunits. in addition, a series of pooled fractions from the edta treated gradients has been applied to discontinuous gradients in more concentrated sucrose to separate membranous material from the remaining microsomal components.pooled fractions from all gradients h ...	1976	28305523
inducing activity of subcellular fractions from amphibian embryos.	the homogenate from unfertilized eggs, gastrulae, neurulae and hatched embryos ofxenopus laevis was fractionated by differential centrifugation and subsequent repeated centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients. a high archencephalic-neural inducing activity was found in rnp particles, which were released from the high-speed ("microsomal") sediment by treatment with edta, and in a fraction of heterogeneous small vesicles. the highest archencephalic inducing activity was observed in rnp pa ...	1984	28305490
neural-inducing activity of nuclei and nuclear fractions from xenopus laevis embryos.	from embryos (xenopus laevis) of different developmental stages nuclei were isolated which exert neural inducing activity in the biological test. the active material could partly be extracted from the nuclei. experiments for the isolation of nuclear ribonucleoprotein (rnp) particles have shown that the activity is localized at least in part in these particles. on the other hand, some neural inducer is not detached from chromatin and the nuclear matrix even with ionic detergents. inducing activit ...	1986	28305447
isolation of plasma membranes from xenopus embryos.	plasma membranes were isolated in high yield from xenopus gastrulae by repeated sedimentation in discontinuous sucrose gradients. most of the yolk was separated by lowspeed sedimentation before centrifugation on the discontinuous sucrose gradients. the isolation of plasma membranes was followed by covalent labelling of the surface of dissociated gastrula cells with diazoniobenzene sulphonate, by electron microscopy and the distribution of enzymatic markers. the isolated plasma membranes have a l ...	1986	28305446
protein kinases in amphibian ectoderm induced for neural differentiation.	ectoderm explants from early gastrula stages of xenopus laevis were induced with a neutralizing factor. the factor was isolated from xenopus gastrulae and partially purified by chromatography on deae cellulose. the ectoderm was cultured for different periods of time and then homogenized. protein kinase activity was determined in the homogenates from induced and control explants with histone h 1 or c-terminal peptide derived from histone h 1 as substrates. the c-terminal peptide is a more specifi ...	1988	28305429
mesodermal induction in early amphibian embryos by activin a (erythroid differentiation factor).	recently the mesoderm-inducing effects of the transforming growth factor β (tgf-β) family of proteins have been widely examined. in an attemt to elucidate the functions of these proteins, porcine inhibin a and activin a (erythroid differentiation factor; edf) were examined. treatment of explants with activin a led to differentiation of mesodermal derivatives such as mesenchyme, notochord, blood cells and muscle, but inhibin a had a much lesser effect. the mesodermal differentiation induced by ac ...	1990	28305412
expression of exogenously introduced bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes in xenopus laevis embryos before the midblastula transition.	previous papers have reported that dnas exogenously injected into xenopus laevis fertilized eggs are expressed only at and after the midblastula transition (mbt). we have injected fertilized eggs of xenopus laevis with circular plasmids that contained bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) genes connected to the promoter of viral genes (psv2cat and pad12.e1acat) or the xenopus cardiac actin gene (actin-cat fusion gene), and examined whether these dnas are expressed during the stage be ...	1990	28305411
the inducing capacity of the presumptive endoderm of xenopus laevis studied by transfilter experiments.	the inducing capacity of the vegetal hemisphere of early amphibian blastulae was studied by placing a nucleopore filter (pore size 0.4 μm) between isolated presumptive endoderm and animal (ectodermal) caps. the inducing effect was shown to traverse the nucleopore membrane. the reacting ectoderm differentiated into mainly ventral mesodermal derivatives. expiants consisting of five animal caps also formed dorsal mesodermal and neural structures. those results together with data published elsewhere ...	1986	28305409
the presence of an endogenous lectin in early embryos ofxenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis embryos were examined for the presence of endogenous carbohydrate binding proteins. soluble extracts of cleavage, gastrula and neurula embryos are able to agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes. unlike other embryonic lectins this agglutination activity requires the presence of calcium ions but not of sulphydryl reducing agents. it is specifically inhibited by galactose and galactose containing derivatives. thiodigalactoside is the most potent disaccharide inhibitor followed ...	1982	28305386
cloning of cdna sequences derived from poly(a)+ nuclear rna ofxenopus laevis at different developmental stages: evidence for stage specific regulation.	nuclear poly(a)+ rna was isolated from gastrula and early tadpole stages ofxenopus laevis, transcribed into cdna and integrated as double stranded cdna by the g-c joining method into the pst cleavage site of plasmid pbr 322. after cloning ine. coli strain hb 101 the clone libraries were hybridized to32p labelled cdna derived from nuclear poly(a)+ rna of the two different developmental stages. about 20% of the clones gave a positive hybridization signal thus representing rna molecules of high and ...	1981	28305358
patterns of protein synthesis in oocytes and early embryos of rana esculenta complex.	we have used isotopic labelling and both one-and two-dimensional electrophoretic procedures to analyse the protien synthesis patterns in oocytes and early embryos of three phenotypes of the european green frogs. the results demonstrated that protein patterns of rana ridibunda and r. esculenta are identical, but that they differ from those of r. lessonae. progeny of the lethal cross r. esculenta × r. esculenta showed a distinct delay in the appearance of stage-specific proteins during early embry ...	1986	28305271
