Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| use of carbon-13 as a population marker for anopheles arabiensis in a sterile insect technique (sit) context. | monitoring of sterile to wild insect ratios in field populations can be useful to follow the progress in genetic control programmes such as the sterile insect technique (sit). of the numerous methods for marking insects most are not suitable for use in mass rearing and mass release. suitable ones include dye marking, genetic marking and chemical marking. | 2006 | 16445865 |
| malaria vectors in angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. | malaria is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in angola, being responsible for 50% of all outpatient attendance and around 22% of all hospital deaths, yet by 2003 only 2% of under-5s used insecticide-treated nets. entomological studies are an essential foundation for rational malaria control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but there have been no published studies of malaria vectors in angola over the 27 years of the civil war, to its end in 2002. th ... | 2006 | 16420701 |
| pupal habitat productivity of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a rural village in western kenya. | the productivity of larval habitats of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae for pupae (the stage preceding adult metamorphosis) is poorly known, yet adult emergence from habitats is the primary determinant of vector density. to assess it, we used absolute sampling methods in four studies involving daily sampling for 25 days in 6 habitat types in a village in western kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. comprised 82.5% of emergent adults and anopheles arabiensis the remainder. pupal production occurred ... | 2006 | 16407346 |
| evaluation of environmental data for identification of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in kisumu and malindi, kenya. | this research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (mti) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for kisumu and malindi, kenya, during february and march 2001. all entomological parameters were collected from january to may 2001, june to august 2002, and june to august 2003. in a poisson ... | 2005 | 16365996 |
| can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in tigray, ethiopia? | the development of irrigation schemes by dam construction has led to an increased risk of malaria in tigray, ethiopia. we carried out a pilot study near a microdam to assess whether environmental management could reduce malaria transmission by anopheles arabiensis, the main vector in ethiopia. the study took place in deba village, close to a dam; maisheru village, situated 3-4 km away from the dam, acted as a control. baseline entomological and clinical data were collected in both villages durin ... | 2005 | 16359409 |
| population structure of anopheles arabiensis on la réunion island, indian ocean. | anopheles arabiensis, together with anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, are the most important vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. the malaria situation keeps worsening, with 1 to 3 million deaths a year, and alternative strategies are needed to decrease malaria transmission intensity. in this paper, we studied the population structure of an. arabiensis from three sample sites on the remote indian ocean island of la réunion. our results showed strong genetic structuring between an. arab ... | 2005 | 16354815 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern lake victoria, uganda. | alternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. the study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four lake victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow. | 2005 | 16336684 |
| centromere-proximal differentiation and speciation in anopheles gambiae. | the m and s molecular forms of anopheles gambiae are undergoing speciation as they adapt to heterogeneities in the environment, spreading malaria in the process. we hypothesized that their divergence despite gene flow is facilitated by reduced recombination at the centromeric (proximal) end of the x chromosome. we sequenced introns from 22 x chromosome genes in m and s from two locations of west africa where the forms are sympatric. generally, in both forms nucleotide diversity was high distally ... | 2005 | 16247019 |
| microsatellite and mitochondrial genetic differentiation of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from western kenya, the great rift valley, and coastal kenya. | the population genetic structure of the african malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from western kenya, the great rift valley, and coastal kenya was investigated using 12 microsatellite loci and a partial sequence of mtdna dehydrogenase gene subunit 5 (nd5). the mean number of alleles and the observed heterozygosity were similar for the mosquito populations from the three regions as revealed by the microsatellite data. a total of 30 polymorphic sites in the nd5 gene defined 39 haplotypes. six ha ... | 2005 | 16222017 |
| impact of insecticide-treated bed nets implementation on the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis in an area of irrigated rice fields in the sahelian region of cameroon. | variation at 12 microsatellite loci was investigated to assess the impact of the implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) on the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis in simatou, a village surrounded by irrigated rice fields in the sahelian area of cameroon. the an. arabiensis population of simatou was sampled twice before itn implementation, and twice after. effective population size estimates (n(e)) were similar across each time point, except for the period closely following i ... | 2005 | 16202089 |
