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innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with c. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. three hundred ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. on d 14, birds were orally chal ...201222499867
differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines.changes in the expression levels of avian β-defensin (avbd) mrna were evaluated in necrotic enteritis (ne) disease model in 2 genetically disparate commercial broiler chicken lines: ross and cobb. the ne was initiated in the gut by a previously established co-infection model using oral eimeria maxima infection followed by a clostridium perfringens challenge. among the 14 avbd types examined, there was a tissue-specific expression of avbd transcripts: avbd1, avbd7, and avbd9 in the crop; avbd8, a ...201222499864
alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol are translocated by the same mprf flippases and have similar capacities to protect against the antibiotic daptomycin in staphylococcus aureus.the lysinylation of negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol by mprf proteins reduces the affinity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) for bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and reduces the susceptibility of several gram-positive bacterial pathogens to camps. mprf of staphylococcus aureus encompasses a lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lys-pg) synthase and a lys-pg flippase domain. in contrast, clostridium perfringens encodes two mprf homologs which specifically synthesize alanyl-phosphatidylglycer ...201222491694
survival and germination of clostridium perfringens spores during heating and cooling of ground pork.the effect of heating rate on the heat resistance, germination, and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during cooking of cured ground pork was investigated. inoculated cured ground pork portions were heated from 20 to 75°c at a rate of 4, 8, or 12°c/h and then held at 75°c for 48 h. no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the heat resistance of c. perfringens spores were observed in cured ground pork heated at 4, 8, or 12°c/h. at heating rates of 8 and 12°c/h, no significant difference ...201222488055
changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a disease of considerable economic importance to the global poultry industry. clostridium perfringens has long been recognised as the etiological agent of the disease. however, disease initiation and progression is complex and appears to be precipitated by a range of predisposing factors. the present study investigated microbial interactions in the caecum of birds challenged with c. perfringens that developed necrotic enteritis. bacterial populations of healthy and diseased ...201222487456
co-infection with toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: a case report.toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. we report a case of toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens co-infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. the histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed t. gondii and c. perfringens, respectively. treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post-operative re ...201222487420
modifications in perfringolysin o domain 4 alter the cholesterol concentration threshold required for binding.changes in the cholesterol content of cell membranes affect many physiological and pathological events, including the formation of arterial plaques, the entry of virus into cells, and receptor organization. measuring the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is essential to understanding how cells regulate sterol levels in membranes. perfringolysin o (pfo) is a cytolysin secreted by clostridium perfringens that requires cholesterol in the target membrane for binding. the specificity of pfo ...201222482748
clostridium perfringens hip arthritis in a haemodialysis patient.haemodialysis patients have acquired immunity disturbances, co-morbidities and a vascular access, factors predisposing them to infection and bacteraemia. clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium potentially causing severe infections, including rarely septic arthritis. we report the first case of clostridium perfringens septic arthritis in a haemodialysis patient and suggest a haematogenous spread. after rapid joint lavage combined with appropriate anti-microbial therapy, the patient rec ...201622480041
carbohydrate recognition by an architecturally complex α-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens.cpgh89 is a large multimodular enzyme produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the catalytic activity of this exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase is directed towards a rare carbohydrate motif, n-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-α-1,4-d-galactose, which is displayed on the class iii mucins deep within the gastric mucosa. in addition to the family 89 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module this enzyme has six modules that share sequence similarity to the family 32 carbohydrate-binding mod ...201222479408
oxygen measurements in platelet fluids - a new non-invasive method to detect bacterial contaminations in platelets.the residual risk for bacterial contamination in blood components especially in platelets is one to two orders of magnitude higher than for transfusion relevant viral infections. the majority of all bacterial transmitted fatalities occurred at the end of platelet shelf life. therefore, the maximum shelf life of platelet concentrates (pc) was reduced to 4 days after blood donation in germany in 2008.201222462725
effect on digestion and performance of dietary protein content and of increased substitution of lucerne hay with soya-bean protein concentrate in starter diets for young rabbits.the aim of this work was to study the effect of protein source / availability on the intestinal microbiota, digestive traits and nutritional performance of early-weaned rabbits. the effects of supplemental antibiotics in the drinking water were also evaluated. four isoenergetic and isofibrous diets were formulated: a control diet with a high protein (207 g/kg dry matter (dm)) and lucerne hay content (hphl), a diet with low crude protein (cp) (179 g/kg dm) and high lucerne hay content (lphl) and ...200722444465