repetitive sequences associated with polyadenylated rna of xenopus laevis embryos.	electron microscopy revealed that transcripts of complementary repetitive sequence elements are widely distributed among long poly (a) containing rna molecules of xenopus laevis. cdna/rna hybridization experiments suggest that many of these polyadenylated transcripts carry protein coding sequences which are interrupted by repetitive elements. our in-vitro translation experiments indicate that removal of repetitive elements must precede the utilization of protein coding sequences associated with ...	1982	28305260
the lens proteins in adult and embryos of the periodic albino mutant ofxenopus laevis.	the crystallins of normal and ap mutants ofx. laevis have been studied using biochemical (electrophoresis in agar and polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric focusing) and immunochemical methods (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoabsorption, immunofluorescence, isoelectrofocusing with immunoidentification). the immunochemical analysis was carried out with rabbit antisera prepared against electrophoretic fractions of the mutant lens.crystallins of adultx. laevis (ap/ap; ++/++) are heterogeno ...	1980	28305170
the role of tensile fields and contact cell polarization in the morphogenesis of amphibian axial rudiments.	the role of stretching-generated tensile stresses upon the organization of axial rudiments have been studied. pieces of the dorsal wall ofxenopus laevis andrana temporaria embryos at the late gastrula stage were rotated through 90°, transplanted into the field of neurulation tensions of another embryo and replaced by ventral tissues already insensitive to inductive influences. the axial rudiments which developed from rotated and transplanted dorsal tissues oped from rotated and transplanted dors ...	1980	28305148
change in the differentiation pattern ofxenopus laevis ectoderm by variation of the incubation time and concentration of vegetalizing factor.	early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration.the pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer.short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. an increase in incubation time or inducer con ...	1983	28305118
the fate of oocyte nuclear proteins during early development ofxenopus laevis.	the localization and movements of four nuclear proteins, originally contained in the germinal vesicle ofxenopus oocytes, were followed through early development from cleavage to late neurula. the study made use of monoclonal antibodies directed against germinal vesicle proteins. biochemical methods showed that all proteins persist in the embryo without a change in molecular size or gross concentration. at early stages the proteins are localized preferentially in the cytoplasm of the animal hemis ...	1982	28305052
changes in the cell surface coat during the development ofxenopus laevis embryos, detected by lectins.	the composition of the surface coat in embryonic cells ofxenopus laevis was examined by agglutination and fluorescent staining with lectins.cells of early and mid gastrula stages were agglutinated by lectins specific for d-mannose, d-galactose, l-fucose, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine. no differences in agglutinability among ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells were observed with lectins specific for d-mannose, d-galactose and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine, though agglutination ...	1978	28305035
melanin synthesis activation dependent on inductive influences.	gene activity in melanin-synthesising cells of albino periodic (ap) mutants ofxenopus laevis is expressed phenotypically in the framework of the following cycle: a period of complete albinism succeeds the short peak of pigmentation, and melanosomes which have formed disappear. skin and choroid coat melanophores as well as pigmented epithelium melanocytes are involved in this cycle.parabiosis experiments allowed hormonal regulation of the melanin-synthesising gene activity to be excluded. neural ...	1978	28305010
quantitative aspects of rna synthesis in normal and lithium-treated embryos ofxenopus laevis.	the treatment ofxenopus early embryos with lithium chloride produces exogastruale - embryos which fail to gastrulate normally and in which the rates of cell division are reduced. in the present study estimations of incorporations of (5-3h) uridine and the specific activities of the 5'-ribonucleotide precursor pools showed that exogastrulae have higher rates of rna synthesis per cell than control neurulae. sub-cellular fractionations showed that a greater proportion of labelled rna was retained i ...	1979	28305001
[a comparison of the inducing ability from the superficial layer of the yolk platelet coats and the microsomal fraction of cleavage, gastrula and neurula stages of xenopus laevis].	deuterencephalic and spinocaudal inducing activity is extractable from the yolk platelet coats and the microsomal fraction of cleavage, gastrula and neurula stages ofxenopus laevis.extracts of both cell fractions from the gastrula and neurula cause a significantly stronger deuterencephalic and spinocaudal reaction than those from cleavage stages, when tested antriturus alpestus ectoderm.	1974	28304839
novel short antimicrobial peptide isolated from xenopus laevis skin.	a rich source of bioactive peptides, including a large number of antimicrobial peptides, has been found in amphibian skin. in this study, a novel short antimicrobial peptide was purified from xenopus laevis skin and characterised through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, edman degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. the peptide was composed of six amino acids with a sequence of dedlde and thus named x. laevis antibacteria ...	2017	28299865
when size matters: transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel as a volume-sensor rather than an osmo-sensor.	mammalian cells are frequently exposed to stressors causing volume changes. the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (trpv4) channel translates osmotic stress into ion flux. the molecular mechanism coupling osmolarity to trpv4 activation remains elusive. trpv4 responds to isosmolar cell swelling and osmolarity translated via different aquaporins. trpv4 functions as a volume-sensing ion channel irrespective of the origin of the cell swelling.	2017	28295351