| anopheles arabiensis: abundance and insecticide resistance in an irrigated area of eastern sudan. | the abundance of anopheles arabiensis and its susceptibility to insecticides was studied in new halfa, eastern sudan, from march 1999 to june 2000. of 4854 females anophelines collected, 4847 (99.9%) were an. arabiensis and 7 (0.1%) an. pharoensis. female an. arabiensis were breeding throughout the year, with 2 peak densities, during the rainy (158.4 females/room/day and 84.7 larvae/10 dips) and irrigated seasons (136.8 females/room/day and 44.8 larvae/10 dips). the mean biting activity was 28.8 ... | 2004 | 16201723 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | between 1995 and 2000, kwazulu-natal province, south africa, experienced a marked increase in plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. in response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (al) was deployed in the first ministry of health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in africa. in south africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. malaria is dia ... | 2005 | 16187798 |
| physiology of desiccation resistance in anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis. | desiccation resistance and water balance were studied in the adult female mosquitoes anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. when the two species were reared from egg to adult under identical conditions, an. arabiensis had significantly higher desiccation resistance than did an. gambiae. data are presented that indicate that this difference in desiccation resistance is associated with a higher body water content prior to desiccation in an. arabiensis. no differences in rate of ... | 2005 | 16172480 |
| biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheles arabiensis from sille, ethiopia. | the man-biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheline mosquitoes were investigated in sille, a hyperendemic malarious area in southern ethiopia. seven anopheles species were identified from all night landing collections, conducted from 18:00 to 06:00h between october 2001 and august 2002. the predominant species was anopheles arabiensis (55.8%), followed by anopheles coustani (31.5%), anopheles pharoensis (9.5%), anopheles funestus (2.2%), anopheles nili (0.5%), anopheles marshall ... | 2006 | 16171769 |
| rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) in sub-saharan africa. | the rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) methodology aims to provide a cost-effective tool to conduct rapid assessments of the malaria situation in urban sub-saharan africa and to improve the understanding of urban malaria epidemiology. | 2005 | 16153298 |
| infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to anopheles arabiensis after treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine induces increased gametocytaemia when used for treating plasmodium falciparum malaria. laboratory-reared anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were fed with blood from patients with post-therapeutic gametocytaemia using a membrane feeder. fourteen days later the heads and thoraxes of 613 mosquitoes were negative for p. falciparum sporozoites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2003 | 16117968 |
| identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. | to date, no polymerase chain reaction diagnostic technique exists to directly identify mammalian blood meals from mosquitoes by sized dna fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. we have developed a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on mitochondrial cytochrome b to identify the mammalian blood hosts of field-collected mosquitoes. although designed for the study of african malaria vectors, the application of this tool is not restricted to this disease system. validation of ... | 2005 | 16103600 |
| plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of manhiça district, mozambique. | we compared the distribution patterns of individual plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. comparisons concerned circulating plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. plasmodium falciparum was the predomin ... | 2005 | 16094461 |
| transmission of malaria in the tesseney area of eritrea: parasite prevalence in children, and vector density, host preferences, and sporozoite rate. | malaria transmission was studied from july to september, 2002 in three villages of the tesseney sub-zone, in the western lowlands of eritrea. the three methods used for mosquito collection were light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit shelter collections. all anopheline mosquitoes that were collected belonged to the anopheles gambiae complex and they were identified by pcr as the sibling species anopheles arabiensis (patton). apart from an. arabiensis, the only other mosquitoes caught were ... | 2005 | 16007952 |
| vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in mali. | anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. in large irrigation projects, such as that around niono, mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. one hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. we analyzed serial collections from 18 vil ... | 2005 | 15964957 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| chromosome speciation: humans, drosophila, and mosquitoes. | chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. according to the "hybrid-dysfunction" model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing ... | 2005 | 15851677 |
| assessing the origin of species in the genomic era. | advances in genomics have rapidly accelerated research into the genetics of species differences, reproductive isolating barriers, and hybrid incompatibility. recent genomic analyses in drosophila species suggest that modified olfactory cues are involved in discrimination that is reinforced by natural selection. | 2005 | 15833132 |
| entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in manhiça, a rural area in southern mozambique. | from october 1997 to september 1998, an entomological survey was carried out in manhiça, mozambique, to describe the anopheline population and intensity of malaria transmission. ten different huts were randomly selected for entomological surveillance throughout the year. cdc light trap collections were conducted during three nights each month. additional knockdown spraying catches were carried out in the morning, after the last catch. a total of 17,245 culicinae and 1,251 anophelinae were collec ... | 2005 | 15799528 |
| malaria epidemic and drug resistance, djibouti. | analysis of plasmodium falciparum isolates collected before, during, and after a 1999 malaria epidemic in djibouti shows that, despite a high prevalence of resistance to chloroquine, the epidemic cannot be attributed to a sudden increase in drug resistance of local parasite populations. | 2005 | 15752455 |
| identification and expression of odorant-binding proteins of the malaria-carrying mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis. | host preference and blood feeding are restricted to female mosquitoes. olfaction plays a major role in host-seeking behaviour, which is likely to be associated with a subset of mosquito olfactory genes. proteins involved in olfaction include the odorant receptors (ors) and the odorant-binding proteins (obps). obps are thought to function as a carrier within insect antennae for transporting odours to the olfactory receptors. here we report the annotation of 32 genes encoding putative obps in the ... | 2005 | 15717318 |
| epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in niamey, niger. | malaria takes a heavy toll in niger, one of the world's poorest countries. previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the integrated management of childhood illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. the aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the national hospital of niamey, niger's main referral hos ... | 2005 | 15703076 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| comparative performance of the mbita trap, cdc light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of anopheles arabiensis, an. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western kenya. | mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. however, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. the mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in kenya. however, the mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemi ... | 2005 | 15667666 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| could insecticide-treated cattle reduce afrotropical malaria transmission? effects of deltamethrin-treated zebu on anopheles arabiensis behaviour and survival in ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) is the most widespread vector of malaria in the afrotropical region. because an. arabiensis feeds readily on cattle as well as humans, the insecticide-treatment of cattle--as employed to control tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) and ticks (acari: ixodidae)--might simultaneously affect the malaria vectorial capacity of this mosquito. therefore, we conducted field experiments in southern ethiopia to establish whether zebu cattle (bos indicus l.) treated ... | 2004 | 15642008 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |
| an active transposable element, herves, from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | transposable elements have proven to be invaluable tools for genetically manipulating a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes. some have suggested that they could be used to spread desirable genes, such as refractoriness to plasmodium infection, through target populations of anopheles gambiae, thereby disabling the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria. to achieve this, a transposon must remain mobile and intact after the initial introduction into the genome. endogenous, active class ii ... | 2005 | 15545643 |
| responses of adult mosquitoes of two sibling species, anopheles arabiensis and a. gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), to high temperatures. | it is well known that amongst the sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex, a. arabiensis patton predominates over a. gambiae sensu stricto giles in hotter, drier parts of africa. here it was investigated whether a. arabiensis is better adapted to higher temperatures than a. gambiae s.s. at the microclimatic level. bioassays were used to assess behavioural avoidance activity of adult mosquitoes in the presence of increasing temperature. female mosquitoes were introduced into a holding tu ... | 2004 | 15385063 |
| ethnobotanical survey and testing of plants traditionally used against hematophagous insects in eritrea. | an ethnobotanical study was conducted to find plants traditionally used against nuisance insects in three regions of eritrea: highland, eastern escarpment and wet lowland. six plants were collected, two of them were reported to be used against mosquitoes (ocimum forskolei, lamiaceae and nicotiana glauca, solanaceae), two others against fleas (salvia shimperi, lamiaceae and otostegia integrifolia, lamiaceae) and neorautanenia mitis (fabaceae) and calpurnea aurea (fabaceae) against animal lice. th ... | 2004 | 15374613 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| attractiveness of pregnant women to the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, in sudan. | the attractiveness of pregnant women for mosquitoes was investigated in a peri-urban site in new halfa, eastern sudan, in september-october 2003. for 20 nights, the mosquitoes feeding on nine pregnant and nine non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets were collected. the women slept outdoors, in the yards of nine houses, each yard holding one pregnant and one non-pregnant woman. in general, each pregnant woman attracted significantly more anopheles arabiensis (the main vector of plasmo ... | 2004 | 15324469 |