responses of feeding prebiotics on nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in dogs: a meta-analysis.the effects of prebiotics on digestibility, short-chain fatty acid (scfa) concentrations and bacterial populations in the faeces and immunity in dogs were evaluated by meta-analyses. overall, data from 15 published studies containing 65 different treatment means of 418 observations from different breeds of dogs were included in the data set. feeding of prebiotics to dogs did not affect the nutrient intake (p > 0.10), nor did prebiotics change (p > 0.10) the digestibility of dry matter (dm) and f ...201122440414
fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells.the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ...201222420783
effect of temperature on microbial growth rate-mathematical analysis: the arrhenius and eyring-polanyi connections.the objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of microbial growth. the new mathematical model is derived by combination and modification of the arrhenius equation and the eyring-polanyi transition theory. the new model, suitable for both suboptimal and the entire growth temperature ranges, was validated using a collection of 23 selected temperature-growth rate curves belonging to 5 groups of microorganisms, including pseudomona ...201122417589
genome sequencing and analysis of a type a clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis.clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. some enteric diseases caused by type a c. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. to investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type a c. perfringens isolate (strain f262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. the ∼3.34 mbp chromosome of c. per ...201222412860
efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens leads to serious economical losses to the poultry industry. there is a growing need to find effective, nontoxic, antibiotic alternatives to prevent and cure the disease. in our study, the efficacy of protected sodium butyrate at 1.5 g/kg (bp70), a bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension with 10(9) cfu/g (bal; ecobiol), a protected blend of essential oils (1%) at 1.5 g/kg (eo), and a combination of sodium butyrate with essential oils (1%) p ...201222399722
terminal sialic acids are an important determinant of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity.the surface of vascular endothelium bears a glycocalyx comprised, in part, of a complex mixture of oligosaccharide chains attached to cell-surface proteins and membrane lipids. importantly, understanding of the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx is poorly understood. preliminary studies have demonstrated structural differences in the glycocalyx of pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. herein we begin to probe in more detail ...201222387293
novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica.lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ...201222383874
development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model.the goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements.201222353049
fast kinetics of nucleotide binding to clostridium perfringens family ii pyrophosphatase containing cbs and drtgg domains.we earlier described cbs-pyrophosphatase of moorella thermoacetica (mtcbs-ppase) as a novel phosphohydrolase that acquired a pair of nucleotide-binding cbs domains during evolution, thus endowing the protein with the capacity to be allosterically regulated by adenine nucleotides (jämsen, j., tuominen, h., salminen, a., belogurov, g. a., magretova, n. n., baykov, a. a., and lahti, r. (2007) biochem. j., 408, 327-333). we herein describe a more evolved type of cbs-pyrophosphatase from clostridium ...201222348476
clostridium perfringens infection complicating periprosthetic fracture fixation about the hip: successful treatment with early aggressive debridement.periprosthetic fracture and infection are both challenges following hip arthroplasty. we report the case of an 87 year old female who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a periprosthetic femoral fracture. her post-operative course was complicated by infection with clostridium perfringens. early aggressive antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement were successful, and allowed retention of the original components.201322344485
bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy.bacterial toxins share the ability to enter host cells to target various intracellular proteins and to modulate host immune responses. over the last 20 years, toxins and their mutated variants, as well as live attenuated bacteria, have been exploited for vaccination and immunotherapy of various infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases. the ability of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to translocate its adenylate cyclase domain across the host cell membrane, as well as the pathway ...201222339216
determining potential indicators of cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process.most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. in this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps a, b, c and d) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-born ...201222339022
threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal clostridium infection.the aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical clostridium infection. three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. in each experiment, 1-d-old ross 308 male broilers were used. an infection model was used with inoculation of eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens at d 9 and 14 of age ...201222334739
immunological responses to clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in two genetically divergent lines of chickens as influenced by major histocompatibility complex genotype.chickens genetically selected for low (la) or high (ha) antibody response to srbc displayed a correlated change in mhc, so that la chickens were 96% b13 and ha chickens were 96% b21. the la line appears to be less susceptible to invasion by extracellular pathogens, whereas ha chickens are more resistant to infection by intracellular organisms. resistance to clostridium perfringens is one instance in which the lines do not follow their established trend of pathogen susceptibility, where during a ...201222334734
clostridium perfringens detected by peripheral blood smear. 201222333387
creation and biochemical analysis of a broad-specific claudin binder.claudins (cl) are a family of tetra-transmembrane proteins that are the structural and functional components of tight junctions (tj). cls are promising targets for drug development because of their role in mucosal drug absorption and cancer. however, cl-targeted drug development has been delayed because cls have low antigenicity and preparing cl proteins is difficult. we developed a cl binder by using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) and a baculoviral displa ...201222317861
treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection.201222316146
impact of fresh or used litter on the posthatch immune system of commercial broilers.this study was carried out to investigate the effects of exposure of growing broiler chickens of commercial origin to used poultry litter on intestinal and systemic immune responses. the litter types evaluated were fresh wood shavings or used litter obtained from commercial poultry farms with or without a history of gangrenous dermatitis (gd). immune parameters measured were serum nitric oxide (no) levels, serum antibody titers against eimeria or clostridium perfringens, mitogen-induced spleen c ...201122312971
production and characterization of clostridium perfringens recombinant β toxoid.in this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c produced in escherichia coli (rbt). the non-toxic rbt was innocuous for mice and induced 14 iu ml(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the european pharmacopeia and cfr9 - usda guidelines.201222306065
study of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine of the rat under varied environmental hyperbaric pressures.we conducted an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of hyperbarometric air pressure on the quantity and composition of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine.201222305555
the effect of clostridium perfringens type c strain cn3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats.clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and/or enterocolitis in several animal species, including pigs, sheep, goats, horses and humans. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia and the enteric lesions and associated systemic effects are thought to be caused primarily by beta toxin (cpb), one of two typing toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. this has been demonstrated recently by fulfilling molecular koch's postulates in rabbits and mice. we present here an experime ...201222296994
identification and in vitro analysis of the gatd/murt enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid ii amidation in staphylococcus aureus.the peptidoglycan of staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the d-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methi ...201222291598
comparative in vitro activities of lff571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.the in vitro activities of lff571, a novel analog of ge2270a that inhibits bacterial growth by binding with high affinity for protein synthesis elongation factor tu, fidaxomicin, and 10 other antimicrobial agents were determined against 50 strains of clostridium difficile and 630 other anaerobic and aerobic organisms of intestinal origin. lff571 possesses potent activity against c. difficile and most other gram-positive anaerobes (mic(90), ≤ 0.25 μg/ml), with the exception of bifidobacteria and ...201222290948
claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer.intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets.201222286027
effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river.in germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. this study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. the median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. the median concentration of g. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. a statistically significant ...201222285254
assessment of microbial quality of commercial and home-made tiger-nut beverages.we aimed to assess the microbiological quality of spanish commercial tiger-nut beverages as well as home-made samples collected from supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars and ice-cream parlours located in valencia.201222283438
characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens to the renal system.epsilon toxin (ɛ-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the renal system, the toxin binds to target cells before oligomerization, pore formation and cell death. still, there is little information about the cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the initial steps of the cytotoxic action of ɛ-toxin, including the specific binding to the target sensitive cells. in the present report, the binding step of ɛ-toxin to the mdck cell ...201222264388
identification of the cellular receptor of clostridium spiroforme toxin.clostridium spiroforme produces the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxin cst (c. spiroforme toxin), which has been proposed to be responsible for diarrhea, enterocolitis and, eventually, death especially in rabbits. here, we report on the recombinant production of the enzyme component (csta) and the binding component (cstb) of c. spiroforme toxin in bacillus megaterium. by using the recombinant toxin components we show that cst enters target cells via the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor ...201222252869
the peptidoglycan hydrolase tcpg is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.peptidoglycan hydrolases that are specifically associated with bacterial conjugation systems are postulated to facilitate the assembly of the transfer apparatus by creating a temporally and spatially controlled local opening in the peptidoglycan layer. to date little is known about the role of such enzymes in conjugation systems from gram-positive bacteria. conjugative plasmids from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens all encode two putative peptidoglycan hydrolases, tcpg and tcpi ...201222244927
modeling of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation in beef-in-sauce products: a meta-analysis using mixed linear models.the aim of the present study was to predict clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation during the final reheating step of two beef-in-sauce products prepared and distributed in a french hospital for exposure in risk assessment. in order to account for variability according to experts and international organization recommendations, published data were used to estimate the thermal inactivation parameters of a probabilistic model. mixed effects models were proposed to describe variability ...201122236760
comparison of methods for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens spores in water.four methods for enumerating clostridium perfringens spores in water were evaluated: (1) the imm (iron milk medium) method (mpn); (2) the ls (lactose sulfite broth) method (mpn); (3) the m-cp (membrane filtration clostridium perfringens agar) method (membrane filtration); and (4) the tsc (tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar) method (membrane filtration). the performance of these methods was compared with that of the drcm (differential reinforced clostridium medium) method (mpn) as adopted by cetes ...201222233899