functional organization of vestibulo-ocular responses in abducens motoneurons.	vestibulo-ocular reflexes (vors) are the dominating contributors to gaze stabilization in all vertebrates. during horizontal head movements, abducens motoneurons form the final element of the reflex arc that integrates visuovestibular inputs into temporally precise motor commands for the lateral rectus eye muscle. here, we studied a possible differentiation of abducens motoneurons into subtypes by evaluating their morphology, discharge properties, and synaptic pharmacology in semi-intact in vitr ...	2017	28292832
models of amphibian myogenesis - the case of bombina variegata.	several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. myoblasts of xenopus laevis and hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. in bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. in pelobates fuscus and triturus vulgari ...	2017	28287243
transcriptomic insights into genetic diversity of protein-coding genes in x. laevis.	we characterize the genetic diversity of xenopus laevis strains using rna-seq data and allele-specific analysis. this data provides a catalogue of coding variation, which can be used for improving the genomic sequence, as well as for better sequence alignment, probe design, and proteomic analysis. in addition, we paint a broad picture of the genetic landscape of the species by functionally annotating different classes of mutations with a well-established prediction tool (polyphen-2). further, we ...	2017	28283406
persistent fibrosis, hypertrophy and sarcomere disorganisation after endoscopy-guided heart resection in adult xenopus.	models of cardiac repair are needed to understand mechanisms underlying failure to regenerate in human cardiac tissue. such studies are currently dominated by the use of zebrafish and mice. remarkably, it is between these two evolutionary separated species that the adult cardiac regenerative capacity is thought to be lost, but causes of this difference remain largely unknown. amphibians, evolutionary positioned between these two models, are of particular interest to help fill this lack of knowle ...	2017	28278282
phosphoregulation of k+ -cl- cotransporters during cell swelling: novel insights.	the k+ -cl- cotransporters (kccs) belong to the cation-cl- cotransporter family and consist of four isoforms and many splice variants. their main role is to promote electroneutral efflux of k+ and cl- ions across the surface of many cell types and, thereby, to regulate intracellular ion concentration, cell volume, and epithelial salt movement. these transport systems are induced by an increase in cell volume and are less active at lower intracellular [cl- ] (cli ), but the mechanisms at play are ...	0	28276587
reversal of ddk-mediated mcm phosphorylation by rif1-pp1 regulates replication initiation and replisome stability independently of atr/chk1.	dbf4-dependent kinases (ddks) are required for the initiation of dna replication, their essential targets being the mcm2-7 proteins. we show that, in xenopus laevis egg extracts and human cells, hyper-phosphorylation of dna-bound mcm4, but not phosphorylation of mcm2, correlates with dna replication. these phosphorylations are differentially affected by the ddk inhibitors pha-767491 and xl413. we show that ddk-dependent mcm phosphorylation is reversed by protein phosphatase 1 (pp1) targeted to c ...	2017	28273463
moving or being moved: that makes a difference.	during head/body movements, gaze stability is ensured by transformation of motion-related sensory signals into respective motor commands. passively induced motion in all vertebrates including amphibians evokes a robust vestibulo-ocular reflex, suggesting an equally important role of this motor reaction during actively induced motion. however, during self-induced movements including locomotion, motor efference copies offer a convenient additional substrate for counteracting retinal image displace ...	2017	28271408
structural analysis of the role of tpx2 in branching microtubule nucleation.	the mitotic spindle consists of microtubules (mts), which are nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-turc). how the γ-turc gets activated at the right time and location remains elusive. recently, it was uncovered that mts nucleate from preexisting mts within the mitotic spindle, which requires the protein tpx2, but the mechanism basis for tpx2 action is unknown. here, we investigate the role of tpx2 in branching mt nucleation. we establish the domain organization of xenopus laevis tpx2 and d ...	2017	28264915
gadolinium released by the linear gadolinium-based contrast-agent gd-dtpa decreases the activity of human epithelial na+ channels (enacs).	gadolinium-based-contrast-agents (gbcas) are used for magnetic-resonance-imaging and associated with renal and cardiovascular adverse reactions caused by released gd3+ ions. gd3+ is also a modulator of mechano-gated ion channels, including the epithelial na+ channel (enac) that is expressed in kidney epithelium and the vasculature. enac is important for salt-/water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation and a likely target of released gd3+ from gbcas causing the above-mentioned adverse reacti ...	2017	28257815
folate receptor 1 is necessary for neural plate cell apical constriction during xenopus neural tube formation.	folate supplementation prevents up to 70% of neural tube defects (ntds), which result from a failure of neural tube closure during embryogenesis. the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying folate action has been challenging. this study introduces xenopus laevis as a model to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in folate action during neural tube formation. we show that knockdown of folate receptor 1 (folr1; also known as frα) impairs neural tube formation and leads to ntds ...	2017	28255006
optimization of the t3-induced xenopus metamorphosis assay for detecting thyroid hormone signaling disruption of chemicals.	t3-induced xenopus metamorphosis is an ideal model for detecting thyroid hormone (th) signaling disruption of chemicals. to optimize the t3-induced xenopus assay and improve its sensitivity and reproducibility, we intend to develop quantitatively morphological endpoints and choose appropriate concentrations and exposure durations for t3 induction. xenopus laevis at stage 52 were exposed to series of concentrations of t3 (0.31-2.5nmol/l) for 6days. by comparing morphological changes induced by t3 ...	2017	28254053