| a simulation model of african anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. | malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. however, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to insecticides and drugs. | 2004 | 15285781 |
| insecticide susceptibility level of anopheles arabiensis in two agrodevelopment localities in eastern ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis strains reared from larvae and pupae collected from two different localities, metehara and melka-worer, eastern ethiopia, were evaluated against three insecticides. resistance states of adult females were determined using the who test kits under field condition. the insecticides used were who discriminating doses of 4% ddt, 0.75% permethrin and 0.1% propoxur. the study revealed that 42.5% of the an. arabiensis population was resistant to ddt in melka-worer while only 30% of ... | 2003 | 15270536 |
| first report of a kdr mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso, west africa. | the leu-phe kdr mutation was detected in a specimen of anopheles arabiensis during an extensive survey of pyrethroid resistance in an. gambiae s.l. in burkina faso. the detection of this mutation in an. arabiensis, which had so far been observed only in an. gambiae s.s., is important at both epidemiologic and fundamental levels. it can be useful to understand the history of this gene throughout the range of an. gambiae complex. | 2004 | 15264630 |
| seasonal abundance, vector behavior, and malaria parasite transmission in eritrea. | entomological studies were conducted over a 24-month period in 8 villages to establish the behavior patterns, seasonal densities, and variation in entomological inoculation rates (eirs) of anopheles arabiensis, the main vector of malaria in eritrea. a total of 5,683 anopheline mosquitoes were collected through indoor sampling (1,613), human-landing catches (2,711), and outdoor pit shelters (1,359). overall, an. arabiensis was the predominant species at all of the study sites, with its population ... | 2004 | 15264625 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. | malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ... | 2004 | 15225985 |
| short report: a new polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to identify anopheles arabiensis from an. gambiae and its two molecular forms from degraded dna templates or museum samples. | we present a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to simultaneously distinguish the two anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms and anopheles arabiensis. this method uses different diagnostic sites than previously published methods, and it is based on the amplification of a smaller ribosomal dna fragment. we have tested this protocol in a variety of samples from different geographic regions and various ages of preservation to ascertain the robustness of thi ... | 2004 | 15210999 |
| the effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in a kenyan village. | the population dynamics of the larval and adult life stages of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles were studied in miwani, western kenya, in relation to meteorological conditions. larval density within a habitat, the number of larval habitats and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of larval population dynamics. female vector densities inside local houses and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of adult population dynamics. larval densit ... | 2004 | 15177140 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| characterization of potential larval habitats for anopheles mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in malindi, kenya. | background: this study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. malindi, a city on the coast of kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (gps) technology, and a geographic information system (gis) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a s ... | 2004 | 15125778 |
| the residual life of bendiocarb: a field-based evaluation from mozambique. | the residual life of bendiocarb was evaluated under field conditions in southern mozambique. bioassays conducted at monthly intervals using susceptible anopheles arabiensis demonstrated that bendiocarb had an effective residual life of 6 mo. the different types of surfaces sprayed did not affect the residual life of bendiocarb. therefore, to achieve effective control in a malaria-endemic area such as southern mozambique, two spray rounds per annum are necessary. | 2004 | 14989356 |
| larval habitat diversity and ecology of anopheline larvae in eritrea. | studies on the spatial distribution of anopheline mosquito larvae were conducted in 302 villages over two transmission seasons in eritrea. additional longitudinal studies were also conducted at eight villages over a 24-mo period to determine the seasonal variation in anopheline larval densities. eight anopheline species were identified with anopheles arabiensis predominating in most of the habitats. other species collected included: an. cinereus, an. pretoriensis, an. d'thali, an. funestus, an. ... | 2003 | 14765671 |
| a component of maize pollen that stimulates larval mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to feed and increases toxicity of microbial larvicides. | to explain how larval anopheles arabiensis patton feed effectively in the turbid water in which they frequently develop, we determined whether an extractable component of maize, zea mays l., pollen enhances feeding by these mosquitoes. maturing maize produces a copious amount of wind-borne pollen that is nutritious enough and produced over a sufficient period to support the development of at least one generation of anopheline mosquitoes. larval an. arabiensis readily ingest the contents of maize ... | 2003 | 14765663 |