distinct gut microbiota in southeastern african and northern european infants.the intestinal microbiota composition in infants reflects the early environment. our objective was to compare the gut microbiota in 6-month-old infants living in rural malawi with children of the same age living in urban finland, both being breast-fed and having an age-appropriate diet typical for each area.201222228076
expression and characterization of an endo-1,4-β-galactanase from emericella nidulans in pichia pastoris for enzymatic design of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides from potato galactans.potato pulp is a high-volume side-stream from industrial potato starch manufacturing. enzymatically solubilized β-1,4-galactan-rich potato pulp polysaccharides of molecular weights >100 kda (sppp) are highly bifidogenic in human fecal sample fermentations in vitro. the objective of the present study was to use potato β-1,4-galactan and the sppp as substrates for enzymatic production of potentially prebiotic compounds of lower and narrower molecular weight. a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase from eme ...201122226198
complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage φcp24r, which is virulent for clostridium perfringens.bacteriophage φcp24r was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a type a clostridium perfringens isolate. electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail, indicative of a member of the family podoviridae. the phage had a linear, double-stranded dna genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a type b dna polymerase, which are characteristics of ...201222218967
induction of strong anti-hiv cellular immunity by a combination of clostridium perfringens expressing hiv gag and virus like particles.the lower gastrointestinal tract is a major mucosal site of hiv entry and initial infection. thus, the induction of strong cellular immune responses at this mucosal site will be an important feature of an effective hiv vaccine. we have used a novel prime-boost vaccination approach to induce immune responses at mucosal sites. orally delivered recombinant clostridium perfringens expressing hiv-1 gag (cp-gag) was evaluated for induction of hiv-1 gag specific t cell responses in a prime-boost model ...201122211658
Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages.Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a variety of histotoxic infections in humans and animals. Studies on the early events of C. perfringens infections have been largely focused on the interactions between their vegetative cells and macrophages. Consequently, in the current study we have examined the interactions between C. perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Raw 264.7 cells were able to interact and phagocytose Clostridium perfringens spores of a food poisoning isolate, s ...201122209938
[Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium perfringens isolates of different origins from Costa Rica].Clostridium perfringens, a Gram positive, spore-forming anaerobe, is widely distributed in nature. Based upon their production of four major toxins alpha, beta, epsilon and iota, C. perfringens is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E). Some strains produce an enterotoxin (CPE), encoded by the cpe gene, which causes diarrhea in humans and some animals. C. perfringens strains that had been previously isolated and been kept at -80 degrees C were analyzed for the presence of toxin genes and for ant ...201122208067
Necrotic enteritis in collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries.An outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C was diagnosed in captive collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries housed in the Laboratory of Applied Ethology of Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz located in Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil. Four collared peccaries and three white-lipped peccaries, all juveniles (25-105 days old), were affected. For all affected animals, lethargy and inappetance were followed by sudden death within 24 hours. ...201122204072
identification, isolation and characterization of a novel azoreductase from clostridium perfringens.azo dyes are used widely in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries as colorants and are often sources of environmental pollution. there are many microorganisms that are able to reduce azo dyes by use of an azoreductase enzyme. it is through the reduction of the azo bonds of the dyes that carcinogenic metabolites are produced thereby a concern for human health. the field of research on azoreductases is growing, but there is very little information available on azoreductases fro ...201122182443
prevalence of selected bacterial and parasitic agents in feces from diarrheic and healthy control cats from northern california.background: bacterial and parasitic agents are commonly implicated as causes of diarrhea in cats, but there is a paucity of information evaluating epidemiological and prevalence factors associated with most of these organisms in cats. objectives: determine the prevalence of selected enteropathogens in diarrheic and nondiarrheic cats. animals: a total of 219 diarrheic and 54 nondiarrheic cats. methods: prospective study. fresh fecal specimens were submitted for centrifugation flotation, culture, ...201122182203
effects of clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine gut.clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins produce enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats. however, the information regarding the pathophysiology of alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine intestine is still scanty. in this study, intestinal loops were performed in the ileum and colon of three one-week-old holstein and two four-week-old crossbreed calves. laparotomy was performed in all calves under anaesthesia and four loops -three cm long- were performed in the small and large intestines. for ...201122178571
clostridium perfringens type c and clostridium difficile co-infection in foals.clostridium perfringens type c is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. while infections by c. perfringens type c or c. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. we present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with c. difficile and c. perfringens type c infection. f ...201122177970