role of cdc6 during oogenesis and early embryo development in mouse and xenopus laevis.	cdc6 is an important player in cell cycle regulation. it is involved in the regulation of both s-phase and m-phase. its role during oogenesis is crucial for repression of the s-phase between the first and the second meiotic m-phases, and it also regulates, via cdk1 inhibition, the m-phase entry and exit. this is of special importance for the reactivation of the major m-phase-regulating kinase cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) in oocytes entering metaphase ii of meiosis and in embryo cleavage divi ...	2017	28247050
kv3.1/kv3.2 channel positive modulators enable faster activating kinetics and increase firing frequency in fast-spiking gabaergic interneurons.	due to their fast kinetic properties, kv3.1 voltage gated potassium channels are important in setting and controlling firing frequency in neurons and pivotal in generating high frequency firing of interneurons. pharmacological activation of kv3.1 channels may possess therapeutic potential for treatment of epilepsy, hearing disorders, schizophrenia and cognitive impairments. here we thoroughly investigate the selectivity and positive modulation of the two small molecules, ex15 and re01, on kv3 ch ...	2017	28242439
immune roles of amphibian (xenopus laevis) tadpole granulocytes during frog virus 3 ranavirus infections.	infections by frog virus 3 (fv3) and other ranaviruses (rvs) are contributing to the amphibian declines, while the mechanisms controlling anuran tadpole susceptibility and adult frog resistance to rvs, including the roles of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (pmns) during anti-fv3 responses, remain largely unknown. since amphibian kidneys represent an important fv3 target, the inability of amphibian (xenopus laevis) tadpoles to mount effective kidney inflammatory responses to fv3 is thought to cont ...	2017	28238879
the capz interacting protein rcsd1 is required for cardiogenesis downstream of wnt11a in xenopus laevis.	wnt proteins are critical for embryonic cardiogenesis and cardiomyogenesis by regulating different intracellular signalling pathways. whereas canonical wnt/β-catenin signalling is required for mesoderm induction and proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells, β-catenin independent, non-canonical wnt signalling regulates cardiac specification and terminal differentiation. although the diverse cardiac malformations associated with the loss of non-canonical wnt11 in mice such as outflow tract (oft) ...	2017	28237811
β subunits functionally differentiate human kv4.3 potassium channel splice variants.	the human ventricular cardiomyocyte transient outward k+ current (ito) mediates the initial phase of myocyte repolarization and its disruption is implicated in brugada syndrome and heart failure (hf). human cardiac ito is generated primarily by two kv4.3 splice variants (kv4.3l and kv4.3s, diverging only by a c-terminal, s6-proximal, 19-residue stretch unique to kv4.3l), which are differentially remodeled in hf, but considered functionally alike at baseline. kv4.3 is regulated in human heart by ...	2017	28228734
xenopus laevis kif18a is a highly processive kinesin required for meiotic spindle integrity.	the assembly and functionality of the mitotic spindle depends on the coordinated activities of microtubule-associated motor proteins of the dynein and kinesin superfamily. our current understanding of the function of motor proteins is significantly shaped by studies using xenopus laevis egg extract as its open structure allows complex experimental manipulations hardly feasible in other model systems. yet, the kinesin-8 orthologue of human kif18a has not been described in xenopus laevis so far. h ...	2017	28228376
acute and chronic outcomes of gas-bubble disease in a colony of african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis).	gas-bubble disease occurs in aquatic species that are exposed to water that is supersaturated with gases. in february 2007, municipal water supersaturated with gas was inadvertently pumped into the vivarium's aquatic housing systems and affected approximately 450 adult female xenopus laevis. the inflow of supersaturated water was stopped immediately, the holding tanks aggressively aerated, and all experimental manipulations and feeding ceased. within the first 6 h after the event, morbidity appr ...	2017	28222834
systematic variation of the benzenesulfonamide part of the glun2a selective nmda receptor antagonist tcn-201.	glun2a subunit containing n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars) are highly involved in various physiological processes in the central nervous system, but also in some diseases, such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. however, the role of glun2a subunit containing nmdars in pathological processes is not exactly elucidated. in order to obtain potent and selective inhibitors of glun2a subunit containing nmdars, the selective negative allosteric modulator 2 was systematically modified at th ...	2017	28222314
heteromeric slick/slack k+ channels show graded sensitivity to cell volume changes.	slick and slack high-conductance k+ channels are found in the cns, kidneys, pancreas, among other organs, where they play an important role in cell excitability as well as in ion transport processes. they are both activated by na+ and cl- but show a differential regulation by cell volume changes. slick has been shown to be regulated by cell volume changes, whereas slack is insensitive. α-subunits of these channels form homomeric as well as heteromeric channels. it is the aim of this work to expl ...	2017	28222129
motor neurons tune premotor activity in a vertebrate central pattern generator.	central patterns generators (cpgs) are neural circuits that drive rhythmic motor output without sensory feedback. vertebrate cpgs are generally believed to operate in a top-down manner in which premotor interneurons activate motor neurons that in turn drive muscles. in contrast, the frog (xenopus laevis) vocal cpg contains a functionally unexplored neuronal projection from the motor nucleus to the premotor nucleus, indicating a recurrent pathway that may contribute to rhythm generation. in this ...	2017	28219984
a mutation in the g-protein gene gnb2 causes familial sinus node and atrioventricular conduction dysfunction.	familial sinus node and atrioventricular conduction dysfunction is a rare disorder that leads to paroxysmal dizziness, fatigue, and syncope because of a temporarily or permanently reduced heart rate. to date, only a few genes for familial sinus and atrioventricular conduction dysfunction are known, and the majority of cases remain pathogenically unresolved.	2017	28219978