| life table characteristics of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) under simulated seasonal conditions. | life tables provide a summary of mortality and reproductive schedules and can help explain why certain species proliferate in particular environments. life table characteristics of alopheles arabiensis, under a range of simulated seasonal temperature were determined. f1 progeny of field-collected material were observed at four fluctuating temperatures with means of 17.9, 23.2, 26.1, and 21.4 degrees c, representing winter, spring, summer and autumn temperature profiles. gonotrophic cycles, egg h ... | 2003 | 14765646 |
| measurement of antibody levels against region ii of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western kenya. | region ii of the 175-kda erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175rii) of plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-eba-175rii antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of eba-175rii to erythrocytes, and (iii) ... | 2004 | 14742515 |
| high seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in africa. | entomologic studies were conducted in eight villages to investigate the patterns of malaria transmission in different ecologic zones in eritrea. mosquito collections were conducted for 24 months between september 1999 and january 2002. the biting rates of anopheles arabiensis were highly seasonal, with activity concentrated in the wet season between june and october in the highlands and western lowlands, and between december and march in the coastal region. the biting rates in the western lowlan ... | 2003 | 14740876 |
| malaria transmission in southern madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. part 1. entomological investigations. | a 4-year entomological study was carried out in southern madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. three villages were involved in this entomological survey: androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). mosquitoes were collected inside and ... | 2004 | 14732241 |
| ammonium sulphate fertiliser increases larval populations of anopheles arabiensis and culicine mosquitoes in rice fields. | field experiments were conducted in central kenya, to study the effect of ammonium sulphate fertiliser ((nh(4))(2)so(4)) on mosquito larval populations in rice fields. the experiments used a complete randomised block design having four blocks with two experimental ponds per block, and the fertiliser and control treatments allocated randomly among the ponds. student's two-sample unpaired t-test was used to test for the significance of differences between the relative counts of larvae in fertilise ... | 2004 | 14732240 |
| a transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in kenya. | an ecosystem approach was applied to study the links between malaria and agriculture in mwea division, kenya. the study was organized into five phases. phase i had two components including a stakeholder workshop conducted with community representatives and other key stakeholders, and the collation of data on common diseases from outpatient service records at the local hospital. phase i aimed at an a priori needs-assessment in order to focus the research agenda. workshop participants directly con ... | 2004 | 14732239 |
| global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. | global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ... | 2004 | 14726459 |
| [ecoethology of vectors and transmission of malaria in the lowland rice growing region of mandritsara, madagascar ]. | to evaluate the determining factors of the malaria transmission in the northwest region of madagascar, transversal studies were carried out through one year, from march 1997 to april 1998, in two villages located near mandritsara, at less than 300 meters above sea level. the rice-growing region forms an intermediate zone between the central highlands with epidemic and instable malaria and the coastal zone with endemic and stable malaria. mosquitoes were collected when landing on humans during th ... | 2003 | 14717053 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in ethiopia and eritrea. | this study examined the population genetic structure of the major malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, in ethiopia and eritrea. ethiopia and eritrea have great geographical diversity, with high mountains, rugged plateaus, deep gorges, and rolling plains. the plateau is bisected diagonally by the great rift valley into the northwestern highlands and the southeastern highlands. five a. arabiensis populations from the northwestern highlands region and two populations from high-altitude ... | 2003 | 14691312 |
| togetherness among plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: interpretation through simulation and consequences for malaria transmission. | previous experimental gametocyte infections of anopheles arabiensis on 3 volunteers naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum were conducted in senegal. they showed that gametocyte counts in the mosquitoes are, like macroparasite intakes, heterogeneous (overdispersed). they followed a negative binomial distribution, the overdispersion coefficient seeming constant (k = 3.1). to try to explain this heterogeneity, we used an individual-based model (ibm), simulating the behaviour of gametocytes ... | 2003 | 14653532 |
| anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus resistance to ddt in south africa. | the malaria control programme of kwazulu-natal province, south africa, includes mamfene and mlambo communities. western-type houses there are currently sprayed with deltamethrin, whereas traditional houses are sprayed with ddt for malaria control. in 2002, mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from ddt-sprayed houses, by window exit traps, and from man-baited nets outdoors. larval collections were also carried out at mzinweni pan near mlambo. species of ... | 2003 | 14651656 |
| is the mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of madagascar? | background: one method of collecting mosquitoes is to use human beings as bait. this is called human landing collection and is a reference method for evaluating mosquito density per person. the mbita trap, described by mathenge et al in the literature, consists of an entry-no return device whereby humans are used as bait but cannot be bitten. we compared the mbita trap and human landing collection in field conditions to estimate mosquito density and malaria transmission. methods: our study was c ... | 2003 | 14624701 |
| distribution of the species of the anopheles gambiae complex and first evidence of anopheles merus as a malaria vector in madagascar. | background: members of the anopheles gambiae complex are amongst the best malaria vectors in the world, but their vectorial capacities vary between species and populations. a large-scale sampling of an. gambiae sensu lato was carried out in various bioclimatic domains of madagascar. local abundance of an unexpected member of this complex raised questions regarding its role in malaria transmission. methods: sampling took place at 38 sites and 2,067 females were collected. species assessment was p ... | 2003 | 14609436 |
| seven essential oils inhibit anopheles arabiensis mosquito biting. | 2002 | 14562601 | |
| efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing anopheles larvae in eritrea. | we evaluated the larvicidal activity of the granular formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) serotype h-14 (vectobac g, 200 itu/mg) and bacillus sphaericus (bsph) serotype h5a5b (vectolex cg, 670 bs itu/mg) against anopheles arabiensis and other mosquitoes in breeding habitats in 3 sites, gash-barka, anseba, and debub zones, in eritrea. the primary objective was to determine the optimal application rate and duration of effect for bti and bsph in representative larval habitats as ... | 2003 | 14524547 |
| semipermeable species boundaries between anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus dna sequence variation. | attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. in particular, an. gambiae, the primary african malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either anopheles arabiensis or anopheles merus. the recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as t ... | 2003 | 12947038 |
| pyrethroid resistance/susceptibility and differential urban/rural distribution of anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae s.s. malaria vectors in nigeria and ghana. | resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and ddt caused by the kdr gene in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) has been reported in several west african countries. to test for pyrethroid resistance in two more countries, we sampled populations of the an. gambiae complex from south-western ghana and from urban and rural localities in ogun state, south-west nigeria. adult mosquitoes, reared from field-collected larvae, were exposed to the who-recommended discriminatin ... | 2003 | 12941018 |
| egg hatching, larval movement and larval survival of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in desiccating habitats. | although the effects of rainfall on the population dynamics of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae have been studied in great detail, the effects of dry periods on its survival remain less clear. | 2003 | 12919636 |
| enhancement of development of larval anopheles arabiensis by proximity to flowering maize (zea mays) in turbid water and when crowded. | to determine whether proximity to flowering maize enhances the development of larval anopheline mosquitoes breeding in turbid water and when crowded, we evaluated the development of larval anopheles arabiensis under various conditions of turbidity, larval density, and proximity to pollen-shedding maize in simulated breeding puddles in a malaria-endemic site. in naturally formed puddles, water turbidity, as well as larval density, increased as the rainy season progressed. in sites remote from flo ... | 2003 | 12887038 |
| 'a mate or a meal'--pre-gravid behaviour of female anopheles gambiae from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, west africa. | malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of são tomé and príncipe. this may be due to differences in the biology of local anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of ... | 2003 | 12801421 |
| impact of cattle keeping on human biting rate of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around ziway, ethiopia. | to assess the impact of livestock keeping on the human biting rate (hbr) of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around ziway in the middle course of the ethiopian rift valley. | 2002 | 12625690 |
| malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya. | the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ... | 2002 | 12537599 |
| examining the determinants of mosquito-avoidance practices in two kenyan cities. | this study assesses the behavioural and socio-economic factors associated with avoiding mosquitoes and preventing malaria in urban environments in kenya. | 2002 | 12495438 |
| the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya. | since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ... | 2002 | 12495180 |
| influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya. | the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ... | 2002 | 12363061 |