evaluation in broilers of the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene.the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and of a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. one-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. the control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either p. pastoris (2), the recombinant p. pastoris (3) or bacillus cereus var. toyoi (4). at day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and serocon ...201122176763
sialidases affect the host cell adherence and epsilon toxin-induced cytotoxicity of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.clostridium perfringens type b or d isolates, which cause enterotoxemias or enteritis in livestock, produce epsilon toxin (etx). etx is exceptionally potent, earning it a listing as a cdc class b select toxin. most c. perfringens strains also express up to three different sialidases, although the possible contributions of those enzymes to type b or d pathogenesis remain unclear. type d isolate cn3718 was found to carry two genes (nani and nanj) encoding secreted sialidases and one gene (nanh) en ...201122174687
epsilon-toxin production by clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 is dependent upon the agr operon but not the virs/virr two-component regulatory system.clostridium perfringens type b and d strains cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in livestock after proliferating in the intestines and producing epsilon-toxin (etx), alpha-toxin (cpa), and, usually, perfringolysin o (pfo). although etx is one of the most potent bacterial toxins, the regulation of etx production by type b or d strains remains poorly understood. the present work determined that the type d strain cn3718 upregulates production of etx upon close contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 ce ...201122167225
protein kinase cα inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer hpac cells to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin via claudin-4.protein kinase c (pkc) is overexpressed in cancer, including pancreatic cancer, compared with normal tissue. moreover, pkcα is considered one of the biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancers. in several human cancers, the claudin tight junction molecules are abnormally regulated and are thus promising molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). in order to investigate the changes of tight junction functions of claudins via pkcα activation in pancreat ...201122160590
potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations.background: antibiotics are used in animal confinement buildings, such as cage-housed (ch) and floor-housed (fh) poultry operations, to lower the likeliness of disease transmission. in fh facilities, antibiotics may also be used at sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion. low levels of antibiotic create a selective pressure toward antimicrobial resistance (amr) in chicken fecal bacteria. objective: the objective of this study was to compare bacteria and amr genes in bioaerosols from ch and ...201122156572
the conjugation protein tcpc from clostridium perfringens is structurally related to the type iv secretion system protein virb8 from gram-negative bacteria.bacterial conjugation is important for the acquisition of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. we investigated the mechanism of conjugation in gram-positive pathogens using a model plasmid pcw3 from clostridium perfringens. pcw3 encodes tetracycline resistance and contains the tcp locus, which is essential for conjugation. we showed that the unique tcpc protein (359 amino acids, 41 kda) was required for efficient conjugative transfer, localized to the cell membrane independently of other c ...201122150951
evidence that the agr-like quorum sensing system regulates the toxin production, cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.clostridium perfringens possesses at least two functional quorum sensing (qs) systems, i.e. an agr-like system and a luxs-dependent ai-2 system. both of those qs systems can reportedly control in vitro toxin production by c. perfringens but their importance for virulence has not been evaluated. therefore, the current study assessed whether these qs systems might regulate the pathogenicity of cn3685, a c. perfringens type c strain. since type c isolates cause both haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis ...201222150719
inhibitory effects of nisin against clostridium perfringens food poisoning and nonfood-borne isolates.the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a is the causative agent of c. perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) and nonfood-borne (nfb) human gastrointestinal diseases. due to its ability to form highly resistant endospores, it has become a great concern to the meat industry to produce meat free of c. perfringens. in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of nisin against c. perfringens fp and nfb isolates. no inhibitory effect of nisin was observed against germination of spore ...201122132724
mechanism of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin interaction with claudin-3/-4 protein suggests structural modifications of the toxin to target specific claudins.claudins (cld) are essential constituents of tight junctions. domain i of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) binds to the second extracellular loop (ecl2) of a subset of claudins, e.g. cld3/4 and influences tight junction formation. we aimed to identify interacting interfaces and to alter claudin specificity of ccpe. mutagenesis, binding assays, and molecular modeling were performed. mutation-guided ecl2 docking of cld3/4 onto the crystal structure of ccpe revealed a common orientation o ...201122128179
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed water.Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) is a technique that has been reported to be effective for recovering a diverse array of microbes from water, and may also be potentially useful for microbial monitoring of effluent from water reclamation facilities. However, few data are available to indicate the potential limitations and efficacy of the UF technique for treated wastewater. In this study, recovery efficiencies were determined for various options available for performing the tangential-flow UF te ...201222108496
Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control.This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide obje ...201122092607