disrupting effects of azocyclotin to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproduction of xenopus laevis.	over the past few decades, the hazards associated with the extensive use of organictin compounds have become an issue of extreme concern, while at present the effects of these substances on amphibians remain poorly understood. in the present study, we chose azocyclotin, one of common use acaricides in china. we focused on sexual development and steroidogenesis disrupting effects of azocyclotin in the xenopus laevis. tadpoles were exposed to azocyclotin (0.05 and 0.5μg/l) for long-term (4 months) ...	2017	28213302
the microtubule plus-end-tracking protein tacc3 promotes persistent axon outgrowth and mediates responses to axon guidance signals during development.	formation of precise neuronal connections requires proper axon guidance. microtubules (mts) of the growth cone provide a critical driving force during navigation of the growing ends of axons. pioneer mts and their plus-end tracking proteins (+tips) are thought to play integrative roles during this navigation. tacc3 is a + tip that we have previously implicated in regulating mt dynamics within axons. however, the role of tacc3 in axon guidance has not been previously explored.	2017	28202041
dynamic properties of calcium-activated chloride currents in xenopus laevis oocytes.	chloride is the most abundant permeable anion in the cell, and numerous studies in the last two decades highlight the great importance and broad physiological role of chloride currents mediated anion transport. they participate in a multiplicity of key processes, as for instance, the regulation of electrical excitability, apoptosis, cell cycle, epithelial secretion and neuronal excitability. in addition, dysfunction of cl- channels is involved in a variety of human diseases such as epilepsy, ost ...	2017	28198817
strong signal increase in sted fluorescence microscopy by imaging regions of subdiffraction extent.	photobleaching remains a limiting factor in superresolution fluorescence microscopy. this is particularly true for stimulated emission depletion (sted) and reversible saturable/switchable optical fluorescence transitions (resolft) microscopy, where adjacent fluorescent molecules are distinguished by sequentially turning them off (or on) using a pattern of light formed as a doughnut or a standing wave. in sample regions where the pattern intensity reaches or exceeds a certain threshold, the molec ...	2017	28193881
bile acids potentiate proton-activated currents in xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human acid-sensing ion channel (asic1a).	acid-sensing ion channels (asics) are nonvoltage-gated sodium channels transiently activated by extracellular protons and belong to the epithelial sodium channel (enac)/degenerin (deg) family of ion channels. bile acids have been shown to activate two members of this family, the bile acid-sensitive ion channel (basic) and enac. to investigate whether bile acids also modulate asic function, human asic1a was heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. exposing oocytes to tauro-conjugated c ...	2017	28193786
filaggrin has evolved from an "s100 fused-type protein" (sftp) gene present in a common ancestor of amphibians and mammals.	the expression of filaggrin in differentiated keratinocytes and the association of filaggrin mutations with ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis suggest that this prototypical member of the s100 fused-type protein (sftp) family plays a key role in the epidermal barrier to the environment. here, we report that sftp genes are present not only in amniotes but also in amphibians. four sftps are expressed in the skin of the frog xenopus laevis. the results of this study indicate that filaggrin h ...	2017	28191671
zebrafish transgenic constructs label specific neurons in xenopus laevis spinal cord and identify frog v0v spinal neurons.	a correctly functioning spinal cord is crucial for locomotion and communication between body and brain but there are fundamental gaps in our knowledge of how spinal neuronal circuitry is established and functions. to understand the genetic program that regulates specification and functions of this circuitry, we need to connect neuronal molecular phenotypes with physiological analyses. studies using xenopus laevis tadpoles have increased our understanding of spinal cord neuronal physiology and fu ...	2017	28188691
h(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate uptake in trypanosoma brucei is influenced by myo-inositol transporter.	trypanosoma brucei is an extracellular protozoan parasite that causes human african trypanosomiasis or "sleeping sickness". during the different phases of its life cycle, t. brucei depends on exogenous inorganic phosphate (pi), but little is known about the transport of pi in this organism. in the present study, we showed that the transport of (32)pi across the plasma membrane follows michaelis-menten kinetics and is modulated by ph variation, with higher activity at acidic ph. bloodstream forms ...	2017	28185085
identification of a mammalian silicon transporter.	silicon (si) has long been known to play a major physiological and structural role in certain organisms, including diatoms, sponges, and many higher plants, leading to the recent identification of multiple proteins responsible for si transport in a range of algal and plant species. in mammals, despite several convincing studies suggesting that silicon is an important factor in bone development and connective tissue health, there is a critical lack of understanding about the biochemical pathways ...	2017	28179233
the malaria parasite's lactate transporter pffnt is the target of antiplasmodial compounds identified in whole cell phenotypic screens.	in this study the 'malaria box' chemical library comprising 400 compounds with antiplasmodial activity was screened for compounds that perturb the internal ph of the malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. fifteen compounds induced an acidification of the parasite cytosol. two of these did so by inhibiting the parasite's formate nitrite transporter (pffnt), which mediates the h+-coupled efflux from the parasite of lactate generated by glycolysis. both compounds were shown to inhibit lactate tra ...	2017	28178359