| advantages of larval control for african malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. | based on sensitivity analysis of the macdonald-ross model, it has long been argued that the best way to reduce malaria transmission is to target adult female mosquitoes with insecticides that can reduce the longevity and human-feeding frequency of vectors. however, these analyses have ignored a fundamental biological difference between mosquito adults and the immature stages that precede them: adults are highly mobile flying insects that can readily detect and avoid many intervention measures wh ... | 2002 | 12153709 |
| host selection by anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus feeding on cattle in zimbabwe. | in the zambezi valley, mosquito females of the anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from a hut containing pairs of cattle distinguishable by known dna markers. dna was extracted from the blood-fed mosquito abdomens and primer sets for ungulate and mosquito dna loci were used to identify the mosquito sibling species and individual host source(s) of their bloodmeals. the 67 mosquitoes comprised a mixture of an. arabiensis patton (31%) and an. quadriannulatus theobald ... | 2002 | 12109716 |
| a marked seasonality of malaria transmission in two rural sites in eastern sudan. | the ecology of anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern sudan. seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. following the end of the short rainy season in october the number of a. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until february when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. vectors re-appeared in june as humidity ro ... | 2002 | 12062795 |
| a possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields. | rice fields are efficient breeding places for malaria vectors in madagascar. in order to establish as easily as possible if a rice field is an effective larval site for anophelines, we compared classical dipping versus a net as methods of collecting larvae. | 2002 | 12057018 |
| malaria transmission risk variations derived from different agricultural practices in an irrigated area of northern tanzania. | malaria vector anopheles and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were monitored for 12 months during 1994-95 in villages of lower moshi irrigation area (37 degrees 20' e, 3 degrees 21' s; approximately 700 m a.s.l.) south of mount kilimanjaro in northern tanzania. adult mosquito populations were sampled fortnightly by five methods: human bait collection indoors (18.00-06.00 hours) and outdoors (18.00-24.00 hours); from daytime resting-sites indoors and outdoors; by cdc light-traps over sleeper ... | 2002 | 11963979 |
| malaria outbreak control in an african village by community application of 'deet' mosquito repellent to ankles and feet. | the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) shows a marked predilection (> 80%) for biting the ankles and feet of human subjects, as revealed by our previous observations at malahlapanga in the kruger national park, south africa. topical application of insect repellent, 15% deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), to feet and ankles reduced the overall biting rate of an. arabiensis by 69%. a focal malaria epidemic in albertsnek village (25 degrees 33's, 31 degrees 59' e) nea ... | 2002 | 11963976 |
| spatial and habitat distribution of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in banambani village, mali. | we studied the larval distribution and composition of anopheles arabiensis patton, an. gambiae s.s. giles, and its forms, among local habitats; and their association with the adults between these habitats in banambani village, mali during the mid-rainy seasons of 1997-1999. for species and form identification we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and pcr-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp). differences among species in the distribution of larvae were observed in 1998, but not in 19 ... | 2002 | 11931274 |
| [chromosomal polymorphism of populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from reunion island and cross-fertility among continental african populations]. | cytological examination of a sample of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes from reunion island revealed the presence of an. arabiensis only. chromosomal polymorphisms were observed only for inversion 3ra, the standard homozygote form being predominant. cross-mating experiments with laboratory specimens originating from continental africa produced viable and fertile offspring with no chromosomal asynapsis observed in the f1 female progeny. there was no evidence for speciation of the reunion isla ... | 2001 | 11921546 |
| population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis across nigeria suggests range expansion. | ten microsatellite loci, four located within and six outside chromosome inversions, were employed to study the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savannah in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south). regardless of location within or outside inversions, genetic variability at all loci was characterized by a reduction in both the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity from savannah to forest. across all loci, all but one ... | 2001 | 11883874 |
| evidence for memorized site-fidelity in anopheles arabiensis. | a mark-recapture experiment was carried out in northern tanzania to determine whether anopheles arabiensis exhibits memory, by investigating if bloodfed individuals would return to either the location or the host where or on which they had obtained a previous bloodmeal, behaviours termed site-fidelity and host-fidelity respectively. over 4300 mosquitoes were collected from 2 houses, marked with different fluorescent colours according to whether they were caught in cattle sheds, 'cattle-fed', or ... | 2001 | 11816426 |