characterization and distribution of the gene cluster encoding rumc, an anti-clostridium perfringens bacteriocin produced in the gut.ruminococcin c (rumc) is a trypsin-dependent bacteriocin produced by ruminococcus gnavus e1, a gram-positive strict anaerobic strain isolated from human feces. it consists of at least three similar peptides active against clostridium perfringens. in this article, a 15-kb region from r. gnavus e1 chromosome, containing the biosynthetic gene cluster of rumc was characterized. it harbored 17 open reading frames (called rum(c) genes) with predicted functions in bacteriocin biosynthesis and post-tran ...201122092178
structural analysis of a bacterial exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase in complex with an unusual disaccharide found in class iii mucin.cpgh89 is a family 89 glycoside hydrolase with exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. this enzyme is active on the α-d-glcpnac-(1→4)-d-galp motif that is expressed on the class iii mucins within the gastric mucosa. other members of this enzyme family, such as human naglu, are active on heparan. a truncated version of cpgh89 was rendered inactive through mutation of two key catalytic residues, the protein crystallized an ...201122090394
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 35-2011: a 33-year-old woman with postpartum leukocytosis and gram-positive bacteremia. 201122087683
effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs.polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. a total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem 0·5) years; 20 (sem 0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. a ...201122085650
sugar inhibits the production of the toxins that trigger clostridial gas gangrene.histotoxic strains of clostridium perfringens cause human gas gangrene, a devastating infection during which potent tissue-degrading toxins are produced and secreted. although this pathogen only grows in anaerobic-nutrient-rich habitats such as deep wounds, very little is known regarding how nutritional signals influence gas gangrene-related toxin production. we hypothesize that sugars, which have been used throughout history to prevent wound infection, may represent a nutritional signal against ...201222079896
Gas discharge plasmas are effective in inactivating Bacillus and Clostridium spores.Bacterial spores are the most resistant form of life and have been a major threat to public health and food safety. Nonthermal atmospheric gas discharge plasma is a novel sterilization method that leaves no chemical residue. In our study, a helium radio-frequency cold plasma jet was used to examine its sporicidal effect on selected strains of Bacillus and Clostridium. The species tested included Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clos ...201122075631
netb, a pore-forming toxin from necrotic enteritis strains of clostridium perfringens.the clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis b-like toxin (netb) is a recently discovered member of the ß-barrel pore-forming toxin family and is produced by a subset of avian c. perfringens type a strains. netb is cytotoxic for avian cells and is associated with avian necrotic enteritis. this review examines the current state of knowledge of netb: its role in pathogenesis, its distribution and expression in c. perfringens and its vaccine potential.201022069665
specificity of interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and claudin-family tight junction proteins.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a major cause of food poisoning, forms physical pores in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. the ability of cpe to recognize the epithelium is due to the c-terminal binding domain, which binds to a specific motif on the second extracellular loop of tight junction proteins known as claudins. the interaction between claudins and cpe plays a key role in mediating cpe toxicity by facilitating pore formation and by promoting tight junction di ...201022069652
on the interaction of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with claudins.clostridium perfringens causes one of the most common foodborne illnesses, which is largely mediated by the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the toxin consists of two functional domains. the n-terminal region mediates the cytotoxic effect through pore formation in the plasma membrane of the mammalian host cell. the c-terminal region (ccpe) binds to the second extracellular loop of a subset of claudins. claudin-3 and claudin-4 have been shown to be receptors for cpe with very high affin ...201022069641
clostridium perfringens iota-toxin: structure and function.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of the enzyme component (ia) and the binding component (ib). ib binds to receptor on targeted cells and translocates ia into the cytosol of the cells. ia adp-ribosylates actin, resulting in cell rounding and death. comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence from the gene and three-dimensional structure of ia with those of adp-ribosylating toxins (arts) suggests that there is striking structural similarity among these toxins. our objectives are t ...200922069542
immersion vacuum cooling of cooked beef - safety and process considerations regarding beef joint size.cooked beef samples (1, 2, and 3kg; 4.7, 5.6, and 6.2cm average radius, respectively) were cooled from ~72 to 4°c core temperature using either air blast (ab), immersion vacuum (ivc) or vacuum (vc) cooling. ivc cooled larger samples within 4h and took less than 2.5h between 72 and 10°c. ivc cooling times were on average shorter than ab and longer than vc for all sizes. differences increased with size. ivc and ab cooling losses were comparable (p>0.05) while lower on average (p<0.05) than vc loss ...200822063591
use of ?-irradiation to reduce clostridium perfringens on ready-to-eat bovine tripe.the aim of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a target dose of 9kgy and storage at 5 and 15°c on the safety of ready-to-eat (rte) tripe with respect to clostridium perfringens count (cc) and aerobic plate count (apc), and to determine the effect of boiling (1h) and irradiation (9kgy) on cl. perfringens atcc 13124 spore structure. irradiation significantly reduced apc stored at 5 and 15°c for 7 days. however, 0kgy control samples increased in their apc to >7log(10) cfu ...200822062270
cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria to meat surfaces.cell surface hydrophobicity of several pathogenic and spoilage bacteria was determined by hydrocarbon adherence, adhesion to nitrocellulose filter, salt aggregation and adherence to phenyl-sepharose beads. hydrophobicity of each bacterium was dependent on the method of measurement. hydrophobicity was compared with the strength of attachment (sr) of the bacteria to beef muscle surfaces. bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity, as determined by the bacterial adherence to xylene correlated well with ...199722061665