pax2/pax8-defined subdomains and the occurrence of apoptosis in the posterior placodal area of mice.	the present work aims to improve our understanding of the causes and functions of apoptosis during the morphogenesis of epibranchial placodes in mice. schematic maps helped to compare the spatiotemporal sequence of apoptotic events with the protein expression patterns of general (six1) and specific placodal markers (pax2, pax8). our findings challenge the view that, in mammals, all three epibranchial placodes spring from the original posterior placodal area (ppa) of presomite or early somite emb ...	2017	28160066
capillary electrophoresis coupled to negative mode electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using an electrokinetically-pumped nanospray interface with primary amines grafted to the interior of a glass emitter.	we demonstrate an electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanospray interface for capillary electrophoresis coupled to negative mode electrospray mass spectrometry. in this interface, application of an electric field generates electro-osmotic flow at the interior of a glass emitter that is pulled to a 10-20µm inner diameter orifice. electro-osmotic flow pumps liquid around the distal tip of the separation capillary, ensheathing analyte into the electrospray electrolyte. in negative ion mode, negat ...	2017	28153293
mir-182 regulates slit2-mediated axon guidance by modulating the local translation of a specific mrna.	during brain wiring, cue-induced axon behaviors such as directional steering and branching are aided by localized mrna translation. different guidance cues elicit translation of subsets of mrnas that differentially regulate the cytoskeleton, yet little is understood about how specific mrnas are selected for translation. micrornas (mirnas) are critical translational regulators that act through a sequence-specific mechanism. here, we investigate the local role of mirnas in mrna-specific translatio ...	2017	28147273
pharmacological characterization of the excitatory 'cys-loop' gaba receptor family in caenorhabditis elegans.	ionotropic gaba receptors are evolutionarily conserved proteins that mediate cellular and network inhibition in both vertebrates and invertebrates. a unique class of excitatory gaba receptors has been identified in several nematode species. despite well-characterized functions in caenorhabditis elegans, little is known about the pharmacology of the excitatory gaba receptors exp-1 and lgc-35. using a panel of compounds that differentially activate and modulate ionotropic gaba receptors, we invest ...	2017	28146602
extracellular ca2+ is required for fertilization in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis.	the necessity of extracellular ca2+ for fertilization and early embryonic development in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, is controversial. ca2+ entry into x. laevis sperm is reportedly required for the acrosome reaction, yet fertilization and embryonic development have been documented to occur in high concentrations of the ca2+ chelator bapta. here we sought to resolve this controversy.	2017	28114360
atnpf2.5 modulates chloride (cl(-)) efflux from roots of arabidopsis thaliana.	the accumulation of high concentrations of chloride (cl(-)) in leaves can adversely affect plant growth. when comparing different varieties of the same cl(-) sensitive plant species those that exclude relatively more cl(-) from their shoots tend to perform better under saline conditions; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining low shoot cl(-) remain largely undefined. recently, it was shown that the nrt1/ptr family 2.4 protein (npf2.4) loads cl(-) into the root xylem, which aff ...	2016	28111585
molecular features of the l-type amino acid transporter 2 determine different import and export profiles for thyroid hormones and amino acids.	the l-type amino acid transporter 2 (lat2) imports amino acids (aa) and also certain thyroid hormones (th), e.g. 3,3'-t2 and t3, but not rt3 and t4. we utilized lat2 mutations (y130a, n133s, f242w) that increase 3,3'-t2 import and focus here on import and export capacity for aa, t4, t3, bch and derivatives thereof to delineate molecular features. transport studies and analysis of competitive inhibition of import by radiolabelled th and aa were performed in xenopus laevis oocytes. only y130a, a p ...	2017	28108384
diclofenac can exhibit estrogenic modes of action in male xenopus laevis, and affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and mating vocalizations.	diclofenac (dcf) is a non-steroidal analgesic and antiphlogistic. due to its tremendous use, dcf can be found in the environment, especially in sewage, but also surface waters, ground and drinking water. previous studies indicated that dcf can modulate the reproductive physiology of fish by altering the expression of important key enzymes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-axis (hpg-axis) and might act as an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical (edc). other studies, however, demonstrated th ...	2017	28107717
the nedd4 binding protein 3 is required for anterior neural development in xenopus laevis.	the fezzin family member nedd4-binding protein 3 (n4bp3) is known to regulate axonal and dendritic branching. here, we show that n4bp3 is expressed in the neural tissue of the early xenopus laevis embryo including the eye, the brain and neural crest cells. knockdown of n4bp3 in the xenopus anterior neural tissue results in severe developmental impairment of the eye, the brain and neural crest derived cranial cartilage structures. moreover, we demonstrate that n4bp3 depletion leads to a significa ...	2017	28104388
spinal cord regeneration in xenopus laevis.	here we present a protocol for the husbandry of xenopus laevis tadpoles and froglets, and procedures to study spinal cord regeneration. this includes methods to induce spinal cord injury (sci); dna and morpholino electroporation for genetic studies; in vivo imaging for cell analysis; a swimming test to measure functional recovery; and a convenient model for screening for new compounds that promote neural regeneration. these protocols establish x. laevis as a unique model organism for understandi ...	2017	28102835
differences in mobility at the range edge of an expanding invasive population of xenopus laevis in the west of france.	theoretical models predict that spatial sorting at the range edge of expanding populations should favor individuals with increased mobility relative to individuals at the center of the range. despite the fact that empirical evidence for the evolution of locomotor performance at the range edge is rare, data on cane toads support this model. however, whether this can be generalized to other species remains largely unknown. here, we provide data on locomotor stamina and limb morphology in individua ...	2017	28100805
automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells.	proper spindle positioning at anaphase onset is essential for normal tissue organization and function. here we develop automated spindle-tracking software and apply it to characterize mitotic spindle dynamics in the xenopus laevis embryonic epithelium. we find that metaphase spindles first undergo a sustained rotation that brings them on-axis with their final orientation. this sustained rotation is followed by a set of striking stereotyped rotational oscillations that bring the spindle into near ...	2017	28100633
scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients.	the concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. morphogen-dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of xenopus laevis is bisected into do ...	2017	28097650
hepatitis e virus orf3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the leading cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis globally. of hev's three orfs, the function of orf3 has remained elusive. here, we demonstrate that via homophilic interactions orf3 forms multimeric complexes associated with intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (er)-derived membranes. hev orf3 shares several structural features with class i viroporins, and the function of hev orf3 can be maintained by replacing it with the well-characterized viroporin influe ...	2017	28096411
high-throughput analysis reveals novel maternal germline rnas crucial for primordial germ cell preservation and proper migration.	during oogenesis, hundreds of maternal rnas are selectively localized to the animal or vegetal pole, including determinants of somatic and germline fates. although microarray analysis has identified localized determinants, it is not comprehensive and is limited to known transcripts. here, we utilized high-throughput rna-sequencing analysis to comprehensively interrogate animal and vegetal pole rnas in the fully grown xenopus laevis oocyte. we identified 411 (198 annotated) and 27 (15 annotated) ...	2017	28096217
amphibase: a new genomic resource for non-model amphibian species.	more than five thousand genes annotated in the recently published xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis genomes do not have a candidate orthologous counterpart in other vertebrate species. to determine whether these sequences represent genuine amphibian-specific genes or annotation errors, it is necessary to analyze them alongside sequences from other amphibian species. however, due to large genome sizes and an abundance of repeat sequences, there are limited numbers of gene sequences available ...	2017	28095648
xenopus as a model for studies in mechanical stress and cell division.	we exist in a physical world, and cells within biological tissues must respond appropriately to both environmental forces and forces generated within the tissue to ensure normal development and homeostasis. cell division is required for normal tissue growth and maintenance, but both the direction and rate of cell division must be tightly controlled to avoid diseases of over-proliferation such as cancer. recent studies have shown that mechanical cues can cause mitotic entry and orient the mitotic ...	2017	28095623
tools for live imaging of active rho gtpases in xenopus.	rho family gtpases are signaling molecules that orchestrate cytoskeletal dynamics in a variety of cellular processes. because they effect localized changes to the cytoskeleton only in their active (gtp-bound) conformation, the ability to monitor the active state of rho gtpases in space and time is critical for understanding their function. here, we summarize popular tools used for live imaging of active rho gtpases, outlining advantages and drawbacks of these approaches. additionally, we highlig ...	2017	28095620
xenopus egg extract to study regulation of genome-wide and locus-specific dna replication.	faithful dna replication, coupled with accurate repair of dna damage, is essential to maintain genome stability and relies on different dna metabolism genes. many of these genes are involved in the assembly of replication origins, in the coordination of dna repair to protect replication forks progression in the presence of dna damage and in the replication of repetitive chromatin regions. some dna metabolism genes are essential in higher eukaryotes, suggesting the existence of specialized mechan ...	2017	28095613
xenopus laevis as a model system to study cytoskeletal dynamics during axon pathfinding.	the model system, xenopus laevis, has been used in innumerable research studies and has contributed to the understanding of multiple cytoskeletal components, including actin, microtubules, and neurofilaments, during axon pathfinding. xenopus developmental stages have been widely characterized, and the xenopus genome has been sequenced, allowing gene expression modifications through exogenous molecules. xenopus cell cultures are ideal for long periods of live imaging because they are easily obtai ...	2017	28095612
quantifying the relative contributions of different solute carriers to aggregate substrate transport.	determining the contributions of different transporter species to overall cellular transport is fundamental for understanding the physiological regulation of solutes. we calculated the relative activities of solute carrier (slc) transporters using the michaelis-menten equation and global fitting to estimate the normalized maximum transport rate for each transporter (vmax). data input were the normalized measured uptake of the essential neutral amino acid (aa) l-leucine (leu) from concentration-d ...	2017	28091567
high variability of expression profiles of homeologous genes for wnt, hh, notch, and hippo signaling pathways in xenopus laevis.	cell signaling pathways, such as wnt, hedgehog (hh), notch, and hippo, are essential for embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. in this study, we analyzed 415 genes involved in these pathways in the allotetraploid frog, xenopus laevis. most genes are retained in two subgenomes called l and s (193 homeologous gene pairs and 29 singletons). this conservation rate of homeologs is much higher than that of all genes in the x. laevis genome (86.9% vs 60.2%). among singletons, 24 genes a ...	2017	28089430