| the feeding behaviour and plasmodium infection of anopheles mosquitoes in southern ethiopia in relation to use of insecticide-treated livestock for malaria control. | anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus species b mosquitoes were collected at sites of human and livestock housing and analysed for blood feeding patterns and infection with malaria sporozoites. a low percentage of human blood meals at some sites suggested that zooprophylaxis could be effective in reducing challenge from plasmodium falciparum. | 2001 | 11816425 |
| the distribution of two major malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, in nigeria. | the distribution of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south) was investigated. results of the present study were compared to the distributions determined from samples of indoor-resting females reported by an earlier study over 20 years ago. larvae were sampled in the rainy seasons of 1997 and 1999 from 24 localities, 10 of which were sampled in both years. specimens were identified by th ... | 2001 | 11784926 |
| cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination between anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis larval karyotypes. | examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. a discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the an. gambiae mopti 2rbc/bc karyotype from mali could be separated from the forest 2la/a karyotype from liberia in > 80% of cases. similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of anopheles arabiensi ... | 2001 | 11784439 |
| a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ... | 2002 | 11779831 |
| the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations. | a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ... | 2001 | 11706651 |
| repellent effects on anopheles arabiensis biting humans in kruger park, south africa. | distribution of biting sites on the human body by the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was investigated near a source of mosquitoes in the kruger national park, south africa. eight adult male volunteers (2 teams x 2 pairs of subjects) conducted human bait collections while seated on camp chairs in the open-air, wearing only short trousers (no shirt, socks or shoes). mosquito collections during 18.30-22.30 hours on five consecutive nights in april 1998 yielded a tot ... | 2001 | 11583446 |
| when genetic distance matters: measuring genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci in whole-genome scans of recent and incipient mosquito species. | genetic distance measurements are an important tool to differentiate field populations of disease vectors such as the mosquito vectors of malaria. here, we have measured the genetic differentiation between anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae, as well as between proposed emerging species of the latter taxon, in whole genome scans by using 23-25 microsatellite loci. in doing so, we have reviewed and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of standard parameters of genetic distance, f(st) ... | 2001 | 11553812 |
| the impact of indoor residual spraying with malathion on malaria in refugee camps in eastern sudan. | an exploratory trial of the efficacy of indoor spraying with malathion on morbidity and mortality in refugee camps in eastern sudan was conducted during the rainy season of 1997. the interior walls of houses from a randomly selected group of five camps were sprayed with malathion in mid-september and morbidity and mortality rates in the camps for the months october to december compared with rates in five controls. pyrethrum spray collection and human landing catches were performed in two collect ... | 2001 | 11495638 |
| lymphatic filariasis in ghana: entomological investigation of transmission dynamics and intensity in communities served by irrigation systems in the upper east region of ghana. | we conducted an entomological study to document the effect of irrigation on the vectors and transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis in the upper east region of ghana. mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses in a cluster of communities located around irrigation projects (tono and vea) and others without reservoirs (azoka). anopheles gambiae s.s. was the dominant species and major vector, followed by an. funestus. anopheles arabiensis constituted 9--14% of the an. gambiae comp ... | 2001 | 11469943 |
| comparison of direct and membrane feeding methods to infect anopheles arabiensis with plasmodium falciparum. | two standard methods are available to infect mosquitoes with malaria parasites: direct feeding through the skin of the gametocyte carrier, and membrane feeding. anopheles arabiensis collected at larval stages and reared in an insectary were fed in parallel by feeding on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers and by membrane feeding on venous blood of the same gametocyte carriers. infection of mosquitoes was assessed at day 7 post bloodmeal by oocyst count of the mosquito midguts. the followin ... | 2001 | 11425159 |
| evidence for recent population expansion in the evolutionary history of the malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae. | gene flow in malaria vectors is usually estimated based on differentiation indices (e.g., f(st)) in order to predict the contemporary spread of genes such as those conferring resistance to insecticides. this approach is reliant on a number of assumptions, the most crucial, and the one most likely to be violated in these species, being mutation-migration-drift equilibrium. tests of this assumption for the african malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis are the focus of this stu ... | 2001 | 11420373 |