effect of a bacteriocin produced by pediococcus acidilactici against listeria monocytogenes and clostridium perfringens on spanish raw meat.the inhibitory effect of a bacteriocin, produced by pediococcus acidilactici, against listeria monocytogenes and clostridium perfringens on spanish raw meat surface, was evaluated by in situ assays. samples were incubated with the bacteriocin and then with a culture of the pathogenic bacteria. the treatment with 500, 1000 or 5000 bacteriocin units/ml (bu/ml) reduced the counts of l. monocytogenes after storage at 15°c during 72h by 1, 2 or 3 log cycles and with 1000 or 5000 bu/ml after storage a ...200622061374
production of bacteriocin-like metabolites by lactic acid cultures isolated from sucuk samples.a total of 51 sucuk samples, obtained from different regions of turkey, were examined for lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains producing putative bacteriocin-like metabolites. for detection of antagonistic activity, agar spot and well diffusion assay tests were used. lactobacillus sake lb790, listeria monocytogenes li6, staphylococcus aureus st44 and escherichia coli nrrl b-3704 were used as indicator organisms. strains having antimicrobial activity were also tested against clostridium perfringens ...200022060908
microbiological characteristics of precooked, vacuum-packaged uncured beef and pork.microbiological examination of 29 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged beef and pork products purchased at local and regional supermarkets along with 110 packages of precooked, vacuum-packaged, sliced roast beef obtained from a major meat processor did not disclose the presence of escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens or salmonella. the effects of storage temperature and length of storage on the microflora of 110 packages of sliced roast beef were ...198922056107
[A non-invasive drug delivery system using claudin binder].The intercellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (TJs). Modulation of TJ-seal is a potent strategy for drug absorption. Claudin is a key structural and functional component of TJ-seal. Claudin comprises a tetra-transmembrane protein family consisting of more than 20 members, whose expression profiles and barrier-function differ among tissues. For instance, claudin-1 plays roles in the epidermal and mucosal barriers, and claudin-4 regulates the mucosal barr ...201122041696
recognition of greater diversity of bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.in a study looking at culturable aerobic actinobacteria associated with the human gastrointestinal tract, the vast majority of isolates obtained from dried human faeces belonged to the genus bacillus and related bacteria. a total of 124 isolates were recovered from the faeces of 10 healthy adult donors. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses showed the majority belonged to the families bacillaceae (n=81) and paenibacillaceae (n=3), with bacillus species isolated from all donors. isolates tentatively id ...201122041546
effects of non-fermented and fermented soybean milk intake on faecal microbiota and faecal metabolites in humans.the effects of non-fermented soybean milk (nfsm) and fermented soybean milk (fsm) intake on the faecal microbiota and metabolic activities in 10 healthy volunteers were investigated. soybean oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose were utilized by bifidobacteria except for bifidobacterium bifidum, but most strains of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens could not use them. during the dietary administration of fsm, the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the faeces increased (p ...201122040525
aberrant structures of fecal bacterial community in allergic infants profiled by 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing.we investigated the correlation between fecal bacteria composition in early infancy and the prevalence of allergic diseases in late infancy. the fecal microbiota in the first 2 months was profiled using the 16s rrna v6 short-tag sequences in the community and statistically compared between two groups of subjects who did and did not show allergic symptoms in the first 2 years (n = 11 vs. 11). in the allergic group, genus bacteroides at 1 month and genera propionibacterium and klebsiella at 2 mont ...201122029688
Antimicrobial properties of a chitosan dextran-based hydrogel for surgical use.A chitosan dextran-based (CD) hydrogel, developed for use in endoscopic sinus surgery, was tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro against a range of pathogenic microorganisms. The microdilution technique was used to determine minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentrations. In addition, the time-kill efficacy of CD hydrogel was determined for two bacterial species. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to elucidate the antimicrobial me ...201222024824
tpel-producing strains of clostridium perfringens type a are highly virulent for broiler chicks.clostridium perfringens type a and type c are causative agents of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry. tpel, a recently-described novel member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, was found in c. perfringens type c. others have since reported tpel in type a isolates from ne outbreaks, suggesting that it may contribute to the pathogenesis of ne. the virulence of tpel-positive and -negative c. perfringens strains from cases of ne was examined by challenge of broiler chicks. gross lesions ...201122019986
effect of direct-fed microbials on performance and clostridium perfringens colonization of turkey poults.clostridium perfringens is recognized as an enteric pathogen in humans, domestic animals, and livestock. this organism is associated with necrotic enteritis, gangrenous dermatitis, clostridial dermatitis (turkeys), and gizzard erosions in poultry. this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a direct-fed microbial (dfm), primalac (star labs, clarksdale, mo), in preventing intestinal colonization of turkey poults with c. perfringens. one-day-old turkey poults (n = 128) were randomly ...201122010255
diversity and bioactive potential of endospore-forming bacteria cultured from the marine sponge haliclona simulans.despite the frequent isolation of endospore-formers from marine sponges, little is known about the diversity and characterization of individual isolates. the main aims of this study were to isolate and characterize the spore-forming bacteria from the marine sponge haliclona simulans and to examine their potential as a source for bioactive compounds.201221985154