aquaglyceroporins are the entry pathway of boric acid in trypanosoma brucei.	the boron element possesses a range of different effects on living beings. it is essential to beneficial at low concentrations, but toxic at excessive concentrations. recently, some boron-based compounds have been identified as promising molecules against trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. however, until now, the boron metabolism and its access route into the parasite remained elusive. the present study addressed the permeability of t. brucei aquaglyceroporins (tbaqps) ...	2017	28087364
reassessment of glut7 and glut9 as putative fructose and glucose transporters.	although increased dietary fructose consumption is associated with metabolic impairments, the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal fructose absorption are poorly understood. glut5 is considered to be the main intestinal fructose transporter. other glut family members, such as glut7 and glut9 are also expressed in the intestine and were shown to transport fructose and glucose. a conserved isoleucine-containing motif (nxi) was proposed to be essential for fructose transport capacity of glut7 an ...	2017	28083649
amphibian (xenopus laevis) tadpoles and adult frogs mount distinct interferon responses to the frog virus 3 ranavirus.	infections of amphibians by frog virus 3 (fv3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to the amphibian declines, yet much remains unknown regarding amphibian antiviral immunity. notably, amphibians represent an important step in the evolution of antiviral interferon (ifn) cytokines as they are amongst the first vertebrates to possess both type i and type iii ifns. accordingly, we examined the roles of type i and iii ifns in the skin of fv3-challenged amphibian xenopus l ...	2017	28081430
functional characterisation and cell specificity of bvsut1, the transporter that loads sucrose into the phloem of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) source leaves.	sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) is one of the most important sugar-producing plants worldwide and provides about one third of the sugar consumed by humans. here we report on molecular characterisation of the bvsut1 gene and on the functional characterisation of the encoded transporter. in contrast to the recently identified tonoplast-localised sucrose transporter bvtst2.1 from sugar beet taproots, which evolved within the monosaccharide transporter (mst) superfamily, bvsut1 represents a classical ...	2017	28075052
calpain-mediated proteolysis of talin and fak regulates adhesion dynamics necessary for axon guidance.	guidance of axons to their proper synaptic target sites requires spatially and temporally precise modulation of biochemical signals within growth cones. ionic calcium (ca2+) is an essential signal for axon guidance that mediates opposing effects on growth cone motility. the diverse effects of ca2+ arise from the precise localization of ca2+ signals into microdomains containing specific ca2+ effectors. for example, differences in the mechanical and chemical composition of the underlying substrata ...	2017	28069919
de novo mutations in smchd1 cause bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome and abrogate nasal development.	bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (bams) is an extremely rare and striking condition characterized by complete absence of the nose with or without ocular defects. we report here that missense mutations in the epigenetic regulator smchd1 mapping to the extended atpase domain of the encoded protein cause bams in all 14 cases studied. all mutations were de novo where parental dna was available. biochemical tests and in vivo assays in xenopus laevis embryos suggest that these mutations may behav ...	2017	28067911
mefloquine inhibits voltage dependent nav1.4 channel by overlapping the local anaesthetic binding site.	mefloquine constitutes a multitarget antimalaric that inhibits cation currents. however, the effect and the binding site of this compound on na+ channels is unknown. to address the mechanism of action of mefloquine, we employed two-electrode voltage clamp recordings on xenopus laevis oocytes, site-directed mutagenesis of the rat na+ channel, and a combined in silico approach using molecular dynamics and docking protocols. we found that mefloquine: i) inhibited nav1.4 currents (ic50 =60μm), ii) s ...	2017	28057491
eomesodermin-at dawn of cell fate decisions during early embryogenesis.	proteins of the large family of t-box transcription factors are implicated in a broad spectrum of developmental processes. loss-of-function mutations of t-box(tbx) factors frequently cause severe embryonic phenotypes, often resulting from defects in cell fate specification and lineage differentiation. this review summarizes current knowledge on the functions of the t-box transcription factor eomesodermin (eomes) from postfertilization development until gastrulation stages of vertebrate embryos. ...	2017	28057273
effects of amphibian phylogeny, climate and human impact on the occurrence of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus.	chytridiomycosis, due to the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), has been associated with the alarming decline and extinction crisis of amphibians worldwide. because conservation programs are implemented locally, it is essential to understand how the complex interactions among host species, climate and human activities contribute to bd occurrence at regional scales. using weighted phylogenetic regressions and model selection, we investigated geographic patterns of bd occurrence along a l ...	2017	28055125
mutations in gabrb3: from febrile seizures to epileptic encephalopathies.	to examine the role of mutations in gabrb3 encoding the β3 subunit of the gabaa receptor in individual patients with epilepsy with regard to causality, the spectrum of genetic variants, their pathophysiology, and associated phenotypes.	2017	28053010
global decay of mrna is a hallmark of apoptosis in aging xenopus eggs.	cytoplasmic mrnas are specifically degraded in somatic cells as a part of early apoptotic response. however, no reports have been presented so far concerning mrna fate in apoptotic gametes. in the present study, we analyzed the content of various cytoplasmic mrnas in aging oocytes and eggs of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis. to circumvent large gene expression variation among the individual oocytes and eggs, single-cell monitoring of transcript levels has been implemented, using multiple ...	2017	28045588