the application of an alanine-substituted mutant of the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a mucosal vaccine in mice.efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal immune tissues is an essential part of mucosal vaccination. claudin-4 is expressed on the epithelial cells that cover the mucosal immune tissues. we previously found that claudin-4-targeting is a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination by using a claudin-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe). substitution of asn and ser at positions 309 and 313, respectively, with alanine increased the affinity of c-cpe for cl ...201221983135
novel clostridium perfringens enterotoxin suicide gene therapy for selective treatment of claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing tumors.bacterial toxins are known to be effective for cancer therapy. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is produced by the bacterial clostridium type a strain. the transmembrane proteins claudin-3 and -4, often overexpressed in numerous human epithelial tumors (for example, colon, breast, pancreas, prostate and ovarian), are the targeted receptors for cpe. cpe binding to them triggers formation of membrane pore complexes leading to rapid cell death. in this study, we aimed at selective tumor ce ...201121975465
Necrotic enteritis due to simultaneous infection with Isospora suis and clostridia in newborn piglets and its prevention by early treatment with toltrazuril.In this study, 51 piglets originating from five different sows were included in the investigations. The animal source of all sows had a history of Clostridium perfringens type A (ß2) infection. The piglets of three sows (n?=?31) were experimentally infected with Isospora suis within the first 4 h after birth and were randomly assigned to the treatment group or the sham-dosing group. The piglets of the two remaining sows (n?=?20) served as I. suis-uninfected controls. Twelve hours post-infection, ...201121968954
Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens.A xylose-inducible gene expression vector for Clostridium perfringens was developed. Plasmid pXCH contains a chromosomal region from Clostridium difficile (xylR-P(xy)(lB)): xylR, encoding the xylose repressor, xylO, the xyl operator sequence, and P(xylB), the divergent promoter upstream of xylBA encoding xylulo kinase and xylose isomerase. pXCH allows tightly regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and the a-toxin genes in response to the inducer concentration. Thu ...201121965407
Successful treatment of necrotizing fasciitis in an upper extremity caused by Clostridium perfringens after bone marrow transplantation.We report a 47-year-old man with acute leukemia who survived a severe case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Clostridium perfringens involving his right upper extremity. On day 5 after stem cell transplantation, progressive local tissue necrosis led to septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, including surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics, were crucial. A recombinant thrombomodulin might have not only res ...201121963743
the effect of probiotics on faecal microbiota and genotoxic activity of faecal water in patients with atopic dermatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.background: colonic microbiota is involved in the etiology of colon cancer according to several reports. studies also indicate that the microbiota differs between atopic patients and healthy subjects. objective: to evaluate whether a probiotic mix containing lactobacillus paracasei lpc-37, lactobacillus acidophilus 74-2, and bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis dgcc 420 can affect the microbiota and its genotoxic activity in healthy subjects and patients with atopic dermatitis (ad). methods: a ...201121963389
multidisciplinary treatment. a therapeutic option to treat calciphylaxis. 201121959736
fulminant septic shock due to clostridium perfringens skin and soft tissue infection eight years after liver transplantation.bacterial and fungal infections are the main cause of death within the first year after liver transplantation. clostridium perfringens is the most common germ causing gas gangrene. infections with clostridium perfringens may present in a variety of clinical manifestations, reaching from asymptomatic infections to massive intravascular haemolysis and multiple organ failure due to septic shock.201121959524
necrotic enteritis-derived clostridium perfringens strain with three closely related independently conjugative toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids.the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis involves netb, a pore-forming toxin produced by virulent avian isolates of clostridium perfringens type a. to determine the location and mobility of the netb structural gene, we examined a derivative of the tetracycline-resistant necrotic enteritis strain ehe-ne18, in which netb was insertionally inactivated by the chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol resistance gene catp. both tetracycline and thiamphenicol resistance could be transferred either togethe ...201121954306
[analysis of regulatory system of toxin production by cell-cell signaling in clostridium perfringens]. 201121952351
complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in clostridium perfringens.a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, clostridium perfringens, possesses genes for citrate metabolism, which might play an important role in the utilization of citrate as a sole carbon source. in this study, we identified a chromosomal citcdefx-mae-cits operon in c. perfringens strain 13, which is transcribed on three mrnas of different sizes. expression of the cit operon was significantly induced when 5 mm extracellular citrate was added to the growth medium. most interestingly, three regul ...201121945821
microbial safety of air-dried and rewetted biosolids.to assess microbial safety of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), we examined the inactivation of microbial indicators for potential bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. the levels of indicators were determined throughout the air-drying and storage phases of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) in victoria, australia. established methods were applied for analysis of bacteria and coliphages, based on membrane filtration and ...201121942204
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